716:
When news or social media follow a political ideology that matches or supports the viewer's preexisting biases, beliefs, ideology, or political party. Even when the audience has the option to go to other news or social media outlets, they might stay with what they are more comfortable with instead of
500:
It is very common for extremist and false conspiracy theories to be set in a manner to denounce someone whom believers of the theory already despise, or to use conjecture in a way that can make sense regardless of whether any evidence exists or not. Many theorists simply want to believe that they are
467:
An oversimplistic statement that rejects relatively complex opposing arguments or counter-arguments simply by claiming that the simpler argument automatically is the correct one. This is common among conspiracy theories since the fictitious or absurd argument is easier to understand regardless of how
480:
The philosophical principle created by
William of Ockham states that if two different theories exist to explain the same phenomenon, then the simpler theory or the one with fewer assumptions should be preferred. This is assuming that the assumptions have at least some valid scientific understanding
311:
It is hypocritical for this anti-capitalist to be using a phone, something provided to them as a result of a capitalist market, to denounce capitalism. However, their argument that capitalism causes inequality and that inequality is an issue can still be a valid argument that should not be entirely
300:
While it is true that manipulative hypocrites exist, nobody is perfect. Assuming that someone has been wrong or hypocritical multiple times doesn't mean that it's the case every time. It does negatively impact their credibility, but this isn't the same as having everything they say to be absolutely
1004:
While the USA does have both a high rate of crime and high rate of videogame players, there is evidence to reject the idea that crime is created by videogames; high crime exists in undeveloped nations with few videogame players & nations like Japan and South Korea have low crime despite being
471:
This phrase is a common creationist argument that tries to shut down any and all talk about evolution by oversimplifying evolution theory to such a small and simplistic sentence that it is laughably irrational, not mentioning the complex details necessary to explain the evolutionary relationship
53:
The opinion of authority figures is not automatically valid, especially on debatable topics or topics that the authority figure is not experienced in. Authority figures are expected to have the intelligence, wisdom, and knowledge to exert their authority; however, this is not always the case for
512:
Lyndon B. Johnson is often cited by conspiracy theorists as the true mastermind behind the JFK Assassination since it was the event that allowed him to become president of the USA. While this can make sense (because LBJ did benefit from the event), the evidence of this theory is lacking. It's
508:
The USA 2020 election has many conspiracy theories insinuating that Biden rigged the election, but many of these theories are created by and believed by those who already oppose Biden. These same theories justify themselves by claiming that the lack of evidence is confirmation of an effective
255:
A strawman is a fake person that is artificially created with whatever traits the creator wants or who said something that the creator wanted them to say, and then the creator of the strawman can assault it without repercussions since it is not the real person. However, since the strawman can
138:
The opening of
Timurid's tomb at Gur-e-Amir caused the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union. There is no scientific evidence linking the events other than assuming that magic was involved and citing the date and the exhumation was done by a Soviet anthropologist. By that logic, many other random
799:
If the person cited is not involved in the court or case or cannot be summoned to testify, then it would classify as an unsworn statement (where the statement cannot be punished for perjury if false). Courts don't want to rely on statements made without clarification, as it could lead to
227:
This insinuates that
Christians were uniquely radical and brutal and doesn't debate that; instead, the question asks why The Crusades started out brutal but intensified. It paints The Crusades and Christians as being only brutal and violent and doesn't offer the option to debate that
782:
Public speech that expresses hate or encourages violence towards a person or group based on something such as (but not limited to) race, religion, sex, or sexual orientation. This can include false accusations and conspiracy theories that attempt to dehumanize the targeted group.
115:
If we ban fully automatic firearms, then there will also be a ban on all guns, which would require a ban on the 2nd
Amendment, which would require a ban on American liberty. So we cannot allow any restrictions on firearms, unless we want our nation to become a new Nazi
773:
A rumor that technically does not mention the actions in full detail or doesn't mention the individual. Some Blind Items do hint at what or who is being discussed, but doesn't go all in on the rumor either because they lack evidence or to avoid legal retaliation.
666:
Something that is desperately getting attention using extreme or deceptive tactics. This is commonly done with advertisements, entertainment, or news articles that overexaggerate in order to get attention (even when they make their audience upset as a result).
419:
Arguing that something is true because it has not been proven to be false (or vise versa), at least to the person arguing. If the person is ignorant to a better solution, even if they admit their ignorance, they will still call their main argument to be valid.
975:
When a pre-determined punishment is sentenced against a crime, regardless of the severity or context of the infraction. This is intended to eliminate discretion, favoritism, and discrimination in order to maximize deterrence (including with excessive force).
