User talk:Filll/beedrunk - Knowledge (XXG)

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they have to be moved quickly to orchards or blooming field crops, you'd better be able to judge quickly what is the state of the colony, because you don't have a lot of time to fiddle with it. Problem hives are marked and not moved to pollination. 2. I have seen many occasions of honey bees becoming uncoordinated, and have almost invariably been able to trace it to insecticide use on something blooming in the area. This is, of course a violation of the label directions of those that are risky to bees, but it is near impossible to get enforcement. Bees that take a pesticide hit may crawl from the hive. Often they climb blades of grass and try to take off, but fall back to the ground. Generally they puke as well. Even the most hard nosed person who spends a lot of time with the bees will come to have some strong feelings at that time - anger at the thoughtless violator, and sympathy for the suffering bees. 3. Some insecticides will make beehives very HOT to handle. Sevin, when used as a fruit thinner will do this. The bees will be very determined to sting, and smoke avails little. 4. I'm glad the grouping of pesticides and herbicides was changed. It makes no sense, as herbicides are a subgroup of pesticides. 5. I've been in agriculture as a pollination specialist for many years, and have seen just about every imaginable kind of chemical damage to honey bees. But I have never yet been able to trace any damage to fertilizers or herbicides. I understand there are studies that shows that Captain fungicide can do some damage to honeybees if sprayed directly on them, but other than that possibility I know of no other fungicide that is a factor. Herbicides, of course can impact honeybees for good or bad. They can remove weeds which are nectar sources. However, best practices require elimination of clover and other bee-attractive plants from orchard floors, where they can draw in bees which are subsequently killed by insecticide use on the trees. When I have some more time, I'll spend some more time on it. It's an interesting article, but I suspect you may be overrating a relatively rare phenomenon. I don't know.

826:, or hangover), and produced genetically engineered strains that are more do not develop alcohol tolerance (Moore, M. S., Dezazzo, J., Luk, A. Y., Tully, T., Singh, C. M., and Heberlein, U. (1998) Ethanol intoxication in Drosophila: Genetic and pharmacological evidence for regulation by the cAMP pathway. Cell 93, 997-1007 PMID: 9635429; Tecott, L. H. and Heberlein, U. (1998) Y do we drink? Cell 95: 733-735 PMID: 9865690; 382:" (a pollen sack) on their body (if the flower has not yet been visited) or removes any pollinium that is there (if the flower has already been visited). The passageway constricts after a bee has entered, and holds it there for a few minutes, allowing the glue to dry and securing the pollinium. It has been suggested that this process involves "inebriation" of the bees, but this has never been confirmed. 1544:, by themselves, fall into the bucket because the wall of the bucket is slippery. There are no fights, no inebriation. That is pure nonsense. Also, male bees are not rare. Male HONEY BEES are rare. There are some 20,000 species of bees, only 7 of which are honey bees. Worker honey bees are the only bees that can only sting once, and even then it's only true if they sting a vertebrate. 1629:

identification of areas that need additional clarification or perhaps rewording. It worked well for me on the Evolution article, in fact I have made a few minor adjustments to the intro based on their feedback. We are between semesters so it will be two weeks before I can release them on it. If you don't like the idea then let me know. --

266:, the Ministry of Agriculture commissioned an expert group, the Scientific and Technical Committee for the Multifactorial Study on Bees (CST), to study the intoxicating and sometimes fatal effects of chemicals used in agriculture on bees. Researchers at the Bee Research Institute and the Department of Food Chemistry and Analysis in the 671: 140:. Inebriated bees spend less time flying. If a bee is sufficiently intoxicated, it will just lay on its back and wiggle its legs. Inebriated bees typically have many more flying accidents as well. Some bees that consume ethanol become too inebriated to find the way back to the hive, and will die as a result. 1519:

You mention in the section about pollination, that the scent drives male bees crazy. Couple of questions. First, aren't male bees rare, meaning their only job in life is to impregnate a queen, and then, essentially, die? I thought all other worker bees were female. And even so, if the scent makes

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like to consume fermented nectars containing ethanol more than others, and become notorious chronic inebriates around the hives. Bees station guard bees, or "bee bouncers" outside the hives to keep the inebriated bees from entering the hive and being disruptive. Intoxicated bees are force to stay out

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The purpose of this experiment was to test the feasibility of creating an animal model of ethanol consumption using social insects...The experiments on consumption, locomotion, and learning suggest that exposure to ethanol influences behavior of honey bees similar to that observed in experiments with

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1. While I have occasionally seen bees join yellow jackets and wasps in sucking fermenting juice from rotting fruit, I've never observed any inebriation that resulted. And over the years, I got to be very much "tuned" to the mood of the bee colonies I tended. When you work large numbers of hives and

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produces pheromones that are the same as a female bee is - on the face of it - pretty silly. MALE euglossines produce pheromones, not females. The problem is that too many things are in print that are not scientific; an anecdote or unsubstantiated claim by a person who happens to be a scientist does

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In this way, the bucket orchid passes its pollen from flower to flower. This mechanism is almost but not quite species specific, as it is possible for a few closely-related bees to pollinate any given species of orchid, as long as the bees are similar in size and are attracted by the same compounds.

