2375:. This type of methodology has been used by Google and came to light in the year 2010 when it was reported that Google uses techniques called the "Double Irish" and "Dutch Sandwich" to reduce its corporate income tax to 2.4%, by funnelling its corporate income through Ireland and from there to a shell in the Netherlands where it can be transferred to Bermuda, which has no corporate income tax. The search engine is using Ireland as a conduit for revenues that end up being costed to another country where its intellectual property (the brand and technology such as Google's algorithms) is registered. In Google's case this country is Bermuda.In the year 2009, the internet giant made a gross profit of €5.5bn, but reported an operating profit of €45m after "administrative expenses" of €5.467bn were stripped out. Administrative expenses largely refer to royalties (or a licence fee) Google pays it Bermuda HQ for the right to operate. Google has uncovered a highly efficient tax structure across six territories that meant Google paid just 2.4% tax on operations outside the US.
2334:
testator could transfer his house into an offshore company; he can then settle the shares of the company on trust (with himself being a trustee with another trustee, whilst holding the beneficial life estate) for himself for life, and then to his daughter. On his death, the shares will automatically vest in the daughter, who thereby acquires the house, without the house having to go through probate and being assessed with inheritance tax. (Most countries assess inheritance tax (and all other taxes) on real estate within their jurisdiction, regardless of the nationality of the owner, so this would not work with a house in most countries. It is more likely to be done with intangible assets.)
69:
2885:, a Liechtenstein bank, for a list of 1,250 customers of the bank and their accounts' details. Investigations and arrests followed relating to charges of illegal tax evasion. The German authorities shared the data with U.S. tax authorities, but the British government paid a further £100,000 for the same data. Other governments, notably Denmark and Sweden, refused to pay for the information regarding it as stolen property. The Liechtenstein authorities subsequently accused the German authorities of espionage.
2183:(GAO) report said that the GAO had determined that 83 of the 100 largest U.S. publicly traded corporations and 63 of the 100 largest contractors for the U.S. federal government were maintaining subsidiaries in countries generally considered havens for avoiding taxes. The GAO did not review the companies' transactions to independently verify that the subsidiaries helped the companies reduce their tax burden, but said only that historically the purpose of such subsidiaries is to cut tax costs.
2371:. Generally the funds are deposited with the intermediary in the low-tax jurisdiction, and the intermediary then on-lends or invests the money (often back into a high-tax jurisdiction). Although such systems do not normally avoid tax in the principal customer's jurisdiction, it enables financial service providers to provide multi-jurisdictional products without adding an additional layer of taxation. This has proved particularly successful in the area of
2401:
determine a taxpayer’s situation is available. Lack of transparency in one country can make it difficult, if not impossible, for other tax authorities to apply their laws effectively. ‘Secret rulings’, negotiated tax rates, or other practices that fail to apply the law openly and consistently are examples of a lack of transparency. Limited regulatory supervision or a government’s lack of legal access to financial records are contributing factors.
1827:
1677:
2844:
annual reports to the
Internal Revenue Service (IRS) on the name and address of each U.S. client, as well as the largest account balance in the year and total debits and credits of any account owned by a U.S. person. If an institution does not comply, the U.S. will impose a 30% withholding tax on all its transactions concerning U.S. securities, including the proceeds of sale of securities.
1929:, having remained neutral during the Great War, avoided these additional infrastructure costs and was consequently able to maintain a low level of taxes. As a result, there was a considerable influx of capital into the country for tax related reasons. It is difficult, nonetheless, to pinpoint a single event or precise date which clearly identifies the emergence of the modern tax haven.
1665:
2889:
tax mitigation schemes. This in turn has led to a call for "crackdowns" on tax havens. Whether the calls for such a crackdown are mere posturing or lead to more definitive activity by mainstream economies to restrict access to tax havens is yet to be seen. No definitive announcements or proposals have yet been made by the
2867:, the former German financial minister, announced a plan to amend fiscal laws. New regulations would disallow that payments to companies in certain countries that shield money from disclosure rules be declared as operative expenses. The effect of this would make banking in such states unattractive and expensive.
3022:
the view that narrow tax bases presented long term strategic risks, and that the economies should seek to diversify and broaden their own tax bases. The report also indicated that tax revenue lost by the United
Kingdom government appeared to be much smaller than had previously estimated (see above under
2535:" of countries which were perceived to be uncooperative in relation to money laundering; although several tax havens have appeared on the list from time to time (including key jurisdictions such as the Cayman Islands, Bahamas and Liechtenstein), no offshore jurisdictions appear on the list at this time.
3441:
commented "There clearly are some significant amounts hidden away, but if it really is that size what is being done with it all?" and "If the suggestion is that such amounts are actively hidden and never accessed, that seems odd - not least in terms of what the tax authorities are doing. In fact, the
2983:
had suggested earlier that
Malaysia should not be in the bottom tier. On April 7, 2009, the OECD, through its chief Angel Gurria, announced that Costa Rica, Malaysia, the Philippines and Uruguay have been removed from the blacklist after they had made "a full commitment to exchange information to the
2405:
However the OECD found that its definition caught certain aspects of its members' tax systems (some countries have low or zero taxes for certain favored groups). Its later work has therefore focused on the single aspect of information exchange. This is generally thought to be an inadequate definition
2346:
companies which have migrated to
Bermuda over the years. Other examples include internet based services and group finance companies. In the 1970s and 1980s corporate groups were known to form offshore entities for the purposes of "reinvoicing". These reinvoicing companies simply made a margin without
2265:
Most tax havens have a double monetary control system which distinguish residents from non-resident as well as foreign currency from the domestic one. In general, residents are subject to monetary controls but not non-residents. A company, belonging to a non-resident, when trading overseas is seen as
2167:
held in offshore financial centres reached a level of US$ 4.6 trillion at end-June 1999 (about 50 percent of total cross-border assets). Of that US$ 4.6 trillion, US$ 0.9 trillion was held in the
Caribbean, US$ 1 trillion in Asia, and most of the remaining US$ 2.7 trillion accounted for by the major
1756:
There are several definitions of tax havens, and the differences between them largely reflect the different views of what constitutes a tax haven. The main line of difference is whether one considers favourable tax laws and regulations in developed nations designed to attract capital as constituting
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gave an indication of the amount of money that is sheltered by wealthy individuals in tax havens. Conservatively, it estimated that a fortune of $ 21 trillion is stashed away in off-shore accounts, $ 9.8 trillion alone by the top tier, - less than 100,000 people who each own financial assets of $ 30
3021:
In
November 2009 Michael Foot delivered a report on the British Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories for HM Treasury. The report indicated that whilst many of the territories "had a good story to tell", others needed to improve in detection and prevention of financial crime. It also stressed
2975:
Those countries in the bottom tier were initially classified as being 'non-cooperative tax havens'. Uruguay was initially classified as being uncooperative. However, upon appeal the OECD stated that it did meet tax transparency rules and thus moved it up. The
Philippines took steps to remove itself
2504:
Other domiciles find this is a way to encourage conglomerates from industrialized nations to transfer needed skills to the local population. Still yet, some countries simply find it costly to compete in many other sectors with industrialized nations and have found a low tax rate mixed with a little
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There are several reasons for a nation to become a tax haven. Some nations may find they do not need to charge as much as some industrialized countries in order for them to be earning sufficient income for their annual budgets. Some may offer a lower tax rate to larger corporations, in exchange for
2225:
2007 estimates by the OECD suggested that capital held offshore amounted to somewhere between US$ 5 trillion and US$ 7 trillion, making up approximately 6–8% of total global investments under management. Of this, approximately US$ 1.4 trillion is estimated to be held in the Cayman
Islands alone. In
1924:
for people fleeing social upheaval in Russia, Germany, South
America and elsewhere. However, in the early part of the twentieth century, in the years immediately following World War I, many European governments raised taxes sharply to help pay for reconstruction efforts following the devastation of
4159:
the
Liechtenstein authorities into reducing and dropping criminal charges against him relating to property fraud in Spain. However, before returning the disks he made copies which he later sold to foreign governments after he left the country. Further reports indicate that he now lives under a new
2888:
However, regardless of whether unlawful tax evasion was being engaged in, the incident has fuelled the perception amongst European governments and press that tax havens provide facilities shrouded in secrecy designed to facilitate unlawful tax evasion, rather than legitimate tax planning and legal
2242:
The report also stressed that British Crown Dependencies make a "significant contribution to the liquidity of the UK market". In the second quarter of 2009, they provided net funds to banks in the UK totalling $ 323 billion (£195 billion), of which $ 218 billion came from Jersey, $ 74 billion from
2843:
FATCA requires foreign financial institutions (FFI) of broad scope – banks, stock brokers, hedge funds, pension funds, insurance companies, trusts – to report directly to the IRS all clients who are U.S. Persons. Starting January 1, 2013 (later delayed to 2014), FATCA will require FFIs to provide
