614:
solid range of standard quantitative sources (Naval Office shipping lists, censuses, tax records, and so on) to assess the prominence in slaving and slave owning of merchants and planters identifiable as Jewish in
Barbados, Jamaica, New York, Newport, Philadelphia, Charleston, and all other smaller English colonial ports. He follows this strategy in the Caribbean through the 1820s; his North American coverage effectively terminates in 1775. Faber acknowledges the few merchants of Jewish background locally prominent in slaving during the second half of the eighteenth century but otherwise confirms the small-to-minuscule size of colonial Jewish communities of any sort and shows them engaged in slaving and slave holding only to degrees indistinguishable from those of their English competitors.
797:"Medieval Christians greatly exaggerated the supposed Jewish control over trade and finance and also became obsessed with alleged Jewish plots to enslave, convert, or sell non-Jews... Most European Jews lived in poor communities on the margins of Christian society; they continued to suffer most of the legal disabilities associated with slavery. ... Whatever Jewish refugees from Brazil may have contributed to the northwestward expansion of sugar and slaves, it is clear that Jews had no major or continuing impact on the history of New World slavery." - Professor David Brion Davis of Yale University in
290:"Medieval Christians greatly exaggerated the supposed Jewish control over trade and finance and also became obsessed with alleged Jewish plots to enslave, convert, or sell non-Jews... Most European Jews lived in poor communities on the margins of Christian society; they continued to suffer most of the legal disabilities associated with slavery. ... Whatever Jewish refugees from Brazil may have contributed to the northwestward expansion of sugar and slaves, it is clear that Jews had no major or continuing impact on the history of New World slavery." - Professor David Brion Davis of Yale University in
808:"The Jews of Newport seem not to have pursued the business consistently ... we compare the number of vessels employed in the traffic by all merchants with the number sent to the African coast by Jewish traders ... we can see that the Jewish participation was minimal. It may be safely assumed that over a period of years American Jewish businessmen were accountable for considerably less than two percent of the slave imports into the West Indies" - Professor Jacob R. Marcus of Hebrew Union College in
301:"The Jews of Newport seem not to have pursued the business consistently ... we compare the number of vessels employed in the traffic by all merchants with the number sent to the African coast by Jewish traders ... we can see that the Jewish participation was minimal. It may be safely assumed that over a period of years American Jewish businessmen were accountable for considerably less than two percent of the slave imports into the West Indies" - Professor Jacob R. Marcus of Hebrew Union College in
786:"In no period did Jews play a leading role as financiers, shipowners, or factors in the transatlantic or Caribbean slave trades. They possessed far fewer slaves than non-Jews in every British territory in North America and the Caribbean. Even when Jews in a handful of places owned slaves in proportions slightly above their representation among a town's families, such cases do not come close to corroborating the assertions of The Secret Relationship." - Wim Klooster (University of Southern Maine):
279:"In no period did Jews play a leading role as financiers, shipowners, or factors in the transatlantic or Caribbean slave trades. They possessed far fewer slaves than non-Jews in every British territory in North America and the Caribbean. Even when Jews in a handful of places owned slaves in proportions slightly above their representation among a town's families, such cases do not come close to corroborating the assertions of The Secret Relationship." - Wim Klooster (University of Southern Maine):
576:, however in no period did Jews play a leading role as financiers, shipowners, or factors in the transatlantic or Caribbean slave trades. He said that Jews rarely established new slave-trading routes, but rather worked in conjunction with a Christian partner, on trade routes that had been established by Christians and endorsed by Christian leaders of nations. In 1995, in an action unprecedented in it's 111 years history, the
931:
Europe, Africa, and the
Americas. As a result of this situation, the Sephardim found themselves dispersed over the critical nodes of the new system, especially Amsterdam and Brazil. It was not the material wealth of the Jews that made them so crucial to this emerging South Atlantic economy but rather ... their ability to transfer assets and information among themselves across the entire economic network".
503:
Europe, Africa, and the
Americas. As a result of this situation, the Sephardim found themselves dispersed over the critical nodes of the new system, especially Amsterdam and Brazil. It was not the material wealth of the Jews that made them so crucial to this emerging South Atlantic economy but rather ... their ability to transfer assets and information among themselves across the entire economic network".
1005:
during most periods of the
Atlantic system ... its distribution of coerced migrants from Europe and Africa. Only in the Americas—momentarily in Brazil, more durably in the Caribbean—can the role of Jewish traders be described as significant. If we consider the whole complex of major class actors in the transatlantic slave trade, the share of Jews in this vast network is extremely modest.
