| “ | You'd be amazed at the number of times I've been with top professors in the field and I've asked them a question and they've said, 'I'm not too sure about that, let me check', and gone straight to Knowledge (XXG). | ” |
| — Brady Haran | ||
Misconceptions
| “ | t must remain a general principle to leave out everything self-evident, and everything that can be explained once for all. This allows us to dispense almost completely with the modifiers, and with a good many other signs, except in scientific works and in introductory explanations. We write English fill and French fil the same way fil; yet the English vowel is 'wide' and the French 'narrow', and the English l is formed much further back than the French. If we wanted to mark these differences, we should write English fìl⊣, French fíl⊢. But we need not do so: we know, once for all, that English short i is always ì, and French i always í; that English l is always l⊣ and French l always l⊢. | ” |
| — Aim and Principles of the International Phonetic Association (1904), p. 10 | ||
"There are only two kinds of phonetic transcription: broad (phonemic) and narrow (allophonic)."
| “ | If the relevant phonological system is known, a transcription can be devised which includes any number of additional symbols to indicate the phonetic realizations of the phonemes. ... Narrowness is regarded as a continuum, so that might be regarded as a slightly narrow (or 'narrowed') transcription, and as very narrow ... the realizational information which is not explicit in a particular allophonic transcription is, in principle, provided by conventions. | ” |
| — Handbook of the International Phonetic Association (1999), pp. 29–30 | ||
"The International Phonetic Alphabet is, at its core, a phonetic alphabet."
| “ | 1. There should be a separate sign for each distinctive sound; that is, for each sound which, being used instead of another, in the same language, can change the meaning of a word.
2. When any sound is found in several languages, the same sign should be used in all. This applies also to very similar shades of sound. |
” |
| — Text introducing the very first version of the International Phonetic Alphabet (1888) | ||
| “ | The IPA is designed to be a set of symbols for representing all the possible sounds of the world's languages. The representation of these sounds uses a set of phonetic categories which describe how each sound is made. These categories define a number of natural classes of sounds that operate in phonological rules and historical sound changes. The symbols of the IPA are shorthand ways of indicating certain intersections of these categories. Thus is a shorthand way of designating the intersection of the categories voiceless, bilabial, and plosive; is the intersection of the categories voiced, bilabial, and nasal; and so on. The sounds that are represented by the symbols are primarily those that serve to distinguish one word from another in a language. | ” |
| — "The Principles of the International Phonetic Association" (1989) | ||
| “ | There can be many systems of phonemic transcription for the same variety of a language, all of which conform fully to the principles of the IPA. ... In English, for example, the contrast between the words bead and bid has phonetic correlates in both vowel quality and vowel duration. A phonemic representation which explicitly notes this might use the symbols /iː/ and /ɪ/ ... But it is equally possible unambiguously to represent these phonemes as /iː/ and /i/ ..., or as /i/ and /ɪ/ ... All three pairs of symbols are in accord with the principles of the IPA ... The IPA does not provide a phonological analysis for a particular language, let alone a single 'correct' transcription, but rather the resources to express any analysis so that it is widely understood. | ” |
| — Handbook of the International Phonetic Association (1999), p. 30 | ||
"There is one correct way to syllabify English words."
| “ | ˈkʌs.təm | ” |
| — Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary | ||
| “ | ˈkʌst əm | ” |
| — Longman Pronunciation Dictionary | ||
| “ | \ˈkə-stəm\ | ” |
| — Merriam-Webster.com | ||
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Pronunciation sources
Dictionaries
- Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (authoritative)
- Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (authoritative)
- The Oxford/Routledge Dictionary of Pronunciation for Current English (generally reliable but these may help)
- Oxford BBC Guide to Pronunciation
- OneLook (powerful meta search—but not for new words)
- A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English (1944; authoritative but outdated)
- Merriam-Webster (most reliable, comprehensive and up-to-date for AmE; direct descendant of Kenyon & Knott; see Wells 12 Oct '06 for how they compile pronunciations)
- The Free Dictionary (a good deal of specialized dictionaries)
- OED/Australian/Canadian/New Zealand Oxford Dictionary (pronunciations are free)
Video transcripts
Generally reliable
- Say How?