2553:
The U.S. National Bureau of Economic Research has suggested that roughly 15% of countries in the world are tax havens, that these countries tend to be small and affluent, and that better governed and regulated countries are more likely to become tax havens, and are more likely to be successful if
3012:
has criticised the list, stating that it has "no credibility", for failing to include various states of the U.S.A. which provide incorporation infrastructure which are indistinguishable from the aspects of pure tax havens to which the G20 object. As of 2012, 89 countries have implemented reforms
2400:
Lack of transparency. A lack of transparency in the operation of the legislative, legal or administrative provisions is another factor used to identify tax havens. The OECD is concerned that laws should be applied openly and consistently, and that information needed by foreign tax authorities to
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or valuable chattels. The essence of such arrangements is that by changing the ownership of the assets into an entity which is not resident in the high-tax jurisdiction, they cease to be taxable in that jurisdiction. Often the mechanism is employed to avoid a specific tax. For example, a wealthy
2834:
An unintended but serious problem with FATCA is that compliance is so expensive for non-US banks that they are refusing to serve American investors. Concerns have also been expressed that, because FATCA operates by imposing withholding taxes on US investments, this will drive foreign financial
2483:
Anti-avoidance came to prominence in 2010/2011 as NGOs and politicians in the leading economies looked for ways of reducing tax avoidance, which plays a role in forcing unpopular cuts to social and military programs. The International Financial Centres Forum (IFC Forum) has asked for a balanced
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In deciding whether or not a jurisdiction is a tax haven, the first factor to look at is whether there are no or nominal taxes. If this is the case, the other two factors – whether or not there is an exchange of information and transparency – must be analyzed. Having no or nominal taxes is not
2230:
for the Foot Review of British Offshore Financial Centres (London is a tax haven for much of Europe, Asia, and South America, it should be noted) said that much less tax had been lost to tax havens than previously had been thought. The report indicated "We estimate the total UK corporation tax
2396:
Protection of personal financial information. Tax havens typically have laws or administrative practices under which businesses and individuals can benefit from strict rules and other protections against scrutiny by foreign tax authorities. This prevents the transmittance of information about
2329:, or a trust owning a company. The company or trust will be formed in one tax haven, and will usually be administered and resident in another. The function is to hold assets, which may consist of a portfolio of investments under management, trading companies or groups, physical assets such as
1982:". Under pressure from the OECD, most major tax havens repealed their laws permitting these ring-fenced vehicles to be incorporated, but concurrently they amended their tax laws so that a company which did not actually trade within the jurisdiction would not accrue any local tax liability.
3442:
US, UK and German authorities are doing a lot", and noting that if the figures were accurate "you would expect the havens to be more conspicuously wealthy than they are". However, he also admitted that "I cannot disprove the figures at all, but they do seem staggering"
1782:
According to other definitions, the central feature of a haven is that its laws and other measures can be used to evade or avoid the tax laws or regulations of other jurisdictions. In its December 2008 report on the use of tax havens by American corporations, the U.S.
2787:
in the 1990s and early 2000s severely damaged confidence in the jurisdiction. The fact that the ship registration business still continues is partly a testament to its early success, and partly a testament to moving the national Shipping Registry to New York, United
1950:
between large jurisdictions and the tax haven, allowing corporations to structure group ownership through the smaller jurisdiction to reduce tax liability. Although some of these double tax treaties survive, for example a double taxation treaty still exists between
1778:
points out that this definition would still exclude a number of jurisdictions traditionally thought of as tax havens. Similarly, others have suggested that any country which modifies its tax laws to attract foreign capital could be considered a tax haven.
2392:
Nil or only nominal taxes. Tax havens impose nil or only nominal taxes (generally or in special circumstances) and offer themselves, or are perceived to offer themselves, as a place to be used by non-residents to escape high taxes in their country of
2198:
million or more. The report indicated that this hidden money results in a “huge” lost tax revenue - a "black hole" in the economy -, and many countries would become creditors instead of being debtors if the money of their tax evaders would be taxed.
3045:
2827:(FATCA) was initially introduced to target those who evade paying U.S. taxes by hiding assets in undisclosed foreign bank accounts. With the strong backing of the Obama Administration, Congress drafted the FATCA legislation and added it into the
1013:
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for tax havens, to be segmented according to a four-tier system, based on compliance with an "internationally agreed tax standard." The list as per April 2nd of 2009 can be viewed on the OECD Data After a great progress the four tiers are now:
3389:
by amending the Income Tax Act (Cap 206) which amended the rate of income tax for individuals and corporations to zero, and the Payroll Taxes Act 2004 which imposed a (new) payroll tax on person employed by businesses within the British Virgin
2809:'s Financial Services commissioner announced in May 2008 that his country would reform its laws so as to cease being a tax haven. "We've been associated with this stigma for a long time and we now aim to get away from being a tax haven."
2269:
It is possible for a foreigner to create a company in a tax haven to trade internationally; the company’s operations will not be subject to exchange controls as long as it uses foreign currency to trade outside the tax haven.
2406:
of a tax haven, but is politically expedient because it includes the small tax havens (with little power in the international political arena) but exempts the powerful countries with tax haven aspects such as the USA and UK.
2300:
Since the early 20th century, wealthy individuals from high-tax jurisdictions have sought to relocate themselves in low-tax jurisdictions. In most countries in the world, residence is the primary basis of taxation – see
2851:
FATCA also requires U.S. citizens and green card holders who have foreign financial assets in excess of $ 50,000 to complete a new Form 8938 to be filed with the 1040 tax return, starting with fiscal year 2010).
2480:, usually by one of the five methods indicated above. Although not specifically aimed at tax havens, given that so many tax mitigation schemes involve the use of offshore structures, the effect is much the same.
2847:
In addition, FATCA requires any foreign company not listed on a stock exchange or any foreign partnership which has 10% U.S. ownership to report to the IRS the names and tax I.D. number (TIN) of any U.S. owner.
3026:), and also stressed the importance of the liquidity provided by the territories to the United Kingdom. The Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories broadly welcomed the report, but the pressure group
2175:
A 2006 academic paper indicated that: "in 1999, 59% of U.S. firms with significant foreign operations had affiliates in tax haven countries", although they did not define "significant" for this purpose.
1770:): "What ... identifies an area as a tax haven is the existence of a composite tax structure established deliberately to take advantage of, and exploit, a worldwide demand for opportunities to engage in
4206:, said: "I think it's a moral problem to reward a criminal for some information that he stole... I don't like this and I don't think this ethic is the best way to ensure that taxes are paid correctly."
2524:
regulations in tax havens can actually make money laundering more difficult than in large onshore financial centers with significantly higher volumes of transactions, such as New York City or London.
1885:
claims to trace its fiscal independence to even earlier times. Nonetheless, the modern concept of a tax haven is generally accepted to have emerged at an uncertain point in the immediate aftermath of
2347:
performing any economic function, but as the margin arose in a tax free jurisdiction, it allowed the group to "skim" profits from the high-tax jurisdiction. Most sophisticated tax codes now prevent
2342:
Many businesses which do not require a specific geographical location or extensive labor are set up in tax havens, to minimize tax exposure. Perhaps the best illustration of this is the number of
2106:
estimated that capital held offshore amounted to between US$ 5 trillion and US$ 7 trillion, making up approximately 6–8% of total global investments under management. A recent report (2012) by
3665:, February 22, 2007. This may be a slight underestimate: according to the Cayman Islands Monetary Authority, Caymanian licensed banks held US$ 1.725 trillion in deposits as of September 2011
2855:
The delay is indicative of a controversy over the feasibility of implementing the legislation as evidenced in this paper from the renowned Peterson Institute for International Economics.
2114:
in 2000 based upon interbank settlement figures estimated the crossborder cash held on-balance sheet at US$ 4.6 billion, although this included major U.S. and European financial centres.
2557:
No two commentators can generally agree on a "list of tax havens", but the following countries are commonly cited as falling within the "classic" perception of a sovereign tax haven.
2110:(an anti-tax haven pressure group) places the estimate considerably higher: between US$ 21 trillion and US$ 32 trillion (between 24-32% of total global investments). A report by the
2385:
2103:
3301:"he tax haven is a creature of the twentieth century, and began to be used extensively because of the high levels of tax which prevailed after the First World War" at para 26.1,
2129:. If such hidden offshore assets are considered, many countries with governments nominally in debt are shown to be net creditor nations. However, the tax policy director of the
2426:, many high tax jurisdictions have enacted legislation to counter the tax sheltering potential of tax havens. Generally, such legislation tends to operate in one of five ways:
2309:, or inheritance tax. Individuals who are unable to return to a higher-tax country in which they used to reside for more than a few days a year are sometimes referred to as
1830:
The ratio of German assets in tax havens in relation to the total German GDP. The "Big 7" shown are Hong Kong, Ireland, Lebanon, Liberia, Panama, Singapore, and Switzerland.