819:"None of the major slavetraders was Jewish, nor did Jews constitute a large proportion in any particular community. ... probably all of the Jewish slavetraders in all of the Southern cities and towns combined did not buy and sell as many slaves as did the firm of Franklin and Armfield, the largest Negro traders in the South." - Rabbi Bertram W. Korn,
312:"None of the major slavetraders was Jewish, nor did Jews constitute a large proportion in any particular community. ... probably all of the Jewish slavetraders in all of the Southern cities and towns combined did not buy and sell as many slaves as did the firm of Franklin and Armfield, the largest Negro traders in the South." - Rabbi Bertram W. Korn,
834:" Jewish owners of plantations, but altogether they constituted only a tiny proportion of the Southerners whose habits, opinions, and status were to become decisive for the entire section, and eventually for the entire country. ... tried his hand as a plantation overseer even if only for a brief time." - Rabbi Bertram W. Korn,
327:" Jewish owners of plantations, but altogether they constituted only a tiny proportion of the Southerners whose habits, opinions, and status were to become decisive for the entire section, and eventually for the entire country. ... tried his hand as a plantation overseer even if only for a brief time." - Rabbi Bertram W. Korn,
940:
Drescher: JANCAST: - p 451: "J mercantile influence in the politics of the
Atlantic slave trade probably readhced its peak in the opening years of the eightteenth century....the political and the economic prospects of Dutch Sephardic capitalists rapidly faded, however, when the English emerged with
531:
Drescher: JANCAST: - p 451: "J mercantile influence in the politics of the
Atlantic slave trade probably readhced its peak in the opening years of the eightteenth century....the political and the economic prospects of Dutch Sephardic capitalists rapidly faded, however, when the English emerged with
1004:
The economic, social, legal, and racial pattern of the
Atlantic slave trade was in place before Jews made their way back to the Atlantic ports of northwestern Europe, to the coasts and islands of Africa, or to European colonies in the Americas. They were marginal collective actors in most places and
930:
Austen: p 134: "the authors underestimate the structural, as opposed to statistical, importance of the Jews in the early stages of the New World slave trade... the book might better have focused on the coincidence of the Jewish explusion from Spain with the establishment of triangular links between
701:
Drescher, EAJH-vol1 "The available evidence indicates that the Jewish network probably counted for little in
Atlantic slaving. The few cases of long-term Jewish participation in the eighteenth-centurey slave trades offer evidence of cross-religious networks as keys to their success. In case after
512:
Drescher, EAJH-vol1 "The available evidence indicates that the Jewish network probably counted for little in
Atlantic slaving. The few cases of long-term Jewish participation in the eighteenth-centurey slave trades offer evidence of cross-religious networks as keys to their success. In case after
502:
Austen: p 134: "the authors underestimate the structural, as opposed to statistical, importance of the Jews in the early stages of the New World slave trade... the book might better have focused on the coincidence of the Jewish explusion from Spain with the establishment of triangular links between
417:
in the 1490s, many Jews from Spain and
Portugal migrated to the Americas and to Holland, among other destinations. They there formed an important "network of trading families" that enabled them to transfer assets and information that contributed to the emerging South Atlantic economy. Other Jews
1000:
Had the return of the Jews to Europe's Atlantic ports been post-poned until the 1790s instead of the 1590s, the volume of enslavement or distribution of Africans in the Atlantic system would hardly have been altered. The "Jewish presence" in the slave trade was too ephemeral, too localized, and too
950:
Dreshcer, p 107: "A small fragment of the Jewis diaspora fled ... westward into the Americas, there becoming entiwned with the African slave trade"....they could only prosper by moving into high risk and new areas of economic development. In the expanding Western European economy after the Columbus
920:
Drescher-EAJH -vol1 2)" does not hold for the New Christian descendants of Jews during the period of Iberian domination (1450-1640). Their importrance in the development of the slave trade to the Americas must be given its due. When Portuguese merchants became the first global trading diaspora,
632:
in the 1490s, many Jews from Spain and Portugal migrated to the Americas and to Holland, among other destinations. They there formed an important "network of trading families" that enabled them to transfer assets and information that contributed to the emerging South Atlantic economy. Other Jews
541:
Dreshcer, p 107: "A small fragment of the Jewis diaspora fled ... westward into the Americas, there becoming entiwned with the African slave trade"....they could only prosper by moving into high risk and new areas of economic development. In the expanding Western European economy after the Columbus