- The ABC Book
- Voice of America Pronunciation Guide
- ABC Pronounce (some respellings appear inconsistent)
- TeachingBooks Author & Illustrator Pronunciation Guide
- BBC Pronunciation Unit blog
Not citable but potentially useful
- Forvo
- Behind the Name
- Forebears (for guessing name origins)
- The Name Engine
- NameShouts
Weirdly prescriptive and often inaccurate
User-generated junk
- Howjsay, Inogolo, Pronounce Names
"my name is ...","i'm ...","..." "pronounced","..." "rhymes with", etc.
Search within Knowledge (XXG)
insource:"IPA xx" intitle:...
Specialties
Places
- A Guide to the Pronunciation of Canadian Place Names (1959 )
- Georgia Place-Names (1999 )
- Idaho Pronunciation Guide
- Illinois Pronunciation Guide
- Pronunciation Guide for Illinois Place Names (1957)
- Michigan.gov Pronunciation Guide
- A Pronunciation Guide to places in Ohio
- Texas Almanac Pronunciation Guide
- Washington Names: A Pronunciation Guide of Washington State Place Names (1964)
- MissPronouncer: A halfway decent audio pronunciation guide for Wisconsin
- AP: Minnesota, Montana, Nebraksa, South Dakota, Washington
Non-English
- CNRTL
- Den Danske Ordbog
- DiPI
- Dizionario d'ortografia e di pronunzia
- Duden
- Igbo Names
- Irish Pronunciation Database
- Larousse
- Det Norske Akademis Ordbok
- Ordbogen.com
- Online Scots Dictionary
- Släktnamn i Norden: med uttalsuppgifter
- Svenska ortnamn med uttalsuppgifter
- Svenska språknämndens uttalsordbok
- Woorden.org
- YorubaName.com
Lots of others
The Chaos
"The Chaos" by Gerard Nolst Trenité:
Dearest creature in Creation,
/ˈdɪərɪstˈkriːtʃərɪnkriˈeɪʃən/Studying English pronunciation,
/ˈstʌdiɪŋˈɪŋɡlɪʃprəˌnʌnsiˈeɪʃən/I will teach you in my verse
/aɪwɪltiːtʃjuːɪnmaɪvɜːrs/Sounds like corpse, corps, horse and worse.
/saʊndzlaɪkkɔːrpskɔːrhɔːrsənwɜːrs/It will keep you, Susy, busy,
/ɪtwɪlkiːpjuːˈsuːziˈbɪzi/Make your head with heat grow dizzy;
/meɪkjʊərhɛdwɪðhiːtɡroʊˈdɪzi/Tear in eye your dress you'll tear.
/tɪərɪnaɪjʊərdrɛsjuːltɛər/So shall I! Oh, hear my prayer,
/soʊʃəlaɪoʊhɪərmaɪprɛər/Pray, console your loving poet,
/preɪkənˈsoʊljʊərˈlʌvɪŋˈpoʊɪt/Make my coat look new, dear, sew it?
/meɪkmaɪkoʊtlʊknjuːdɪərsoʊɪt/Just compare heart, beard and heard,
/dʒʌstkəmˈpɛərhɑːrtbɪərdənhɜːrd/Dies and diet, lord and word,
/daɪzənˈdaɪətlɔːrdənwɜːrd/Sword and sward, retain and Britain,
/sɔːrdənswɔːrdrɪˈteɪnənˈbrɪtən/(Mind the latter, how it's written!)
/maɪndðəˈlætərhaʊɪtsˈrɪtən/Made has not the sound of bade,
/meɪdhəznɒtðəsaʊndəvbæd/Say—said, pay—paid, laid, but plaid.