803:
Generally prohibited in court with some exceptions. When allowed, is generally viewed as weak evidence, even if perjury doesn't exist or cannot be proven. It is still possible to win a case on heresy alone, but such cases are rare and normally controversial.
938:
When a threatened defendant commits a crime because not committing a crime risked being harmed. This is commonly seen in bullying victims, but can be any scenario where someone who abuses their high status or power towards those they see as inferior.
537:
You start out in 1954 by saying, "N-----, N-----, N-----." By 1968, you can't say "N-----" – that hurts you. Backfires. So you say stuff like forced busing, states' rights and all that stuff. - Lee
Atwater describing Richard Nixon's Southern
625:
Committing to or claiming to commit to a political viewpoint or policy that you might not actually be interested in or that you know is hollow or pointless in order to get more support or to align with the philosophy of your own faction.
161:
When someone is looking at a small fraction of something and assuming that most or all of that thing is similar to or exactly the same as the small part. In other words: a trait applying to a small part is assumed to apply to all of it.
119:
If we legalize automatic firearms, then we will eventually legalize explosives, which would legalize nuclear weapons, which would result in nuclear terrorism. So we cannot allow any new expansion of gun rights, unless we want to destroy
675:
Claiming that you can provide your customers or audience with something that you most likely or certainly cannot guarantee. Originates from real historical practices of conmen selling exotic supposedly magical items, like snake oil.
263:
Assuming that someone who advocates for gun safety reform is advocating Nazism because Nazis did historically crackdown on gun ownership. This is completely ignoring the actual reasoning of the advocate by comparing it to something
827:
When a witness or declarant makes an intentionally false statement while under oath (both in court or to an officer of the law). A court normally needs to confirm, with facts, that perjury was committed beyond a reasonable doubt.
818:
Legal cases relying on or resolving primarily or exclusively because of conjecture have been highly controversial since it is such weak evidence, which is why there are strict rules on how they can be applied in court.
361:
During the 19th century, it was common for pro-slavery advocates to argue that slavery was necessary to civilize those who become enslaved, and not doing so would leave these people to remain as poverty stricken
630:
Barack Obama in the 2000s publicly opposed gay marriage multiple times, but his presidential administration became responsible for passing various laws legalizing gay practices or supporting the gay community.
389:
Implying or stating that two different things are equivalent to each other even when they are not, even if they do actually share one or a few traits; this is like saying apples and oranges are the same.
557:
Several Tim Curry characters like Frank from Rock Horror
Picture Show or Hexxus have been accused of being queerbaiting. Like many other examples, there is no definitive evidence to confirm or deny this.
513:
assuming that someone who is benefiting from a tragedy must have conducted the tragedy when the reality is that people indirectly or effortlessly benefit from unpredictable or random events all the time.
267:
Assuming that whoever advocates against assault rifle bans is also ignoring gun violence. It is still possible for this advocate to want other kinds of gun or crime reforms, but this insinuation assumes
231:
A better way to format this question is to ask: "were The
Crusades relatively brutal for the time period; did the Christians support or oppose this brutality; and how did The Crusades progress overtime?"
1008:
Ice cream sales and homicide rates are high in the summer and cold in the winter. This doesn't mean ice cream creates homicides, but that the warmth of the climate coincidentally affects both metrics.
967:
The concept that a crime was committed because the defendant was ignorant of a law (or the details of that law) is not a legal excuse to dismiss the charges. Being oblivious is not a legal defense.
609:
This originates from the novel 1984, where the totalitarian government alters the
English language to make it harder for its citizens to comprehend or communicate negative anti-government thoughts.
913:
When a defendant argues that they committed a crime because someone with legal authority (like a lawyer or law enforcement) incorrectly told them that the aforementioned action was not a crime.
239:
This is essentially asking "Did you take that cookie" and "Why?", but it skips over the former question to immediately insinuate that the answer is 'yes' in order to proceed with the accusation.
481:
of the topic. Occam's Razor doesn't actually decide which of the two competing theories are true, since it is aware that both theories have at least some level of assumptions and speculations.
562:
Space Jews: Inhuman characters, animals, or monsters that embody stereotypical aspects of real-world groups. The
Phantom Menace has been accused of doing this with many of its new characters.
57:
This also applies to celebrities or famous individuals, including those of the past. Authority figures can still have their own biases, especially those who did not live in the present day.
852:
This can also classify if a defendant refuses to follow the judge's instructions to sign a deed or legal order. The defendant can defend their defiance by challenging the judge's decision.
489:
A psychological conflict where someone has to choose between two opposing viewpoints or beliefs. This can be resolved by choosing facts instead of bias, but the opposite is also an option.