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Interesting topic Filll... would have never seen this one coming. I can offer no insight on content, in that I know nothing at all about the topic. However, if you like, I can have my biology students read it. I can then take note of any questions that may arise and pass them on to you. It helps in

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I think in some species, male bees are more rare. But I also think there are many species of bees. So I can believe that some species might be different. Some have stingers, some do not. Some can sting just once, some can sting multiple times. Some form hives and live communally. Some live alone. I

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Many of us have noticed that bees or yellow jackets cannot fly well after having drunk the juice of overripe fruits or berries; bears have been seen to stagger and fall down after eating fermented honey; and birds often crash or fly haphazardly while intoxicated on ethanol that occurs naturally as

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However, the metabolism of bees and humans is sufficiently different that bees can safely collect nectars from plants that contain compounds toxic to humans. The resulting honeys produced by bees from these toxic nectars can be poisonous if consumed by humans. Many humans have eaten toxic honey and

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can also believe that are multiple causes of bee inebriation. I think they are very sensitive to many kinds of chemicals, including ethanol and pesticides and other things, including plant chemicals. I might need to get some more references for that material however. I do find it fascinating.--

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The evaluation of a bee model for ethanol inebration of vertebrates has just begun, but appears to be promising. The bees are fed ethanol solutions and their behavior observed. Researchers place the bees in tiny harnesses, and feed them varying concentrations of alcohol introduced into sugar

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However, the flower is constructed in such a way as to make the surface almost impossible to cling to, with smooth, downward-pointing hairs; the bees commonly slip and fall into the fluid in the bucket, and the only navigable route out is a narrow, constricting passage that either glues a

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However, this seems unlikely, given that no one has ever documented that female euglossines produce pheromones; male euglossines produce pheromones using the chemicals they collect from orchids, and these pheromones attract females, rather than the converse, as Cullina (2004) suggests.

1653:. If there are studies of the relevant pheromone chemistry, then by all means link them, but otherwise this is not to be believed. This is how urban legends get started, like swallowing spiders in your sleep, how bumblebees violate aerodynamics, how glass flows, and other such stuff. 584:

Honey that is not produced from the nectar of toxic plants can also ferment to produce ethanol, which is a toxin. For example, B. D. Kettlewellh (1945) describes finding an intoxicated bird, incapable of normal flight, that had been consuming honey that had fermented in the sun in

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On the molecular level, the brains of honey bees and humans work the same. Knowing how chronic alcohol use affects genes and proteins in the honey bee brain may help us eventually understand how alcoholism affects memory and behavior in humans, as well as the molecular basis of

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Bees can be severely and even fatally affected by pesticides, fertilizers and other chemicals that man has introduced into the environment. They can appear inebriated and dizzy, and even die. This is serious because it has substantial economic consequences for agriculture.

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Ulrike Heberlein's group at UCSF is making mutant fruit flies that have less alcohol tolerance by genetic engineering to use as a model to study hangovers. They use an "inebriometer" to study the amount of intoxication of the fruit flies after consumption of alcohol.

1001: 1204: 1333:, D.F. Mayer, C.A. Johansen, C.R. Baird, PNW518, A Pacific Northwest Extension Publication, Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Copyright 1999 Washington State University. Includes an extensive list of toxic chemicals such as pesticides that affect bees. 1047:, Pierre Jolivet, CRC Press, 1998, ISBN 1574440527 , "The first hymenopteran to visit has difficulties coping with the rostrellum but the later ones to arrive easily escape, soaked, drunk, and often having completed their pollinating function." 1645:

not automatically confer credibility. Cullina could be a fantastic scientist, but if neither he nor anyone else has ever succesfully isolated a pheromone from a female orchid bee, let alone compared this pheromone to the compounds produced by

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with its scent from a variety of aromatic compounds. The bees store these compounds in specialized spongy pouches inside their swollen hind legs, as they appear to use the scent as part of their courtship dances in order to attract females.

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I would like to see a full definition of 'inebriation' in the context of the article. How does one know if a bee has a hangover and when it doesn't. The article is a little too anthropomorphic - bees being 'punished' for instance.