/seɪsɛdpeɪpeɪdleɪdbətplæd/Now I surely will not plague you
/naʊaɪˈʃʊərliwɪlnɒtpleɪɡjuː/With such words as vague and ague,
/wɪðsʌtʃwɜːrdzəzveɪɡənˈeɪɡjuː/But be careful how you speak,
/bətbiːˈkɛərfəlhaʊjuːspiːk/Say break, steak, but bleak and streak,
/seɪbreɪksteɪkbətbliːkənstriːk/Previous, precious; fuchsia, via;
/ˈpriːviəsˈprɛʃəsˈfjuːʃəˈvaɪə/Pipe, snipe, recipe and choir,
/paɪpsnaɪpˈrɛsɪpiənkwaɪər/Cloven, oven; how and low;
/ˈkloʊvənˈʌvənhaʊənloʊ/Script, receipt; shoe, poem, toe,
/skrɪptrɪˈsiːtʃuːˈpoʊɪmtoʊ/Hear me say, devoid of trickery:
/hɪərmiːseɪdɪˈvɔɪdəvˈtrɪkəri/Daughter, laughter and Terpsichore,
/ˈdɔːtərˈlɑːftərəntɜːrpˈsɪkəri/Typhoid; measles, topsails, aisles;
/ˈtaɪfɔɪdˈmiːzəlzˈtɒpsəlzaɪlz/Exiles, similes, reviles;
/ˈɛksaɪlzˈsɪmɪlizrɪˈvaɪlz/Wholly, holly; signal, signing;
/ˈhoʊliˈhɒliˈsɪɡnəlˈsaɪnɪŋ/Thames; examining, combining;
/tɛmzɪɡˈzæmɪnɪŋkəmˈbaɪnɪŋ/Scholar, vicar and cigar,
/ˈskɒlərˈvɪkərənsɪˈɡɑːr/Solar, mica, war and far.
/ˈsoʊlərˈmaɪkəwɔːrənfɑːr/From "desire": desirable—admirable from "admire";
/frəmdɪˈzaɪərdɪˈzaɪərəbəlˈædmərəbəlfrəmədˈmaɪər/Lumber, plumber; bier but brier;
/ˈlʌmbərˈplʌmərbɪərbətbraɪər/Chatham, brougham; renown but known,
/ˈtʃætəmbruːmrɪˈnaʊnbətnoʊn/Knowledge; done, but gone and tone,
/ˈnɒlɪdʒdʌnbətɡɒnəntoʊn/One, anemone; Balmoral;
/wʌnəˈnɛmənibælˈmɒrəl/Kitchen, lichen; laundry, laurel;
/ˈkɪtʃɪnˈlaɪkənˈlɔːndriˈlɒrəl/Gertrude, German; wind and mind;
/ˈɡɜːrtruːdˈdʒɜːrmənwɪndənmaɪnd/Scene, Melpomene, mankind;
/siːnmɛlˈpɒmɪnimænˈkaɪnd/Tortoise, turquoise, chamois-leather,
/ˈtɔːrtəsˈtɜːrkwɑːzˈʃæmiˈlɛðər/Reading, Reading, heathen, heather.
/ˈriːdɪŋˈrɛdɪŋˈhiːðənˈhɛðər/This phonetic labyrinth
/ðɪsfəˈnɛtɪkˈlæbɪrɪnθ/Gives moss, gross, brook, brooch, ninth, plinth.
/ɡɪvzmɒsɡroʊsbrʊkbroʊtʃnaɪnθplɪnθ/Billet does not end like ballet;
/ˈbɪlɪtdəznɒtɛndlaɪkˈbæleɪ/Bouquet, wallet, mallet, chalet;
/bʊˈkeɪˈwɒlɪtˈmælɪtˈʃæleɪ/Blood and flood are not like food,
/blʌdənflʌdɑːrnɒtlaɪkfuːd/Nor is mould like should and would.
/nɔːrɪzmoʊldlaɪkʃʊdənwʊd/Banquet is not nearly parquet,
/ˈbæŋkwɪtɪznɒtˈnɪərliˈpɑːrki/Which is said to rime with "darky".
/hwɪtʃɪzsɛdtəraɪmwɪðˈdɑːrki/Viscous, viscount; load and broad;
/ˈvɪskəsˈvaɪkaʊntloʊdənbrɔːd/Toward, to forward, to reward,
/tɔːrdtəˈfɔːrwərdtuːrɪˈwɔːrd/And your pronunciation's O.K.
/əndjʊərprəˌnʌnsiˈeɪʃənzoʊˈkeɪ/When you say correctly croquet;
/hwɛnjuːseɪkəˈrɛktliˈkroʊkeɪ/Rounded, wounded; grieve and sieve;
/ˈraʊndɪdˈwuːndɪdɡriːvənsɪv/Friend and fiend; alive and live;
/frɛndənfiːndəˈlaɪvənlɪv/Liberty, library; heave and heaven;
/ˈlɪbərtiˈlaɪbrərihiːvənˈhɛvən/Rachel, ache, moustache; eleven.