492:
Drescher-EAJH -vol1 2)" does not hold for the New Christian descendants of Jews during the period of Iberian domination (1450-1640). Their importrance in the development of the slave trade to the Americas must be given its due. When Portuguese merchants became the first global trading diaspora,
169:
David Brion Davis argues that Jews had no major or continuing impact on the history of New World slavery. These charges were widely refuted by other scholars, as well. While acknowledging Jewish participation in slavery, scholars reject allegations that Jews dominated the slave trade in Medieval
1008:
Considering the number of African captives who passed into and through the hands of captors and dealers with capture in Africa until sale in America, it is unlikely that more than a fraction of 1 percent of the twelve million enslaved and relayed Africans were purchased or sold by Jewish merchants
613:
Eli Faber takes a quantitative approach to Jews, Slaves, and the Slave Trade in Britain's Atlantic empire, starting with the arrival of Sephardic Jews in the London resettlement of the 1650s, calculating their participation in the trading companies of the late seventeenth century, and then using a
33:
on Aug 14, 2010. Marokwitz wrote on talk on Aug 18: "This article is shocking - selective quoting and misinterpretation of sources in an extreme way, to the extent which I never encountered in Knowledge (XXG). Some sources were completely turned on their head to prove the absolute opposite of what
901:
Schorsch:* page 50: "Jewish slave owning remained minimal. Only with the confluence of the relative Protestant religous tolerance and the soceieconomic needs generated by overseas colonization did Jews emerge as players of note in the slave economy of western Protestant
473:
Schorsch:* page 50: "Jewish slave owning remained minimal. Only with the confluence of the relative Protestant religous tolerance and the soceieconomic needs generated by overseas colonization did Jews emerge as players of note in the slave economy of western Protestant
702:
case, Jews who participated in multiple slaving voyages ... linked themselves to Christian agents or partners. It was not as Jews, but as merchants, that traders ventured into one of the great enterprises of the early modern world." Drescher, in Ency Am. J. Hist. p. 416.
513:
case, Jews who participated in multiple slaving voyages ... linked themselves to Christian agents or partners. It was not as Jews, but as merchants, that traders ventured into one of the great enterprises of the early modern world." Drescher, in Ency Am. J. Hist. p. 416.
542:
voyages, this meant getting footholds within the new markest at the fringes of Europe, primarily in overseas enclaves. One of these new 'products' was human beings. It was here that Jews, or descendants of Jews, appeared on the rosters of Europe's slave trade".
951:
voyages, this meant getting footholds within the new markest at the fringes of Europe, primarily in overseas enclaves. One of these new 'products' was human beings. It was here that Jews, or descendants of Jews, appeared on the rosters of Europe's slave trade".
582:
Allegations that Jews had a major contribution to Atlantic slave trade were denied by David Brion Davis, who argued that Jews had no major or continuing impact on the history of New World slavery. These charges were widely refuted by other scholars, as well.
651:
Jewish participation in the Atlantic slave trade increased through the 1600s because Spain and Portugual maintained a dominant role in the Atlantic trade. Jewish participation in the trade peaked in the early 1700s, but started to decline after the
440:
Jewish participation in the Atlantic slave trade increased through the 1600s because Spain and Portugual maintained a dominant role in the Atlantic trade. Jewish participation in the trade peaked in the early 1700s, but started to decline after the
921:
New Christians were prominent in its growth…. As a loose network of trading families, they pioneered in the formation of the European-Asian-African-Amerian complex that contribted to the New World's first African based slave economies." page 416
493:
New Christians were prominent in its growth…. As a loose network of trading families, they pioneered in the formation of the European-Asian-African-Amerian complex that contribted to the New World's first African based slave economies." page 416
1009:
even once. ... At no point along the continuum of the slave trade were Jews numerous enough, rich enough, and powerful enough to affect significantly the structure and flow of the slave trade or to diminish the suffering of its African victims.
436:
Historian Seymour Drescher suggests that Jews rarely established new slave-trading routes, but rather worked in conjunction with a Christian partner, on trade routes that had been established by Christians and endorsed by Christian leaders of
165:
Jews possessed far fewer slaves than non-Jews in every British territory in North America and the Caribbean, and in no period did they play a leading role as financiers, shipowners, or factors in the transatlantic or Caribbean slave trades.