2222:
said that countries reporting 43% of the $ 940 billion dollars of overseas profits declared by U.S. multinational corporations only made 7% of their investments overseas.
2102:
While incomplete, and with the limitations discussed below, the available statistics nonetheless indicate that offshore banking is a very sizeable activity. In 2007 the
4242:
4155:
Mr Kieber seems to be an unlikely hero for law enforcement authorities. A convicted fraudster, reports indicate that after initially stealing the information, he
3263:
International Taxation: Large U.S. Corporations and Federal Contractors with Subsidiaries in Jurisdictions Listed as Tax Havens or Financial Privacy Jurisdictions
2805:
A number of Pacific based tax havens have ceased to operate as tax havens in response to OECD demands for better regulation and transparency in the late 1990s.
2121:
estimated that between USD $ 21 trillion and $ 32 trillion is sheltered from taxes in unreported tax havens worldwide. If such wealth earns 3% annually and such
2796:
had a brief but colorful existence as a tax haven in the period between the end of effective control by the Spanish in 1945 until it was formally reunited with
1359:
3002:
to be included separately from China on the list, they are as yet not included independently, although it is expected that they will be added at a later date.
2410:
sufficient, by itself, to characterize a jurisdiction as a tax haven. The OECD recognizes that every jurisdiction has a right to determine whether to impose
1978:". However, in the late 1990s and early 2000s, the OECD began a series of initiatives aimed at tax havens to curb the abuse of what the OECD referred to as "
2828:
4084:"For most individual taxpayers, this means they will start filing Form 8938 with their 2011 income tax return to be filed this coming tax filing season."
1932:
Until the 1950s, tax havens were used to avoid personal taxation but since then jurisdictions have come to focus on attracting companies with low or no
3597:
1216:
3931:. The paper implicitly adopts the "smaller" tax haven approach, i.e., disregarding larger countries which have either low taxes rates (for example,
2751:, inheritance tax, and so forth. Criteria distinguishing a taxpayer from a non-taxpayer can include citizenship and residency and source of income.
1081:
1076:
1974:" and exempt from local taxation (although they usually could not trade locally either). These vehicles were usually called "exempt companies" or "
3386:
2472:
Also becoming increasingly popular is "forced disclosure" of tax mitigation schemes. Broadly, these involve the revenue authorities compelling
2450:
taxation of receipts from the entity in the tax haven, sometimes enhanced by notional interest to reflect the element of deferred payment. The
1430:
1023:
244:
4635:
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says that the report also assumes, when considering notional lost tax revenue, that 100% money deposited offshore is evading payment of tax.
4269:
3378:
2231:
potentially lost to avoidance activities to be up to £2 billion per annum, although it could be much lower." An earlier report by the U.K.
1630:
811:
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attributing the income and gains of the company or trust in the tax haven to a taxpayer in the high-tax jurisdiction on an arising basis.
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3691:
2190:
which include Bahamas, Bermuda, Cayman Islands, Netherlands Antilles, and Panama held almost two trillion dollars in United States debt.
1505:
1834:
The use of differing tax laws between two or more countries to try to mitigate tax liability is probably as old as taxation itself. In
1748:
have theoretically unlimited powers to enact tax laws affecting their territories, unless limited by previous international treaties.
68:
3667:
3065:
2824:
2544:
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1975:
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were used as depositories by the sea traders of the era to place their foreign goods to thus avoid the two-percent tax imposed by the
1707:
1570:
693:
205:
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in its 2012 report said global tax revenue lost to tax havens is between USD $ 190 billion and $ 255 billion per year, assuming a 3%
4035:"Another approach would involve some global funds avoiding American assets entirely. That can hardly be what Congress had in mind."
3744:
3512:
3362:
3330:
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3203:
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institutions (particularly hedge funds) away from investing in the US and thereby reduce liquidity and capital inflows into the US.
1936:. Centres which focus on providing financial services to corporations rather than private wealth management are more often known as
1031:
779:
4693:
3643:
3772:(probably the riskiest form of collective investment vehicle) are domiciled in the Cayman Islands, with nearly $ 1.1 trillion US
3268:
2293:
At the risk of gross oversimplification, it can be said that the advantages of tax havens are viewed in four principal contexts:
2180:
1784:
496:
3438:
2130:
678:
274:
3414:
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2305:. In some cases the low-tax jurisdictions levy no, or only very low, income tax. But almost no tax haven assesses any kind of
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This is a simplistic example; in most sophisticated tax codes there are extensive provisions for catching "gifts" (such as a
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2451:
2431:
1635:
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was unable to find a satisfactory definition of a tax haven but regarded the following characteristics as indicative of it:
1970:
In the early to mid-1980s, most tax havens changed the focus of their legislation to create corporate vehicles which were "
4086:
4061:
3120:
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2133:
expressed skepticism over the accuracy of the figures. If true, those sums would amount to approximately 5 to 8 times the
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those developed nations as tax havens, or whether the definition only applies to smaller, less developed jurisdictions.
1640:
599:
2273:
Tax havens usually have currency easily convertible or linked to an easily convertible currency. Most are convertible to
1740:
tend to be havens for different types of taxes, and for different categories of people and/or companies. States that are
2731:
1338:
629:
4746:"Profiting from corruption: The role and responsibility of financial institutions" - U4 Anti-Corruption Resource Centre
3465:
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crash of 1966, and the subsequent political and military deterioration of Lebanon dissuaded foreign use as a tax haven.
2528:
2149:
2111:
1580:
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on imported goods. It is sometimes suggested that the practice first reached prominence through the avoidance of the
3809:
4255:
4178:
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1937:
961:
433:
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were taxed at 30%, it would generate between $ 190 billion and $ 280 billion in tax revenues, more than any other
1728:
are levied at a low rate or not at all. Individuals and/or corporate entities can find it attractive to establish
3870:
3105:
2881:
In February 2008, Germany announced that it had paid €4.2 million to Heinrich Kieber, a former data archivist of
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1804:
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98:
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3935:), or systems of taxation which permit them to be used to structure tax avoidance schemes (for example, the
3773:
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2747:
Some tax havens including some of the ones listed above do charge income tax as well as other taxes such as
1615:
1555:
1066:
1061:
683:
564:
215:
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3030:, unhappy with the findings, commented " weak man, born to be an apologist, has delivered a weak report."
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1979:
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debate on the issue of tax avoidance and an understanding of the role that the tax neutrality of small
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Much of the economic activity in tax havens today consists of professional financial services such as
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sometimes optimistically claims to have been the first tax haven based upon the creation of the first
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1625:
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130:
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formerly had a reputation as the only tax haven in the Middle East. However, this changed after the
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exit charges, or taxing of unrealized capital gains when an individual, trust or company emigrates.
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Financial centres that have committed to – but not yet fully implemented – the standard (includes
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4236:
3177:
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2138:
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21:
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rules, standardization of which has been greatly helped by the promulgation of OECD guidelines.
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or move themselves to areas with reduced or nil taxation levels. This creates a situation of
4623:
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4066:"Treasury and IRS Issue Guidance Outlining Phased Implementation of FATCA Beginning in 2013"
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Tax havens that have committed to – but not yet fully implemented – the standard (includes
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4065:
3400:
http://www.taxjustice.net/cms/upload/pdf/The_Price_of_Offshore_Revisited_Presser_120722.pdf
4698:
4658:
4615:
4556:
4478:
4203:
4022:
3831:
Towards a level playing field - regulating corporate vehicles in cross border transactions
3782:, 15 May 2006, although statistics in the hedge fund industry are notoriously speculative.
3580:
3055:
3005:
Government response to the crackdown has been broadly supportive, although not universal.
