449:小路 koozi "alley" - 麹 kɔɔzi "malt" 十 too "ten" - 塔 tɔɔ "tower" 洞 doo "hollow, cavity" - 堂 dɔɔ "pavilion" 用事 yoozi "tasks" -- 楊枝 yɔɔzi "toothpick" 冬至 toozi "winter solstice" -- 湯治 tɔɔzi "hot-spring relaxation" 見えた meeta "was visible" -- 蒔いた mɛɛta "sowed" 煮えた neeta "boiled" -- 泣いた nɛɛta "cried" 稗 fee "barnyard millet" -- 灰 fɛɛ "ashes"
778:
when they occurred in the sequences /kʷa/ and /ɡʷa/. In earlier times, Akiyama also retained Late Middle
Japanese /kʷɔː/ and /ɡʷɔː/, but according to Mase (1982), these have now largely merged into /kɔː/ and /ɡɔː/. Akiyama has also innovated new instances of /kʷ, ɡʷ/ from sequences of /ku, ɡu/+vowel,
460:
The consonants of the
Akiyama dialect are largely the same as in Standard Japanese, with only a few differences: Standard Japanese /h/ corresponds to Akiyama /ɸ/, and Akiyama retains the labialized velars /kʷ, ɡʷ/ of
748:
when followed by the close front vowel /i/ or /iː/ or the glide /j/. Furthermore, when palatalized, the consonants /t/ and /k/ merge with /t͡s/ into palatal , and likewise /d/ and /ɡ/ merge with /z/ into .
173:. Due to the hamlet's location, communication and transportation were difficult before the modern era, particular during winters when snowfall was heavy, and thus it remained highly secluded until the
835:
isi rock, iwa rock, oto sound, kami paper, kawa river, kita north, kura saddle, sita down, curu string, nasi pear, hasi bridge, fata flag, fizi elbow, fito person, mune breast, mura village, yuci snow
756:
dialect, having merged historical づ・ぢ /du, di/ into ず・じ /zu, zi/. As such, the consonant /z/ can vary freely as when unpalatalized and when palatalized.
701:
782:
The consonant /d/ has a tendency to weaken into in intervocalic position, but not to the extent that the opposition between /d/ and /ɾ/ is lost.
154:
851:
Among three-mora words, many of those that have transitioned from initial-accented to unaccented have remained initial-accented in
Akiyama:
720:
923:) : ema ego sukɛɛ macyare "I'm coming now, so wait"; kono mekanna sukkɛɛ sukɛɛ-re bocyare "this orange is sour, so throw it out"
909:
Intention/Conjecture: kak-ɔɔzu "I shall write", s-yoozu "I shall do", har(e)-yoozu "it should clear up", e-kar-ɔɔzu "should be good"
815:, with each syllable taking up roughly equal units of time regardless of the presence of a long vowel or a coda consonant.
789:
186:
826:
Words that are unaccented in
Japanese have no "upstep" in Akiyama, remaining low-pitch throughout their whole duration:
672:
664:
575:
680:
840:
Single-mora words that are accented in
Japanese have a falling pitch in Akiyama when spoken carefully in isolation:
745:
728:
567:
559:
493:
631:
693:
623:
615:
583:
103:
193:
in the region. In contrast, many of the same
Eastern Old Japanese features are shared in common with the
819:
795:貧乏 binbou -- beppo さんざん sanzan -- sacca 三弁 ??? -- saccu, saccyo 安堵 ando -- atto 三合 sangou -- sakkɔ
714:
521:
513:
822:
system of
Akiyama is largely similar to that of Standard Japanese, save with these major differences:
150:
50:
775:
764:
639:
462:
338:
329:
658:
543:
194:
54:
961:
760:
473:
219:
170:
897:
Adjectives: akɛɛ "is red", akɛɛkke "was red", akɛɛku naro "become red", akɛɛ daba "if it's red"
900:
Adjectives: akɛɛkeba "when it's red"; OLDER tookaba "if it's far", tookado "although it's far"
804:
607:
538:
488:
478:
372:
215:
162:
77:
72:
969:
306:
767:/ɸ/ before all vowels, in contrast to Standard Japanese, where native is found only as an
506:
483:
302:
198:
190:
178:
64:
318:
96:
17:
321:/ɛ/ and /ɔ/ are denoted by using kana with /e/ and /o/ followed by a small katakana ァ
647:
591:
551:
158:
294:
182:
966:信越の秘境 秋山郷のことばと暮らし (Secluded in Shin'etsu: Language and Life in Akiyama Hamlet)
598:
812:
808:
768:
753:
313:
orthography used by Mase (1982), close-mid vowels are denoted with the same
298:
174:
116:
297:. When compared to Standard Japanese /e/ and /o/, which are approximately
446:
The following minimal pairs between the vowels are given in Mase (1982):
310:
309:, approaching (and occasionally being switched with) /i/ and /u/. In the
779:
such as in クォァー /kʷɔː/ "let's eat" (Late Middle
Japanese 食わう /kuwɔː/).