1124: 950:, J.N. Tasei, report to International Apis Health Assessment Committee (IAHAC), Bologna, Italy, May 6, 2004. This report included the results of a study of the toxic effects on bees of the seed dressings imidacloprid and fipronil. 1376: 143:

Bozic et al (2006) found that alcohol consumption by honeybees disrupts foraging and social behaviors, and has some similarities to poisoning with insecticides. Some bees become more aggressive after consuming alcohol.

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Moore, M. S., Dezazzo, J., Luk, A. Y., Tully, T., Singh, C. M., and Heberlein, U. (1998) Ethanol intoxication in Drosophila: Genetic and pharmacological evidence for regulation by the cAMP pathway. Cell 93, 997-1007.

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or pesticides or defensive toxic biochemicals produced by plants ) in a bee's environment can act to cause abnormal or unusual behavior, disorientation, and in sufficient quantities, can poison and even kill the bee.

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Bees and other hymenoptera can also be substantially affected by natural compounds in the environment besides ethanol. For example, Dariusz L. Szlachetko of the Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation,

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Also, natural processes can introduce toxic substances into nontoxic honey produced from nontoxic nectar. Microorganisms in honey can convert some of the sugars in honey to the toxic compound ethanol; this is called

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Some substances which are toxic to humans have no effect on bees. If bees obtain their nectar from certain flowers, the resulting honey can be psychoactive, or even toxic to humans, but innocuous to bee larvae.

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A hapless male bee, blind drunk with the flower's overpowering pheromones, might well mistake a toadstool for a suitable mate, but the flower has made at least a modest attempt at recreating a beelike gestalt.

1067: 754:, Charles I. Abramson, Sherril M. Stone, Richard A. Ortez, Alessandra Luccardi, Kyla L. Vann, Kate D. Hanig, Justin Rice, Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research. 24(8):1153-1166, August 2000. 1723:

bee inebiration from fermented nectar obviously happens sometimes since bee enforcers have been observed keeping inebriated bees out of the hive and this has been published in peer-reviewed journals

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also produces toxic honey, and this has been fatal. The dangers of toxic honey were also well-known among the Pre-Columbian residents of the Yucutan Peninsula, though this was honey produced by

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One more edit - there is no documented evidence for "fights" at flowers; orchid bee males normally visit one at a time, and they do not become "covered" with a waxy substance. The claim that

795:, ABRAMSON Charles I. ; PLACE Aaron J. ; AQUINO Italo S. ; FERNANDEZ Andrea ; Psychological reports (Psychol. rep.), ISSN 0033-2941, vol. 94 (2), no3, 2004, pp. 1107-1115 PMID: 15362379 1100:, Klaus Lunau, Chemoecology, Volume 3, Number 2, June, 1992 ISSN 0937-7409 (Print) 1423-0445 (Online) speculated that the chemicals produced by the bucket orchid mimic bee pheromones. 751:

The Development of an Ethanol Model Using Social Insects I: Behavior Studies of the Honey Bee (Apis mellifera L.): Neurobiological, Psychosocial, and Developmental Correlates of Drinking

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Bees are subject to prolonged effects from exposure to alcohol, lasting as long as 48 hours. This phenomenon is also observed in fruit flies and is connected to the neurotransmitter

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Some plants apparently use bee inebriation as part of a pollination strategy (not honeybees, I understand). We have not yet analyzed the chemistry well enough to know for sure though

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of the hive until they sober up. If a bee is a repeat offender and returns in an inebriated state to the hive too often, the "bee bouncers" will chew the offending bee's legs off.

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Drug Policy and Human Nature: : Psichological Perspectives On The Prevention, Management, and Treatment of Illicit Drug Abuse, Warren K. Bickel, Richard J. DeGrandpre, Springer 1996

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When bees become intoxicated from ethanol consumption or poisoned with other chemicals, their balance is affected, and they are wobbly when they walk. Charles Abramson's group at

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Fascinating but false. The bucket orchid mechanism does NOT involve inebriation - "bumblebee.org" is not an authoritative source, and you can ignore what they have there. Male

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http://www.thelantern.com/media/storage/paper333/news/2004/11/09/Campus/Bees-Get.Drunk.In.Name.Of.Science-798238.shtml?norewrite200701121213&sourcedomain=www.thelantern.com

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has used fruit flies as models of human inebriation and even identified genes that seem to be responsible for alcohol tolerance accumulation (believed to be associated with

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Development of an ethanol model using social insects: II. Effect of Antabuse on consumatory responses and learned behavior of the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.).

