Archaeology of the Philippines

55: 2521: 1904:. In either case, looking for the original archaeological site of the jars was deemed as a difficult task as both Sultan Kudarat and Maguindanao are home to Muslim rebels fighting government forces, making it hard for scholars to enter the area and make an expedition. Funding on a possible expedition was also deemed as extremely limited. No expedition to locate the original archaeological site of the jars has been made up to present time. Research on the jars have also been hindered as expert findings can only be made once the location has been well-researched on, according to the National Museum. 1884:(190 BC to 500 AD)– In 1991, the National Museum archaeological team discovered anthropomorphic secondary burial jars in Ayub Cave, Barangay Pinol, Maitum, Sarangani Province, Mindanao, Philippines, dating them to be from between 190 BC and 500 AD. The jars are commonly known today as Maitum jars. They are made of earthenware, and are characterized by their design that suggests human figures with complete or partial facial features of the first inhabitants in Mindanao. Furthermore, they give emphasis to the Filipinos' popular belief of life after death. 3006: 1037: 2045:- Lingling-o are an "omega shaped" type of pendant or amulet that has been associated with various Indigenous cultures of the Philippines since the early metal age. The earliest surviving examples of lingling-o, dating back to the metal age, were made out of Nephrite jade, but many later examples were made of shell, gold, copper, and wood; the kind of material suggests differences in the social standing of its wearer. Recent findings in the Northern Philippine province of 6189: 3176:. It was initially used as a bomb-proof storage and personnel bunker, but was later equipped as a 1,000-bed hospital. The main tunnel, running east to west, is 831 feet (253 m) long, 24 feet (7.3 m) wide and 18 feet (5.5 m) high. Branching off from this main shaft are 13 lateral tunnels on the north side and 11 lateral tunnels on the south side. Each lateral averaged 160 feet (49 m) in length and 15 feet (4.6 m) in width. 3256: 7265: 973: 2719: 1314: 7276: 6064: 1890:(not yet carbon-dated) - In 2008, officials found a tricycle (common Philippine vehicle) carrying artifacts similar in shape with the Maitum Anthropomorphic Potteries, but are painted, and have clearer expressions. The shards were explicitly crafted, more expertly than those found in Sarangani in 1991. The looter afterwards presented forged documents of his ownership on the shards. He was afterwards arrested. The 3284: 6074: 2039:-The Banton cloth is the earliest known warp ikat (tie-resist dyeing) textile in Southeast Asia. Estimated to be 400 years old, the burial cloth was found in a wooden coffin that also contained blue and white ceramics in Banton Island, Romblon. The shroud was woven from red, black and white abaca threads. At present, the people in Bontok, Mt. Province use a colorful burial cloth to wrap the dead. 2542: 1785:. Early Palawenios fashioned the beaters from cylindrical stones and used the stone beaters for pounding the bark to loosen the pulp from the fiber. The bark cloth is ready when all the pulp has been stripped off, leaving a network of fibers. The stone tool found in Arku Cave, Penablanca, Cagayan was dated 1255-605 B.C. Another bark-cloth beater was found in Sagung cave in Southern 1518:. Beyer opened substantial excavations in the area of the dam, employing up to seventy workers a day for six months. He also conducted a five-year survey of the surrounding area, cataloguing 120 sites and nearly 500,000 artefacts. In 1932, Beyer assisted F. G. Roth in beginning a second major project, the Batangas Archaeological Survey, which involved surveys and excavation in the 2958: 3270: 2812: 2065:– the earliest form of precious metal based currency of the Philippines. It is likely made of pure gold with a weight ranging between .5 grams to more or less than 3 grams a size of a corn kernel—and weigh from 0.09 to 2.65 grams of fine gold. Large Piloncitos weighing 2.65 grams approximate the weight of one mass. Piloncitos have been excavated from 2662:

anthropologist, the richness of historical clues which could be derived from these porcelain artifacts led scholars to use the term "protohistory." The Iron Age consisted of a phase called the "Porcelain Age," and porcelain in this phase entered the Philippines around the nineteenth century A.D. along with "glazed stoneware" from Southeast Asia.

2520: 1687:, Palawan, Philippines. Located near the Tabon Caves, the Ille Caves rock shelter was occupied many times, but the oldest stratigraphic layer puts the first occupation of that rock shelter at c. 14,000 cal bp (calibrated years before present). This assessment was made based on the presence of charcoal, placing this site well into the Pleistocene. 2934:– Founded in 1596 by the Jesuits, it the only town with a majority of the rare Inakbanon language speakers. The town became the focal transition between the Manila-Acapulco galleon trade from the 16th to 18th centuries. A fort town, much of the architecture of the town is based on protection against Moro raiders coming from as far as Mindanao. 54: 2661:

Porcelain tradeware from Vietnam, Taiwan, and China were so prevalent during the Philippines "late metal age" that early scholars of Philippine anthropology came to refer to the period as the Philippines' "Porcelain age." Before the discovery of the Laguna Copperplate Inscription in the early 1990s,

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Although some 20th century historians believed that the various cultures of the Philippine archipelago first encountered Hindu and/or Buddhist beliefes as early as the 2nd and 3rd centuries BCE, more recent scholarship suggests that these cultural influences mostly filtered in during the 10th through

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Karl L. Hutterer, who studied under Solheim, became an influence to Philippine archaeology. Hutterer taught students the socioeconomic and political complexity of doing research in the field of archaeology. When showing the socioeconomic processes to students, he focused on showing the diversity with

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confirmed that the way the jar shards were made is new to Philippine archaeology, as no known ethnic group in the entire country is known to craft such precise pieces of burial jars. The museum confirmed that the jars may be the remnant artifacts of a lost tribe in the Philippines that may have gone

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also known as the Kabayan Mummies, Benguet Mummies, or Ibaloi Mummies, are a group of mummies found along the mountain slopes of Kabayan, a town in the northern part of the Philippines. They were made from as early as 2000 BC until the 16th century, when Spain colonized the Philippines. Today, they

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Chapter 3 of The Archaeology of Central Philippines, "The Kalanay Cave Site, Masbate, Philippines," describes the site and Solheim's excavations in 1951 and 1953. It describes a small burial cave that contained a large amount of pottery, a few stone and iron tools, a few other artifacts, and some

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worked together and discovered the Oton death mask in San Antonio, Oton, Iloilo. Like Evangelista, Jocano he worked at the National Museum of the Philippines as well as the University of the Philippines. Inspired by Fox and Beyer, Jocano brought New World terminology by using previous data to the

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American colonial archaeology in the Philippines came to an end in 1941 when the islands were occupied by the Japanese. Beyer was interned by the occupying forces, although he was allowed to continue his work at the university. During this time he compiled two synoptic papers, 'Outline review of

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focuses on Spanish colonialism and how the Philippines became independent from both Spain and the United States. During the colonial times in the Philippines archaeology was not used as it is today, it mainly focused on ethnographic and linguistic studies. Archaeology was influenced greatly by

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In the late 1970s, William A. Longacre went to northern Luzon to do research on enthoarchaeology in the Kallinga region. He later furthered his research in southern Luzon, studying how earthenware potteries were made. An artifact that Longacre help discover and date was the Calatagan Pot with

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as shown in the origin of most languages from Sanskrit and certain ancient potteries. A Buddhist image was reproduced in mould on a clay medallion in bas-relief from the municipality of Calatagan. According to experts, the image in the pot strongly resembles the iconographic portrayal of

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granted recognition to the lay Confraternity of Santo Cristo Jesús Nazareno in 1650 for the promotion of the devotion to Jesus through the icon. It was housed in several churches near Manila in the early decades, arriving in Quiapo Church in 1787 where it has been enshrined ever

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inscriptions, The pot was probably also used for ceremonies to retrieve victims of bugkut, disappeared persons believed to have been abducted by dwellers of the spirit world. The paper provides a glossary of 26 Bisayan words that could be derived from the Calatagan Pot

5231: 2049:, led by anthropologist Peter Bellwood in the early 2000s, have led to the discovery of an ancient goldsmith's shop that made the 20-centuries-old lingling-o, providing evidence of the Indigenous Philippine manufacture of such artifacts as early as 2,500 years ago. 1602:

Before the 1980s, archaeology in the Philippines focused more on culture and history. The main way that archaeologists studied archaeology was using an inductive approach. When searching for artifacts the National Museum focused on collecting prehistoric remains.

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2011 Page 251 "This site dates from the fifth to first century BCE and it is one of the earliest sites of the Sa Huỳnh culture in Thu Bồn Valley (Reinecke et al. 2002, 153–216); 2) Lai Nghi is a prehistoric cemetery richly equipped with iron tools and weapons,

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Lewis, Helen; Paz, Victor; Lara, Myra; Barton, Huw; Piper, Philip; Ochoa, Janine; Vitales, Timothy; Carlos, A. Jane; Higham, Tom (June 2008). "Terminal Pleistocene to mid-Holocene occupation and an early cremation burial at Ille Cave, Palawan, Philippines".

3980:) 2000 "Right from the early history – before and after the Christian era – over twenty centuries from now, there was a cultural exchange among three major Centres Z Đông Sơn culture in the North, Sa Huỳnh culture in Central and south-eastern Nam Bộ ..." 1778:-The Late Neolithic period in the Philippines, Evidence shows by a Yawning Jarlet on the Burial site in Leta-leta caves in Palawan by Robert Fox which had later become National treasure in the Philippines. It is the earliest pot recovered in the country. 1556:

was a student of Beyer, Solheim and Fox and had instantly fallen in love with archaeology. In 1956, worked with Robert Fox excavating the Bato Caves in the Sorsogon Province and later on they would excavate along the coast of Cagraray and Bikol.

3087:- Initially believed to pre-date the arrival of the Spanish colonizers, recent scholarship has led scholars to conclude that the Banaue rice terraces were constructed in the 1650s, an Indigenous response to Spanish colonial rule in the lowlands. 1599:

inscription. In 1992, he contributed dating the pot with an accelerated mass spectroscopy, but failed to gather sufficient data. He later suggested using a different form of dating C-14 technique to get an accurate date of the inscription.