118:
since the 5th century. During the Middle ages, among the Arabs and the Europe Christians, some Jews, are alleged to be among them. In the 1490s, the Jews were expelled from Spain and Portugal, at the same time that trade with the
960:
Drescher JANCAST: p 455: "only in the Americas - momentarily in Brazil, more durably in the Caribbean - can the role of Jewish traders be described as significant." .. but elsewhere involvemnent was modest or minimal p
551:
Drescher JANCAST: p 455: "only in the Americas - momentarily in Brazil, more durably in the Caribbean - can the role of Jewish traders be described as significant." .. but elsewhere involvemnent was modest or minimal p
151:
in 1991, which asserted that Jews played a major role in the Atlantic slave trade. The book was widely criticized as anti-Semitic and led to additional scholarly research on the subject, including books such as
102:
in 1991, which asserted that Jews played a major role in the Atlantic slave trade. The book was widely criticized as anti-Semitic and led to additional scholarly research on the subject, including books such as
69:
since the 5th century. During the Middle ages, Jews traded slaves in Europe and around the Meditteranean. In the 1490s, the Jews were expelled from Spain and Portugal, at the same time that trade with the
625:
Jewish participation in the Atlantic slave trade arose as the result of a confluence of two historical events: the explusion of Jews from Spain and Portugal, and the discovery of the New World.
410:
Jewish participation in the Atlantic slave trade arose as the result of a confluence of two historical events: the explusion of Jews from Spain and Portugal, and the discovery of the New World.
794:. Reappraisals in Jewish Social and Intellectual History. William and Mary Quarterly Review of Books. Volume LVII, Number 1. by Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture. 2000
692:. Reappraisals in Jewish Social and Intellectual History. William and Mary Quarterly Review of Books. Volume LVII, Number 1. by Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture. 2000
287:. Reappraisals in Jewish Social and Intellectual History. William and Mary Quarterly Review of Books. Volume LVII, Number 1. by Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture. 2000
213:. Reappraisals in Jewish Social and Intellectual History. William and Mary Quarterly Review of Books. Volume LVII, Number 1. by Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture. 2000
659:
Jews participated in the slave trade on both sides of the Atlantic: in Holland, Spain, and Portugal on the eastern side, and in Brazil, Caribbean, and North America on the west side.
448:
Jews participated in the slave trade on both sides of the Atlantic: in Holland, Spain, and Portugal on the eastern side, and in Brazil, Caribbean, and North America on the west side.
877:
749:
242:
1161:
Jewish Pirates of the Caribbean: How a Generation of Swashbuckling Jews Carved Out an Empire in the New World in Their Quest for Treasure, Religious Freedom—and Revenge
156:
by Saul S. Friedman, which concluded that Jewish involvement in the slave trade was "minimal" and comparable to other groups of slave-traders such as the English.
107:
by Saul S. Friedman, which concluded that Jewish involvement in the slave trade was "minimal" and comparable to other groups of slave-traders such as the English.
1148:: 11 vols. (History of the Jews; 1853–75), impr. and ext. ed., Leipzig: Leiner; reprinted: 1900, reprint of the edition of last hand (1900): Berlin: arani, 1998,
843:
828:
813:
802:
731:
336:
321:
306:
295:
224:
586:
While acknowledging Jewish participation in slavery, scholars reject allegations that Jews dominated the slave trade in Medieval Europe, Africa, and/or the
580:(AHA) issued a statement, together with Drescher, condemning "any statement alleging that Jews played a disproportionate role in the Atlantic slave trade".
622:: slaves were transported from Africa to the Caribbean, sugar from there to North America or Europe, and manufactured goods from there to Africa.
990:
408:: slaves were transported from Africa to the Caribbean, sugar from there to North America or Europe, and manufactured goods from there to Africa.
143:, but otherwise was modest or minimal, and Jews had virtually no role in the slave trading of England or France. The anti Jewish organization
656:
in 1713 when England obtained the right to sell slaves in Spanish colonies, and England and France started to compete with Spain and Portugal.
445:
in 1713 when England obtained the right to sell slaves in Spanish colonies, and England and France started to compete with Spain and Portugal.
404:. The Atlantic slave trade transfered African slaves from Africa to colonies in the New World. Much of the slave trade followed a
1153:
162:(AHA) issued a statement condemning "any statement alleging that Jews played a disproportionate role in the Atlantic slave trade".
618:
The Atlantic slave trade transfered African slaves from Africa to colonies in the New World. Much of the slave trade followed a
889:
595:
577:
185:
159:
662:
Outside of Brazil, Rhode Island, Suriname, and the Caribbean, Jewish participation was generally considered modest or minimal.