692:, Ulrike Heberlein, Fred W. Wolf, Adrian Rothenfluh and Douglas J. Guarnieri, Integrative and Comparative Biology 2004 44(4):269-274; doi:10.1093/icb/44.4.269 1561:

Dyanega...relax. Filll is trying to create an article that amuses him. By the way, if you know this much about bees, then I suggest you head on over to the

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Van der Pijl and Dodson (1966) observed that bees of the species eulaema and xylocopa exhibit symptoms of inebriation after consuming nectar from the orchids

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Some plants reportedly rely on using intoxicating chemicals to produce inebriated bees, and use this inebriation as part of their reproductive strategy.

809:, Carolyn Smagalski, BellaOnline, The Voice of Women, 2007 describes a prolonged effect from ethanol consumption by honeybees as similar to a "hangover". 1649:, then there is ZERO scientific basis for his cute little story. That there are European orchids that produce pheromone analogs has NOTHING to do with 1463: 987: 849:

Octopamine receptors in the honey bee and locust nervous system: pharmacological similarities between homologous receptors of distantly related species

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from fermented nectar, ripe fruits and manmade and natural chemicals in the environment. The effects of alcohol on bees is sufficiently similar to the

964:, František Kamler, Dalibor Titěra, Jiřina Piškulová, Jana Hajšlová, Kateřina Maštovská, Bulletin of Insectology 56 (1): 125-127, 2003 ISSN 1721-8861 903: 790: 1680:

Thanks for your request for my comments. However, I am not highly knowledgeable about bee intoxication, but I will note these general observations.

819: 852:, Joern Degen, Michael Gewecke and Thomas Roeder, British Journal of Pharmacology (2000) 130, 587−594; doi: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0703338 PMID: 10821787 1020:, Andreas Detzel and Michael Wink, Chemoecology, Birkhäuser Basel, Volume 4, Number 1 / March, 1993, ISSN 0937-7409 (Print) 1423-0445 (Online) 792:

Development of an ethanol model using social insects: IV. Influence of ethanol on the aggression of africanized honey bees (Apis mellifera L.)

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bee intoxication/poisoning/fatality due to various agricultural chemicals obviously happens and is a serious economic threat to agriculture

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like a female euglossine bee and even somewhat resembles a female euglossine bee shape, using these characteristics to spread its pollen:

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page, and there is nothing on it that says that male bees are rare. I don't know where you read it, but not on any page that I monitor.

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all document the results of eating "maddening" honey. Honey from these plants poisoned Roman troops in the first century BCE under

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Evolutionary aspects of perfume collection in male euglossine bees (Hymenoptera) and of nest deception in bee-pollinated flowers

279: 330:) and 3 terpene compounds attracted bees. They report that 17 out of 29 allelochemicals are toxic at some levels (especially 63: 1565:, because that's where I think I read about the lack of male bees. That article then needs some rewriting if you're right. 126:

The effects of alcohol on bees has been long recognized. For example, John Cumming described this in a publication in 1864.

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Drug Policy and Human Nature: Psychological Perspectives On The Prevention, Management, and Treatment of Illicit Drug Abuse

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that uses a stimulus to encourage the bees to move, and found that they were less mobile as they became more intoxicated.

500:, the calico bush, mountain laurel or spoon-wood of the northern United States, and allied species such as sheep laurel ( 194:

Alcohol affects bees and humans in similar ways – it impairs motor functioning along with learning and memory processing.

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http://www.epa.gov/opptsfrs/publications/OPPTS_Harmonized/850_Ecological_Effects_Test_Guidelines/Drafts/850-3030.pdf

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suffered a severe case of widespread bee intoxication and extensive bee mortality from deltamethrin in 2002. The US

318:, etc.) and their effects on bees when consumed. It was found that 39 chemical compounds repelled bees (primarily 130: 1458: 959: 1453: 945: 908:, Abramson CI, Fellows GW, Browne BL, Lawson A, Ortiz RA., Psychol Rep. 2003 Apr;92(2):365-78. PMID: 12785614 1735:

whole books have been published about the interaction of bees with the natural chemicals produced by plants.

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Birds have been known to die from accidental ingestion of lethal levels of ethanol Fitzgerald et al (1990)

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Thanks for comments! I want to try to iron out most of the problems before I put this article into main.--

1630: 572: 164: 1242:, D. Espina-Prez and G.S. Ordetx-Ros, Editorial Tecnolgico de Costa Rica, Cartago, Costa Rica, 1983 p. 35 778:

Reduced ability of ethanol drinkers for social communication in honeybees (Apis mellifera carnica Poll.)

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There have been famous episodes of inebriation of humans from consuming toxic honey throughout history.

343: 160: 228:(disulfiram) (a common medication administered as a treatment for alcoholism) has been tested as well. 1342: 1267:

Bee Research Association. William Heinemann Ltd., London; Espina-Prez, D. and G.S. Ordetx-Ros. 1983.

