491:. Ryskulov continued to promote pan-Turkism, in spite of Bolshevik aversion to the regional unity of Central Asia. By the end of the civil war in 1922, Ryskulov himself declared that the Alash Autonomy had been a legitimate representative of Kazakh interests, breaking from the Bolshevik line that it was a "
403:
1218:
Camps Girona, Jaume (2023). "The impact of the
Russian Revolution across the Muslim world: From the winds of freedom to geopolitical changes". In Serrano, Clara; Neto, Sergio (eds.).
462:. In order to counter White influence in Kazakhstan, in 1918, the Bolsheviks formed an alliance with Üsh Zhüz. Over time, the party's positions moved closer to those of the Russian
1506:
499:" creation. Southern Kazakh leaders subsequently adopted the educational and land reform programmes of the Alash Autonomy, pushing for them within the new Soviet government.
928:
1471:
1501:
1496:
281:
344:
46:
1481:
484:
1476:
302:
67:
1066:"The Geography of Civilizations: a spatial analysis of the Kazakh intelligentsia's activities, from the mid-nineteenth to the Early twentieth Century"
348:
306:
71:
50:
1511:
1168:
1456:
196:
1431:
1336:
1181:
1054:
890:
867:
1461:
1451:
447:
991:
Saktaganova, Z.G.; Omarova, B.K.; Ilyassova, K.M.; Nurligenov, Z.N.; Abzhapparova, B.Zh.; Zhalmurzina, A.Zh.; Mazhitova, Zh.S. (2020).
1491:
1466:
1410:
Wendelken, Rebecca W. (2000). "Russian
Immigration and its Effect on the Kazak Steppes, 1552–1965". In Bell-Fialkoff, Andrew (ed.).
1400:
1361:
1305:
1239:
1208:
1084:
947:
Kendirbay, Gulnar (1997). "The national liberation movement of the Kazakh intelligentsia at the beginning of the 20th century".
1146:
Bektursunov, Mirlan (2023). "'Two parts – one whole'? Kazakh–Kyrgyz relations in the making of Soviet
Kyrgyzstan, 1917–24".
488:
293:
273:
241:
133:
126:
1046:
435:
909:
483:. The party ultimately failed to gain a substantial following in Kazakhstan and, after the establishment of the
1346:
Naumkin, Vitaly V. (2005). "The Roots and Causes of
Islamic Radicalism: The History of Islam in Central Asia".
1191:
Brill Olcott, Martha (1985). "The
Politics of Language Reform in Kazakhstan". In Kreindler, Isabelle T. (ed.).
1112:
1353:
201:
191:
1250:
394:
1486:
992:
919:
398:
970:
859:
339:
297:
62:
41:
1076:
225:
1415:
1384:
1320:
1289:
1027:
480:
468:
320:
245:
171:
166:
1018:
Sara, Mehwish Hassan (2006). "Resurgence of Islam in
Central Asia: A Case Study of Uzbekistan".
385:. The party drew its support base largely from southern Kazakhs, with southern leaders such as
1427:
1396:
1367:
1357:
1332:
1301:
1272:
1235:
1204:
1177:
1134:
1090:
1080:
1065:
1050:
896:
886:
863:
476:
459:
412:
968:
Sabol, Steven (1995). "The creation of Soviet
Central Asia: The 1924 national delimitation".
1419:
1388:
1324:
1293:
1262:
1227:
1196:
1155:
1124:
1004:
979:
956:
516:
382:
253:
929:"Institutionalization of the party system in Kazakhstan and Russia: a comparative analysis"
1193:
Sociolinguistic
Perspectives on Soviet National Languages (Their Past, Present and Future)
1073:
Regions - a prism to view the Slavic-Eurasian world: towards a discipline of "regionology"
443:
390:
237:
216:
357:
with a "shady reputation". The party's political programme blended together elements of
1113:"The Role of National Intelligentsia in the Development of the First Kazakh Newspapers"
915:
455:
420:
386:
378:
374:
354:
316:
277:
265:
1445:
1315:
Mustoyapova, Ainash (2024). "Suffered for
Sincerity. Magzhan Zhumabaev (1893–1938)".
324:
261:
116:
439:
428:
370:
146:
36:
1159:
1347:
1328:
1040:
1423:
496:
424:
416:
366:
257:
249:
141:
1129:
1200:
983:
960:
451:
269:
1276:
1138:
1392:
1297:
1223:
1094:
882:
492:
463:
362:
358:
234:
156:
151:
1267:
1009:
1231:
479:
isolated it from the Kazakh masses, which were more inclined towards the
431:
335:
1031:
853:
438:. Üsh Zhüz was among a number of radical Muslim parties, including the
423:. Points of disagreement between Alash and Üsh Zhüz included issues of
231:
419:
party, largely drawn from northern
Kazakhs, that was aligned with the
1317:
Leaders of the Nation. The Steppe and Beyond: Studies on Central Asia
791:
686:
662:
642:
585:
1381:
Russian Colonization and the Genesis of Kazak National Consciousness
1284:
Glenn, John (1999). "Pre-Revolutionary Identities in Central Asia".