65:
Assuming that an argument is accurate because it is from a group that is assumed to be righteous or pure, and that critics of the argument should be dismissed for being unjust or indecent.
942:
There are some controversies and limitations to this defense, most noticeably with war criminals arguing that they would be punished by their superiors if they didn't follow their orders.
807:
Defendant statements are non-heresy, even if the defendant doesn't testify in response to it (including when they Plead The Fifth). The jury determines legitimacy and witness credibility.
757:
An act committed with the intent of disguising the actual source of responsibility and pinning blame on another party. Can be used to justify attacking the person or thing being targeted.
214:
Since questions are expected to be answered, the person responding to the question is expected to accept the assumption within the loaded question; it baits with the assumption of guilt.
202:
Someone stating that muggings are rampant in their town because they were a victim of a mugging. This doesn't provide an objective statistic beyond confirming that a single case occurred.
905:
Example: If someone doesn't pay for a shirt because the cashier didn't properly scan the shirt, then it was a mistake made; it's not theft as there was no dishonesty or criminal intent.
986:
The concept is that a crime was committed because the defendant was provoked into doing so. A common example is someone who violently lashes out against someone who is annoying them.
75:
Assuming that a protester is being traitorous or is not protesting correctly and thus should be dismissed. This includes several protest movements like flag burners or anthem kneeling.
997:
The argument is that two similar statistical results are not necessarily related to each other. This could be based on coincidences or other factors that don't tie the two together.
108:
Insinuating that if A would happen, then B would happen, meaning that we should make certain that A never happens in order to prevent B. Normally, B would be a worse-case scenario.
72:
Assuming that groups traditionally viewed as righteous (clerics, police, superheroes, firefighters) are automatically more valid or more accurate than other groups or their critics.
571:
Attempting to dehumanize a person or group before they attempt to speak out so that when they do get that chance to speak, their audience is already motivated to not trust them.
863:
When a defendant (normally with wealth, criminal connections, or political influence) attempts to pressure witnesses with bribes or threats in order to get a favorable verdict.
346:
Attempting to create support for an idea by creating fear, including implying or stating that not supporting that idea or finding an alternative would be dangerous or harmful.
199:
Stating that the assassination of Shinzo Abe is proof that Japan has rampant gun violence; the fact is that Japan has some of the lowest gun crimes and violence in the world.
741:
An attempt to use propaganda to dehumanize a political opponent to increase your own chances of success. This is commonly within democracy elections, but not exclusively.
89:
This is to force or coerce people into choosing one of the two extremes and is normally set up so that the extreme that is more favorable matches the views of the arguer.
501:
right or that they made a revolutionary achievement that would somehow bring justice to the world, and when their wishes are not fulfilled they might further lash out.
657:
Using
Fascism to describe a government that is cartoonishly evil and tyrannical, without even acknowledging or knowing the actual philosophy or history of Fascism.
547:
Hinting at but not directly depicting a specific group in a negative manner. This is frequently done in media and entertainment, but can also be done politically.
32:
This is less about confirming authenticity and more about assuming if the statement or argument is even valid based on the professionalism or bias of the source.
633:
Napoleon's support of French Republicanism was reversed when he overthrew France and attempted to establish a new defacto monarchy in France and other countries.
725:
The act of communicating to a third party false statements about a person (Character Assassination), place, or thing that results in damage to its reputation.
153:
It is quite common for humans to overgeneralize topics to make them easier to understand. However, this kind of generalization is also useful for propaganda.
839:
286:
The assumption that Claudius' attempts to integrate recently annexed regions into Roman citizenship should have been dismissed due to Claudius' poor health.
650:
Using words based on their cultural reception rather than their actual meaning, normally out of ignorance or to provoke emotion from a general audience.
86:
Assuming that what you arguing must have an answer that is either absolutely yes or absolutely no; there is no neutral, moderate, or centralist answer.
708:
A normally deceptive political act to make one look more appealing to potential supporters, regardless of if the act has any merit or commitment.
400:
Implying that a sports team denying a player is a form of discrimination identical to what is seen in voter suppression, police brutality, ect...
902:
A defendant can be not guilty of a crime if they were oblivious to the fact that they committed a crime but they are not oblivious to the law.
411:
When someone states that something is untrue simply because they do not know what it is or because it is difficult for them to understand.
397:
Implying that protests, riots, coup riots, and revolts are similar or identical since they each involve crowds engaged in public discourse.
165:
This can be a form of cherrypicking as it glorifies or denounces specific traits so that the audience is oblivious to the general picture.
451:
Saying that a poorly made claim or argument should be rejected due to its imperfection, regardless of if there is still some merit to it.