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According to the American Heritage Dictionary, the word "intoxicate" has several potential meanings:

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acting very sleepy and potentially inebriated after eating nectar of the north American orchid

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solutions. Tests of locomotion, foraging, social interaction and aggressiveness are performed.

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and inebriating chemicals in their environment. This includes various manmade chemicals such as

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Latest Buzz in Research: Intoxicated Honey bees may clue Scientists into Drunken Human Behavior

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The Delphic Bee: Bees and Toxic Honeys as Pointers to Psychoactive and Other Medicinal Plants,

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2. To stimulate or excite: “a man whom life intoxicates, who has no need of wine” (Anaïs Nin).

1328: 1086:, Robert L. Dressler, Evolution, Vol. 22, No. 1 (Mar., 1968), pp. 202-210 doi:10.2307/2406664 989:

Ecological Effects Test Guidelines OPPTS 850.3030: Honey Bee Toxicity of Residues on Foliage

781:, Bozic J., Abramson C.I. et Bedencic M., Alcohol, Elsevier Inc. ; 2006, Vol.38, n°3, 179-183 1468: 973: 496: 460: 717:

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Detzel and Wink (2005) published an extensive review of 63 types of plant allelochemicals (

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Sorry, I misread a phrase in the article. I thought it said that male bees were rare.

1141:, Leendert Van der Pijl, Calaway H. Dodson, Univ of Miami Press, 1966, ISBN 0870240692 1095: 1017:

Attraction, deterrence or intoxication of bees (Apis mellifera) by plant allelochemicals

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has put inebriated bees on running wheels, where they exhibit locomotion difficulties.

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Understanding Orchids: an uncomplicated guide to growing the world's most exotic plants

707:, The Ohio State Research News, Research Communications, Columbus OH, October 23, 2004. 267: 1227:

Nature's Garden: An Aid to Our Knowledge of Our Wild Flowers and Their Insect Visitors

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Intoxication of honeybees on chemical treated winter rape: problem of its verification

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Szlachetko observed wasps in poland acting sleepy after eating nectar of this orchid

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Tecott, L. H. and Heberlein, U. (1998) Y do we drink? Cell 95: 733-735. (Minireview)

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that are poisonous to humans but do not harm bees. Honey produced from the nectar of

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This problem has been the object of growing concern. For example, researchers at the

1283:, B. D. Kettlewellh, The Entomologist, vol. 88, no. 1101, February, 1945, pp. 45-47. 1654: 1579: 1545: 1483: 1313: 833: 804: 703: 594: 483: 86:. This process is harnessed to intentionally produce the alcoholic beverage called 270:

have pondered the intoxicating effects of various chemicals used to treat winter

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at least 3 university research programs studying intoxication use bees as models

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free-floating microorganisms convert vegetable carbohydrates to <alcohol: -->

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them inebriated, could that be hormonal rather than true chemical inebriation?

282:(EPA) even has published standards for testing chemicals for bee intoxication. 159:

Behavior of honeybees intoxicated by ethanol is being studied by scientists at

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1. To stupefy or excite by the action of a chemical substance such as alcohol.

1742: 1739: 1703: 1700: 1689: 1657: 1633: 1607: 1582: 1569: 1548: 1541: 1535: 1532: 1524: 978:, Daniela Nica, Elisabeta Bianu, Gabriela Chioveanu, Apiacta, 39, 71-77, 2004. 894:

Entymology Postdoctoral researcher Dr. Geraldine Wright, Ohio State University

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Fruit flies and other insects also exhibit symptoms of ethanol intoxication (

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maybe someone else will find it interesting too if I can write it carefully--

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http://www.bulletinofinsectology.org/pdfarticles/vol56-2003-125-127kamler.pdf

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Molecular Genetic Analysis of Ethanol Intoxication in Drosophila melanogaster

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are studying how bees can be poisoned by exposure to seed disinfectants. In

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http://www.apishealth.org/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=22

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Entymology Postdoctoral researcher Dr. Julie Mustard, Ohio State University

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and other sites as a potential model of the effects of alcohol on humans.

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Bar Flies: What our insect relatives can teach us about alcohol tolerance.

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The history of mead may go back more than 8,000 years. A reference in the

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Bar Flies: What our insect relatives can teach us about alcohol tolerance.