2991:
2498:
2476:
to reveal details of the scheme, so that the loopholes can be closed during the following
2466:
2444:
2423:
2388:(OECD) identifies three key factors in considering whether a jurisdiction is a tax haven:
2282:
1944:
1878:
1874:
1826:
1733:
1669:
1285:
1143:
1138:
873:
836:
747:
712:
614:
538:
374:
334:
300:
210:
200:
195:
190:
108:
4135:
1797:
lack of transparency in the operation of legislative, legal or administrative provisions;
1766:
tentatively adopted the description by Geoffrey Colin Powell (former economic adviser to
3936:
3845:
3110:
2890:
2695:
2685:
2675:
2665:
2655:
2651:
2645:
2635:
2532:
2513:
2364:
2322:
2236:
2142:
1867:
1835:
1228:
1200:
1175:
1036:
878:
673:
609:
507:
445:
349:
344:
327:
305:
4725:
An OECD Proposal To Eliminate Tax Competition Would Mean Higher Taxes and Less Privacy
4037:
3381:(Cap 291) (which had prohibited such companies from trading locally) and enacted the
3130:
3095:
2748:
2735:
2571:
2372:
2302:
2256:
2211:
2161:
2122:
1933:
1906:
1901:. However, the Bermudian claim is debatable when compared against the enactment of a
1863:
1859:
1839:
1771:
1762:
1300:
968:
893:
784:
717:
651:
619:
486:
428:
389:
369:
339:
254:
175:
170:
145:
135:
77:
4724:
3415:"Revealed: Global super-rich has at least $ 21 trillion hidden in secret tax havens"
2918:
Those that have substantially implemented the standard (includes most countries but
4730:
3145:
3115:
3050:
2726:
2126:
1851:
1737:
1681:
1195:
978:
947:
918:
898:
789:
774:
754:
668:
663:
465:
259:
4740:
4348:
4326:
4303:
3834:
1873:
Various countries claim to be the oldest tax haven in the world. For example, the
4510:
Capitalism's Achilles' Heel: Dirty Money, and How to Renew the Free-Market System
4111:"Gary Clyde Hufbauer: The Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act: Imperial Overreach"
4091:"Do I need to file Form 8938, "Statement of Specified Foreign Financial Assets"?"
4436:
4432:
4131:
3902:
3844:
Companies incorporated in tax havens are often used as bond issuing vehicles in
3140:
2980:
2681:
2509:
2477:
2473:
2360:
2343:
2330:
1926:
1913:
1886:
1882:
1855:
1741:
1190:
928:
888:
806:
742:
688:
624:
450:
440:
384:
264:
165:
160:
118:
103:
4710:
Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes, OECD
4683:
3622:
3444:
3046:
Association for the Taxation of Financial Transactions and for Citizens' Action
1815:
used a refined three-pronged test for labelling a jurisdiction as a tax haven:
3769:
2961:
2934:
2768:
2621:
2596:
2591:
2576:
2411:
2274:
2093:
Insert material without sources about difficulty of providing accurate figures
1971:
1947:
1843:
1295:
1265:
1148:
1133:
1056:
988:
956:
908:
883:
868:
769:
764:
732:
658:
364:
359:
180:
140:
86:
17:
3857:
The United Kingdom is one country that has strict forced disclosure rules. -
2508:
Many industrialized countries claim that tax havens act unfairly by reducing
4156:
3712:
3687:
3125:
3070:
3023:
2995:
2957:
2923:
2910:
2784:
2310:
1902:
1128:
1046:
1041:
727:
722:
533:
460:
150:
3385:
2004 (which permitted this) in its place. Contemporaneously it varied its
1794:
lack of effective exchange of tax information with foreign tax authorities;
4628:
Treasure Islands: Uncovering the Damage of Offshore Banking and Tax Havens
1664:
4041:
3940:
3260:
2882:
2706:
2671:
1952:
1290:
1258:
942:
932:
853:
848:
821:
794:
604:
354:
295:
290:
123:
2172:(IFCs), namely London, the U.S. IBFs, and the Japanese offshore market.
4709:
4199:
4110:
3858:
2965:
2950:
2806:
2797:
2793:
2776:
2764:
2741:
2711:
2631:
2561:
2368:
1912:
Most economic commentators suggest that the first "true" tax haven was
1890:
1101:
923:
826:
816:
155:
113:
4719:
3944:
3932:
2946:
2760:
2716:
2701:
2661:
2616:
2602:
Non-sovereign jurisdictions commonly labelled as tax havens include:
2586:
2581:
2566:
2462:
1964:
1960:
1847:
1767:
1310:
1121:
1116:
1111:
913:
801:
3929:
3810:"Tax Haven Criteria - retrieved 26 February 2008 Tax Haven Criteria"
3717:"Tax haven report lays emphasis on vital role of Crown Dependencies"
3692:"Tax haven report lays emphasis on vital role of Crown Dependencies"
3894:
3165:
2999:
2938:
2927:
2919:
2721:
2520:
also use tax havens extensively, although extensive financial and
2505:
self-promotion can go a long way to attracting foreign companies.
2465:
securities regulations are such that it is not possible to have a
2461:
However, many jurisdictions employ blunter rules. For example, in
2235:, concluded that tax avoidance by the 50 largest companies in the
1956:
1825:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1305:
1280:
1275:
1222:
1094:
4694:
Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports regarding tax havens
4677:
2971:
Those that have not committed to the standard (an empty category)
2501:
in the host country and employing some of the local population.
3644:"US Firms Stash Tens of Billions in Tax Havens, Government Says"
2942:
2278:
3497:
Desai, Foley and Hines, "The demand for tax haven operations",
3176:
Moran Harari, Markus Meinzer and Richard Murphy (October 2012)
2239:
was depriving the UK Treasury of approximately £11.8 billion.
1858:
in the twelfth and fourteenth centuries respectively. In 1721,
4714:
4458:"Governor and Premier Welcome Michael Foot Review Conclusions"
4216:
By Harry de Quetteville 12:01AM GMT 20 Feb 2008 (2008-02-20).
2906:
1725:
228:
60:
4703:
3488:, International Monetary Fund background paper, June 23, 2000
3323:
Tolley's International Initiatives Affecting Financial Havens
3178:"Financial Secrecy, Banks and the Big 4 Firms of Accountants"
4720:
Task Force on Financial Integrity & Economic Development
4526:
The Blood Bankers: Tales from the Global Underground Economy
4417:"Tax haven clampdown yields cash but secrecy still thrives."
3513:"Report Finds Major U.S. Companies Have Offshore Tax Havens"
3939:). It also excludes non-sovereign tax havens (for example,
2397:
taxpayers who are benefiting from the low tax jurisdiction.
4672:
3198:(originally published 1970), Economist Intelligence Unit,
3427:"Wealthy hiding $ 21 trillion in tax havens, report says"
3238:"The Truth About Tax Havens - retrieved 28 December 2007"
3217:"The Truth About Tax Havens - retrieved 28 December 2007"
2831:(HIRE) signed into law by President Obama in March 2010.
2386:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
4566:
Offshore Financial Centers and Regulatory Competition
2469:
issue through a company incorporated in a tax haven.
1897:
legislation in 1935 by the newly created law firm of
1025:
European Union Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base
4741:"Why tax havens are a blessing" – the Cato Institute
3164:
Dharmapala, Dhammika und Hines Jr., James R. (2006)
1800:
no requirement for a substantive local presence; and
2414:and, if so, to determine the appropriate tax rate.
1877:claim their tax independence dating as far back as
4689:Offshore Financial Centers -- IMF Background Paper
3598:"Super rich hold $ 32 trillion in offshore havens"
3013:sufficient to be listed on the OECD's white list.
2443:restrictions on deductibility, or imposition of a
4673:International Financial Centres Forum (IFC Forum)
4136:"Steinbrück forciert Kampf gegen Steuerparadiese"
3623:"Tax havens: Super-rich 'hiding' at least $ 21tn"
3445:"Tax havens: Super-rich 'hiding' at least $ 21tn"
2135:total amount of currency presently in circulation
3996:"European banks stop serving American customers"
2243:Guernsey and $ 40 billion from the Isle of Man.
1724:is a state, country or territory where certain
45:Do not put any Categories at the bottom please
4512:. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
3871:"Statement on tax avoidance debate. IFC Forum"
3768:It has been estimated over 75% of the world's
2447:when payments are made to offshore recipients.
1701:
8:
4684:IMF - Offshore Banking and Financial Centers
4587:. Geneva, Switzerland: CS&P Fiduciaire.
3759:) made for a specified time preceding death.
3466:"Fighting Anti-Tax Haven Demagoguery on CNN"
3292:, CESifo Working Paper Series No. 3587, p. 9
2829:Hiring Incentives to Restore Employment Act
4583:Scevola, Carlo; Sneiderova, Karina (2010).
4282:
4280:
4241:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3793:The Tax Haven That's Saving Google Billions
3290:"Money at the Docks of Tax Havens: A Guide"
2497:the companies locating a division of their
2492:Incentives for nations to become tax havens
2266:non-resident in terms of exchange control.
4528:. New York, NY: Four Walls Eight Windows.
3592:
3590:
3425:Canadian Broadcasting Co. (July 22, 2012)
1708:
1694:
1343:
1164:
417:
233:
51:
3437:John Whiting, tax policy director at the
2612:Jebel Ali Free Zone, United Arab Emirates
2512:which would otherwise be theirs. Various
2226:October 2009, research commissioned from
1217:Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy
3531:"U.S. Banking Liabilities to Foreigners"
3409:
3407:
2531:published what came to be known as the "
1989:
4706:- Nicholas Shaxson's book on tax havens
3913:See for example the views expressed in
3157:
1372:
1346:
1208:
1167:
572:
525:
478:
420:
282:
236:
59:
4727:– Heritage Foundation: Washington D.C.