373:
Arguing that something that contradicts tradition must be rejected or that anything ingrained in tradition is always the better option.
530:
The use of coded or suggestive language in political messaging to garner support from a particular group without provoking opposition.
522:
When someone does an action because they are motivated to do so, instead of doing something because it would logically benefit them.
428:
When a question/argument has the "answer"/conclusion included in the premise in order to convince others to accept that conclusion.
131:
Assuming that two things are directly related to each other without evidence suggesting that. Assuming that a coincidence is proof.
796:
Hersey is testimony when someone claims that another person said or wrote something, without having the evidence to back it up.
325:
Assuming that popular ideas are automatically better than ideas that are unpopular (including taboos or controversial actions).
840:
https://www.colorado-violent-assault-crimes-criminal-lawyer.com/wp-content/uploads/COLORADO-LEVELS-OF-BURDENS-OF-PROOF.jpg
961:
916:
497:
When someone accepts information as fact because of their bias, even without confirming if the information is factual.
381:
Assuming that something that is natural is the better option compared to something artificial. Nature good; man bad.
855:
Maximum Sentence: 6 months in jail or $ 1,000 fine. Can also be jailed until the defendant complies with the order.
922:
29:
Supporting or opposing a statement or argument primarily or exclusively based on the source of the argument.
765:
A circulating story that normally lacks evidence. Can be eye-catching, which causes it to snowball rapidly.
308:
Someone texts on their phone "Capitalism is bad because it can cause rampant inequality if left unchecked".
39:
Ignoring everything from CNN or Fox News since they have shown bias and have been caught lying in the past.
895:
21:
If logic uses facts to reach conclusions, then a logical fallacy distorts facts or has flawed arguments.
815:
An idea or notion founded on probability, but lacking any physical evidence to confirm if it happened.
189:
Assuming that your personal experience or an isolated incident is proof that substitutes an argument.
891:
When a political leader is entirely or mostly immune from prosecution, normally with some exceptions.
224:
We know that The Crusades were radical and brutal. What made the Christians escalate that brutality?
684:
Someone using a false identity in order to get attention. Frequently done for trolling or scamming.
616:
A company announces that it is downsizing instead of announcing that it is enacting massive layoffs.
980:
692:
Making a shocking or eye-catching announcement in order to distract the public from a controversy.
297:
Assuming that someone who is inconsistent or hypocritical is automatically wrong about everything.
554:
Queerbaiting: A negative or villainous character with queer stereotypes but not officially queer.
885:
875:
256:
resemble a real person, it can damage that person's reputation by being a dehumanized imitation.
178:
Assuming that there is a shark infestation because one beach had two shark attacks within 1 year.
717:
hearing different and opposing views. This can lead to partisan intolerance and obliviousness.
642:
Using political propaganda, fraud, or deceitful unscrupulous methods for profit or gains.
459:
When the argument is challenged, the person uses a (or another) fallacy to compensate.
252:
Rewording, rewriting, or altering the argument of another to make it easier to attack.
279:
Attacking your opponent's character, even if you are not challenging their argument.
989:
While rarely an excuse to dismiss all charges, it can justify a reduced sentencing.
917:
https://www.sdtriallaw.com/blog/2018/12/understanding-the-advice-of-counsel-defense/
50:
Using the opinion/position of an authority figure to substitute an actual argument.
509:
coverup, despite this still being weak conjecture that still got rejected legally.
175:
Assuming that high crime in a city means that the entire nation has high crime.
946:
578:"Before you listen to my opponent, may I remind you that he has been in jail"
150:
An overgeneralization of something based on a small or poor sample/evidence.
100:
Arguing that the best answer is one that is in the middle of two extremes.
92:
Realistically, it is common for more than two options or answers to exist.
333:
Ignoring the original argument/criticism with another argument/criticism.
932:
172:
Assuming that a kingdom is wealthy because the royal palaces are wealthy.
606:
Watering down the intensity of a word to prevent backlash or criticism.
928:
When a defendant commits a crime to protect themself or someone else.
749:
A hostile accusation with little or no actual evidence backing it up.
700:
When someone over-exaggerates facts to validate their own opinion.
881:
When a sovereign (monarch) or a state is immune from prosecution.
354:
To convince someone to support or oppose something out of pity.
849:
When the court punishes bad behavior during a court case.
733:
Creating something that didn't exist before or is a lie.
438:
This ignores why the violence is occurring to begin with.
217:
It can be perceived as having two questions in one.
192:
It favors potential outliers over general evidence.
1005:famous for their high rate of videogame players.
211:Asking a question that has an assumption in it.