451:
Outside of Brazil, Rhode Island, Suriname, and the Caribbean, Jewish participation was generally considered modest or minimal.
780:
273:
827:, ed. Abraham J. Karp (Waltham, Massachusetts: American Jewish Historical Society, 1969), Vol. 3, pp. 197-198 (cited in
648:
Jewish population centers arose in Holland, Brazil, and Suriname, and these centers played a role in the slave trade.
320:, ed. Abraham J. Karp (Waltham, Massachusetts: American Jewish Historical Society, 1969), Vol. 3, pp. 197-198 (cited in
433:
Jewish population centers arose in Holland, Brazil, and Suriname, and these centers played a role in the slave trade.
1107:
1029:
Austen, Ralph A., "The Uncomfortable Relationship: African Enslavement in the Common History of Blacks and Jews", in
94:, but otherwise was modest or minimal, and Jews had virtually no role in the slave trading of England or France. The
842:, ed. Abraham J. Karp (Waltham, Massachusetts: American Jewish Historical Society, 1969), Vol. 3, p. 180. (cited in
335:, ed. Abraham J. Karp (Waltham, Massachusetts: American Jewish Historical Society, 1969), Vol. 3, p. 180. (cited in
26:
1045:
Jew on the brain: A public refutation of the Nation of Islam's The Secret relationship between Blacks and Jews
857:
350:
1052:
1038:
A study of Brazilian Jewish history 1623-1654: based chiefly upon the findings of the late Samuel Oppenheim
1067:
1057:
Ministry of Lies: The Truth Behind the Nation of Islam's "the Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews"
978:
565:
393:
124:
75:
861:
354:
1149:
1073:
776:
269:
1103:
1093:
1083:
653:
619:
561:
442:
405:
186:
http://search.nizkor.org/ftp.cgi/ftp.py?orgs/american/wiesenthal.center/web/historical-facts
1141:
1019:
750:
Reviewed Work: Jews, Slaves, and the Slave Trade: Setting the Record Straight by Eli Faber
629:
414:
243:
Reviewed Work: Jews, Slaves, and the Slave Trade: Setting the Record Straight by Eli Faber
144:
95:
17:
1131:
771:"Nor were Jews prominent in the slave trade." - Marvin Perry, Frederick M. Schweitzer:
264:"Nor were Jews prominent in the slave trade." - Marvin Perry, Frederick M. Schweitzer:
123:
was opening up, leading to their participation in Atlantic trading in general, and the
74:
was opening up, leading to their participation in Atlantic trading in general, and the
1064:
Jew-Hatred As History: An Analysis of the Nation of Islam's "The Secret Relationship"
642:
427:
1088:
Strangers & neighbors: relations between Blacks & Jews in the United States
1031:
Strangers & neighbors: relations between Blacks & Jews in the United States
858:
Anti-Semitism. Farrakhan In His Own Words. On Jewish Involvement in the Slave Trade
351:
Anti-Semitism. Farrakhan In His Own Words. On Jewish Involvement in the Slave Trade
140:
91:
787:
685:
634:
419:
280:
206:
115:
66:
1049:
Farrakhan's Reign of Historical Error: The Truth behind The Secret Relationship
844:
Shofar FTP Archive File: orgs/american/wiesenthal.center//web/historical-facts
829:
Shofar FTP Archive File: orgs/american/wiesenthal.center//web/historical-facts
814:
Shofar FTP Archive File: orgs/american/wiesenthal.center//web/historical-facts
803:
Shofar FTP Archive File: orgs/american/wiesenthal.center//web/historical-facts
337:
Shofar FTP Archive File: orgs/american/wiesenthal.center//web/historical-facts
322:
Shofar FTP Archive File: orgs/american/wiesenthal.center//web/historical-facts
307:
Shofar FTP Archive File: orgs/american/wiesenthal.center//web/historical-facts
296:
Shofar FTP Archive File: orgs/american/wiesenthal.center//web/historical-facts
638:
423:
120:
78:
in particular. Jewish participation in the slave trade was significant in
71:
986:
587:
573:
401:
171:
136:
87:
1090:, Maurianne Adams (Ed.), Univ of Massachusetts Press, 1999, pp 105–115.
1033:, Maurianne Adams (Ed.), Univ of Massachusetts Press, 1999, pp 131–135.