1176:. Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program.
1371:
900:
181:
877:
Dave, Bhavna (2007). "From nomadism to national consciousness".
331:
1251:"Kazakh Literature and the Formation of Modern Kazakh Identity"
1042:
Red Nations: The Nationalities Experience in and after the USSR
911:
Qazaqjylyq Nationalism and revolution in Kazakhstan, 1900-1920
323:
of 1917, by which point Aitpenov had dropped support for the
1412:
The Role of Migration in the History of the Eurasian Steppe
703:
701:
699:
618:
616:
614:
334:
in November 1917, and later moved its headquarters to
1349:
Radical Islam in Central Asia: Between Pen and Rifle
541:
539:
537:
535:
177:
165:
132:
122:
112:
94:
79:
58:
35:
23:
315:in order to publicise support for the proposal of
993:"The Alash Party: Historiography of the Movement"
411:It was the main opposition to the Alash party, a
1379:Sabol, Steven (2003). "Epilogue: Alash Orda".
1170:Parliament and Political Parties in Kazakhstan
719:
573:
557:
327:and moved to establish a new political party.
282:Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
8:
373:. Its stated aim was the unification of all
1507:Political parties of the Russian Revolution
1111:Alzhanova, A.B.; Tilepbergen, A.M. (2019).
485:Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic
862:). Kostanay State Pedagogical University.
20:
1266:
1128:
1008:
879:Kazakhstan: Ethnicity, Language and Power
815:
787:
731:
707:
682:
658:
638:
622:
597:
581:
276:. Some of its leading members, including
268:, while Üsh Zhüz itself aligned with the
1472:Defunct political parties in Kazakhstan
1249:Galiyev, A.A.; Batkalova, K.M. (2018).
1195:. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 183–204.
531:
508:
803:
727:
678:
634:
577:
487:, many of its members merged into the
280:, became prominent figures within the
1502:Political parties established in 1920
1497:Political parties established in 1917
823:
759:
735:
666:
646:
605:
601:
7:
1220:Revolution and (Post) War, 1917-1922
835:
819:
775:
771:
747:
723:
690:
561:
545:
1482:Islamic socialist political parties
448:Muslim Socialist Committee of Kazan
319:. It ceased publication during the
16:Kazakh socialist party (1917-1920)
14:
1477:Defunct socialist parties in Asia
1286:The Soviet Legacy in Central Asia
1071:. In Matsuzato, Kimitaka (ed.).
1512:Socialist parties in Kazakhstan
272:and eventually merged into the
1457:1920 disestablishments in Asia
1167:Bowyer, Anthony Clive (2008).
475:But the party's conception of
230:'Three Hordes') was a
1:
1160:10.1080/02634937.2022.2071837
936:Central Asia and the Caucasus
240:. Founded in the wake of the
98:
1329:10.1007/978-981-97-0718-8_27
855:Modern History of Kazakhstan
330:Üsh Zhüz was established in
294:Central Asian revolt of 1916
274:Communist Party of Turkestan
242:Central Asian revolt of 1916
127:Communist Party of Turkestan
1462:Anarchist political parties
1452:1917 establishments in Asia
1424:10.1007/978-1-349-61837-8_5
852:Bekmagambetova, M. (2018).
1528:
1130:10.26577/HJ.2019.v52.i2.04
1047:Cambridge University Press
311:established the newspaper
246:Russian Revolution of 1917
83:17 November 1917
1492:Pan-Turkist organizations
1201:10.1515/9783110864380-010
984:10.1080/02634939508400901
961:10.1080/02634939708401009
927:Karmazina, Lydia (2008).
466:, purging members of the
436:role of Islam in politics
353:, a member of the Kazakh
264:, which aligned with the
220:
187:
1467:Anti-nationalist parties
1354:Rowman & Littlefield
1064:Uyama, Tomohiko (2000).
997:Space and Culture, India
260:. It was opposed to the
28:
1393:10.1057/9780230599420_8
1298:10.1057/9780230376434_4
908:Fisher, Lyn R. (1989).
792:Saktaganova et al. 2020
687:Saktaganova et al. 2020
663:Saktaganova et al. 2020
643:Saktaganova et al. 2020
586:Saktaganova et al. 2020
167:Political position
1268:10.26577/JH-2018-4-295
1039:Smith, Jeremy (2013).