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province' according to the reports, but the true location has not been determined as the caught looter is only a part of the chain which looted the artifacts from its original location. Other scholars speculate that the jars came from

2977:, the Cagsawa church. It was originally built in the town of Cagsawa in 1587 but was burned down by Dutch pirates in 1636. but was destroyed again, along with the town of Cagsawa, on February 1, 1814, during the eruption of the 1963:'s top archaeologist "a complex archaeological site with both habitation and burial remains from the period of approximately 10th to the 14th century ... the first of its kind in the Philippines having carved limestone tombs." 2019:. The Death Mask was used to cover the faces of the dead to inhibit evil spirits from entering the body of the deceased. This practice was brought over from China to the Philippines between the late 14th to 15th century. 1390:

After the Philippines gained their independence from America in 1946, many students of Beyer practiced archaeology all over the Philippines. A few of Beyer's students and colleagues who worked around the Philippines are

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in Chicago, Illinois in 1922. Henry Otley Beyer, and some experts have agreed on its identity and have dated it to belong within 900–950 CE. They can not place, however, its provenance because it has distinct

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The first major archaeological project in the Philippines was the Rizal-Bulacan Archaeological Survey (1926–1930), prompted by the discovery of finds during the construction of the Novaliches Dam in

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streets and architecture of the Philippine colonial era which fuses Native Philippine and Oriental building designs and construction, with colonial Spanish architecture. Former Philippine president

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also known as the "Butuan Silver Strip", is a piece of metal with Kawi inscriptions found in Butuan province in the mid-1970s by a team of archaeologists from the National Museum of the Philippines.

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Hutterer, Karl L.; Allen, Jim; Arutiunov, S. A.; Bayard, D. T.; Bhattacharya, D. K.; Bronson, Bennet; Chlenov, M. A.; Donkin, R. A.; Ellen, Roy F.; Harris, David R.; Hayden, Brian (1976).

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There are many prominent sites throughout the Philippines, and some famous discoveries that were found date back to various time periods. A few well known site in the Philippines are the

3891: 2581:, on board the Balangay boats. When the first Spaniards arrived in the 16th century, they found the Filipinos living in well-organized independent villages called barangays. The name 2235: 641: 4808: 2241:

the early 14th centuries. Present-day scholarship believes these religious and cultural influences mostly came through trade with Southeast Asian thassalocratic empires such as the

6212: 6103: 4085: 2798:. The Black Nazarene was carved by an unknown Mexican from a dark wood in the 16th century in Mexico, and then transported to the Philippines in 1606. It depicts Jesus en route to 1725:

may have caused it to become indistinguishable. The engravings are mostly symbolic representations associated with healing and sympathetic magic. The site has been declared by the

1511:. Various private collectors and amateur archaeologists also accumulated significant amounts of material, but Beyer lamented that "none of this work was very scientifically done". 712: 6242: 1342: 1001: 4949: 1538:

The Philippines gained independence from the United States in the 1946, but Beyer continued at his post at the University of Philippines until 1954. In 1949, he was joined by

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who taught anthropology in the Philippines in 1914. Beyer's teachings in the Philippines gained many students to follow in his footsteps into the field of archaeology.

7214: 4159: 2439:. The kinnari exists in both Buddhist and Hindu mythology. In Buddhism, the kinnari, a half-human and half-bird creature, represents enlightened action. The Buddhist 1293: 4761: 4257: 1713:. There are 127 human and animal figures engraved on the rockwall probably carved during the late Neolithic. These inscriptions clearly show stylized human figures, 7079: 6768: 6539: 6252: 6207: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1732: 1169: 958: 5372: 6857: 6845: 6232: 6410: 4005:

Dizon, E. (1996). Faces from Maitum: The archaeological excavation of Ayub Cave. Manila: National Museum of the Philippines. pp. xi–xii, 51–53, 56–59, 73, 78–82.

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The "Flying elephant of Lenna Shoal" plate is considered a remarkable example of Chinese tradeware, with only two extant examples known in the world today.

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and is one of the best preserved pre-Spanish trading ships within the jurisdiction of Philippines. It is speculated that the ship stopped at some ports in

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have produced a number of archaeological finds, indicating it was occupied almost continuously between 50,000 and 9000 years ago. Notably, a collection of

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Cayron, J. (2006) "Stringing the Past: An Archaeological Understanding of Early Southeast Asian Glass Bead Trade" The University of the Philippines Press.

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emphasise that despite these beliefs being originally from India, they reached the Philippines through Southeast Asian cultures with Austronesian roots.

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in 1380. The original pillars of the old mosque can still be found inside the new building. It is also declared as a National Historical Landmark by the

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in Manila, one of the largest archives in the Philippines, currently possesses the biggest collection of extant ancient Baybayin alphabets in the world.

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where he handed a bronze plaque to Vigan Mayor Eva Grace Singson-Medina, signifying the heritage city's election as one of the world's wonder cities.

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became the Director III. Prior to becoming Director III, he was part of the Archaeology Division at the National Museum of the Philippines in 1988.

1335: 994: 4331: 2015:– Discovered in the 1960s by Alfredo Evanghilista and F. Landa Jocan, it consists of gold nose-disc and eye mask find in an ancient grave in Oton, 7300: 7089: 6930: 6519: 5978: 5953: 3977: 1138: 4317: 3649: 1661:. was found in Callao cave and, before the found remains of 700,000 year old rhinoceros, was the oldest human fossil in the Asia Pacific region. 6763: 6470: 6392: 3901: 2681: 933: 646: 528: 96: 4134:"Resolution No. 4, s. 1998 Declaring the Sheik Karimol Makhdum Mosque in Tubig-Indangan, Simunul, Taw-Tawi, as a National Historical Landmark" 4102:"Resolution No. 4, s. 1998 Declaring the Sheik Karimol Makhdum Mosque in Tubig-Indangan, Simunul, Taw-Tawi, as a National Historical Landmark" 2216:, was presumed to stand for Butwan or Butuan, since the letters “b” and “w” were frequently interchanged. The ivory seal is now housed at the 7094: 6952: 6828: 6443: 6247: 5395: 5215: 5183: 5118: 5091: 5064: 5037: 4582: 4412: 4174: 1189: 1179: 1080: 888: 5322:

Hargrove, Thomas R. (1991). The Mysteries of Taal: A Philippine Volcano and Lake, Her Sea Life and Lost Towns. Manila: Bookmark Publishing.

4710: 681: 7151: 7134: 6986: 6969: 6833: 6580: 6502: 6349: 6148: 5705: 4924: 3973: 3307: 3224: 2953:, before the whole town relocated to its present location in 1754. Currently the ruins are within the property of Club Balai Isabel Resort. 2893:

in 1774, the earliest map so far it was drawn and engraved by the skilled Filipino artisans Francisco Suarez and Nicolas de la Cruz Bagay .

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are remains of a church structure dating to the Spanish Colonial Period of the Philippines. It is the site of the first stone church of

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Thiel, Barbara (2005-11-21). "The Archaeology of Central Philippine, A Study Chiefly of the Iron Age and Its Relationships (review)".

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Sakuma, S. (1989) "Prohibition of Overseas Trade and its Influence of International Relations in the Early Reign of the Ming Dynasty"

3896: 3107:(originally known as Fort Drum), which nicknamed as "the concrete battleship," is a heavily fortified island situated at the mouth of 2998: 2601: 2217: 2165: 1960: 1891: 1836:. It dates from 890 to 710 B.C. and the two prominent figures at the top handle of its cover represent the journey of the soul to the 1726: 1573: 1565: 1396: 1221: 4686: 4619: 6935: 6852: 6524: 6480: 6458: 5327: 4837: 4656: 4557: 4529: 3994: 1757: 923: 106: 2838:

at the time of their initial contact with the Spaniards. Aside from a description of, and historical allusions to what is now the

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is an excavated remains of a thousand-year-old village found in the jungles of Mount Maclayao in Sitio Kamhantik within the

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culture" is said to have existed as evidenced by tens of thousands of exquisitely crafted jade artifacts found at a site in

5998: 4758: 7204: 7109: 6898: 6893: 6617: 6475: 6367: 5678: 4970: 4249: 1617: 1569: 1497: 1403:. Their contributions helped the Philippines archaeology grow stronger when analyzing artifacts and archaeological sites. 1283: 1204: 1184: 463: 81: 73: 4155: 4101: 2473:, the wisdom being or Bodhisattva of Compassion. Golden jewelry found so far include rings, some surmounted by images of 1628:

The earliest evidence of hominins living in the Philippines is the 700,000-year-old remains of a butchered rhinoceros in

7031: 7026: 6996: 6959: 6918: 6862: 6679: 6655: 6575: 6426: 6188: 5489: 3203:, and was found by a Filipino diver. It is not considered a gemstone pearl, but is instead known as a "clam pearl" or " 3046: 1973: 1940: 1550:. In 1965, Fox had found a pot from the late Neolithic Period called the Yawning Jarlet at his time at the Tabon Caves. 1522:

region. He also collected material from a number of localities around the islands throughout the 1930s and early 1940s.

1058: 928: 918: 908: 468: 314: 5286: 548: 7021: 7016: 6888: 6823: 6778: 6662: 6553: 6534: 6463: 6287: 5913: 5788: 5341:"Report on the Archaeological Excavation of the Spanish Period Colonial Ruins in Club Balai Isabel, Talisay, Batangas" 5305: 4192: 3840: 3322: 2477:– the sacred bull, linked chains, inscribed gold sheets, gold plaques decorated with repoussé images of Hindu deities. 1636:

by at least 400,000 years, the butchered rhinoceros and the stone tools around it point to a possible colonization of

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One of Evangelista's famous discovery in the Philippines was the excavation in 1957 of a neolithic jar burial site in

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craftsmanship and their seamanship skills during pre-colonial times. The Balanghai Festival is also a celebration in

2339:. The discovery of sophisticated Hindu imagery and gold artifacts in Tabon Caves has been linked to those found from 5993: 4491: 1467:, occasionally reported visiting sites, but the only detailed investigation was carried out by French archaeologist 17: 7250: 7051: 7006: 6913: 6840: 6746: 6650: 6628: 6453: 6448: 6319: 5728: 5665: 3297: 3030: 2909: 1769: 1379: 1174: 1053: 1026: 661: 393: 262: 207: 43: 6003: 5593:. Macli-ing Dulag: Kalinga Chief, Defender of the Cordillera Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press, 201 4798:

Dang V.T. and Vu, Q.H., 1977. The excavation at Giong Ca Vo site. Journal of Southeast Asian Archaeology 17: 30–37

2528:(above) found in 1989 suggests Indian cultural influence in the Philippines by the 9th century AD, likely through 458: 7146: 7069: 6964: 6818: 6788: 6773: 6667: 6173: 5948: 5868: 5738: 4735: 1671: 1233: 1199: 543: 212: 5838: 5833: 5207:

Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations

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that flourished between 1000 BC and 200 AD. Archaeological sites from the culture have been discovered from the

1542:, who was known in the Philippines for finding various pottery at different archaeological sites. In the 1960s, 631: 513: 7124: 7114: 7084: 7036: 7001: 6903: 5958: 5933: 5918: 5848: 5828: 5798: 5778: 5748: 5720: 5698: 3947:

Earthenware in Southeast Asia: Proceedings of the Singapore Symposium on Premodern Southeast Asian Earthenwares

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also contains seventy-five coloured drawings of the inhabitants of these regions and their distinctive costume.