812:(Detroit: Wayne State Univ. Press, 1970), Vol. 2, pp. 702-703 (cited in
305:(Detroit: Wayne State Univ. Press, 1970), Vol. 2, pp. 702-703 (cited in
132:
83:
34:
the author intended. ..." Marokwitz (talk) 11:42, 18 August 2010 (UTC)
982:
569:
397:
128:
110:
Anti Jewish propagandists have tried to exaggerate the role of a few
79:
158:
In 1995, in an action unprecedented in it's 111 years history, the
1146:
Geschichte der Juden von den ältesten Zeiten bis auf die Gegenwart
127:
in particular. Jewish participation in the slave trade was in
111:
62:
790:
Jews, Slaves, and the Slave Trade: Setting the Record Straight.
688:
Jews, Slaves, and the Slave Trade: Setting the Record Straight.
283:
Jews, Slaves, and the Slave Trade: Setting the Record Straight.
209:
Jews, Slaves, and the Slave Trade: Setting the Record Straight.
1119:
Jews, Slaves, and the Slave Trade: Setting the Record Straight
882:
Jews, Slaves, and the Slave Trade: Setting the Record Straight
865:
601:
Jews, Slaves, and the Slave Trade: Setting the Record Straight
358:
768:
Refutations of charges of Jewish prominence in slave trade:
261:
Refutations of charges of Jewish prominence in slave trade:
1175:
Jews and Judaism in the United States a Documentary History
1112:
The Jews and the Expansion of Europe to the West, 1400-1800
1047:(self-published), 1992. Later re-named and re-published as
1086:, "The Role of Jews in the Transatlantic Salve Trade", in
720:
Encyclopedia of American Jewish history, Volume 1, pp. 199
196:
Encyclopedia of American Jewish history, Volume 1, pp. 199
773:
Antisemitism: Myth and Hate from Antiquity to the Present
266:
Antisemitism: Myth and Hate from Antiquity to the Present
977:
Noleander begins: "Jews played significant roles in the
385:
380:
55:
50:
38:
30:
1108:"Jews and New Christians in the Atlantic Slave Trade"
801:(New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1984), p.89 (cited in
294:(New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1984), p.89 (cited in
836:Jews and Negro Slavery in the Old South, 1789-1865
821:Jews and Negro Slavery in the Old South, 1789-1865
329:Jews and Negro Slavery in the Old South, 1789-1865
314:Jews and Negro Slavery in the Old South, 1789-1865
1098:Encyclopedia of American Jewish history, Volume 1
1168:The Secret relationship between Blacks and Jews
1001:limited to have made an appreciable difference.
532:the asiento at the Peace of Utrecht in 1713".
37:Marokwitz proceeded to try to fix the article.
941:the asiento at the Peace of Utrecht in 1713".
764:
762:
684:Wim Klooster (University of Southern Maine):
257:
255:
205:Wim Klooster (University of Southern Maine):
8:
1100:, Stephen Harlan (Ed.), 1994, page 414-416.
745:
743:
1177:(New York: Behrman House, Inc., Pub, 1983).
1114:, Paolo Bernardini (Ed.), 2004, p 439-484.
238:
236:
149:The Secret Relation between Blacks and Jews
100:The Secret Relation between Blacks and Jews
736:, New York: Oxford Univ. Press, p. 89
229:, New York: Oxford Univ. Press, p. 89
1189:Jews and blacks in the early modern world
1096:, (EAJH) "Jews and the Slave trade", in
1059:(published by Four Walls, Eight Windows).
1156:. English translation by Philipp Bloch.
668:
630:expelled many of their Jewish residents
457:
415:expelled many of their Jewish residents
178:
862:Nation of Islam. Jew-Hatred as History
756:, Vol. 17, No. 1/2 (2002), pp. 125-128
355:Nation of Islam. Jew-Hatred as History
249:, Vol. 17, No. 1/2 (2002), pp. 125-128
635:pretending to convert to Christianity
420:pretending to convert to Christianity
392:Jews played significant roles in the
114:in the overall Islamic and Christian
7:
1191:, Cambridge University Press, 2004.
1136:Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics
1121:, New York University Press, 1998.
1055:). Expanded into a book in 1994:
1198:, Columbia University Press, 1960.
24:
1126:Jews and the American Slave Trade
1076:, "Jews in the Slave Trade", in
886:Jews and the American Slave Trade
633:remained in Spain and Portugual,
605:Jews and the American Slave Trade
418:remained in Spain and Portugual,
154:Jews and the American Slave Trade
105:Jews and the American Slave Trade
840:The Jewish Experience in America
825:The Jewish Experience in America
333:The Jewish Experience in America
318:The Jewish Experience in America
51:Noleander's lead on Aug 14, 2010
890:The Journal of American History
596:The Journal of American History
578:American Historical Association
160:American Historical Association
1024:Jewish life in the middle ages
973:First sentence of this section
29:was created by Noleander with
1:
386:Marokwitz's section on Aug 18
381:Noleander's section on Aug 14
775:. Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.