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http://www.thenakedscientists.com/HTML/Columnists/ruthwilliamscolumn1.htm

1167:, James A. Kelhoffer, Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies 45 (2005) 59–73 975:

A case of acute intoxication with deltamethrin in bee colonies in Romania

676:, Warren K. Bickel, Richard J. DeGrandpre, Springer 1996 ISBN 0306452413) 586: 512: 507: 440: 423: 417: 366: 335: 327: 311: 271: 225: 172: 1032:

C.H. Dodson and G.P. Frymire, Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 49(9): 133-152. 1961

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Intoxicated Honey Bees May Clue Scientists Into Drunken Human Behavior

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Of course, other creatures are not immune to the effects of alcohol:

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One plant that some claim uses this mechanism is the South American

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An atlas of orchid pollination: America, Africa, Asia and Australia

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http://pharyngula.org/index/weblog/comments/drunken_flies_and_fish/

1300:, cites honey as a sacred item as far back as the 8th century BCE. 1126:

An atlas of orchid pollination: America, Africa, Asia and Australia

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An atlas of orchid pollination: America, Africa, Asia and Australia

528:, which are not native to the Americas. Bee nectar collection from 1297: 1293: 624: 620: 616: 71: 55: 1425:

free-floating microorganisms convert vegetable carbohydrates to .

1115:, William Cullina, Houghton Mifflin Books, 2004, ISBN 0618263268 1562: 628: 605: 87: 201:

The honey bee nervous system is similar to that of vertebrates.

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http://www.duke.edu/web/classics/grbs/FTexts/45/Kelhoffer.pdf

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http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2004/10/041025123121.htm

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Thieves, Deceivers, and Killers: tales of chemistry in nature

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http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/medicalnews.php?newsid=15393

838:, Gaia Vince, NewScientist.com news service, 22 August 2005) 1153:,Adrienne Mayor, Archaeology 48.6 November-December, 1995. 576:

from the American Southwest can all result in toxic honey.

1271:, Editorial Tecnolgico de Costa Rica, Cartago, Costa Rica. 136:

A temulent bee is more likely to stick out its tongue, or

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toxic honeys have been known about for thousands of years

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http://www.apimondia.org/apiacta/articles/2004/nica_1.pdf

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Neotticae: Limodorinae Orchid of North America p. 44 of

506:) can produce sickness or even death. The nectar of the " 108:

The introduction of certain chemical substances (such as

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John the Baptist’s “Wild Honey” and “Honey” in Antiquity

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http://newsfromrussia.com/science/2004/11/15/57123.html

1366:, P. (Peter) Berthold, Springer, 1996, ISBN 0412363801 1316:, Princeton University Press, 1976. ISBN 0-691-09863-8) 1006:, Nelis A. Cingel, CRC Press 2001 ISBN 9054104864 p. 44 1449:

http://www.uni-hohenheim.de/i3ve/00217110/01458041.htm

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http://www.bumblebee.org/invertebrates/Hymenoptera.htm

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Bee Products: Properties, Applications, and Apitherapy

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Bees exposure to other toxic and inebriating chemicals

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described honey beverages. The word for "drunk" in

1129:, Nelis A. Cingel, CRC Press, 2001, ISBN 9054104864 935:, Dr.sc.agr. Klaus Wallner, University of Hohenheim 933:

Honey bee intoxication caused by seed disinfectants

395:orchid was suspected by Lanau (1992) of producing 1500:http://www.beekeeping.com/articles/us/war_bees.htm 1413:, Nelis A. Cingel, CRC Press 2001 ISBN 9054104864 627:(called "meadhing"). Mead is also known as "honey 1310:Dionysus: Archetypal Image of Indestructible Life 922:, L. Dayton, New Scientist, August 8, 1992, p. 14 919:Driven to Drink: A Sorry Tale of Bees' Boozy Life 490:which can paralyze the limbs, and eventually the 1484:http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/drunkbee.htm 1209:, Yaacov Lensky, Springer, 1997, ISBN 0306455021 947:Recent Issues Related to Bee Troubles in France 876: 874: 872: 870: 151:in fruit flies, which is also present in bees. 1230:, Neltje Blanchan, Garden City Pub. Co, 1900.) 1139:Orchid Flowers Their Pollination and Evolution 763:Abramson et al. (2000) also put honey bees in 463:when they were attacking the Heptakometes in 8: 1308:even is translated as "honey-intoxicated." ( 1044:Interrelationship Between Insects and Plants 1330:How to Reduce Bee Poisoning from Pesticides 835:‘Hangover gene’ is key to alcohol tolerance 470:For example, honey produced from nectar of 1254:J. Ott, Economic Botany 52 (1998) 260–266. 1193:Bees and Warfare: Gleanings in Bee Culture 860: 858: 745: 743: 741: 739: 737: 494:and result in death. Honey obtained from 820:University of California, San Francisco 656: 728:Bee-keeping, by 'The Times' bee-master 1574:Actually, I'm the main editor of the 155:Bees as models of ethanol inebriation 7: 1224:can be fatal to cattle and grouse. ( 1057:bumblebee.org article on Hymenoptera 806:Happy Hour Bees , Mythology and Mead 1195:, J. T. Ambrose, pp. 343-346, 1972 832:, Ruth Williams, Naked Scientist; 369:. The bucket orchid attracts male 70:have been used as models of human 24: 885:, Science Daily, October 25, 2004 1675:General comments from Pollinator 992:, EPA 712–C–96–148 April 1996. 29:can suffer serious effects from 1030:Natural pollination of orchids, 731:, John Cumming, Published 1864. 280:Environmental Protection Agency 179:Bee inebriation model potential 78:become quite ill as a result. 1265:Honey: a Comprehensive Survey, 1181:The ABC and XYZ of Bee Culture 1083:Pollination by Euglossine Bees 350:Bee inebriation in pollination 1: 1218:Consumption of the leaves of 232:Bee regulation of inebriation 224:The interaction of bees with 1743:04:01, 20 January 2007 (UTC) 1704:04:02, 20 January 2007 (UTC) 1690:03:37, 20 January 2007 (UTC) 1658:00:05, 17 January 2007 (UTC) 1634:23:53, 14 January 2007 (UTC) 1608:23:59, 18 January 2007 (UTC) 1583:18:47, 16 January 2007 (UTC) 1570:00:24, 15 January 2007 (UTC) 1549:23:34, 14 January 2007 (UTC) 1536:04:02, 14 January 2007 (UTC) 1525:03:55, 14 January 2007 (UTC) 1496:intoxication by eating honey 818:Ulrike Heberlein's group at 64:effects of alcohol on humans 58:can result from exposure to 1713:It might be rare, however: 1281:A Story of Nature's Debauch 122:Effects of bee intoxication 117:Ethanol consumption by bees 1759: 189:" (Abramson et all, 2000). 94:Definition of intoxication 1364:Control of Bird Migration 1296:, the sacred book of the 604:intentionally to produce 131:Oklahoma State University 90:from fermented honey. 260:University of Hohenheim 169:University of Ljubljana 49:of organic material. 573:Gelsemium sempervirens 187:analogous vertebrates. 165:University of Oklahoma 1720:I find it interesting 1269:Flora Apcola Tropical 1240:Flora Apcola Tropical 472:Rhododendron ponticum 344:cyanogenic glycosides 301:Neotticae Limodorinae 161:Ohio State University 646:List of honey plants 503:Kalmia angustifolia 72:ethanol intoxication 1179:, G. P. Georghiou, 600:Sometimes honey is 216:Preliminary studies 45:resulting from the 1177:Ancient Beekeeping 613:alcoholic beverage 392:Gongora horichiana 340:cardiac glycosides 295:observed wasps in 1631:Random Replicator 1433:ISBN 0306452413 1109:From page 180 of 1041:From page 192 of 563:Serjania lethalis 486:flowers contains 418:Sobralia violacea 293:Gdańsk University 286:Natural compounds 250:Manmade chemicals 1750: 1403:, Ruth Williams 1317: 1290: 1284: 1278: 1272: 1263:Crane, E. 1975. 