2135: 1800: 1194: 1148: 1133: 508: 344: 272: 6044: 5923: 2759:. It is one of the oldest Christian relics in the Philippines, originally given in 1521 as a gift by explorer 2736: 2723: 5988: 5873: 7189: 7064: 6721: 5963: 5938: 5893: 5863: 5763: 5743: 4374: 3822: 3352: 2986: 2621: 2149: 1268: 1123: 768: 707: 626: 533: 413: 257: 111: 5843: 5758: 5753: 3923:

Solheim, William (1969). "Prehistoric Archaeology in Eastern Mainland Southeast Asia and the Philippines".

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Laszlo Legeza, "Tantric Elements in the Philippines PreHispanic Gold Arts," Arts of Asia, 1988, 4:129–136.

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It is part of Cagsawa Park and is protected and maintained by the municipal government of Daraga and the

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to Quang Binh province in central Vietnam. The Sa Huynh people were most likely the predecessors of the

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of burial caves on two islands, accumulating a large collection of antiquities which is now held in the

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left in the Philippines whose old structures have mostly remained intact, and it is well known for its

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mentions the kinnari as the celestial musician in the Himavanta realm. The kinnari takes the form of a

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Sison, Antonio D. (2015). "Afflictive Apparitions: The Folk Catholic Imaginary in Philippine Cinema".

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the various cultures around areas. An artifact that Hutterer has examined in a geometric stone tools.

7279: 7119: 6706: 6694: 5968: 5903: 5883: 5793: 5783: 5768: 3480: 3084: 2799: 2605: 2012: 1472: 1216: 727: 717: 676: 656: 523: 121: 6088: 4133: 3537:"An Evolutionary Approach to the Southeast Asian Cultural Sequence [and Comments and Reply]" 3213:. It measures 24 centimeters in diameter (9.45 inches) and weighs 6.4 kilograms (14.2 lb). 1484:

The most influential early figure in the archaeology of the Philippines was American anthropologist

7229: 7141: 6018: 5888: 5803: 5691: 5262: 4464: 3362: 3120: 2853: 2687: 2639: 2597: 1828:(890–710 B.C.) is a secondary burial jar excavated from a burial site in the Manunggul cave of the 1543: 1392: 1303: 1036: 819: 565: 473: 428: 418: 364: 277: 6073: 4418: 2493: 2036: 7269: 6991: 5628: 5151: 4906: 4714: 4592: 3760: 3627: 3619: 3572: 3564: 3462: 3410: 3261: 2760: 2703: 2593: 2260: 1977: 1698: 1629: 1318: 1097: 977: 601: 503: 493: 478: 126: 101: 4928: 2871:. extant copies had been find ancient script translation along with the Spanish Latin content. 7209: 5620: 5573: 5323: 5211: 5205: 5179: 5173: 5114: 5108: 5087: 5060: 5033: 4964: 4833: 4652: 4578: 4553: 4525: 3990: 3752: 3668: 3611: 3556: 3517: 3505: 3454: 3050: 2974: 2950: 2942: 2864: 2396: 2362: 2181: 1504: 1288: 1128: 309: 287: 5027: 4827: 4286: 2920:. The defense fortress is part of the structures of the walled city of Manila referred to as 2323:, the mythical bird that is common to Buddhism and Hinduism, Another gold artifact, from the 1683:

Later findings shed light on the daily lives of hunter-gatherers occupying a rock shelter in

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Bautista, Julius (2006). "The Rebellion and the Icon: Holy Revolutions in the Philippines".

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Jesus T. Peralta, "Prehistoric Gold Ornaments CB Philippines," Arts of Asia, 1981, 4:54–60.

3744: 3603: 3548: 3180: 3104: 3077:. New7Wonders Foundation president and founding member Bernard Weber led a ceremony held at 2574: 2499: 2193: 2103:- The early Filipinos traded Piloncitos also along with Gold rings, which is gold ring-like 1752: 1710: 1588: 1519: 1515: 1415: 1372: 1258: 1164: 651: 596: 538: 483: 438: 408: 369: 5417: 3401:

Evangelista, Alfredo E. (1969). "The Philippines: Archaeology in the Philippines to 1950".

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opened fire on the house on 24 April 1980, killing Macliing Dulag and wounding a companion.

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province, which had scraped the mud off their shoes and slippers on two irregular shaped

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is a tunnel complex built by the United States Army Corps of Engineers on the island of

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associated with a Rhinoceros Ivory Tusk, dated 9th–12th century, was found in Libertad,

1313: 5029:

Body, Movement, and Culture: Kinesthetic and Visual Symbolism in a Philippine Community

4644: 3942: 3232: 3228: 3165: 2931: 2857: 2791: 2787: 2771: 2740: 2562: 2489: 2470: 2384: 2310: 2253: 2141: 1896: 1485: 1384: 1368: 1364: 814: 616: 443: 339: 1988:. It is the oldest mosque in the Philippines and was built by an Arab trader, Sheikh 1546:

did archaeological work in the Philippines and is most famous for his research in the

7294: 6067: 5632: 5548: 5155: 4216: 3764: 3576: 3131: 2990: 2978: 2967: 2901: 2783: 2764: 2271: 1989: 1825: 1761: 1680:

was for a long time the oldest known evidence of a human presence in the Philippines.

1508: 1464: 943: 753: 163: 3631: 6178: 4360: 3147: 3070: 2775: 2474: 2466: 2436: 2344: 2153: 2125: 2100: 1861: 1638: 1493: 354: 334: 153: 5147: 3592:"The Meanings of Objects Calatagan and Archaeological Research in the Philippines" 2612:. The ship was surmised to be a Southeast Asian cargo boat travelling from either 5347: 5081: 5054: 3989:

Higham, C., 2014, Early Mainland Southeast Asia, Bangkok: River Books Co., Ltd.,

3781: 3712: 3665:"Callao man could be 'oldest' human in Asia Pacific, says Filipino archaeologist" 2399:

the statue is bronze may be a siva-buddhist blending rather than "pure Buddhist".

2144:

also known as Monreal stone or Rizal Stone – A limestone contains ancient script

1451:, even though the Spaniards were interested in the people of the islands from an 6310: 6077: 4633:. Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines: University of the Philippines Asian Center. 3200: 3173: 3112: 3038: 2994: 2917: 2876: 2868: 2839: 2831: 2823: 2795: 2752: 2744: 2727: 2711: 2578: 2448: 2440: 2403: 2324: 2205: 2197: 2129: 2074: 2066: 1985: 1956: 1901: 1865: 1829: 1797: 1775: 1721:, along with other designs that may have depicted other interesting figures but 1706: 1666: 1561: 1547: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1411: 575: 560: 5526: 5396:"1814 Mayon Volcano eruption emits lesson on handling challenge of destruction" 5012: 3283: 2541: 5514:"United States Military Reservations, National Cemeteries, and Military Parks" 4108: 3748: 3251: 3235:'s home, still ridden with bulletholes after the 4th Infantry Division of the 3210: 3169: 3151: 3127: 3116: 3108: 2971: 2921: 2779: 2185: 2082: 2062: 2042: 1782: 1657: 1649: 1587:

After Evangelista retired from the National Museum of the Philippines in 1992

1447:

Very little archaeological work was carried out in the Philippines during the

1419: 834: 671: 349: 5624: 4829:

Raiding, Trading, and Feasting: The Political Economy of Philippine Chiefdoms

3756: 3615: 3560: 3521: 3458: 3154: 2860: 2819: 2748: 2462: 2422: 2302: 2267: 2246: 2242: 2164:

tablets before entering their classroom. are now housed at a section of the

2161: 2108: 1981: 1937:

erected in Batanes Islands in the Philippines, made from limestone and wood.

1837: 1803:

in the Philippines since the 1930s. The artifacts have been both tools like

1684: 1676: 1564:

in Luzon. In 1960 he began to work with Robert Fox and Ray Santiago for the

1427: 1070: 488: 423: 91: 4875: 4440:"UST collection of ancient scripts in 'baybayin' syllabary shown to public" 2957: 2624:

to load trade wares. Bad weather might have led to the sinking of the ship.

2052:

The Philippines's archaeological finds include many ancient gold artifacts.

1796:

and dating as far back as 2000–1500 BC, has been discovered at a number of

1760:– The Lal-lo and Gattaran Shell Middens are located along the banks of the 5616: 3949:. Singapore: Singapore University Press, National University of Singapore. 3892:"Museum of the Filipino People – Archaeological Treasures (Kaban ng Lahi)" 3607: 2600:

which was excavated in 1995 by the Underwater Archaeology Division of the

4290: 3205: 3158: 3123: 3034: 2982: 2946: 2872: 2843: 2816: 2695: 2643: 2558: 2546: 2480: 2306: 2209: 2172: 2145: 2094: 2078: 1812: 1530:(1948), which laid the foundation for subsequent Philippine archaeology. 809: 324: 299: 267: 247: 202: 138: 5287:"We Have the Mysterious Map that Proves the West Philippine Sea is Ours" 4910: 4786: 3623: 3591: 3466: 3442: 3414: 2811: 2532:, prior to the arrival of European colonial empires in the 16th century. 6279: 3568: 3536: 3367: 3196: 2905: 2613: 2609: 2444: 2432: 2428: 2370: 2358: 2354: 2348: 2328: 2305:

pose inside an oval nimbus. Scholars also noted that there is a strong

2157: 2046: 1948: 1934: 1857: 1844: 1833: 1786: 1765: 1722: 1718: 1568:. From the 1970s to early 1990s, Evangelista then began to work at the 1496:

study of the archipelago. Beyer was therefore invited to establish the

1422:. Additionally, some famous artifacts found in the Philippines are the 398: 359: 217: 5683: 4318:"'Piloncitos' and the 'Philippine golden age' | Inquirer Opinion" 2270:– This is bronze statue of Lokesvara was found in Isla Puting Bato in 1503:

Early surveys and collections were carried out in the 1920s by Beyer,

5083:

National Geographic Learning's Visual Geography of Travel and Tourism

3074: 3066: 3062: 3054: 2913: 2570: 2550: 2513: 2503: 2456: 2407: 2388: 2374: 2336: 2332: 2320: 2316: 2298: 2286: 2277: 2189: 2070: 2016: 1952: 1930: 1873: 1807:, and ornaments such as lingling-o earrings, bracelets and beads. A " 1804: 242: 237: 227: 5258: 5059:. The University of the Philippines Press. pp. xxvii, 226–228. 1488:. Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States in 1898, and the 4107:. National Historical Commission of the Philippines. Archived from 3552: 3443:"A Decade of Archaeological Research in the Philippines, 1982-1992" 1781:

Bark cloth beater – It is a stone tool used for the preparation of

7224: 7041: 4254:

Official Website National Museum of the Philippines (Beta Website)

3823:"15 Most Intense Archaeological Discoveries in Philippine History" 3809:"15 Most Intense Archaeological Discoveries in Philippine History" 3372: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3022: 3018: 3010: 2927: 2847: 2699: 2617: 2540: 2509: 2340: 2294: 2281: 2104: 2090: 2086: 1714: 1298: 329: 4876:"The Calatagan Pot: A National Treasure with Bisayan Inscription" 3646:"700,000-Year-Old Stone Tools Point to Mysterious Human Relative" 2867:, and is believed to be one of the earliest printed books in the 2577:

to commemorate the coming of the early migrants that settled the

1895:

extinct prior to colonization. The jars were found 'somewhere in

1471:

in 1881. Commissioned by the French government, Marche conducted

5471:"Vigan named as one of the New7Wonders | EDITORIAL INSIDER" 4244: 4242: 4240: 3058: 2834:– a manuscript written c. 1590, which contains illustrations of 2707: 2452: 2392: 2378: 2290: 1808: 1793: 1644: 232: 6283: 6092: 5687: 4059:. National Commission for Culture and the Arts. Archived from 2406:

was discovered in 1918 in Esperanza, Agusan by Bilay Campos a

1702: 1359:

is the study of past societies in the territory of the modern

5654:, vol. IV, Philippines: Lahing Pilipino Publishing, Inc. 5080:

Jan van Harssel; Richard H Jackson; Lloyd E. Hudman (2014).

4375:"Muddied stones reveal ancient scripts | Inquirer News" 3596:

Philippine Studies: Historical & Ethnographic Viewpoints

3195:

was found in the Palawan sea, which surrounds the island of

2519: 2381:

the crude bronze statue indicates of its local reproduction.

1526:

Philippine archaeology by islands and provinces' (1947) and

1035: 53: 4776:

Agusan Image Documents, Agusan-Surigao Historical Archives.

2410:

tribeswoman. The Golden Tara was eventually brought to the

4550:

Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society

3138:

at the wider South Channel entrance to the bay during the

2887:

Carta hydrographica y chorographica de las Islas Filipinas

2124:- The oldest written document in the Philippines found in 1792:

Jade Artifacts- or Jade Culture made from white and green

5674: 4332:"Classical Gold and Pottery from the Pre-Colonial Period" 3961:

Rethinking Cultural Resource Management in Southeast Asia

3694:

Researchers discover fossil of human older than Tabon Man

1843:

Artifacts from the "Sa Huyun-Kalanay" pottery complex in

5373:"What kinds of volcanic eruption should we worry about?" 2249:, which had in turn had trade relationships with India. 1768:, Philippines. It is currently under consideration as a 4950:"Magellans Cross Cebu,Magellans Cross Cebu Philippines" 4832:. Ateneo de Manila University Press. pp. 74, 130. 4522:

Filipino Prehistory: Rediscovering Precolonial Heritage

2236:

Indian cultural influences in early Philippine polities

4925:"Magellan's Cross in downtown Cebu City | Cebu Living" 4897:

Solheim, Wilhelm G. (1953). "Philippine Archaeology".

3161:

in the fort, leaving it permanently out of commission.

2263:

and its influences on the Philippines's early states.

3776: 3774: 5110:

Encyclopedia of Asian American Folklore and Folklife

5032:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 71–73. 4573:

Jocano, Felipe Jr. (2012-08-07). Wiley, Mark (ed.).

3021:

Located on the western coast of the large island of

18:

User:Joe Roe/List of artifacts in Philippine history

7165: 7050: 6875: 6745: 6616: 6552: 6425: 6358: 6327: 6318: 6261: 6196: 6127: 6017: 5977: 5719: 5490:"Ifugao Rice Terraces may be younger than we think" 4886:(1): 1. February 24, 2011 – via ejournals.ph. 4304:"PILONCITOS: The treasure of Philippine numismatic" 4136:. National Historical Commission of the Philippines 2889:– Map of the Philippine Islands published by Pedro 5549:"Corregidor Then and Now: A Battlefield Revisited" 5516:, pg. 344. Government Printing Office, Washington. 5306:"Ancient fortress church of Capul, Northern Samar" 4552:. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. 4016:"Stolen artefacts point to lost Philippines tribe" 2774:is a life-sized image of a dark-skinned, kneeling 6159:National Historical Commission of the Philippines 5199: 5197: 5195: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3313:Cultural achievements of pre-colonial Philippines 2309:orientation in the image, since the Boddhisattva 1856:was a culture in modern-day central and southern 5167: 5165: 4651:(Ninth ed.). Australia: Allen & Unwin. 2026:remain in natural caves and a museum in Kabayan. 5107:Jonathan H. X. Lee; Kathleen M. Nadeau (2011). 4620:"Indian Penetration of Pre-Spanish Philippines" 4221:"Art Exhibit: Philippines' 'Gold of Ancestors'" 2755:. The image is venerated as miraculous by many 1743:Singnapan Caves Petrographs of southern Palawan 5650:Roces, Alfredo R., ed. (1977), "Boxer Codex", 3959:John N. Miksic, Geok Yian Goh, Sue O Connor – 3227:'s Museo Kordilyera has preserved the door of 1632:Province in Luzon. Predating the existence of 6295: 6104: 5699: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4512: 4510: 4508: 4287:Art Exhibit: Philippines' 'Gold of Ancestors' 4031:"1,000-year-old village found in Philippines" 1336: 995: 8: 6154:National Commission for Culture and the Arts 5175:The Routledge Companion to Religion and Film 4211: 4209: 4175:"The Mummy – that Brendan Fraser didn't see" 3481:"Philippine Archeological Treasures, Part 1" 3183:(also referred to as previously as Pearl of 2726:, one of the oldest Christian relics in the 4524:. Quezon City: Punlad Research House, Inc. 4490:. www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph. Archived from 4417:, University of Santo Tomas, archived from 3715:. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 16 May 2006 3447:Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society 2561:- the first wooden watercraft excavated in 2280:The Ancient Batangueños were influenced by 1748:Anda Peninsula Petrographs of Eastern Bohol 7047: 6881: 6751: 6613: 6558: 6431: 6324: 6302: 6288: 6280: 6111: 6097: 6089: 5706: 5692: 5684: 4952:. Archived from the original on 2009-04-27 4250:"National Museum Collections: Ling-ling O" 3713:"The Tabon Cave Complex and all of Lipuun" 2767:and his wife when he landed on the island. 2007:Prehistoric grave goods in the Philippines 1872:people and the founders of the kingdom of 1738:Penablanca Petrographs of Cagayan Province 1343: 1329: 1013: 1002: 988: 28: 5652:Filipino Heritage: the Making of a Nation 5007:(2). Brill Academic Publishers: 291–310. 4759:Agusan Gold Image only in the Philippines 3303:History of Archaeology in the Philippines 2357:– A crude bronze statue of a Hindu Deity 2259:Artifacts reflect the iconography of the 2176:Archives of the University of Santo Tomas 2111:in size and are made of nearly pure gold. 454:Igorot resistance to Spanish colonization 6120:Philippine Registry of Cultural Property 5056:Philippine Folk Literature: An Anthology 3004: 2956: 2810: 2717: 1729:as a National Cultural Treasure in 1973. 4854:Journal of East-West Maritime Relations 4649:Southeast Asia: An Introductory History 4466:UST Baybayin collection shown to public 3384: 3150:, and was recaptured by the U.S. after 2714:on (depending on source) 15 March 1521. 1241: 1156: 1110: 1045: 1025: 193:Historically documented states/polities 63: 42: 31: 5567: 5565: 4962: 4789:, ArcheoSciences, Volume 33, pp 99–107 4600: 4590: 3142:. It was captured and occupied by the 3098:History of the Philippines (1898–1946) 2981:. The ruins are currently located in 2682:History of the Philippines (1521-1898) 2553:after its South East Asian expedition. 1976:– located in Barangay Tubig Indangan, 1888:Sultan Kudarat Anthropomorphic Pottery 1572:in Quezon City and again later at the 5572:Wilburn Dowell Cobb (November 1939). 5244: 3692:Severino, Howie G. (August 1, 2010). 3436: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3218:Contemporary artifacts (1947 onwards) 2908:first built by Spanish conquistador, 2447:, however, in India's epic poem, the 2208:. The script has a similarity to the 2107:. These barter rings are bigger than 1915:History of the Philippines (900–1521) 1733:Alab Petroglyphs of Mountain Province 1528:Philippine and East Asian Archaeology 7: 5304:Labro, Vicente S. (19 August 2011). 4055:Madale, Nagasura (October 6, 2003). 3974:Vietnam National Museum of Fine Arts 3396: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3308:Religion in pre-colonial Philippines 3225:University of the Philippines Baguio 2784:Minor Basilica of the Black Nazarene 2469:images – Padmapani is also known as 2319:of Palawan- The other finds are the 2200:. Inscribed on the seal is the word 2184:- an ivory stamp or seal stamp or a 2128:dated in 900 AD which is written in 1408:Rizal Archaeological Site in Kalinga 5394:John Mark Escandor (July 3, 2014). 3506:"Alfredo E. Evangelista: 1926-2008" 2970:are the remnants of a 16th-century 1463:, Joseph Montano and Paul Ray, and 6139:Cultural Center of the Philippines 5670:National Museum of the Philippines 5439:Tejada, Ariel Paolo (9 May 2015). 3897:National Museum of the Philippines 2999:National Museum of the Philippines 2602:National Museum of the Philippines 2218:National Museum of the Philippines 1892:National Museum of the Philippines 1727:National Museum of the Philippines 1574:National Museum of the Philippines 1566:National Museum of the Philippines 1500:anthropology department in 1914. 25: 5259:"Lessing J. Rosenwald Collection" 2116:Documents, inscriptions, or seals 1758:Lal-lo and Gattaran Shell Middens 1579:In 1960, Alfredo Evangelista and 394:Voyage of Miguel López de Legazpi 107:Lal-lo and Gattaran Shell Middens 7275: 7274: 7263: 6187: 6072: 6063: 6062: 4162:from the original on 2011-11-11. 4029:Kaznowska, Helena (2012-09-20). 3663:Valmero, Anna (August 5, 2010). 3282: 3268: 3254: 2941:is located at the lake shore of 2912:for the new established city of 2836:ethnic groups in the Philippines 2001:Burial sites and grave artifacts 1909:Early Historic Period (900–1521) 1584:prehistory of the Philippines. 1490:American colonial administration 1312: 971: 5371:CP David (September 17, 2014). 5001:Asian Journal of Social Science 4359:. July 24, 2011. Archived from 4260:from the original on 2011-11-11 3590:BARRETTO-TESORO, GRACE (2013). 3504:Ii, Wilhelm G. Solheim (2009). 3338:Prehistory of Laguna (province) 3318:Architecture of the Philippines 3187:) used to be the largest known 2879:even before the Spaniards came. 2412:Field Museum of Natural History 2335:, the bird who is the mount of 1459:perspective. Explorers such as 7301:Archaeology of the Philippines 6269:National Cultural Heritage Act 6030:British Indian Ocean Territory 5675:Archaeological Studies Program 5441:"Vigan declared 'Wonder City'" 5210:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 118–119. 5113:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 405–406. 4618:Churchill, Malcolm H. (1977). 4057:"A Look at Philippine Mosques" 3358:Shell tools in the Philippines 3328:Archaeology of Porac, Pampanga 2585:originated from balangay, the 2526:Laguna Copperplate Inscription 2365:in 1921 in an ancient site in 2122:Laguna Copperplate Inscription 2023:The Kabayan Mummies of Benguet 1994:National Historical Commission 1945:Buenavista Protected Landscape 1882:Maitum Anthropomorphic Pottery 1498:University of the Philippines' 1357:archaeology of the Philippines 800:2000 campaign against the MILF 305:Laguna Copperplate Inscription 159:Maitum anthropomorphic pottery 1: 6223:National Historical Landmarks 6218:Important Cultural Properties 5679:University of the Philippines 5257:Lessing J. Rosenwald (1593). 5148:10.1080/17432200.2015.1103474 3243:fragmentary skeletal remains. 3033:in that it is one of the few 2549:replica docked at CCP Harbor 1618:Prehistory of the Philippines 1607:Notable sites and discoveries 1570:University of the Philippines 464:Battles of La Naval de Manila 6769:Business process outsourcing 4787:Gold in early Southeast Asia 3648:. 2018-05-02. Archived from 3485:www.filipino-association.org 3223:Macliing Dulag's door - The 3047:President of the Philippines 2961:Ruins of the Cagsawa church. 2634:Indigenous utensil artifacts 1974:Sheik Karimol Makhdum Mosque 1941:Limestone tombs of Kamhantik 315:Limestone tombs of Kamhantik 6213:National Cultural Treasures 6208:UNESCO World Heritage Sites 6144:Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino 5527:"Corregidor:Malinta Tunnel" 5053:Damiana L. Eugenio (2007). 4785:Anna T. N. Bennett (2009), 4195:. www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph 3863:Prehispanic Source Material 3843:. www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph 3323:Archaeology of Pinagbayanan 2939:Ruins of Old Tanauan church 2608:, in the coast of Southern 2278:Buddha Amithaba bass relief 1830:Tabon Caves at Lipuun Point 1709:located in the province of 1701:- the oldest known work of 1361:Republic of the Philippines 805:2nd People Power Revolution 795:1997 Asian financial crisis 529:Declaration of Independence 7322: 7306:History of the Philippines 5178:. Routledge. p. 184. 5013:10.1163/156853106777371166 4986:"Magellan's Cross in Cebu" 4826:Junker, Laura Lee (2000). 4083:Oldest mosque needs repair 3978:Bảo tàng mỹ thuật Việt Nam 3441:Dizon, Eusebio Z. (1994). 3298:History of the Philippines 3095: 3031:UNESCO World Heritage Site 2863:, written in 1593 by Fray 2679: 2416: 2233: 2004: 1912: 1770:UNESCO World Heritage Site 1615: 1432:Kabayan Mummies of Benguet 1380:history of the Philippines 1028:Culture of the Philippines 534:American capture of Manila 7246: 6884: 6754: 6561: 6434: 6253:Other Cultural Properties 6243:Works of National Artists 6185: 6174:Intramuros Administration 6058: 5666:Archaeological Collection 5204:J. Gordon Melton (2011). 5142:(4). Routledge: 421–442. 4969:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4813:www.philippinefiestas.com 4357:"The Butuan Silver Strip" 4179:Philippine Daily Inquirer 3749:10.1017/S0003598X00096836 3667:. Yahoo! Southeast Asia, 2743:title of a statue of the 2565:and is evidence of early 1672:anatomically modern human 414:Spanish capture of Manila 6673:House of Representatives 6566:Administrative divisions 6238:National Heritage Houses 5779:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 5475:www.editorialinsider.com 5447:. Manila. Archived from 5086:. Cengage. p. 504. 4687:"Prespanish Philippines" 3876:Bellwood, Peter (2011). 3343:Prehistory of Marinduque 3140:American colonial period 3092:American colonial period 2822:nobility depicts in the 2702:explorers as ordered by 2136:Butuan Silver Paleograph 1492:actively encouraged the 874:Administrative divisions 589:American colonial period 509:Republic of Biak-na-Bato 345:Butuan Silver Paleograph 330:Batanes Ijang fortresses 273:Sultanate of Maguindanao 144:Cordillera Rice Terraces 6040:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 5026:Sally Ann Ness (2016). 