4654:
4643:
4611:
4600:
4552:
4541:
4234:
4018:
4007:
3617:
3615:
3576:
3565:
3549:
3547:
4433:"Michael Foot publishes final report"
3511:Carol D. Leonnig (January 16, 2009).
2893:or governments of the member states.
2454:is probably the best example of this.
1916:, followed closely by Liechtenstein.
1909:in 1926 to attract offshore capital.
1811:In a further special report in 2013,
7:
4630:. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
4371:"Save the tax havens – we need them"
4287:G20 declares door shut on tax havens
3859:http://www.hmrc.gov.uk/aiu/index.htm
3413:Tax Justice Network (July 22, 2012)
3379:International Business Companies Act
2340:Trading and other business activity.
4349:"OECD removes tax havens from list"
3554:. The Times of India. July 22, 2012
3303:Tolley's International Tax Planning
2783:. The series of violent and bloody
2321:Asset holding involves utilizing a
1976:international business corporations
4327:"OECD names and shames tax havens"
3166:Which Countries Become Tax Havens?
3066:Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act
2825:Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act
2545:List of offshore financial centres
2434:legislation is an example of this.
2154:Bank for International Settlements
1943:This strategy generally relied on
28:
3215:Davidson, Sinclair (2007-10-15).
1032:Global minimum corporate tax rate
4736:The Economic Case for Tax Havens
4397:"Welcome to tax-dodge city, USA"
3343:Personen- und Gesellschaftsrecht
3269:Government Accountability Office
2181:Government Accountability Office
1785:Government Accountability Office
1675:
1663:
497:Base erosion and profit shifting
67:
35:DRAFT REVISED CONTENT OF ARTICLE
3439:Chartered Institute of Taxation
2486:international financial centres
2156:data suggest that for selected
2152:produced calculations based on
2131:Chartered Institute of Taxation
275:Optimal capital income taxation
3321:See generally Introduction to
3081:International business company
2987:Despite calls from the former
2432:Controlled Foreign Corporation
1355:List of countries by tax rates
1:
4731:The Moral Case for Tax Havens
4568:. Washington: The AEI Press.
4369:Butler, Eamonn (2009-04-12).
4304:"OECD List as per 2009-04-02"
4087:U.S. Internal Revenue Service
4062:U.S. Internal Revenue Service
3994:Spiegel Online (2011-12-14).
3121:Tax avoidance and tax evasion
2909:countries agreed to define a
2877:2008 Liechtenstein tax affair
2871:Liechtenstein banking scandal
2488:plays in the global economy.
1736:among governments. Different
780:Natural resources consumption
4585:Offshore Jurisdictions Guide
4479:"The Foot Report: a setback"
4395:Clark, Andrew (2009-04-10).
3978:"Vanuatu to ditch tax haven"
3486:"Offshore Financial Centers"
2732:United States Virgin Islands
2083:
2080:
2064:
2061:
2053:
2050:
2042:
2039:
2031:
2028:
2020:
2017:
630:United States as a tax haven
4564:Morriss, Andrew P. (2010).
3960:. Time Magazine. 1976-05-17
3499:Journal of Public Economics
2859:Proposed German legislation
2727:South Dakota, United States
2529:Financial Action Task Force
2150:International Monetary Fund
1925:World War I. By and large,
4762:
4715:Global Financial Integrity
3383:BVI Business Companies Act
3219:. Melbourne: Theage.com.au
2874:
2781:ship registration industry
2549:Tax rates around the world
2542:
2250:
2247:Money and exchange control
2158:offshore financial centres
2075:
2058:
2047:
2036:
2025:
2014:
1938:offshore financial centres
1899:Conyers Dill & Pearman
544:Offshore financial centres
434:Repatriation tax avoidance
4224:. London: Telegraph.co.uk
3737:Tolley's Offshore Service
3196:Tax Havens and Their Uses
3106:Offshore financial centre
3007:Luxembourg Prime Minister
2819:Proposed U.S. legislation
2554:they become tax havens.
2357:Financial intermediaries.
2188:Caribbean Banking Centers
2071:
1805:offshore financial center
1009:Financial transaction tax
99:Property tax equalization
4524:Henry, James S. (2003).
4042:"Scratched by the FATCA"
3600:. Reuters. July 22, 2012
2978:Malaysian Prime Minister
2897:G20 tax havens blacklist
2692:Turks and Caicos Islands
2607:Campione d'Italia, Italy
2220:Citizens for Tax Justice
1993:of net financial assets
1744:or self-governing under
1360:Tax revenue to GDP ratio
1019:Currency transaction tax
600:Liechtenstein tax affair
2976:from the blacklist and
2839:Key provisions of FATCA
2707:Delaware, United States
2380:The OECD and tax havens
2351:schemes of this nature.
2117:A 2012 report from the
1067:Permanent establishment
1062:Exchange of Information
565:Financial Secrecy Index
216:Medical savings account
4680:directory of providers
4399:. London: The Guardian
4329:. BBC News. 2009-04-03
4017:Check date values in:
3779:Institutional Investor
3375:British Virgin Islands
3086:International taxation
2742:Wyoming, United States
2712:Florida, United States
2642:British Virgin Islands
1980:unfair tax competition
1959:, and another between
1831:
962:Vehicle miles traveled
581:Ireland as a tax haven
395:Private tax collection
3958:"Election Under Fire"
3928:Working paper 12802,
3288:Shafik Hebous (2011)
2717:Nevada, United States
2702:Alaska, United States
2233:Trades Union Congress
1862:colonies traded from
1829:
1803:self-promotion as an
1791:nil or nominal taxes;
635:Panama as a tax haven
587:Ireland v. Commission
555:Conduit and sink OFCs
550:Offshore magic circle
471:Unreported employment
3757:declaration of trust
3668:"Banking statistics"
3625:. BBC. July 22, 2012
3501:90 (2006), page 514.
2722:Texas, United States
2193:A 2012 study by the
2179:A January 2009 U.S.
1991:Global distribution
1631:United Arab Emirates
1373:Individual Countries
1082:Foreign revenue rule
874:Inheritance (estate)
593:Leprechaun economics
4699:Tax Justice Network
4483:Tax Justice Network
4222:, 26 February 2008"
4220:The Daily Telegraph
4180:The Daily Telegraph
3901:. See for example:
3899:Tax Justice Network
3791:Drucker J. (2010).
3659:"Places in the sun"
3355:Tolley's Tax Havens
3271:. December 18, 2008
3181:Tax Justice Network
3136:Tax Justice Network
3061:Corporate inversion
3028:Tax Justice Network
3010:Jean-Claude Juncker
2814:Modern developments
2298:Personal residency.
2253:Fixed exchange rate
2208:Tax Justice Network
2195:Tax Justice Network
2165:cross-border assets
2119:Tax Justice Network
2108:Tax Justice Network
1994:
1670:Business portal
1365:Tax rates in Europe
1235:Tax Justice Network
1181:Dhammika Dharmapala
684:Airport improvement
492:Transfer mispricing
283:Distribution of Tax
55:Part of a series on
4653:Unknown parameter
4610:Unknown parameter
4551:Unknown parameter
4347:BBC (2009-04-07).
4189:, 25 February 2008
4182:, 27 February 2008
4160:name in Australia.
3649:, February 1, 2013
3345:of 20 January 1926
3076:Free economic zone
2522:know your customer
2452:EU withholding tax
2139:Daniel J. Mitchell
1990:
1895:offshore companies
1832:
1730:shell subsidiaries
1271:Eight per thousand
1186:James R. Hines Jr.
1077:European Union FTT
94:Government revenue
50:
4637:978-0-230-10501-0
4624:Shaxson, Nicholas
4594:978-1-60594-433-3
4575:978-0-8447-4324-0
4535:978-1-56858-254-2
4518:978-0-471-64488-0
4506:Baker, Raymond W.
4202:'s tax minister,
4019:|accessdate=
3373:For example, the
3192:Doggart, Caroline
2984:OECD standards."
2905:on 2 April 2009,
2903:London G20 summit
2863:In January 2009,
2779:had a prosperous
2755:Former tax havens
2307:capital gains tax
2216:capital gains tax
2170:financial centers
2090:
2089:
2010:offshore ($ Tr.)