587:Substituting a word to make it more appealing.
8:
462:
435:You can stop violence by not being violent.
139:coincidences could be used as proof as well.
463:You Can't Get Snakes from Chicken Eggs
831:Maximum sentence: 5 years in prison.
7:
993:Correlation Does Not Imply Causation
952:When law enforcement uses coercion.
621:Political Posturing (Grandstanding)
82:Either-Or Fallacy (Black-And-White)
859:Witness Tampering and Intimidation
671:Snake Oil Salesman (False Promise)
14:
594:Contraceptives = Family Planning
415:Argument From Ignorance Fallacy
236:Why did you take that cookie?
1:
962:Ignorantia juris non excusat
866:Maximum Sentence: 20 Years.
424:Begging The Question Fallacy
407:Personal Incredulity Fallacy
146:Hasty Generalization Fallacy
1025:
472:between snakes and birds.
46:Faulty Appeal to Authority
835:Beyond A Reasonable Doubt
597:Pro-Abortion = Pro-Choice
385:False Equivalence Fallacy
923:Necessity (criminal law)
455:Special Pleading Fallacy
61:No True Scotsman Fallacy
896:Mistake (criminal_law)
870:Legal Defenses (Valid)
104:Slippery Slope Fallacy
956:Legal Defenses (Poor)
475:
157:Part-To-Whole Fallacy
96:Middle Ground Fallacy
485:Cognitive Dissonance
468:unscientific it is.
981:Provocation (legal)
800:misinterpretation.
369:Appeal To Tradition
127:False Cause Fallacy
898:or Mistake of Fact
886:Qualified Immunity
876:Sovereign Immunity
638:Political Hustling
567:Poisoning the Well
275:Ad Hominem Fallacy
909:Advise of Counsel
845:Contempt of Court
787:Legal/Court Terms
518:Motivational Bias
493:Confirmation Bias
337:Appeal To Fallacy
321:Bandwagon Fallacy
293:Tu Quoque Fallacy
185:Anecdotal Fallacy
17:Logical Fallacies
1016:
761:Rumor and Gossip
745:False Accusation
377:Appeal To Nature
248:Strawman Fallacy
54:every scenario.
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430:
429:
423:
421:
414:
412:
406:
399:
396:
395:
393:
392:
391:
384:
382:
376:
374:
368:
360:
359:
357:
356:
355:
349:
347:
341:
336:
334:
328:
326:
320:
310:
309:
307:
306:
304:
303:
302:
298:
292:
285:
284:
282:
281:
280:
274:
266:
262:
261:
259:
258:
257:
253:
247:
238:
237:
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226:
225:
223:
222:
220:
219:
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212:
206:
201:
198:
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184:
177:
174:
171:
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168:
167:
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156:
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145:
137:
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134:
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126:
118:
114:
113:
111:
110:
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103:
101:
95:
93:
90:
87:
81:
74:
71:
70:
68:
67:
66:
60:
58:
55:
51:
45:
38:
37:
35:
34:
33:
30:
24:
22:
16:
996:
988:
985:
974:
966:
951:
941:
937:
927:
915:
912:
904:
901:
890:
880:
865:
862:
854:
851:
848:
838:
830:
826:
817:
814:
806:
802:
798:
795:
781:
772:
764:
756:
748:
740:
732:
724:
715:
712:Echo Chamber
707:
699:
691:
683:
674:
665:
652:
649:
641:
624:
611:
608:
605:
589:
586:
573:
570:
549:
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532:
529:
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488:
479:
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458:
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427:
418:
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372:
353:
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332:
329:Whataboutism
324:
299:
296:
278:
254:
251:
216:
213:
210:
194:
191:
188:
164:
160:
152:
149:
130:
107:
99:
91:
88:
85:
64:
56:
52:
49:
31:
28:
20:
778:Hate Speech
729:Fabrication
602:Doublespeak
526:Dog Whistle
362:barbarians.
228:assumption.
195:Examples:
947:Entrapment
811:Conjecture
769:Blind Item
753:False Flag
721:Defamation
680:Catfishing
504:Examples:
394:Examples:
358:Examples:
312:dismissed.
305:Examples:
283:Examples:
268:otherwise.
260:Examples:
221:Examples:
169:Examples:
135:Examples:
120:ourselves.
69:Examples:
36:Examples:
1001:Examples
662:Clickbait
653:Examples
612:Examples
590:Examples
583:Euphemism
574:Examples
550:Examples
533:Example:
112:Examples
933:Coercion
696:Reaching
538:Strategy
432:Example
264:extreme.
116:Germany.
823:Perjury
543:Baiting
301:false.
792:Heresy
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