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city to surrender when, on 13 April 1814, news of
Napoleon's abdication reached Bayonne. Although it was widely known that a new French government would sue for peace, Thouvenot, on the morning of 14 April, attacked the British siege lines with 6,000 men. The French sortie was defeated but with heavy losses on both sides. The Allies lost 838 men, including
120:. He fled from France during the revolution but returned under an amnesty and went on to serve in Napoleonic Wars. Thouvenot is most famous for his defence of Bayonne in 1814 and the sortie he made when the war was all but over, which drew criticism from both sides but particularly the Duke of Wellington who branded him a "blackguard".
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army began to lay siege to the city of
Bayonne. During the fight for the suburb of St Etienne, which the British required to complete their investment, Thouvenot was wounded by a bullet to the thigh. The British and their allies were slow to start their preparations and had thus failed to force the
205:
officer, Général
Rochambeau, so enraged Thouvenot and General Clauzel that they planned to have him removed. On hearing of the plot, Rochambeau accused the conspirators of stealing supplies and had them both deported. Thouvenot returned to France a few months later having found passage via Cuba.
176:
Leaving naval armament behind in
December 1792; Thouvenot returned to serving with the army in the field as the commander of the Belgium artillery and in February the following year, he became attached to General Charles-François du Perrier Dumouriez, as his chief of staff. When, some two months
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from insurrectionists, Thouvenot was promoted again, on the 15 October 1802, this time to
Brigadier-general, and given command of the artillery of the Army of Santo Domingo. On 10 April 1803 Thouvenot was made the army's chief of staff, but the actions and decadent lifestyle of his commanding
136:, France. He did not join the military until 1779, having spent the previous five years as a geographical engineer. He enrolled in the école d'artillerie de La Fère, leaving as a cadet in the French artillery during December 1779. He served for a time on the Île de Ré where he became a
331:
Thouvenot's actions were condemned by both sides as a needless waste of lives. Particularly scathing was the Duke of
Wellington who branded Thouvenot a "blackguard". In Bayonne however a monument was raised and an annual celebration of Thouvenot's "brave" defence still takes place.
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who was killed defending the church of St Etiene and Sir John Hope, who was wounded and captured while charging into a melee on his horse. French casualties totaled 905 men, including 111 killed, 778 wounded and 16 missing. The sortie proved to be the last major action of the
177:
later, a warrant for his arrest was issued by the new government in France, Thouvenot was prompted to flee
Belgium. He was captured by Austrian soldiers and imprisoned at Treurenberg. After his release in 1794, Thouvenot sought refuge in the neutral country of
279:
on 21 June 1813, General
Thouvenot joined Marshal Soult's army in the Pyrenees where he held various commands before being appointed General of division on 25 November 1813. In February the following year, Thouvenot was made governor of the city of
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Thouvenot was sent back to
Bayonne when Napoleon returned from exile in Elba but after defeat at Waterloo and the restoration of the monarchy, Thouvenot was labelled inactive and never served the French military again. He died in
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197:, Clauzel and Salme successively. Desfourneaux's reprisals were brutal. After his first major operation, Thouvenot recorded how, over a seven day period, slaves were hunted down and shot, hanged or clubbed to death.
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did not join in the criticism either. He thought
Thouvenot to be, "a well intentioned and gentlemanly individual" and suggested that perhaps the sortie had been forced upon him by his subordinates.
164:, initially as an inspector but later as the director. Towards the end of 1792, Thouvenot was promoted to lieutenant-colonel and was transferred, as director, to the foundry at
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The sortie from the besieged city of Bayonne on 14 April 1814, which took place despite news of Napoleon's abdication having already reached both sides
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Thouvenot returned to France and the military; and with a promotion to colonel, was part of a force sent to
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Dictionnaire biographique des généraux & amiraux Français de la Révolution et de l'Empire (1792-1814)
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The Slaves Who Defeated Napoleon: Toussaint, Louverture and the Haitian War of Independence, 1801 - 1804
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On 18 January 1808, Thouvenot was sent to Spain, initially to serve as the governor of
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to combat insurgency by the slaves there and served as Chief of staff to Generals
160:(Knight of Saint Louis) in 1791 and was appointed to the foundry at Indret, near
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on 21 July 1817. Pierre Thouvenot is one of the 660 names inscribed on the
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finally compelled Thouvenot to hand the fortress over to the British.
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where he remained until an amnesty was granted by Napoleon in 1800.
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In recognition of his actions , which included the liberation of
455:"Jean-Jacques Dessalines and the Atlantic System: A Reappraisal"
267:. In 1811, Thouvenot was rewarded for his service, being made a
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was a French Army officer who served with distinction in the
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156:. He was promoted to Capitain in 1788 and was made a
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639:The Spanish Ulcer: A History of the Peninsular War
248:, both in Pomerania. While on active service with
44:General Baron Thouvenot by Antoine-Claude Fleury
306:On 27 February 1814, having crossed the River
275:(Officer of the Legion of Honour). After the
148:in May 1781, and took part in the subsequent
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681:. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
232:, before succesively taking up the post at
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224:. Thouvenot served as governor of
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881:. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Books.
572:"Pierre Thouvenot Lorrain oublié"
422:. Edhisto Editions. 27 April 2011
601:. London: Hambledon Continuum.
273:Officier de la LĂ©gion d'honneur
216:and took part in operations in
102:Officier de la LĂ©gion d'honneur
841:. London: Brassey’s Almanacs.
144:. He distinguished himself in
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801:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
761:. London: Cassel Publishing.
508:Haythornthwaite, (1998) p 138
140:in 1780 before being sent to
928:. Paris: Librairie Saffroy.
719:The Peninsular War 1807–1814
677:Girard, Philippe R. (2011).
517:Haythornthwaite, (2004) p 61
146:Bouillé's attack on St Lucia
599:Wellington: A Military Life
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382:"General Pierre Thouvenot"
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271:(Baron of the Empire) and
185:Return to military service
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877:Heathcote, T. A. (2010).
721:. London: Penguin Books.
597:Corrigan, Gordon (2001).
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158:Chevalier de Saint-Louis
106:Chevalier de Saint-Louis
945:L'Oublié de la Gloire..
799:Napoleon’s Commanders 2
487:Girard pp 301 & 306
413:"L'Oublie de la Gloire"
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