4809:"Philippinefiestas.com" 3861:Scott, William (1984). 3353:Prehistory of Sarangani 2985:Busay, Cagsawa, in the 2910:Miguel López de Legazpi 2856:- an early book on the 2676:Spanish colonial period 2622:Mainland Southeast Asia 2387:– Excavated in 1921 in 2150:Rizal Elementary School 2142:Ticao Stone Inscription 1925:Indigenous architecture 1449:Spanish colonial period 1019:Part of a series on the 769:People Power Revolution 549:Philippine–American War 383:Spanish colonial period 7270:Philippines portal 6814:Science and technology 4880:The Journal of History 4394:. heritage.elizaga.net 3348:Prehistory of Pampanga 3134:in 1909 as one of the 3014: 2962: 2875:is widely used in the 2827: 2731: 2559:Balangay (Butuan Boat) 2554: 2533: 2355:Bronze Ganesha statues 2148:. Found by pupils of 1847:(dated 400BC-1500 AD.) 1554:Alfredo E. Evangelista 1040: 978:Philippines portal 954:Science and technology 571:UST Baybayin Documents 519:Treaty of Paris (1898) 97:Austronesian expansion 82:Early hominin activity 58: 7225:Sport and martial art 6641:Executive departments 5617:10.1353/asi.2005.0033 5310:newsinfo.inquirer.net 5267:World Digital Library 4577:. Tuttle Publishing. 4575:A Question of Origins 3608:10.1353/phs.2013.0016 3008: 2960: 2814: 2721: 2642:– a clay pot contain 2544: 2530:Hinduism in Indonesia 2523: 2435:was found in 1981 in 2417:Further information: 1870:Austronesian-speaking 1674:remains known as the 1299:Sport and martial art 1039: 899:Cultural achievements 723:Filipino First policy 713:Mutual Defense Treaty 667:Philippine resistance 499:Philippine Revolution 459:Spanish–Moro conflict 449:Revolts and uprisings 335:Golden Tara of Agusan 57: 7090:Fashion and clothing 6931:Environmental issues 6858:Water and sanitation 6695:Regional Trial Court 6540:World Heritage Sites 5954:United Arab Emirates 5574:"The Pearl of Allah" 4856:, vol. 1, pp. 31–46. 4741:. www.asj.upd.edu.ph 4736:"Francisco Buddhist" 4692:. www.asj.upd.edu.ph 4546:Scott, William Henry 4063:on September 7, 2014 3782:"Angono Petroglyphs" 3541:Current Anthropology 3085:Banaue Rice Terraces 2671:Colonial (1521–1946) 2640:Calatagan Ritual pot 2589:word for "sailboat". 2431:- The golden-vessel 2101:Gold ring currencies 1968:Islamic architecture 1933:- A triangle-shaped 1655:The 67,000-year-old 1642:or another possible 1139:Fashion and clothing 959:World Heritage Sites 825:Territorial disputes 728:North Borneo dispute 718:Hukbalahap Rebellion 682:Philippines campaign 677:Battle of Leyte Gulf 657:Battle of Corregidor 632:Tydings–McDuffie Act 524:Battle of Manila Bay 514:Spanish–American War 122:Precolonial barangay 7080:Cultural properties 6846:Tourist attractions 6393:Japanese occupation 5981:limited recognition 5714:Archaeology of Asia 5445:The Philippine STAR 5263:Library of Congress 5172:John Lyden (2009). 4984:Ballesteros, Nick. 3363:Ship burial in Asia 3121:reinforced concrete 3009:Calle Crisologo in 2854:Doctrina Christiana 2657:Porcelain tradeware 2652:Tradeware artifacts 2598:archaeological site 2385:Mactan Alokitesvara 2073:, the banks of the 2031:Clothing or jewelry 1764:in the province of 1397:Alfredo Evangelista 1170:Cultural Properties 1111:Arts and literature 820:Philippine drug war 782:Contemporary period 749:Communist rebellion 647:Japanese occupation 612:Military Government 566:Doctrina Christiana 474:Propaganda Movement 429:Spanish East Indies 419:Battle of Bangkusay 365:Magellan expedition 283:Sultanates of Lanao 278:Sultanate of Buayan 7095:Historical markers 6953:Indigenous peoples 6829:Telecommunications 6603:Political families 6444:Biosphere reserves 6233:National Monuments 5605:Asian Perspectives 5512:U.S. Army (1916). 5451:on 28 January 2016 4764:2012-06-27 at the 4114:on 18 October 2014 4088:2008-10-11 at the 3925:Asian Perspectives 3699:2010-08-04 at the 3403:Asian Perspectives 3333:Ifugao archaeology 3262:Philippines portal 3079:St. Paul Cathedral 3051:New7Wonders Cities 3015: 2963: 2842:and various other 2828: 2761:Ferdinand Magellan 2757:Filipino Catholics 2737:Santo Niño de Cebú 2732: 2724:Santo Niño de Cebú 2704:Ferdinand Magellan 2596:is a 15th-century 2594:Pandanan Shipwreck 2555: 2534: 2361:has been found by 2313:was also depicted. 2261:Vajrayana Buddhism 2093:and some areas in 1699:Angono Petroglyphs 1473:systematic surveys 1319:Philippines portal 1180:Historical markers 1081:indigenous peoples 1041: 622:Insular Government 607:Zamboanga Republic 504:Tejeros Convention 494:Cry of Pugad Lawin 479:1872 Cavite mutiny 187:Precolonial period 127:Maritime Silk Road 102:Angono Petroglyphs 74:Prehistoric period 59: 7288: 7287: 7242: 7241: 7238: 7237: 7152:Traditional games 6987:Income inequality 6970:Human trafficking 6871: 6870: 6834:Telephone numbers 6741: 6740: 6737: 6736: 6608:Political parties 6581:Foreign relations 6548: 6547: 6421: 6420: 6406:Marcos presidency 6397:Postcolonial era 6277: 6276: 6248:Marked Structures 6149:National Archives 6086: 6085: 6023:other territories 5591:Doyo, Ma. Ceres P 5217:978-1-59884-206-7 5185:978-1-135-22065-5 5136:Material Religion 5120:978-0-313-35066-5 5093:978-1-133-95126-1 5066:978-971-542-536-0 5039:978-1-5128-1822-2 4584:978-1-4629-0742-7 4320:. 30 August 2011. 4156:"Gold Death-Mask" 3904:on 15 August 2010 3880:. pp. 31–41. 3130:was built by the 2947:Batangas Province 2865:Juan de Plasencia 2782:enshrined in the 2706:upon arriving in 2363:Henry Otley Beyer 2331:, is an image of 2327:in the island of 2252:Scholars such as 2182:Butuan Ivory Seal 2156:in Monreal town, 1534:Post-independence 1505:Dean C. Worcester 1353: 1352: 1012: 1011: 859:Ancient religions 840:COVID-19 pandemic 695:Post-independence 434:Captaincy General 310:Butuan Ivory Seal 288:Sultanate of Sulu 169:Prehistoric beads 16:(Redirected from 7313: 7278: 7277: 7268: 7267: 7266: 7048: 7002:Overseas workers 6924:Higher education 6882: 6752: 6690:Court of Appeals 6646:Executive office 6614: 6559: 6432: 6373:Pre-colonial era 6325: 6304: 6297: 6290: 6281: 6228:National Shrines 6191: 6164:National Library 6113: 6106: 6099: 6090: 6076: 6066: 6065: 6035:Christmas Island 5721:Sovereign states 5708: 5701: 5694: 5685: 5655: 5637: 5636: 5600: 5594: 5588: 5582: 5581: 5569: 5560: 5559: 5557: 5555: 5544: 5538: 5537: 5535: 5533: 5523: 5517: 5510: 5504: 5503: 5501: 5500: 5485: 5479: 5478: 5467: 5461: 5460: 5458: 5456: 5436: 5430: 5429: 5427: 5425: 5414: 5408: 5407: 5405: 5403: 5391: 5385: 5384: 5382: 5380: 5368: 5362: 5361: 5359: 5358: 5352: 5346:. Archived from 5345: 5337: 5331: 5320: 5314: 5313: 5301: 5295: 5294: 5283: 5277: 5276: 5274: 5273: 5254: 5248: 5242: 5236: 5235: 5228: 5222: 5221: 5201: 5190: 5189: 5169: 5160: 5159: 5131: 5125: 5124: 5104: 5098: 5097: 5077: 5071: 5070: 5050: 5044: 5043: 5023: 5017: 5016: 4996: 4990: 4989: 4981: 4975: 4974: 4968: 4960: 4958: 4957: 4946: 4940: 4939: 4937: 4936: 4927:. Archived from 4921: 4915: 4914: 4894: 4888: 4887: 4872: 4866: 4863: 4857: 4850: 4844: 4843: 4823: 4817: 4816: 4805: 4799: 4796: 4790: 4783: 4777: 4774: 4768: 4756: 4750: 4749: 4747: 4746: 4740: 4732: 4726: 4725: 4723: 4722: 4713:. Archived from 4707: 4701: 4700: 4698: 4697: 4691: 4683: 4672: 4669: 4663: 4662: 4641: 4635: 4634: 4624: 4615: 4609: 4608: 4602: 4598: 4596: 4588: 4570: 4564: 4563: 4542: 4536: 4535: 4518:Jocano, F. Landa 4514: 4503: 4502: 4500: 4499: 4484: 4478: 4477: 4476: 4474: 4461: 4455: 4454: 4453: 4451: 4436: 4430: 4429: 4428: 4426: 4409: 4403: 4402: 4400: 4399: 4393: 4385: 4379: 4378: 4371: 4365: 4364: 4353: 4347: 4346: 4344: 4343: 4334:. Archived from 4328: 4322: 4321: 4314: 4308: 4307: 4300: 4294: 4284: 4278: 4275: 4269: 4268: 4266: 4265: 4246: 4235: 4234: 4232: 4231: 4213: 4204: 4203: 4201: 4200: 4189: 4183: 4182: 4170: 4164: 4163: 4152: 4146: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4130: 4124: 4123: 4121: 4119: 4113: 4106: 4098: 4092: 4079: 4073: 4072: 4070: 4068: 4052: 4046: 4045: 4043: 4041: 4026: 4020: 4019: 4012: 4006: 4003: 3997: 3987: 3981: 3971: 3965: 3957: 3951: 3950: 3939: 3933: 3932: 3920: 3914: 3913: 3911: 3909: 3900:. Archived from 3888: 3882: 3881: 3878:Pathos of Origin 3873: 3867: 3866: 3858: 3852: 3851: 3849: 3848: 3837: 3831: 3830: 3819: 3813: 3812: 3805: 3794: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3778: 3769: 3768: 3743:(316): 318–335. 3731: 3725: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3709: 3703: 3690: 3684: 3683: 3681: 3680: 3675:on July 13, 2012 3671:. Archived from 3660: 3654: 3653: 3642: 3636: 3635: 3587: 3581: 3580: 3532: 3526: 3525: 3501: 3495: 3494: 3492: 3491: 3477: 3471: 3470: 3438: 3419: 3418: 3398: 3292: 3287: 3286: 3278: 3273: 3272: 3271: 3264: 3259: 3258: 3257: 3181:Pearl of Lao Tzu 3105:El Fraile Island 2815:The attire of a 2790:district of the 2688:Magellan's Cross 2575:Agusan del Norte 2297:. The pot shows 2268:Bronze Lokesvara 2194:Agusan del Norte 1854:Sa Huyun Culture 1753:Lapuz Lapuz Cave 1589:Jesus T. Peralta 1478:Musée de l'Homme 1416:Lapuz Lapuz Cave 1373:material culture 1345: 1338: 1331: 1316: 1245: 1029: 1020: 1014: 1004: 997: 990: 976: 975: 974: 708:Treaty of Manila 652:Battle of Bataan 597:Tagalog Republic 539:Malolos Congress 484:La Liga Filipina 469:British invasion 439:Tondo Conspiracy 409:Blockade of Cebu 370:Battle of Mactan 294:Events/Artifacts 197:(north to south) 133:Events/Artifacts 117:Sa Huỳnh culture 47: 29: 21: 7321: 7320: 7316: 7315: 7314: 7312: 7311: 7310: 7291: 7290: 7289: 7284: 7264: 7262: 7234: 7161: 7130:Public holidays 7046: 6975:Sex trafficking 6867: 6733: 6651:Law enforcement 6612: 6544: 6508:Protected areas 6417: 6386:American period 6354: 6314: 6308: 6278: 6273: 6257: 6200: 6198: 6192: 6183: 6169:National Museum 6131: 6129: 6123: 6117: 6087: 6082: 6054: 6022: 6013: 5994:Northern Cyprus 5980: 5973: 5715: 5712: 5662: 5649: 5646: 5641: 5640: 5602: 5601: 5597: 5589: 5585: 5578:Natural History 5571: 5570: 5563: 5553: 5551: 5547:Whitman, Paul. 5546: 5545: 5541: 5531: 5529: 5525: 5524: 5520: 5511: 5507: 5498: 5496: 5487: 5486: 5482: 5469: 5468: 5464: 5454: 5452: 5438: 5437: 5433: 5423: 5421: 5416: 5415: 5411: 5401: 5399: 5393: 5392: 5388: 5378: 5376: 5370: 5369: 5365: 5356: 5354: 5350: 5343: 5339: 5338: 5334: 5321: 5317: 5303: 5302: 5298: 5285: 5284: 5280: 5271: 5269: 5256: 5255: 5251: 5247:, p. 1003. 