2003:Total liquid net
2000:financial assets
1998:Individuals with
1746:international law
1718:
1717:
1653:
1652:
1249:
1248:
1241:Tax Policy Center
984:Negative (income)
760:Environmental tax
642:
641:
560:Financial centres
380:Tax investigation
318:
317:
186:Tax harmonization
49:
48:
40:
39:
29:
4753:
4704:Treasure Islands
4678:Offshore Banking
4662:
4656:
4651:
4649:
4641:
4619:
4613:
4608:
4606:
4598:
4579:
4560:
4554:
4549:
4547:
4539:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4490:
4475:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4465:
4454:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4444:
4429:
4423:
4414:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4404:
4392:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4382:
4366:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4356:
4344:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4334:
4323:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4313:
4308:
4300:
4294:
4284:
4275:
4253:
4247:
4246:
4240:
4232:
4230:
4229:
4213:
4207:
4197:
4191:
4169:
4163:
4153:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4128:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4118:
4107:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4097:
4082:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4072:
4058:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4033:
4027:
4026:
4020:
4015:
4013:
4005:
4003:
4002:
3991:
3985:
3980:, Anthony Klan,
3975:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3965:
3954:
3948:
3926:
3920:
3911:
3905:
3891:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3875:
3867:
3861:
3855:
3849:
3848:for tax reasons.
3842:
3836:
3827:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3806:
3800:
3789:
3783:
3766:
3760:
3753:
3747:
3734:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3709:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3699:
3684:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3674:
3656:
3650:
3647:Nation of Change
3641:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3619:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3594:
3585:
3584:
3578:
3573:
3571:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3551:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3527:
3521:
3520:
3508:
3502:
3495:
3489:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3452:
3435:
3429:
3423:
3417:
3411:
3402:
3397:
3391:
3371:
3365:
3352:
3346:
3339:
3333:
3319:
3313:
3299:
3293:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3242:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3212:
3206:
3189:
3183:
3174:
3168:
3162:
3101:Offshore company
3091:Money laundering
3041:Asset protection
3024:Lost tax revenue
2989:French President
2617:Labuan, Malaysia
2518:money launderers
2516:also claim that
2438:transfer pricing
2349:transfer pricing
2261:Money laundering
2202:Lost tax revenue
2059:Rest < $ 1MM
2008:Amount of which
1995:
1920:had long been a
1710:
1703:
1696:
1682:Money portal
1680:
1679:
1678:
1668:
1667:
1344:
1165:
1072:Transfer pricing
1052:Tax equalization
1026:
969:Corporate profit
605:Luxembourg Leaks
539:Corporate havens
418:
234:
71:
52:
42:
41:
31:
30:
4761:
4760:
4756:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4751:
4750:
4669:
4652:
4642:
4638:
4622:
4609:
4599:
4595:
4582:
4576:
4563:
4550:
4540:
4536:
4523:
4508:(August 2005).
4502:
4500:Further reading
4497:
4488:
4486:
4477:
4476:
4472:
4463:
4461:
4456:
4455:
4451:
4442:
4440:
4431:
4430:
4426:
4422:, 26 July 2012.
4415:
4411:
4402:
4400:
4394:
4393:
4389:
4380:
4378:
4368:
4367:
4363:
4354:
4352:
4346:
4345:
4341:
4332:
4330:
4325:
4324:
4320:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4302:
4301:
4297:
4293:, April 2, 2009
4285:
4278:
4257:Accountancy Age
4254:
4250:
4233:
4227:
4225:
4215:
4214:
4210:
4204:Kristian Jensen
4198:
4194:
4170:
4166:
4154:
4150:
4141:
4139:
4130:
4129:
4125:
4116:
4114:
4109:
4108:
4104:
4095:
4093:
4085:
4083:
4079:
4070:
4068:
4060:
4059:
4055:
4046:
4044:
4036:
4034:
4030:
4016:
4006:
4000:
3998:
3993:
3992:
3988:
3976:
3972:
3963:
3961:
3956:
3955:
3951:
3927:
3923:
3912:
3908:
3892:
3888:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3869:
3868:
3864:
3856:
3852:
3846:securitisations
3843:
3839:
3828:
3824:
3815:
3813:
3808:
3807:
3803:
3790:
3786:
3767:
3763:
3754:
3750:
3735:
3731:
3722:
3720:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3697:
3695:
3686:
3685:
3681:
3672:
3670:
3666:
3657:
3653:
3642:
3638:
3628:
3626:
3621:
3620:
3613:
3603:
3601:
3596:
3595:
3588:
3574:
3564:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3552:
3545:
3536:
3534:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3517:Washington Post
3510:
3509:
3505:
3496:
3492:
3484:
3480:
3471:
3469:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3450:
3448:
3443:
3436:
3432:
3424:
3420:
3412:
3405:
3398:
3394:
3372:
3368:
3353:
3349:
3340:
3336:
3320:
3316:
3300:
3296:
3287:
3283:
3274:
3272:
3265:GAO:GAO-09-157"
3259:
3258:
3254:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3222:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3190:
3186:
3175:
3171:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3150:
3056:Corporate haven
3036:
3019:
2992:Nicolas Sarkozy
2922:still excludes
2899:
2879:
2873:
2865:Peer Steinbrück
2861:
2841:
2821:
2816:
2757:
2551:
2541:
2514:pressure groups
2494:
2445:withholding tax
2424:tax competition
2420:
2382:
2291:
2283:pounds sterling
2263:
2249:
2214:rate and a 30%
2204:
2137:in the world.
2100:
2098:Capital amounts
2048:All > $ 1MM
2009:
2004:
1999:
1992:
1988:
1945:double taxation
1879:Norman Conquest
1875:Channel Islands
1824:
1754:
1734:tax competition
1714:
1676:
1674:
1662:
1655:
1654:
1341:
1331:
1330:
1286:Fiscus Judaicus
1261:
1251:
1250:
1209:Advocacy groups
1162:
1154:
1153:
1144:Trade agreement
1139:Free-trade zone
1097:
1087:
1086:
1024:
1004:
994:
993:
654:
644:
643:
615:Paradise Papers
456:Debtors' prison
415:
405:
404:
375:Tax preparation
335:Revenue service
330:
320:
319:
231:
221:
220:
201:Double taxation
196:Tax withholding
191:Tax competition
109:Non-tax revenue
89:
26:
25:
24:
12:
11:
5:
4759:
4757:
4749:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4675:
4668:
4667:External links
4665:
4664:
4663:
4636:
4620:
4593:
4580:
4574:
4561:
4534:
4521:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4495:
4470:
4449:
4424:
4409:
4387:
4361:
4339:
4318:
4295:
4276:
4273:, 5 March 2008
4266:, 9 March 2008
4259:, 3 March 2008
4248:
4208:
4192:
4175:, 2 March 2008
4164:
4148:
4134:(2009-01-17).
4123:
4102:
4089:(2012-01-25).
4077:
4064:(2011-07-14).
4053:
4040:(2011-11-26).
4028:
3986:
3982:The Australian
3970:
3949:
3937:United Kingdom
3921:
3906:
3903:Offshore watch
3886:
3862:
3850:
3837:
3822:
3801:
3784:
3761:
3748:
3729:
3715:(2009-10-30).
3704:
3690:(2009-10-30).
3679:
3651:
3636:
3611:
3586:
3543:
3533:. Treasury.gov
3522:
3503:
3490:
3478:
3457:
3430:
3418:
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3151:
3149:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3111:Offshore trust
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
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3037:
3035:
3032:
3018:
3015:
2973:
2972:
2969:
2954:
2931:
2898:
2895:
2891:European Union
2875:Main article:
2872:
2869:
2860:
2857:
2840:
2837:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2802:
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2756:
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2739:
2729:
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2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2696:United Kingdom
2689:
2686:United Kingdom
2679:
2676:United Kingdom
2669:
2666:United Kingdom
2659:
2656:United Kingdom
2652:Cayman Islands
2649:
2646:United Kingdom
2639:
2636:United Kingdom
2629:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2540:
2537:
2533:FATF Blacklist
2499:parent company
2493:
2490:
2459:
2458:
2455:
2448:
2441:
2435:
2419:
2418:Anti-avoidance
2416:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2373:offshore funds
2365:life insurance
2353:
2352:
2336:
2335:
2319:Asset holding.
2315:
2314:
2290:
2287:
2248:
2245:
2203:
2200:
2168:international
2143:Cato Institute
2099:
2096:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2006:
2005:worth ($ Tr.)