/ˈreɪtʃəleɪkməˈstɑːʃɪˈlɛvən/We say hallowed, but allowed;
/wiːseɪˈhæloʊdbətəˈlaʊd/People, leopard; towed, but vowed
/ˈpiːpəlˈlɛpərdtoʊdbətvaʊd/Mark the difference, moreover,
/mɑːrkðəˈdɪfərənsmɔːrˈoʊvər/Between mover, plover, Dover,
/bɪˈtwiːnˈmuːvərˈplʌvərˈdoʊvər/Leeches, breeches; wise, precise;
/ˈliːtʃɪzˈbrɪtʃɪzwaɪzprɪˈsaɪs/Chalice but police and lice.
/ˈtʃælɪsbətpəˈliːsənlaɪs/Camel; constable, unstable;
/ˈkæməlˈkʌnstəbəlʌnˈsteɪbəl/Principle, disciple; label;
/ˈprɪnsɪpəldɪˈsaɪpəlˈleɪbəl/Petal, penal and canal;
/ˈpɛtəlˈpiːnələndkəˈnæl/Wait, surmise, plait, promise; pal.
/weɪtsɜːrˈmaɪzplætˈprɒmɪspæl/Suit, suite, ruin, circuit, conduit
/sjuːtswiːtˈruːɪnˈsɜːrkɪtˈkɒndɪt/Rime with "shirk it" and "beyond it",
/raɪmwɪðʃɜːrkɪtənbiˈɒndɪt/But it is not hard to tell,
/bətɪtɪznɒthɑːrdtətɛl/Why it's pall, mall, but Pall Mall.
/hwaɪɪtspɔːlmɔːlbətpɛlmɛl/Muscle, muscular; gaol; iron;
/ˈmʌsəlˈmʌskjʊlərdʒeɪlaɪərn/Timber, climber; bullion, lion,
/ˈtɪmbərˈklaɪmərˈbʊliənˈlaɪən/Worm and storm; chaise, chaos, chair;
/wɜːrmənstɔːrmʃeɪzˈkeɪɒstʃɛər/Senator, spectator, mayor.
/ˈsɛnətərspɛkˈteɪtərmɛər/Ivy, privy; famous, clamour
/ˈaɪviˈprɪviˈfeɪməsˈklæmər/And enamour rime with "hammer."
/əndɪˈnæmərraɪmwɪðˈhæmər/Pussy, hussy and possess.
/ˈpʊsiˈhʌsiənpəˈzɛs/Desert, but dessert, address.
/ˈdɛzərtbətdɪˈzɜːrtəˈdrɛs/Golf, wolf; countenance; lieutenants
/ɡɒlfwʊlfˈkaʊntənənslɛfˈtɛnənts/Hoist, in lieu of flags, left pennants.
/hɔɪstɪnljuːəvflæɡzlɛftˈpɛnənts/River, rival; tomb, bomb, comb;
/ˈrɪvərˈraɪvəltuːmbɒmkoʊm/Doll and roll and some and home.
/dɒlənroʊlənsʌmənhoʊm/Stranger does not rime with anger,
/ˈstreɪndʒərdəznɒtraɪmwɪðˈæŋɡər/Neither does devour with clangour.
/ˈnaɪðərdəzdɪˈvaʊərwɪðˈklæŋɡər/Soul, but foul and gaunt, but aunt;
/soʊlbətfaʊlənɡɔːntbətɑːnt/Font, front, wont; want, grand, and, grant,
/fɒntfrʌntwoʊntwɒntɡrændəndɡrɑːnt/Shoes, goes, does. *) Now first say: finger,
/ʃuːzɡoʊzdʌznaʊfɜːrstseɪˈfɪŋɡər/And then: singer, ginger, linger.
/ənðɛnˈsɪŋərˈdʒɪndʒərˈlɪŋɡər/Real, zeal; mauve, gauze and gauge;
/ˈriːəlziːlmoʊvɡɔːzənɡeɪdʒ/Marriage, foliage, mirage, age.
/ˈmærɪdʒˈfoʊliɪdʒˈmɪrɑːʒeɪdʒ/Query does not rime with very,
/ˈkwɪəridəznɒtraɪmwɪðˈvɛri/Nor does fury sound like bury.
/nɔːrdəzˈfjʊərisaʊndlaɪkˈbɛri/Dost, lost, post and doth, cloth, loth;
/dʌstlɒstpoʊstəndʌθklɒθloʊθ/Job, Job, blossom, bosom, oath.