5243: 5239: 5230: 5229: 5225: 5218: 5203: 5202: 5193: 5186: 5171: 5170: 5163: 5133: 5132: 5128: 5121: 5106: 5105: 5101: 5094: 5079: 5078: 5074: 5067: 5052: 5051: 5047: 5040: 5025: 5024: 5020: 4998: 4997: 4993: 4983: 4982: 4978: 4961: 4955: 4953: 4948: 4947: 4943: 4934: 4932: 4923: 4922: 4918: 4896: 4895: 4891: 4874: 4873: 4869: 4864: 4860: 4851: 4847: 4840: 4825: 4824: 4820: 4807: 4806: 4802: 4797: 4793: 4784: 4780: 4775: 4771: 4766:Wayback Machine 4757: 4753: 4744: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4733: 4729: 4720: 4718: 4709: 4708: 4704: 4695: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4684: 4675: 4670: 4666: 4659: 4645:Osborne, Milton 4643: 4642: 4638: 4622: 4617: 4616: 4612: 4599: 4589: 4585: 4572: 4571: 4567: 4560: 4544: 4543: 4539: 4532: 4516: 4515: 4506: 4497: 4495: 4486: 4485: 4481: 4472: 4470: 4463: 4462: 4458: 4449: 4447: 4438: 4437: 4433: 4424: 4422: 4421:on May 24, 2013 4411: 4410: 4406: 4397: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4386: 4382: 4373: 4372: 4368: 4355: 4354: 4350: 4341: 4339: 4330: 4329: 4325: 4316: 4315: 4311: 4302: 4301: 4297: 4285: 4281: 4276: 4272: 4263: 4261: 4248: 4247: 4238: 4229: 4227: 4215: 4214: 4207: 4198: 4196: 4191: 4190: 4186: 4172: 4171: 4167: 4154: 4153: 4149: 4139: 4137: 4132: 4131: 4127: 4117: 4115: 4111: 4104: 4100: 4099: 4095: 4090:Wayback Machine 4080: 4076: 4066: 4064: 4054: 4053: 4049: 4039: 4037: 4035:telegraph.co.uk 4028: 4027: 4023: 4014: 4013: 4009: 4004: 4000: 3988: 3984: 3972: 3968: 3958: 3954: 3943:Miksic, John N. 3941: 3940: 3936: 3922: 3921: 3917: 3907: 3905: 3890: 3889: 3885: 3875: 3874: 3870: 3860: 3859: 3855: 3846: 3844: 3839: 3838: 3834: 3821: 3820: 3816: 3807: 3806: 3797: 3787: 3785: 3780: 3779: 3772: 3733: 3732: 3728: 3718: 3716: 3711: 3710: 3706: 3701:Wayback Machine 3691: 3687: 3678: 3676: 3662: 3661: 3657: 3652:on May 2, 2018. 3644: 3643: 3639: 3589: 3588: 3584: 3534: 3533: 3529: 3503: 3502: 3498: 3489: 3487: 3479: 3478: 3474: 3440: 3439: 3422: 3400: 3399: 3386: 3381: 3290:Religion portal 3288: 3281: 3276:Hinduism portal 3274: 3269: 3267: 3260: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3237:Philippine Army 3231:protest leader 3220: 3136:harbor defenses 3115:, due south of 3100: 3094: 3043:Elpidio Quirino 3027:South China Sea 2897:Magellan Shrine 2891:Murillo Velarde 2846:countries, the 2804:Pope Innocent X 2800:his crucifixion 2692:Christian cross 2684: 2678: 2673: 2659: 2654: 2636: 2631: 2606:Pandanan Island 2539: 2425: 2419:Tara (Buddhism) 2367:Puerto Princesa 2299:Buddha Amithaba 2238: 2232: 2227: 2166:National Museum 2118: 2059: 2033: 2013:Oton death mask 2009: 2003: 1970: 1961:National Museum 1927: 1922: 1917: 1911: 1822: 1694: 1625: 1620: 1614: 1609: 1581:F. Landa Jocano 1540:Wilhelm Solheim 1536: 1494:anthropological 1445: 1443:Colonial period 1440: 1401:F. Landa Jocano 1349: 1317: 1243: 1222:Public holidays 1027: 1018: 1008: 972: 970: 965: 964: 963: 904:Diet and health 853: 845: 844: 830:Siege of Marawi 785: 774: 773: 764:Fourth Republic 744: 733: 732: 698: 687: 686: 662:Second Republic 602:Negros Republic 592: 581: 580: 386: 375: 374: 320:Kabayan Mummies 190: 179: 178: 87:Homo luzonensis 77: 46:the Philippines 45: 38: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7319: 7317: 7309: 7308: 7303: 7293: 7292: 7286: 7285: 7283: 7282: 7272: 7259: 7258: 7253: 7247: 7244: 7243: 7240: 7239: 7236: 7235: 7233: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7171: 7169: 7163: 7162: 7160: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7138: 7137: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7056: 7054: 7045: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6978: 6977: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6956: 6955: 6945: 6944: 6943: 6938: 6936:Climate change 6928: 6927: 6926: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6885: 6879: 6873: 6872: 6869: 6868: 6866: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6853:Transportation 6850: 6849: 6848: 6838: 6837: 6836: 6826: 6821: 6819:Stock exchange 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6755: 6749: 6743: 6742: 6739: 6738: 6735: 6734: 6732: 6731: 6726: 6725: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6699: 6698: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6677: 6676: 6675: 6670: 6660: 6659: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6637: 6636: 6622: 6620: 6611: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6594: 6593: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6562: 6556: 6550: 6549: 6546: 6545: 6543: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6516: 6515: 6513:National parks 6505: 6500: 6495: 6494: 6493: 6483: 6481:Extreme points 6478: 6473: 6468: 6467: 6466: 6461: 6459:Climate change 6451: 6446: 6441: 6435: 6429: 6423: 6422: 6419: 6418: 6416: 6415: 6414: 6413: 6411:Fifth Republic 6408: 6403: 6401:Third Republic 6395: 6390: 6389: 6388: 6383: 6381:Spanish period 6375: 6370: 6364: 6362: 6356: 6355: 6353: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6331: 6329: 6322: 6316: 6315: 6313: articles 6309: 6307: 6306: 6299: 6292: 6284: 6275: 6274: 6272: 6271: 6265: 6263: 6259: 6258: 6256: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6204: 6202: 6194: 6193: 6186: 6184: 6182: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6135: 6133: 6125: 6124: 6118: 6116: 6115: 6108: 6101: 6093: 6084: 6083: 6081: 6080: 6070: 6059: 6056: 6055: 6053: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6026: 6024: 6015: 6014: 6012: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5985: 5983: 5975: 5974: 5972: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5725: 5723: 5717: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5710: 5703: 5696: 5688: 5682: 5681: 5672: 5661: 5660:External links 5658: 5657: 5656: 5645: 5642: 5639: 5638: 5611:(2): 392–395. 5595: 5583: 5561: 5539: 5518: 5505: 5480: 5462: 5431: 5420:. Messe Berlin 5409: 5386: 5363: 5332: 5315: 5296: 5278: 5249: 5237: 5223: 5216: 5191: 5184: 5161: 5126: 5119: 5099: 5092: 5072: 5065: 5045: 5038: 5018: 4991: 4976: 4941: 4916: 4905:(3): 154–158. 4889: 4867: 4858: 4845: 4838: 4818: 4800: 4791: 4778: 4769: 4751: 4727: 4702: 4673: 4664: 4657: 4636: 4610: 4583: 4565: 4558: 4537: 4530: 4504: 4479: 4456: 4431: 4404: 4389:"Ticao stones" 4380: 4377:. 3 July 2014. 4366: 4363:on 2011-07-24. 4348: 4323: 4309: 4295: 4279: 4270: 4236: 4219:(2008-04-26). 4217:Zafra, Jessica 4205: 4184: 4181:. pp. E4. 4165: 4147: 4125: 4093: 4074: 4047: 4021: 4007: 3998: 3982: 3966: 3952: 3934: 3915: 3883: 3868: 3853: 3832: 3814: 3795: 3770: 3726: 3704: 3685: 3655: 3637: 3602:(3): 263–296. 3582: 3553:10.1086/201711 3547:(2): 221–242. 3527: 3496: 3472: 3453:(3): 197–222. 3420: 3383: 3382: 3380: 3377: 3376: 3375: 3370: 3365: 3360: 3355: 3350: 3345: 3340: 3335: 3330: 3325: 3320: 3315: 3310: 3305: 3300: 3294: 3293: 3279: 3265: 3249: 3246: 3245: 3244: 3240: 3233:Macliing Dulag 3219: 3216: 3215: 3214: 3209:pearl" from a 3177: 3166:Malinta Tunnel 3162: 3126:shaped like a 3096:Main article: 3093: 3090: 3089: 3088: 3082: 3053:together with 3003: 3002: 2955: 2954: 2935: 2932:Northern Samar 2925: 2899: 2894: 2885:also known as 2880: 2858:Roman Catholic 2851: 2809: 2808: 2792:City of Manila 2772:Black Nazarene 2768: 2741:Roman Catholic 2716: 2715: 2680:Main article: 2677: 2674: 2672: 2669: 2668: 2667: 2658: 2655: 2653: 2650: 2649: 2648: 2635: 2632: 2630: 2627: 2626: 2625: 2590: 2563:Southeast Asia 2538: 2535: 2518: 2517: 2507: 2497: 2487: 2478: 2471:Avalokitesvara 2460: 2429:Golden Kinnari 2426: 2400: 2382: 2352: 2314: 2311:Avalokitesvara 2275: 2254:Milton Osborne 2231: 2230:Hindu-Buddhist 2228: 2226: 2223: 2222: 2221: 2210:Tagalog script 2179: 2169: 2139: 2133: 2117: 2114: 2113: 2112: 2098: 2058: 2055: 2054: 2053: 2050: 2040: 2032: 2029: 2028: 2027: 2020: 2002: 1999: 1998: 1997: 1969: 1966: 1965: 1964: 1938: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1913:Main article: 1910: 1907: 1906: 1905: 1897:Sultan Kudarat 1885: 1878: 1877: 1849: 1848: 1841: 1821: 1818: 1817: 1816: 1790: 1779: 1776:Yawning Jarlet 1773: 1755: 1750: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1693: 1690: 1689: 1688: 1681: 1662: 1653: 1624: 1621: 1616:Main article: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1535: 1532: 1516:Rizal Province 1486:H. Otley Beyer 1444: 1441: 1439: 1436: 1385:H. Otley Beyer 1369:Southeast Asia 1365:island country 1351: 1350: 1348: 1347: 1340: 1333: 1325: 1322: 1321: 1309: 1308: 1307: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1248: 1247: 1239: 1238: 1237: 1236: 1231: 1230: 1229: 1219: 1214: 1213: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1159: 1158: 1154: 1153: 1152: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1136: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1113: 1112: 1108: 1107: 1106: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1084: 1083: 1078: 1068: 1067: 1066: 1056: 1048: 1047: 1043: 1042: 1032: 1031: 1023: 1022: 1010: 1009: 1007: 1006: 999: 992: 984: 981: 980: 967: 966: 962: 961: 956: 951: 946: 941: 936: 931: 926: 924:Historiography 921: 916: 911: 906: 901: 896: 891: 889:Communications 886: 881: 876: 871: 869:Queen consorts 866: 861: 855: 854: 851: 850: 847: 846: 843: 842: 837: 832: 827: 822: 817: 815:Oakwood mutiny 812: 807: 802: 797: 792: 790:Fifth Republic 786: 784:(1986–present) 780: 779: 776: 775: 772: 771: 766: 761: 756: 751: 745: 739: 738: 735: 734: 731: 730: 725: 720: 715: 710: 705: 703:Third Republic 699: 693: 692: 689: 688: 685: 684: 679: 674: 669: 664: 659: 654: 649: 644: 639: 634: 629: 624: 619: 617:Moro Rebellion 614: 609: 604: 599: 593: 587: 586: 583: 582: 579: 578: 573: 568: 563: 552: 551: 546: 544:First Republic 541: 536: 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 506: 501: 496: 491: 486: 481: 476: 471: 466: 461: 456: 451: 446: 444:Manila galleon 441: 436: 431: 426: 421: 416: 411: 406: 404:Treaty of Cebu 401: 396: 387: 381: 380: 377: 376: 373: 372: 367: 362: 357: 352: 347: 342: 340:Monreal Stones 337: 332: 327: 322: 317: 312: 307: 302: 291: 290: 285: 280: 275: 270: 265: 260: 255: 250: 245: 240: 235: 230: 225: 220: 215: 210: 205: 191: 185: 184: 181: 180: 177: 176: 171: 166: 161: 156: 151: 146: 141: 130: 129: 124: 119: 114: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 78: 72: 71: 68: 67: 61: 60: 50: 49: 40: 39: 32: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7318: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7298: 7296: 7281: 7273: 7271: 7261: 7260: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7248: 7245: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7220:Sign language 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7172: 7170: 7168: 7164: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7136: 7133: 7132: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7057: 7055: 7053: 7049: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6976: 6973: 6972: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6954: 6951: 6950: 6949: 6948:Ethnic groups 6946: 6942: 6941:Deforestation 6939: 6937: 6934: 6933: 6932: 6929: 6925: 6922: 6921: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6886: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6874: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6847: 6844: 6843: 6842: 6839: 6835: 6832: 6831: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6799:National debt 6797: 6795: 6794:Fiscal policy 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6756: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6744: 6730: 6727: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6704: 6703: 6700: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6685:Supreme Court 6683: 6682: 6681: 6678: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6665: 6664: 6661: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6635: 6632: 6631: 6630: 6627: 6626: 6624: 6623: 6621: 6619: 6615: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6592: 6589: 6588: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6563: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6551: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6514: 6511: 6510: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6492: 6489: 6488: 6487: 6486:Island groups 