2001:
1987:
1984:
1854:and later the
1838:, some of the
1836:Ancient Greece
1823:
1820:
1809:
1808:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1753:
1750:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1705:
1698:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1672:
1657:
1656:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1636:United Kingdom
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1349:
1348:
1342:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1262:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1229:Tax Foundation
1226:
1220:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1201:Gabriel Zucman
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1176:Mihir A. Desai
1170:
1169:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1119:
1109:
1104:
1098:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1037:Robin Hood tax
1034:
1029:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1005:
1000:
999:
996:
995:
992:
991:
986:
981:
976:
974:Excess profits
971:
966:
965:
964:
959:
954:
945:
940:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
859:Gross receipts
856:
851:
846:
841:
840:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
799:
798:
797:
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787:
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777:
772:
767:
757:
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751:
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745:
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735:
730:
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720:
710:
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708:
698:
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696:
691:
686:
676:
671:
666:
661:
655:
650:
649:
646:
645:
640:
639:
638:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
610:Offshore Leaks
607:
602:
597:
596:
595:
590:
575:
574:
573:Major examples
570:
569:
568:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
541:
536:
528:
527:
523:
522:
521:
520:
515:
510:
508:Dutch Sandwich
505:
500:
494:
489:
481:
480:
476:
475:
474:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
446:Tax resistance
443:
438:
437:
436:
423:
422:
416:
411:
410:
407:
406:
403:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
350:Taxable income
347:
345:Tax assessment
342:
337:
331:
326:
325:
322:
321:
316:
315:
314:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
285:
284:
280:
279:
278:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
239:
238:
237:General Theory
232:
227:
226:
223:
222:
219:
218:
213:
208:
206:Representation
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
127:
126:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
90:
85:
84:
81:
80:
73:
72:
64:
63:
57:
56:
47:
46:
38:
37:
27:
15:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4758:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4666:
4660:
4647:
4639:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4604:
4596:
4590:
4586:
4581:
4577:
4571:
4567:
4562:
4558:
4545:
4537:
4531:
4527:
4522:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4499:
4484:
4480:
4474:
4471:
4459:
4453:
4450:
4438:
4434:
4428:
4425:
4421:
4418:
4413:
4410:
4398:
4391:
4388:
4376:
4372:
4365:
4362:
4350:
4343:
4340:
4328:
4322:
4319:
4305:
4299:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4283:
4281:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4267:
4265:
4260:
4258:
4252:
4249:
4244:
4238:
4223:
4221:
4212:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4196:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4183:
4181:
4176:
4174:
4168:
4165:
4162:
4158:
4152:
4149:
4137:
4133:
4127:
4124:
4112:
4106:
4103:
4092:
4088:
4081:
4078:
4067:
4063:
4057:
4054:
4043:
4039:
4038:The Economist
4032:
4029:
4024:
4011:
3997:
3990:
3987:
3984:, May 6, 2008
3983:
3979:
3974:
3971:
3959:
3953:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3925:
3922:
3918:
3917:
3910:
3907:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3890:
3887:
3872:
3866:
3863:
3860:
3854:
3851:
3847:
3841:
3838:
3835:
3832:
3826:
3823:
3811:
3805:
3802:
3798:
3797:Business Week
3794:
3788:
3785:
3781:
3780:
3775:
3771:
3765:
3762:
3758:
3752:
3749:
3746:
3745:1-4057-1568-5
3742:
3738:
3733:
3730:
3718:
3714:
3708:
3705:
3693:
3689:
3683:
3680:
3669:
3664:
3663:The Economist
3660:
3655:
3652:
3648:
3645:
3640:
3637:
3624:
3618:
3616:
3612:
3599:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3582:
3569:
3550:
3548:
3544:
3532:
3526:
3523:
3518:
3514:
3507:
3504:
3500:
3494:
3491:
3487:
3482:
3479:
3467:
3461:
3458:
3446:
3440:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3422:
3419:
3416:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3401:
3396:
3393:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3377:repealed the
3376:
3370:
3367:
3364:
3363:0-7545-0471-9
3360:
3356:
3351:
3348:
3344:
3338:
3335:
3332:
3331:0-406-94264-1
3328:
3324:
3318:
3315:
3312:
3311:0-7545-1339-4
3308:
3304:
3298:
3295:
3291:
3285:
3282:
3270:
3266:
3264:
3256:
3253:
3239:
3233:
3230:
3218:
3211:
3208:
3205:
3204:0-86218-163-1
3201:
3197:
3193:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3173:
3170:
3167:
3161:
3158:
3152:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3131:Tax exporting
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3096:Offshore bank
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2990:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2970:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2886:
2884:
2878:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2749:capital gains
2743:
2740:
2737:
2736:United States
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2572:Liechtenstein
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2527:In 2000, the
2525:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2506:
2502:
2500:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2456:
2453:
2449:
2446:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2407:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2379:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2303:Tax residence
2299:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2257:Dollarization
2254:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2212:capital gains
2209:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2191:
2189:
2186:In 2011, the
2184:
2182:
2177:
2173:
2171:
2166:
2163:
2162:balance sheet
2159:
2155:
2151:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2123:capital gains
2120:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2086:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2068:
2057:
2046:
2035:
2026:$ 5 - $ 30MM
2024:
2013:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1996:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1946:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1934:corporate tax
1930:
1928:
1923:
1922:capital haven
1919:
1915:
1910:
1908:
1907:Liechtenstein
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1864:Latin America
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1840:Greek Islands
1837:
1828:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1813:The Economist
1806:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1780:
1777:
1776:The Economist
1773:
1772:tax avoidance
1769:
1765:
1764:
1763:The Economist
1758:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1738:jurisdictions
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1711:
1706:
1704:
1699:
1697:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1688:
1683:
1673:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1641:United States
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1347:All Countries
1345:
1340:
1335:
1334:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1301:Tolerance tax
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1255:
1254:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1166:
1158:
1157:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1091:
1090:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1002:International
998:
997:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
935:
934:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
904:Resource rent
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
804:
803:
800:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
762:
761:
758:
756:
753:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
715:
714:
711:
707:
704:
703:
702:
701:Capital gains
699:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
681:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
656:
653:
648:
647:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
620:Panama Papers
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