373:Atlantic slave trade section
268:. Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.
1163:, Random House, Inc., 2009.
996:Drescher writes on p. 455:
892:Vol 86. No. 3 December 1999
754:Journal of Law and Religion
730:Davis, David Brion (1984),
564:, Jews participated in the
247:Journal of Law and Religion
223:Davis, David Brion (1984),
170:Europe, Africa, and/or the
1213:
799:Slavery and Human Progress
733:Slavery and Human Progress
675:Drescher: JANCAST: p 455:
464:Drescher: JANCAST: p 455:
292:Slavery and Human Progress
226:Slavery and Human Progress
56:Marokwitz's lead on Aug 18
1182:A history of the marranos
1026:, The Macmillan Co., 1919
810:The Colonial American Jew
628:After Spain and Portugal
593:According to a review in
413:After Spain and Portugal
303:The Colonial American Jew
65:have participated in the
27:Jews and the slave trade
1196:Jews in colonial Brazil
1184:, Meridian Books, 1959.
1170:, Nation of Islam, 1991
1053:Simon Wiesenthal Center
1080:(Fall 1 992) pp 42–45.
1068:Anti Defamation League
1011:
616:
998:
888:by Saul S. Friedman
611:
1187:Schorsch, Jonathan,
1128:, Transaction, 1999.
1124:Friedman, Saul S.
979:Atlantic slave trade
607:by Saul S. Friedman:
566:Atlantic slave trade
394:Atlantic slave trade
125:Atlantic slave trade
76:Atlantic slave trade
1194:Wiznitzer, Arnold,
1173:Raphael, Marc Lee,
1036:Bloom, Herbert I.,
752:by Paul Finkelman.
711:Drescher, p 107-108
522:Drescher, p 107-108
245:by Paul Finkelman.
1159:Kritzler, Edwards
1138:, Scribners, 1910.
1074:Davis, David Brion
1066:(published by the
1051:(published by the
1043:Brackman, Harold,
981:, particularly in
568:, particularly in
396:, particularly in
1166:Nation of Islam,
1104:Drescher, Seymour
1094:Drescher, Seymour
1084:Drescher, Seymour
970:
969:
884:by Eli Faber and
868:December 31, 2001
603:by Eli Faber and
370:
369:
361:December 31, 2001
1204:
1142:Graetz, Heinrich
1020:Abrahams, Israel
991:Drescher, p. 455
962:
958:
952:
948:
942:
938:
932:
928:
922:
918:
912:
909:
903:
899:
893:
875:
869:
855:
849:
766:
757:
747:
738:
737:
727:
721:
718:
712:
709:
703:
699:
693:
682:
676:
673:
654:Peace of Utrecht
620:triangular route
562:Seymour Drescher
553:
549:
543:
539:
533:
529:
523:
520:
514:
510:
504:
500:
494:
490:
484:
481:
475:
471:
465:
462:
443:Peace of Utrecht
406:triangular route
377:
376:
362:
348:
342:
259:
250:
240:
231:
230:
220:
214:
203:
197:
194:
188:
183:
47:
46:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1132:Hastings, James
1016:
975:
966:
965:
959:
955:
949:
945:
939:
935:
929:
925:
919:
915:
910:
906:
900:
896:
876:
872:
856:
852:
767:
760:
748:
741:
729:
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724:
719:
715:
710:
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700:
696:
683:
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674:
670:
557:
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540:
536:
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521:
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511:
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472:
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459:
375:
366:
365:
349:
345:
260:
253:
241:
234:
222:
221:
217:
204:
200:
195:
191:
184:
180:
145:Nation of Islam
96:Nation of Islam
45:
22:
21:
20:
18:User:SlimVirgin
12:
11:
5:
1210:
1208:
1200:
1199:
1192:
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1178:
1171:
1164:
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1129:
1122:
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1091:
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870:
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847:
832:
817:
806:
795:
784:
758:
739:
722:
713:
704:
694:
677:
667:
666:
643:New Christians
558:
555:
554:
544:
534:
524:
515:
505:
495:
485:
476:
466:
456:
455:
428:New Christians