1010:10.20896/saci.v7i4.791
450:, that sided with the
296:, the Kazakh activist
248:, the party supported
192:Politics of Kazakhstan
1232:10.4324/9781003399209
920:University of Montana
254:federal republicanism
1387:. pp. 133–149.
1323:. pp. 295–303.
1148:Central Asian Survey
1117:Herald of Journalism
971:Central Asian Survey
949:Central Asian Survey
730:, pp. 103–104;
689:, pp. 212–213;
681:, pp. 103–104;
665:, pp. 212–213;
645:, pp. 212–213;
637:, pp. 103–104;
580:, pp. 103–104;
1418:. pp. 71–101.
1077:Hokkaido University
806:, pp. 103–104.
794:, pp. 212–213.
720:Bekmagambetova 2018
588:, pp. 212–213.
574:Bekmagambetova 2018
558:Bekmagambetova 2018
481:political moderates
408:all supporting it.
1416:Palgrave Macmillan
1385:Palgrave Macmillan
1321:Palgrave Macmillan
1292:. pp. 47–72.
1290:Palgrave Macmillan
1255:Journal of History
1079:. pp. 70–99.
885:. pp. 29–49.
560:, pp. 20–21;
469:petite bourgeoisie
413:liberal democratic
321:Russian Revolution
1433:978-1-349-61837-8
1356:. pp. 1–36.
1338:978-981-97-0718-8
1183:978-91-85937-27-1
1056:978-0-521-11131-7
1020:Strategic Studies
892:978-0-415-36371-6
869:978-601-7934-58-3
838:, pp. 47–48.
750:, pp. 46–47.
477:Islamic socialism
460:Russian Civil War
338:. Its leader was
229:
210:
209:
197:Political parties
1519:
1437:
1406:
1375:
1342:
1311:
1280:
1270:
1245:
1214:
1187:
1175:
1163:
1142:
1132:
1098:
1070:
1060:
1035:
1014:
1012:
987:
964:
943:
933:
923:
904:
873:
839:
833:
827:
813:
807:
801:
795:
785:
779:
769:
763:
757:
751:
745:
739:
717:
711:
705:
694:
676:
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656:
650:
632:
626:
620:
609:
595:
589:
571:
565:
555:
549:
543:
520:
513:
472:from its ranks.
407:
399:Alibi Zhangildin
395:Amankeldı İmanov
383:federal republic
352:
310:
224:
222:
123:Merged into
108:
106:
100:
90:
88:
75:
54:
21:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1434:
1409:
1403:
1378:
1364:
1345:
1339:
1314:
1308:
1283:
1248:
1242:
1217:
1211:
1190:
1184:
1173:
1166:
1145:
1110:
1106:
1104:Further reading
1101:
1087:
1068:
1063:
1057:
1038:
1017:
990:
967:
946:
931:
926:
907:
893:
876:
870:
851:
847:
842:
834:
830:
822:, p. 150;
818:, p. 503;
814:
810:
802:
798:
790:, p. 144;
786:
782:
770:
766:
758:
754:
746:
742:
734:, p. 144;
718:
714:
706:
697:
685:, p. 503;
677:
673:
661:, p. 503;
657:
653:
641:, p. 503;
633:
629:
621:
612:
604:, p. 229;
600:, p. 503;
596:
592:
584:, p. 503;
572:
568:
556:
552:
544:
533:
529:
524:
523:
514:
510:
505:
489:Communist Party
444:Young Bukharans
401:
391:Saken Seifullin
342:
300:
290:
238:political party
206:
161:
113:Split from
104:
102:
86:
84:
65:
44:
31:
30:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1525:
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1401:
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1343:
1337:
1312:
1306:
1281:
1246:
1240:
1215:
1209:
1188:
1182:
1164:
1154:(1): 109–126.
1143:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1099:
1085:
1061:
1055:
1036:
1015:
1003:(4): 208–218.
988:
978:(2): 225–241.
965:
955:(4): 487–515.
944:
942:(54): 141–154.
924:
905:
891:
874:
868:
848:
846:
843:
841:
840:
828:
816:Kendirbay 1997
808:
796:
788:Karmazina 2008
780:
778:, p. 150.
774:, p. 47;
764:
752:
740:
732:Karmazina 2008
726:, p. 47;
722:, p. 21;
712:
710:, p. 144.
708:Karmazina 2008
695:
693:, p. 150.
683:Kendirbay 1997
671:
659:Kendirbay 1997
651:
639:Kendirbay 1997
627:
625:, p. 503.