594:
591:
589:
588:
584:
583:
582:
579:
578:
577:
576:
571:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
531:
530:
529:
524:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
487:Tax inversion
485:
484:
483:
482:
477:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
435:
432:
431:
430:
429:Tax avoidance
427:
426:
425:
424:
419:
414:
413:Noncompliance
409:
408:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
390:Tax collector
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
370:Tax residence
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
340:Revenue stamp
338:
336:
333:
332:
329:
324:
323:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
288:
287:
286:
281:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
255:Tax incidence
253:
251:
250:Excess burden
248:
246:
243:
242:
241:
240:
235:
230:
225:
224:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
176:Tax incentive
174:
172:
171:Tax advantage
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
131:Tax threshold
129:
125:
122:
121:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
91:
88:
83:
82:
79:
78:fiscal policy
76:An aspect of
75:
74:
70:
66:
65:
62:
58:
54:
53:
44:
43:
36:
33:
32:
23:
19:
4655:|month=
4627:
4612:|month=
4584:
4565:
4553:|month=
4525:
4509:
4487:. Retrieved
4485:. 2009-10-29
4473:
4462:. Retrieved
4460:. 2009-10-30
4452:
4441:. Retrieved
4439:. 2009-10-29
4427:
4419:
4412:
4401:. Retrieved
4390:
4379:. Retrieved
4374:
4364:
4353:. Retrieved
4342:
4331:. Retrieved
4321:
4310:. Retrieved
4298:
4291:The Guardian
4290:
4271:The Guardian
4270:
4263:
4256:
4251:
4226:. Retrieved
4219:
4211:
4195:
4186:
4179:
4173:The Guardian
4172:
4167:
4151:
4140:. Retrieved
4126:
4115:. Retrieved
4113:. 2011-07-22
4105:
4094:. Retrieved
4080:
4069:. Retrieved
4056:
4045:. Retrieved
4031:
3999:. Retrieved
3989:
3981:
3973:
3962:. Retrieved
3952:
3924:
3916:The Guardian
3915:
3909:
3889:
3877:. Retrieved
3865:
3853:
3840:
3830:
3825:
3814:. Retrieved
3804:
3796:
3787:
3778:
3764:
3751:
3736:
3732:
3721:. Retrieved
3707:
3696:. Retrieved
3682:
3671:. Retrieved
3662:
3654:
3646:
3639:
3627:. Retrieved
3602:. Retrieved
3556:. Retrieved
3535:. Retrieved
3525:
3516:
3506:
3498:
3493:
3481:
3470:. Retrieved
3468:. 2012-07-30
3460:
3449:. Retrieved
3447:. 2012-07-22
3433:
3421:
3395:
3369:
3354:
3350:
3342:
3337:
3322:
3317:
3302:
3297:
3284:
3273:. Retrieved
3262:
3255:
3244:. Retrieved
3232:
3221:. Retrieved
3210:
3195:
3187:
3180:
3172:
3160:
3146:Vulture fund
3116:Pirate haven
3051:Bank secrecy
3020:
3004:
2986:
2974:
2900:
2887:
2883:LGT Treuhand
2880:
2862:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2833:
2822:
2746:
2601:
2556:
2552:
2526:
2507:
2503:
2495:
2482:
2474:tax advisors
2471:
2460:
2421:
2412:direct taxes
2408:
2404:
2383:
2361:mutual funds
2356:
2339:
2318:
2297:
2292:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2241:
2224:
2205:
2192:
2185:
2178:
2174:
2147:
2127:tax shelters
2116:
2101:
2092:
2091:
2084:
2076:
2037:$ 1 - $ 5MM
2015:> $ 30MM
1969:
1942:
1931:
1921:
1911:
1881:, while the
1872:
1856:staple ports
1852:Cinque ports
1833:
1816:
1812:
1810:
1781:
1775:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1721:
1719:
1601:South Africa
1196:Joel Slemrod
864:Hypothecated
832:Sugary drink
706:Expatriation
585:
503:Double Irish
466:Black market
311:Proportional
260:Laffer curve
245:Price effect
34:
4437:HM Treasury
4187:Der Spiegel
4157:blackmailed
4138:(in German)
4132:Der Spiegel
3770:hedge funds
3141:Tax shelter
3017:Foot report
2981:Najib Razak
2682:Isle of Man
2626:Netherlands
2510:tax revenue
2467:public bond
2363:, banking,
2344:reinsurance
2331:real estate
2289:Methodology
1972:ring-fenced
1927:Switzerland
1918:Swiss banks
1914:Switzerland
1887:World War I
1883:Isle of Man
1752:Definitions
1616:Switzerland
1581:Philippines
1556:New Zealand
1551:Netherlands
1191:Ronen Palan
929:User charge
748:Value-added
713:Consumption
625:Swiss Leaks
513:Single Malt
451:Tax shelter
441:Tax evasion
400:Tax farming
385:Tax shelter
301:Progressive
265:Optimal tax
166:Tax amnesty
161:Tax holiday
119:Tax bracket
104:Tax revenue
4489:2009-11-05
4464:2009-11-05
4443:2009-11-05
4403:2009-04-14
4381:2009-04-14
4355:2009-04-07
4351:. BBC News
4333:2009-04-04
4312:2011-03-22
4228:2011-03-22
4142:2009-01-17
4117:2011-08-25
4096:2012-07-03
4071:2011-08-25
4047:2012-07-16
4001:2011-21-31
3964:2006-12-23
3816:2011-03-22
3812:. Oecd.org
3723:2009-11-02
3698:2009-11-02
3673:2013-02-14
3577:|url=
3537:2011-03-22
3472:2012-10-03
3451:2012-10-03
3275:2009-01-21
3246:2011-03-22
3223:2011-03-22
2962:Costa Rica
2935:Montserrat
2785:civil wars
2769:Intra Bank
2597:Seychelles
2592:San Marino
2577:Luxembourg
2543:See also:
2393:residence.
2311:tax exiles
2275:US dollars
2251:See also:
1844:city-state
1526:Kazakhstan
1411:Bangladesh
1406:Azerbaijan
1339:By country
1296:Temple tax
1266:Church tax
1149:ATA Carnet
1134:Free trade
1129:Tariff war
1057:Tax treaty
938:Congestion
879:Land value
770:Eco-tariff
738:Television
694:Solidarity
674:Ad valorem
534:Tax havens
365:Tax shield
360:Tax refund
328:Collection
306:Regressive
181:Tax reform
18:User:Legis
4657:ignored (
4646:cite book
4614:ignored (
4603:cite book
4555:ignored (
4544:cite book
4375:The Times
4264:The Times
4237:cite news
3713:The Times
3688:The Times
3126:Tax exile
3071:Free port
2996:Hong Kong
2958:Guatemala
2924:Hong Kong
2911:blacklist
2422:To avoid
1903:Trust Law
1870:taxes.
1866:to avoid
1742:sovereign
1722:tax haven
1606:Sri Lanka
1571:Palestine
1531:Lithuania
1496:Indonesia
1481:Hong Kong
1401:Australia
1391:Argentina
1259:Religious
1047:Spahn tax
1042:Tobin tax
894:Pigouvian
812:Cigarette
785:Severance
718:Departure
526:Locations
479:Corporate
461:Smuggling
229:Economics
151:Tax shift
146:Deduction
136:Exemption
4626:(2011).
4377:. London
4010:cite web
3941:Delaware
3919:in 2001.
3897:and the
3893:Such as
3879:18 March
3739:(2006),
3719:. London
3694:. London
3629:July 22,
3604:July 22,
3568:cite web
3558:July 22,
3390:Islands.
3387:tax laws
3357:(2000),
3325:(2001),
3305:(2002),
3194:. 2002.
3034:See also
2800:in 1956.
2672:Guernsey
2539:Examples
2478:tax year
2369:pensions
2237:FTSE 100
2228:Deloitte
1953:Barbados
1948:treaties
1860:American
1760:In 2007
1626:Tanzania
1591:Portugal
1566:Pakistan
1446:Colombia
1426:Bulgaria
1291:Leibzoll
1168:Academic
1161:Research
979:Windfall
919:Turnover
899:Property
849:Georgist
795:Stumpage
790:Steering
775:Landfill
755:Dividend
679:Aviation
669:Per unit
664:Indirect
355:Tax lien
291:Tax rate
270:Theories
124:Flat tax
87:Policies
61:Taxation
20: |
4420:Reuters
4200:Denmark
3579:value (
2966:Uruguay
2951:Vanuatu
2901:At the
2807:Vanuatu
2798:Morocco
2794:Tangier
2788:States.
2777:Liberia
2765:Lebanon
2632:Bermuda
2622:Curaçao
2562:Bahamas
2327:company
2141:of the
2081:$ 55.1
2062:$ 10.3
2054:$ 19.6
2051:$ 44.8
2040:$ 17.4
2029:$ 10.7
2018:$ 16.7
1891:Bermuda
1868:British
1822:History
1646:Uruguay
1546:Namibia
1541:Morocco
1506:Ireland
1486:Iceland
1471:Germany
1461:Finland
1456:Denmark
1451:Croatia
1396:Armenia
1386:Algeria
1381:Albania
1028:(CCCTB)
889:Payroll
844:General
837:Tobacco
807:Alcohol
743:Tourist
689:Landing
421:General
156:Tax cut
114:Tax law
22:sandbox
4634:
4591:
4572:
4532:
4516:
3945:Labuan
3933:Russia
3743:
3575:Check
3361:
3329:
3309:
3202:
2949:, and
2947:Panama
2761:Beirut
2662:Jersey
2587:Panama
2582:Monaco
2567:Cyprus
2463:France
2281:or to
2259:, and
2218:rate.
2085:$ 30.6
2065:$ 1.0
2043:$ 4.7
2032:$ 5.1
2021:$ 9.8
1986:Extent
1965:Russia
1961:Cyprus
1848:Athens
1817:insert
1768:Jersey
1621:Taiwan
1611:Sweden
1596:Russia
1586:Poland
1561:Norway
1511:Israel
1476:Greece
1466:France
1436:Canada
1421:Brazil
1416:Bhutan
1311:Kharaj
1219:(ITEP)
1122:Export
1117:Import
1112:Tariff
1102:Custom
989:Wealth
914:Surtax
909:Single
884:Luxury
869:Income
802:Excise
765:Carbon
659:Direct
546:(OFCs)
499:(BEPS)
211:Unions
141:Credit
4307:(PDF)
3895:ATTAC
3874:(PDF)
3829:Hay,
3241:(PDF)
3153:Notes
3000:Macau
2939:Nauru
2928:Macau
2920:China
2325:or a
2323:trust
2160:, on-
2077:Total
1957:Japan
1726:taxes
1536:Malta
1521:Japan
1516:Italy
1491:India
1441:China
1326:Zakat
1321:Nisab
1316:Khums
1306:Jizya
1281:Tithe
1276:Teind
1237:(TJN)
1223:Oxfam
1095:Trade
1014:ATTAC
733:Stamp
728:Sales
723:Hotel
652:Types
16:<
4659:help
4632:ISBN
4616:help
4589:ISBN
4570:ISBN
4557:help
4530:ISBN
4514:ISBN
4243:link
4023:help
3881:2011
3741:ISBN
3631:2012
3606:2012
3581:help
3560:2012
3359:ISBN
3341:The
3327:ISBN
3307:ISBN
3200:ISBN
2998:and
2994:for
2964:and
2943:Niue
2926:and
2823:The
2547:and
2384:The
2367:and
2279:euro
2206:The
2148:The
2104:OECD
1963:and
1955:and
1576:Peru
1501:Iran
1243:(US)
1231:(US)
1225:(UK)
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