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6456: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6436: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6424: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6398: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6378: 6377:Colonial era 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6365: 6363: 6361: 6357: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6332: 6330: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6317: 6312: 6305: 6300: 6298: 6293: 6291: 6286: 6285: 6282: 6270: 6267: 6266: 6264: 6260: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6205: 6203: 6195: 6190: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6136: 6134: 6126: 6121: 6114: 6109: 6107: 6102: 6100: 6095: 6094: 6091: 6079: 6075: 6071: 6069: 6061: 6060: 6057: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6027: 6025: 6020: 6016: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6004:South Ossetia 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5986: 5984: 5982: 5976: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5726: 5724: 5722: 5718: 5709: 5704: 5702: 5697: 5695: 5690: 5689: 5686: 5680: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5667: 5664: 5663: 5659: 5653: 5648: 5647: 5643: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5599: 5596: 5592: 5587: 5584: 5579: 5575: 5568: 5566: 5562: 5550: 5543: 5540: 5528: 5522: 5519: 5515: 5509: 5506: 5495: 5491: 5488:Ranada, Pia. 5484: 5481: 5476: 5472: 5466: 5463: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5435: 5432: 5419: 5413: 5410: 5402:September 25, 5397: 5390: 5387: 5379:September 25, 5374: 5367: 5364: 5353:on 2016-03-04 5349: 5342: 5336: 5333: 5329: 5328:971-5690-46-7 5325: 5319: 5316: 5311: 5307: 5300: 5297: 5292: 5291:Esquiremag.ph 5288: 5282: 5279: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5253: 5250: 5246: 5241: 5238: 5233: 5227: 5224: 5219: 5213: 5209: 5208: 5200: 5198: 5196: 5192: 5187: 5181: 5177: 5176: 5168: 5166: 5162: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5130: 5127: 5122: 5116: 5112: 5111: 5103: 5100: 5095: 5089: 5085: 5084: 5076: 5073: 5068: 5062: 5058: 5057: 5049: 5046: 5041: 5035: 5031: 5030: 5022: 5019: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4995: 4992: 4987: 4980: 4977: 4972: 4966: 4951: 4945: 4942: 4931:on 2006-06-21 4930: 4926: 4920: 4917: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4893: 4890: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4871: 4868: 4862: 4859: 4855: 4849: 4846: 4841: 4839:971-550-347-0 4835: 4831: 4830: 4822: 4819: 4814: 4810: 4804: 4801: 4795: 4792: 4788: 4782: 4779: 4773: 4770: 4767: 4763: 4760: 4755: 4752: 4737: 4731: 4728: 4717:on 2009-01-15 4716: 4712: 4706: 4703: 4688: 4682: 4680: 4678: 4674: 4668: 4665: 4660: 4658:1-74114-448-5 4654: 4650: 4646: 4640: 4637: 4632: 4628: 4627:Asian Studies 4621: 4614: 4611: 4606: 4594: 4586: 4580: 4576: 4569: 4566: 4561: 4559:971-550-135-4 4555: 4551: 4547: 4541: 4538: 4533: 4531:971-622-006-5 4527: 4523: 4519: 4513: 4511: 4509: 4505: 4494:on 2017-03-24 4493: 4489: 4483: 4480: 4468: 4467: 4460: 4457: 4445: 4441: 4435: 4432: 4420: 4416: 4415: 4408: 4405: 4390: 4384: 4381: 4376: 4370: 4367: 4362: 4358: 4352: 4349: 4338:on 2012-12-15 4337: 4333: 4327: 4324: 4319: 4313: 4310: 4305: 4299: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4283: 4280: 4274: 4271: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4237: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4212: 4210: 4206: 4194: 4188: 4185: 4180: 4176: 4173:Ang, Walter. 4169: 4166: 4161: 4157: 4151: 4148: 4135: 4129: 4126: 4110: 4103: 4097: 4094: 4091: 4087: 4084: 4078: 4075: 4062: 4058: 4051: 4048: 4036: 4032: 4025: 4022: 4018:. 2008-10-24. 4017: 4011: 4008: 4002: 3999: 3996: 3995:9786167339443 3992: 3986: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3970: 3967: 3962: 3956: 3953: 3948: 3944: 3938: 3935: 3930: 3926: 3919: 3916: 3903: 3899: 3898: 3893: 3887: 3884: 3879: 3872: 3869: 3865:. p. 17. 3864: 3857: 3854: 3842: 3836: 3833: 3829:. 2018-07-03. 3828: 3824: 3818: 3815: 3811:. 2018-07-03. 3810: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3796: 3783: 3777: 3775: 3771: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3730: 3727: 3714: 3708: 3705: 3702: 3698: 3695: 3689: 3686: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3659: 3656: 3651: 3647: 3641: 3638: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3586: 3583: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3531: 3528: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3500: 3497: 3486: 3482: 3476: 3473: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3421: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3385: 3378: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3359: 3356: 3354: 3351: 3349: 3346: 3344: 3341: 3339: 3336: 3334: 3331: 3329: 3326: 3324: 3321: 3319: 3316: 3314: 3311: 3309: 3306: 3304: 3301: 3299: 3296: 3295: 3291: 3285: 3280: 3277: 3266: 3263: 3252: 3247: 3241: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3221: 3217: 3212: 3208: 3207: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3160: 3156: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3132:United States 3129: 3125: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3101: 3099: 3091: 3086: 3083: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3025:, facing the 3024: 3020: 3019:City of Vigan 3017: 3016: 3012: 3007: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2991:Daraga, Albay 2988: 2984: 2980: 2979:Mayon Volcano 2976: 2973: 2969: 2968:Cagsawa Ruins 2965: 2964: 2959: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2933: 2929: 2926: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2902:Fort Santiago 2900: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2881: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2859: 2855: 2852: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2830: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2818: 2813: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2778:carrying the 2777: 2773: 2769: 2766: 2765:Rajah Humabon 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2720: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2686: 2685: 2683: 2675: 2670: 2665: 2664: 2663: 2656: 2651: 2645: 2641: 2638: 2637: 2633: 2628: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2557: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2543: 2536: 2531: 2527: 2522: 2515: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2494:Mahāpratisarā 2491: 2488: 2486: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2461: 2458: 2454: 2451:, and in the 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2420: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2353: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2317:Golden Garuda 2315: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2293:, India, and 2292: 2288: 2283: 2279: 2276: 2273: 2272:Tondo, Manila 2269: 2266: 2265: 2264: 2262: 2257: 2255: 2250: 2248: 2244: 2237: 2229: 2224: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2180: 2177: 2174: 2170: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2140: 2137: 2134: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2120: 2119: 2115: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2061: 2060: 2056: 2051: 2048: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2034: 2030: 2024: 2021: 2018: 2014: 2011: 2010: 2008: 2000: 1995: 1991: 1990:Makhdum Karim 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1972: 1971: 1967: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1932: 1929: 1928: 1924: 1919: 1916: 1908: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1889: 1886: 1883: 1880: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1826:Manunggul Jar 1824: 1823: 1819: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1799: 1798:archeological 1795: 1791: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1762:Cagayan River 1759: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1695: 1691: 1686: 1682: 1679: 1678: 1673: 1669: 1668: 1663: 1660: 1659: 1654: 1651: 1647: 1646: 1641: 1640: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1626: 1622: 1619: 1611: 1606: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1590: 1585: 1582: 1577: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1558: 1555: 1551: 1549: 1545: 1544:Robert B. Fox 1541: 1533: 1531: 1529: 1523: 1521: 1517: 1512: 1510: 1506: 1501: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1482: 1480: 1479: 1474: 1470: 1469:Alfred Marche 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1442: 1437: 1435: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1404: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1393:Robert B. Fox 1388: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1346: 1341: 1339: 1334: 1332: 1327: 1326: 1324: 1323: 1320: 1315: 1311: 1310: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1251: 1250: 1249: 1246: 1240: 1235: 1232: 1228: 1225: 1224: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1187: 1186: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1162: 1161: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1116: 1115: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1076:ethnic groups 1074: 1073: 1072: 1069: 1065: 1064:sign language 1062: 1061: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1051: 1050: 1049: 1044: 1038: 1034: 1033: 1030: 1024: 1021: 1016: 1015: 1005: 1000: 998: 993: 991: 986: 985: 983: 982: 979: 969: 968: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 860: 857: 856: 849: 848: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 826: 823: 821: 818: 816: 813: 811: 808: 806: 803: 801: 798: 796: 793: 791: 788: 787: 783: 778: 777: 770: 767: 765: 762: 760: 757: 755: 754:Moro conflict 752: 750: 747: 746: 742: 737: 736: 729: 726: 724: 721: 719: 716: 714: 711: 709: 706: 704: 701: 700: 696: 691: 690: 683: 680: 678: 675: 673: 670: 668: 665: 663: 660: 658: 655: 653: 650: 648: 645: 643: 640: 638: 635: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 610: 608: 605: 603: 600: 598: 595: 594: 590: 585: 584: 577: 574: 572: 569: 567: 564: 562: 559: 558: 557: 556: 550: 547: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 527: 525: 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 507: 505: 502: 500: 497: 495: 492: 490: 487: 485: 482: 480: 477: 475: 472: 470: 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 395: 392: 391: 390: 384: 379: 378: 371: 368: 366: 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 297: 296: 295: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 276: 274: 271: 269: 266: 264: 261: 259: 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 200: 199: 198: 194: 188: 183: 182: 175: 172: 170: 167: 165: 164:Manunggul Jar 162: 160: 157: 155: 152: 150: 147: 145: 142: 140: 137: 136: 135: 134: 128: 125: 123: 120: 118: 115: 113: 110: 108: 105: 103: 100: 98: 95: 93: 90: 88: 85: 83: 80: 79: 75: 70: 69: 66: 62: 56: 52: 51: 48: 41: 36: 30: 27: 19: 7256:Bibliography 7185:Coat of arms 7157:Value system 7060:Architecture 7012:Prostitution 6909:Demographics 6779:Central bank 6722:Marine Corps 6702:Armed Forces 6586:Human rights 6571:Constitution 6520:Ramsar sites 6334: 6179:Sentro Rizal 6019:Dependencies 5949:Turkmenistan 5914:Saudi Arabia 5898: 5651: 5608: 5604: 5598: 5586: 5577: 5552:. 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