465:(which have merged into the plain velars /k, ɡ/ in Standard Japanese).
189:
of Nagano and
Niigata Prefectures, and consequently it is considered a
973:
912:
Intention/Conjecture: yar-obee "I'll give", sabee-bee "is likely cold"
792:, the sequences /Nb, Nz, Ng/ often become /Qp, Qt͡s, Qk/ in Akiyama:
785:
The velar /ɡ/ is always pronounced as a plosive , never as a nasal .
166:
774:
Akiyama has retained the labialized velar consonants /kʷ, ɡʷ/ from
40:
906:
Adjectives: akɛɛ-ge-da, akakke-ge-da, akeɛɛkke-ge-da "seems red"
314:
431:
After /#, n, m, p, b, r/, /u-o/ and /i-e/ have no distinction.
328:
Long vowels in the
Akiyama dialect generally correspond to
177:. The Akiyama dialect shares peculiarities with both
114:
109:
93:
61:
46:
36:
31:
428:Word-final long vowels can sporadically shorten.
140:
134:
903:Adjectives: akɛɛ/akakke/akɛɛke "which is red"
8:
434:Often /fi/ → /fe/, or devoiced /fi/ → /fu/.
28:
467:
334:
301:, the Akiyama dialect's /e/ and /o/ are
224:
222:, the Akiyama dialect distinguishes 7:
185:that set it apart from the surrounding
752:Like Standard Japanese, Akiyama is a
149:is a dialect spoken in the hamlet of
7:
788:Similar to tendencies in the nearby
317:as Japanese /e/ and /o/, while the
807:, which is generally described as
24:
727:
719:
700:
679:
671:
663:
646:
638:
630:
622:
614:
590:
582:
574:
566:
558:
520:
512:
437:After y, sy, zy, cy: /u/ → /o/.
332:diphthongs or vowel sequences:
293:Each vowel can occur as either
220:distinguishes 5 vowel qualities
818:According to Mase (1982), the
1:
771:of /h/ before /u/ and /uː/.
968:, Dai‐Ichi Hoki Co., Ltd.,
141:
993:
799:Isochrony and Pitch Accent
890:imperative (old/strong),
811:, the Akiyama dialect is
759:Akiyama has retained the
726:
713:
699:
692:
657:
629:
536:
519:
504:
477:
470:
408:
397:
135:
373:Modern Standard Japanese
197:and with the dialect of
917:sukɛɛ, sukɛɛde, sukɛɛre
941:(from Echigo dialects)
744:All consonants become
776:Late Middle Japanese
463:Late Middle Japanese
339:Late Middle Japanese
330:Late Middle Japanese
187:Tōkai–Tōsan dialects
183:Eastern Old Japanese
157:along the border of
871:tac-u-na, tac-u-rɔɔ
83:Akiyama-gō Japanese
32:Akiyama-gō Japanese
171:Niigata Prefecture
974:10.11501/10259313
854:(insert examples)
805:Standard Japanese
763:pronunciation of
742:
741:
611:
555:
425:
424:
291:
290:
216:Standard Japanese
163:Nagano Prefecture
153:, located on the
126:
125:
984:
977:
894:imperative (new)
731:
723:
704:
683:
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667:
650:
642:
634:
626:
618:
605:
594:
586:
578:
570:
562:
549:
524:
516:
468:
403:Akiyama dialect
335:
225:
195:Hachijō language
148:
146:
143:Akiyama-gō hōgen
138:
137:
119:
99:
67:
55:Shin'etsu region
29:
26:Japanese dialect
992:
991:
987:
986:
985:
983:
982:
981:
980:
960:
956:
951:
945:
863:
801:
790:Echigo dialects
542:
495:
487:
458:
452:
444:
319:open-mid vowels
214:In contrast to
212:
207:
191:language island
179:Middle Japanese
132:
130:Akiyama dialect
115:
100:
95:
89:
68:
65:Language family
63:
27:
22:
21:
20:
12:
11:
5:
990:
988:
979:
978:
957:
955:
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950:
947:
943:
942:
935:
924:
913:
910:
907:
904:
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898:
895:
884:
878:
873:. Rentaikei:
862:
859:
858:
857:
856:
855:
849:
848:
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844:
838:
837:
836:
833:
830:
813:syllable-timed
800:
797:
740:
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711:
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110:Language codes
107:
106:
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97:Writing system
94:
91:
90:
88:
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85:
71:
69:
62:
59:
58:
48:
44:
43:
38:
37:Native to
34:
33:
25:
23:
18:User:LhikJovan
15:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
989:
975:
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940:
936:
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929:
925:
922:
918:
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899:
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845:
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841:
839:
834:
831:
828:
827:
825:
824:
823:
821:
816:
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810:
806:
798:
796:
793:
791:
786:
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777:
772:
770:
766:
762:
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750:
747:
738:
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722:
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569:
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531:
529:
527:
523:
515:
511:
509:
508:
503:
499:
497:
492:
490:
485:
482:
480:
475:
472:
469:
466:
464:
455:
453:
450:
447:
442:Minimal Pairs
441:
436:
433:
430:
427:
426:
420:
417:
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411:
405:
402:
401:
394:
391:
388:
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308:
304:
300:
296:
295:short or long
287:
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274:
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253:
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217:
209:
204:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
159:Sakae Village
156:
155:Nakatsu River
152:
145:
144:
131:
121:
118:
113:
108:
105:
102:
98:
92:
84:
81:
80:
79:
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70:
66:
60:
56:
52:
49:
45:
42:
39:
35:
30:
19:
965:
944:
938:
931:
927:
920:
916:
891:
887:
880:
874:
870:
869:Shuushikei:
864:
832:"trout" LL-L
820:pitch accent
817:
802:
794:
787:
784:
781:
773:
758:
754:futatsu-gana
751:
743:
606:
550:
537:
505:
459:
451:
448:
445:
327:
322:
292:
213:
142:
129:
127:
82:
962:Mase Yoshio
954:Works cited
886:Monograde:
829:"nose" LL-L
746:palatalized
715:Approximant
167:Tsunan Town
949:References
928:see, seene
843:"powder" F
809:mora-timed
765:historical
500:Placeless
456:Consonants
367:/au ~ ɔː/
364:/ou ~ oː/
361:/uu ~ uː/
343:/ii ~ iː/
307:near-close
299:mid vowels
254:Close-Mid
51:Akiyama-gō
769:allophone
659:Fricative
552:Voiceless
544:Affricate
303:close-mid
267:Open-Mid
205:Phonology
181:and with
175:Showa Era
117:ISO 639-3
964:(1982),
846:"tree" F
761:bilabial
474:Bilabial
311:katakana
233:Central
218:, which
104:Japanese
78:Japanese
937:Reason
926:Reason
915:Reason
861:Grammar
803:Unlike
539:Plosive
489:Glottal
479:Coronal
199:Toshima
151:Akiyama
73:Japonic
932:soe ni
930:(from
919:(from
865:ɛɛ ɔɔ
608:Voiced
494:Labio-
241:Close
230:Front
210:Vowels
47:Region
939:danga
921:sakai
881:an da
875:tat-o
651:⟨gw⟩
595:⟨kw⟩
507:Nasal
496:velar
484:Velar
421:/ɔː/
418:/oː/
415:/uː/
412:/ɛː/
409:/eː/
406:/iː/
398:/oː/
395:/uː/
392:/ai/
389:/eː/
386:/ie/
383:/ui/
380:/oi/
377:/iː/
358:/ai/
355:/ei/
352:/ie/
349:/ui/
346:/oi/
285:/a/
280:Open
275:/ɔ/
270:/ɛ/
262:/o/
257:/e/
249:/u/
244:/i/
236:Back
136:秋山郷方言
41:Japan
16:<
883:= のだ
732:⟨y⟩
724:⟨w⟩
705:⟨r⟩
684:⟨h⟩
676:⟨s⟩
668:⟨f⟩
643:⟨g⟩
635:⟨z⟩
627:⟨d⟩
619:⟨b⟩
587:⟨k⟩
579:⟨c⟩
571:⟨t⟩
563:⟨p⟩
525:⟨n⟩
517:⟨m⟩
315:kana
165:and
128:The
970:doi
892:-re
888:-ro
694:Tap
576:t͡s
305:or
169:in
161:in
648:ɡʷ
592:kʷ
532:N
486:/
325:.
201:.
139:,
976:.
972::
934:)
877:.
729:j
721:w
702:ɾ
681:h
673:s
665:ɸ
640:ɡ
632:z
624:d
616:b
599:Q
584:k
568:t
560:p
541:/
522:n
514:m
323:a
147:)
133:(
122:–
57:)
53:(
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