1261: 1255: 1249: 1243: 1237: 1231: 1216: 1210: 1202: 1196: 1190: 1184: 1174: 1168: 1160: 1154: 1148: 1142: 1136: 1130: 1122: 1116: 1107: 1101: 1093: 1087: 1079: 1073: 1065: 1059: 1054: 1048: 1039: 1033: 1027: 1021: 1013: 1007: 999: 993: 985: 979: 971: 965: 957: 951: 943: 937: 929: 923: 915: 909: 901: 895: 892: 886: 878: 865: 862: 853: 845: 839: 816: 810: 802: 796: 788: 782: 774: 768: 761: 755: 747: 732: 724: 718: 715: 709: 701: 695: 685: 679: 661: 513:Melicope ternata 497:Kalmia latifolia 461:Pompey the Great 1758: 1757: 1753: 1752: 1751: 1749: 1748: 1747: 1677: 1517: 1508: 1340: 1325: 1320: 1306:classical Greek 1291: 1287: 1279: 1275: 1262: 1258: 1250: 1246: 1238: 1234: 1217: 1213: 1203: 1199: 1191: 1187: 1175: 1171: 1161: 1157: 1149: 1145: 1137: 1133: 1123: 1119: 1108: 1104: 1094: 1090: 1080: 1076: 1066: 1062: 1055: 1051: 1040: 1036: 1028: 1024: 1014: 1010: 1000: 996: 986: 982: 972: 968: 958: 954: 944: 940: 930: 926: 916: 912: 902: 898: 893: 889: 879: 868: 863: 856: 846: 842: 817: 813: 803: 799: 789: 785: 775: 771: 762: 758: 748: 735: 725: 721: 716: 712: 702: 698: 686: 682: 662: 658: 654: 641:Bee (mythology) 637: 582: 580:Fermented honey 554:Hyoscamus niger 453:Pliny the Elder 433: 371:euglossine bees 352: 288: 252: 247: 234: 218: 181: 157: 124: 119: 96: 31:toxic chemicals 22: 21: 20: 18:User talk:Filll 12: 11: 5: 1756: 1754: 1746: 1745: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1718: 1711: 1710: 1709: 1708: 1707: 1706: 1682: 1681: 1676: 1673: 1672: 1671: 1670: 1669: 1668: 1667: 1660: 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To poison. 93: 91: 89: 85: 79: 75: 73: 69: 65: 61: 57: 54: 50: 48: 44: 40: 36: 32: 28: 19: 1712: 1683: 1650: 1646: 1641: 1605:Orangemarlin 1567:Orangemarlin 1522:Orangemarlin 1518: 1430: 1429: 1423: 1422: 1418: 1415: 1410: 1409: 1405: 1400: 1399: 1388: 1384: 1381: 1371: 1368: 1363: 1362: 1358: 1355: 1351: 1341: 1329: 1314:Karl Kerenyi 1309: 1288: 1280: 1276: 1268: 1264: 1259: 1251: 1247: 1239: 1235: 1226: 1219: 1214: 1205: 1200: 1192: 1188: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1163: 1158: 1150: 1146: 1138: 1134: 1125: 1120: 1111: 1105: 1096: 1091: 1082: 1077: 1068: 1063: 1052: 1043: 1037: 1029: 1025: 1016: 1011: 1002: 997: 988: 983: 974: 969: 960: 955: 946: 941: 932: 927: 918: 913: 904: 899: 890: 881: 848: 843: 834: 828: 814: 805: 800: 791: 786: 777: 772: 759: 750: 727: 722: 713: 704: 699: 689: 683: 672: 666: 659: 599: 595:South Africa 583: 571: 561: 553: 543: 529: 511: 501: 495: 469: 438: 434: 422: 416: 414: 410: 404: 390: 388: 384: 376: 362: 356: 353: 305: 289: 257: 253: 235: 223: 219: 207: 200: 193: 185: 158: 146: 142: 135: 128: 125: 107: 97: 84:fermentation 80: 76: 56:intoxication 51: 47:fermentation 30: 26: 25: 1542:orchid bees 1427:p. 283 of 518:New Zealand 431:Toxic Honey 39:fertilizers 1687:Pollinator 1665:Rosser1954 1151:Mad Honey 545:belladonna 534:plants in 526:honey bees 397:pheromones 363:Coryanthes 316:glycosides 238:honey bees 209:addiction. 149:octopamine 35:pesticides 1302:Aristotle 824:veisalgia 610:fermented 602:fermented 591:Transvaal 548:flowers, 524:, not by 492:diaphragm 484:andromeda 480:alkaloids 457:Columella 445:Aristotle 380:pollinium 365:sp.), an 332:alkaloids 324:coumarins 320:alkaloids 308:alkaloids 138:proboscis 68:honeybees 1515:Comments 635:See also 615:made of 587:Pretoria 478:contain 441:Xenophon 367:epiphyte 336:saponins 328:saponins 312:terpenes 226:antabuse 173:Slovenia 1655:Dyanega 1651:Gongora 1647:Gongora 1642:Gongora 1580:Dyanega 1546:Dyanega 558:Hungary 550:henbane 540:Hungary 510:", the 276:Romania 274:crops. 110:ethanol 60:ethanol 43:ethanol 1298:Hindus 1221:Kalmia 623:, and 568:Brazil 536:Mexico 531:Datura 465:Turkey 449:Strabo 297:Poland 264:France 1740:Filll 1701:Filll 1533:Filll 1506:Notes 1294:Vedas 652:Notes 625:yeast 621:water 617:honey 608:, an 570:and 566:from 236:Some 66:that 16:< 1563:bees 1338:Used 629:wine 606:mead 538:and 474:and 455:and 421:and 389:The 342:and 326:and 272:rape 88:mead 74:. 37:and 27:Bees 1576:bee 631:". 516:in 346:). 303:. 171:in 53:Bee 1312:, 869:^ 857:^ 736:^ 694:). 619:, 597:. 593:, 589:, 560:, 542:, 451:, 447:, 443:, 427:. 407:". 338:, 334:, 322:, 314:, 310:, 196:" 167:, 163:, 670:( 552:( 403:" 378:" 361:( 211:" 206:" 203:" 199:" 192:" 184:"

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