/dʒɒbdʒoʊbˈblɒsəmˈbʊzəmoʊθ/Though the difference seems little,
/ðoʊðəˈdɪfərənssiːmzˈlɪtəl/We say actual, but victual,
/wiːseɪˈæktʃuəlbətˈvɪtəl/Seat, sweat, chaste, caste; Leigh, eight, height;
/siːtswɛttʃeɪstkɑːstliːeɪthaɪt/Put, nut; granite, but unite.
/pʊtnʌtˈɡrænɪtbətjuːˈnaɪt/Reefer does not rime with "deafer,"
/ˈriːfərdəznɒtraɪmwɪðˈdɛfər/Feoffer does, and zephyr, heifer.
/ˈfɛfərdʌzənˈzɛfərˈhɛfər/Dull, bull; Geoffrey, George; ate, late;
/dʌlbʊlˈdʒɛfridʒɔːrdʒɛtleɪt/Hint, pint; senate, but sedate;
/hɪntpaɪntˈsɛnətbətsɪˈdeɪt/Scenic, Arabic, pacific;
/ˈsiːnɪkˈærəbɪkpəˈsɪfɪk/Science, conscience, scientific;
/ˈsaɪənsˈkɒnʃənsˌsaɪənˈtɪfɪk/Tour, but our, and succour, four;
/tʊərbətaʊərənˈsʌkərfɔːr/Gas, alas and Arkansas!
/ɡæsəˈlɑːsənˈɑːrkənsɔː/Sea, idea, guinea, area,
/siːaɪˈdiːəˈɡɪniˈɛəriə/Psalm; Maria, but malaria;
/sɑːmməˈriːəbətməˈlɛəriə/Youth, south, southern; cleanse and clean;
/juːθsaʊθˈsʌðərnklɛnzənkliːn/Doctrine, turpentine, marine.
/ˈdɒktrɪnˈtɜːrpəntaɪnməˈriːn/Compare alien with Italian,
/kəmˈpɛərˈeɪliənwɪðɪˈtæliən/Dandelion with battalion,
/ˈdændɪlaɪənwɪðbəˈtæliən/Sally with ally; yea, ye,
/ˈsæliwɪðˈælaɪjeɪjiː/Eye, I, ay, aye, whey, key, quay!
/aɪaɪaɪaɪhweɪkiːkiː/Say aver, but ever, fever,
/seɪəˈvɜːrbətˈɛvərˈfiːvər/Neither, leisure, skein, receiver.
/ˈnaɪðərˈlɛʒərskeɪnrɪˈsiːvər/Never guess—it is not safe;
/ˈnɛvərɡɛsɪtɪznɒtseɪf/We say calves, valves, half, but Ralf!
/wiːseɪkɑːvzvælvzhɑːfbətreɪf/Heron; granary, canary;
/ˈhɛrənˈɡrænərikəˈnɛəri/Crevice, and device, and eyrie;
/ˈkrɛvɪsəndɪˈvaɪsəndˈɛəri/Face but preface, but efface,
/feɪsbətˈprɛfəsbətɪˈfeɪs/Phlegm, phlegmatic; ass, glass, bass;
/flɛmflɛɡˈmætɪkæsɡlɑːsbeɪs/Large, but target, gin, give, verging;
/lɑːrdʒbətˈtɑːrɡɪtdʒɪnɡɪvˈvɜːrdʒɪŋ/Ought, out, joust and scour, but scourging;
/ɔːtaʊtdʒaʊstənskaʊərbətˈskɜːrdʒɪŋ/Ear, but earn; and wear and tear
/ɪərbətɜːrnənwɛərəntɛər/Do not rime with "here", but "ere".
/duːnɒtraɪmwɪðhɪərbətɛər/Seven is right, but so is even;
/ˈsɛvənɪzraɪtbətsoʊɪzˈiːvən/Hyphen, roughen, nephew, Stephen;
/ˈhaɪfənˈrʌfənˈnɛvjuːˈstiːvən/Monkey, donkey; clerk and jerk;
/ˈmʌŋkiˈdɒŋkiklɑːrkəndʒɜːrk/Asp, grasp, wasp; and cork and work.
/æspɡrɑːspwɒspənkɔːrkənwɜːrk/Pronunciation—think of psyche!—
/prəˌnʌnsiˈeɪʃənθɪŋkəvˈsaɪki/Is a paling, stout and spikey;
/ɪzəˈpeɪlɪŋstaʊtənˈspaɪki/Won't it make you lose your wits,
/woʊntɪtmeɪkjuːluːzjʊərwɪts/Writing "groats" and saying groats?