623:Kendirbay 1997
610:
598:Kendirbay 1997
590:
582:Kendirbay 1997
576:, p. 21;
566:
550:
530:
528:
525:
522:
521:
517:transliterated
507:
506:
504:
501:
456:White movement
421:White movement
387:Turar Ryskulov
379:Russian Empire
377:in the former
375:Turkic peoples
355:intelligentsia
340:Kölbai Tögisov
317:Alash Autonomy
298:Mukan Aitpenov
289:
286:
278:Turar Ryskulov
266:White movement
208:
207:
205:
204:
199:
194:
188:
185:
184:
179:
175:
174:
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149:
144:
138:
136:
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
114:
110:
109:
96:
92:
91:
81:
77:
76:
63:Mukan Aitpenov
60:
56:
55:
42:Kölbai Tögisov
39:
33:
32:
25:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1524:
1513:
1510:
1508:
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1500:
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1413:
1408:
1404:
1402:9780230599420
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1363:0-7425-2929-0
1359:
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1350:
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1340:
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1326:
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1318:
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1309:
1307:9780230376434
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1261:(91): 32–40.
1260:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1241:9781003399209
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1210:9783110864380
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1179:
1172:
1171:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1123:(52): 32–37.
1122:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1086:9784938637194
1082:
1078:
1074:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1043:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1026:(2): 143–74.
1025:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
972:
966:
962:
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950:
945:
941:
937:
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925:
921:
917:
913:
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906:
902:
898:
894:
888:
884:
880:
875:
871:
865:
861:
857:
856:
850:
849:
844:
837:
832:
829:
826:, p. 59.
825:
821:
817:
812:
809:
805:
800:
797:
793:
789:
784:
781:
777:
773:
768:
765:
762:, p. 59.
761:
756:
753:
749:
744:
741:
738:, p. 92.
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
716:
713:
709:
704:
702:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
675:
672:
669:, p. 92.
668:
664:
660:
655:
652:
649:, p. 92.
648:
644:
640:
636:
631:
628:
624:
619:
617:
615:
611:
608:, p. 92.
607:
603:
599:
594:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
570:
567:
564:, p. 47.
563:
559:
554:
551:
548:, p. 47.
547:
542:
540:
538:
536:
532:
526:
519:as "Üsh Jüz".
518:
512:
509:
502:
500:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
473:
471:
470:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
430:
429:Central Asian
426:
422:
418:
414:
409:
405:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
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143:
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128:
125:
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118:
115:
111:
97:
93:
82:
78:
73:
69:
64:
61:
57:
52:
48:
43:
40:
38:
34:
22:
19:
1487:Pan-Islamism
1411:
1380:
1348:
1316:
1285:
1258:
1254:
1219:
1192:
1169:
1151:
1147:
1120:
1116:
1072:
1041:
1023:
1019:
1000:
996:
975:
969:
952:
948:
939:
935:
910:
878:
854:
845:Bibliography
831:
811:
799:
783:
767:
755:
743:
715:
674:
654:
630:
593:
569:
553:
511:
474:
467:
454:against the
440:Milliy Firqa
410:
371:Pan-Islamism
329:
312:
291:
212:
211:
147:Pan-Islamism
26:Three Hordes
18:
804:Fisher 1989
728:Fisher 1989
679:Fisher 1989
635:Fisher 1989
578:Fisher 1989
497:nationalist
425:land reform
417:nationalist
402: [
367:Pan-Turkism
343: [
325:Alash party
301: [
292:During the
262:Alash party
258:land reform
250:Pan-Turkism
142:Pan-Turkism
117:Alash Party
66: [
45: [
1446:Categories
1372:2004023936
901:2007012294
824:Smith 2013
760:Smith 2013
736:Uyama 2000
667:Uyama 2000
647:Uyama 2000
606:Uyama 2000
602:Sabol 1995
527:References
464:communists
452:Bolsheviks
270:Bolsheviks
87:1917-11-17
1277:1563-0269
1224:Routledge
1139:1563-0242
883:Routledge
836:Dave 2007
820:Sara 2006
776:Sara 2006
772:Dave 2007
748:Dave 2007
724:Dave 2007
691:Sara 2006
562:Dave 2007
546:Dave 2007
363:socialism
359:anarchism
284:(TASSR).
235:socialist
202:Elections
172:Left-wing
157:Anarchism
152:Socialism
95:Dissolved
1095:44591996
1032:45242351
434:and the
432:autonomy
336:Tashkent
244:and the
213:Üsh Zhüz
178:Religion
134:Ideology
458:in the
381:into a
288:History
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103: (
85: (
80:Founded
59:Founder
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369:, and
232:Kazakh
221:Үш Жүз
217:Kazakh
37:Leader
29:Үш Жүз
1174:(PDF)
1069:(PDF)
1028:JSTOR
932:(PDF)
515:Also
503:Notes
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313:Alash
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182:Islam
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1428:ISBN
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1368:LCCN
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1091:OCLC
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897:LCCN
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864:ISBN
446:and
415:and
332:Omsk
256:and
226:lit.
105:1920
101:1920
1420:doi
1389:doi
1325:doi
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