389:
388:
383:
374:
371:
368:
367:
364:
363:
343:
341:
340:
325:
310:
299:
288:
277:
251:
232:
215:
198:
189:
177:
176:
108:
59:
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53:
44:
41:
23:
15:
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13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1209:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1183:
1180:Roth, Cecil,
1179:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1154:3-7605-8673-2
1151:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1123:
1120:
1117:Faber, Eli,
1116:
1113:
1109:
1106:, (JANCAST)
1105:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1062:Caplan, Marc
1061:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1002:
997:
994:
992:
988:
984:
980:
972:
957:
954:
947:
944:
937:
934:
927:
924:
917:
914:
911:Austen, p 134
908:
905:
898:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
874:
871:
867:
863:
859:
854:
851:
845:
841:
837:
833:
830:
826:
822:
818:
815:
811:
807:
804:
800:
796:
793:
791:
785:
782:
778:
774:
770:
769:
765:
763:
759:
755:
751:
746:
744:
740:
735:
734:
726:
723:
717:
714:
708:
705:
698:
695:
691:
689:
681:
678:
672:
669:
665:
663:
660:
657:
655:
649:
646:
644:
640:
636:
631:
626:
623:
621:
615:
610:
608:
606:
602:
598:
597:
591:
589:
584:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
560:According to
559:
548:
545:
538:
535:
528:
525:
519:
516:
509:
506:
499:
496:
489:
486:
483:Austen, p 134
480:
477:
470:
467:
461:
458:
454:
452:
449:
446:
444:
438:
434:
431:
429:
425:
421:
416:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
390:
387:
384:
382:
379:
378:
372:
360:
356:
352:
347:
344:
338:
334:
330:
326:
323:
319:
315:
311:
308:
304:
300:
297:
293:
289:
286:
284:
278:
275:
271:
267:
263:
262:
258:
256:
252:
248:
244:
239:
237:
233:
228:
227:
219:
216:
212:
210:
202:
199:
193:
190:
187:
182:
179:
175:
173:
167:
163:
161:
155:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
117:
113:
109:
106:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
68:
64:
61:
60:
57:
54:
52:
49:
48:
42:
40:
39:
35:
32:
28:
19:
1195:
1188:
1181:
1174:
1167:
1160:
1145:
1135:
1125:
1118:
1111:
1097:
1087:
1078:Culturefront
1077:
1063:
1056:
1048:
1044:
1037:
1030:
1023:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
976:
956:
946:
936:
926:
916:
907:
897:
885:
881:
873:
853:
839:
835:
824:
820:
809:
798:
792:By Eli Faber
789:
772:
753:
732:
725:
716:
707:
697:
690:By Eli Faber
687:
680:
671:
664:
661:
658:
650:
647:
637:, living as
627:
624:
617:
612:
609:
604:
600:
594:
592:
585:
581:
547:
537:
527:
518:
508:
498:
488:
479:
469:
460:
453:
450:
447:
439:
435:
432:
422:, living as
412:
409:
346:
332:
328:
317:
313:
302:
291:
285:By Eli Faber
282:
265:
246:
225:
218:
211:By Eli Faber
208:
201:
192:
181:
168:
164:
157:
153:
148:
141:Rhode Island
104:
99:
92:Rhode Island
36:
31:this version
25:
989:." Source:
878:Book Review
116:slave trade
67:slave trade
1014:References
788:Review of
781:0312165617
686:Review of
281:Review of
274:0312165617
207:Review of
147:published
98:published
902:nations".
639:Conversos
474:nations".
424:Conversos
121:New World
72:New World
1070:), 1993.
987:Suriname
588:Americas
574:Suriname
437:nations.
402:Suriname
172:Americas
137:Suriname
88:Suriname
1040:, 1934.
783:. p.245
276:. p.245
133:Curacao
84:Curacao
1152:
983:Brazil
779:
570:Brazil
398:Brazil
272:
139:, and
129:Brazil
90:, and
80:Brazil
1110:, in
838:, in
823:, in
331:, in
316:, in
16:<
1150:ISBN
985:and
961:455.
860:and
777:ISBN
572:and
552:455.
400:and
353:and
270:ISBN
112:Jews
63:Jews
43:Lead
880:of
866:ADL
641:or
599:of
426:or
359:ADL
1144:,
1134:,
1022:,
993:.
864:.
761:^
742:^
357:.
254:^
235:^
174:.
135:,
131:,
86:,
82:,
846:)
831:)
816:)
805:)
645:.
590:.
430:.
339:)
324:)
309:)
298:)
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