/ˈraɪtɪŋɡroʊtsənˈseɪɪŋɡrɪts/It's a dark abyss or tunnel,
/ɪtsədɑːrkəˈbɪsɔːrˈtʌnəl/Strewn with stones, like rowlock, gunwale,
/struːnwɪðstoʊnzlaɪkˈrɒləkˈɡʌnəl/Islington and Isle of Wight,
/ˈɪzlɪŋtənənaɪləvwaɪt/Housewife, verdict and indict!
/ˈhʌzɪfˈvɜːrdɪktənɪnˈdaɪt/Don't you think so, reader, rather,
/doʊntjuːθɪŋksoʊˈriːdərˈrɑːðər/Saying lather, bather, father?
/ˈseɪɪŋˈlɑːðərˈbeɪðərˈfɑːðər/Finally: which rimes with "enough,"
/ˈfaɪnəlihwɪtʃraɪmzwɪðɪˈnʌf/Though, through, plough, cough, hough, or tough?
/ðoʊθruːplaʊkɒfhɒkɔːrtʌf/Hiccough has the sound of "cup"......
/ˈhɪkʌphəzðəsaʊndəvkʌp/My advice is—give it up!
/maɪədˈvaɪsɪzɡɪvɪtʌp/*) No, you are wrong. This is the plural of "doe".
/noʊjuːɑːrrɒŋðɪsɪzðəˈplʊərələvdoʊ/
- As printed in Charivarius, 1922, Ruize-rijmen (Wikisource).
- The stress is lexical.
- ^ GenAm: /wɪθ/
- alt. /ˈviːə/
- GenAm: /ˈlæftər/
- alt. /ˈɛɡzaɪlz/
- alt. /ˈbruːəm/
- GenAm: /ɡɔːn/
- alt. /ˈtɜːrkwɔɪz,-kɔɪz/
- ^ Imperfect rhymes.
- GenAm: /mɔːs/
- GenAm: /bæˈleɪ/
- alt. /boʊˈkeɪ,ˈbuːkeɪ/, GenAm alt. /buːˈkeɪ/
- GenAm: /ʃæˈleɪ/
- alt. /ˈpɑːrkeɪ,pɑːrˈkeɪ/
- alt. /ˈkroʊki,kroʊˈkeɪ/
- GenAm: /ˈmʌstæʃ/
- alt. /ˈbriːtʃɪz/
- alt. /ˈkɒnstəbəl/
- alt. /ˈsɜːrmaɪz/
- GenAm alt. /pleɪt/
- alt. /ˈkɒndjuɪt,ˈkʌn-/
- GenAm: /ˈspɛkteɪtər/
- alt. /ˈmeɪər/
- GenAm alt. /ˈædrɛs/
- GenAm alt. /ɡɔːlf/
- GenAm: /luːˈtɛnənts/
- GenAm alt. /dɔːl/
- ^ alt. /ˈniːðər/
- GenAm: /ænt/
- GenAm: /wɔːnt/
- GenAm: /wɔːnt/
- GenAm: /ɡrænt/
- The footnote is just messing with you. If does here was actually the plural of doe, it wouldn't contrast with goes.
- GenAm alt. /mɔːv/
- alt. /mɪˈrɑːʒ/
- GenAm alt. /ˈkwɛri/
- GenAm: /lɔːst/
- GenAm: /klɔːθ/
- GenAm: /kæst/
- alt. /ˈfiːfər/
- alt. /eɪt/
- alt. /əˈlæs/
- alt. /əˈlaɪ/
- GenAm: /ˈliːʒər/
- GenAm: /kævz/
- GenAm: /hæf/
- GenAm alt. /ˈɡreɪnəri/
- alt. /ˈɪəri,ˈaɪəri/
- GenAm: /ɡlæs/
- alt. /ˈnɛfjuː/
- GenAm: /klɜːrk/
- GenAm: /ɡræsp/
- alt. /ɡroʊts/
- GenAm: /ˈræðər/
- alt. /ˈlæðər/
- GenAm: /kɔːf/
- GenAm: /rɔːŋ/
| he | If you asked this user what third-person pronouns applied to him, he would say—well, now you know. |
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That this is absurd does not prevent its happening.
— J. C. Wells, Accents of English (1982), p. 106