396:. As of 2019 there are still no known resistant cultivars, with the very best being only of "moderate" susceptibility. Planting rice earlier in the season can also reduce the amount of disease caused by false smut. In some studies, rice planted in April showed much less presence of false smut than rice planted after 15 May. As is the case for most rice diseases, large amounts of fertilizer in the soil lead to increase in disease. Maintaining the nitrogen rate in the soil to a level below 160 pounds per acre has proven to be most efficient against stopping disease. Although there are no specific fungicide recommendations for the eradication of the false smut pathogen of rice, Cartwright reported that propiconazole was the most effective ingredient after studying it for over three years.
289:
33:
375:, invades through a small gap at the apex of a rice spikelet before heading. The primary source of infection is the presence of chlamydospores in the soil. During the vegetative stage of the growth of the rice crop, the fungus colonizes the tissue on the growing points on the tillers. This happens when
450:
Zhang, Yong; Zhang, Kang; Fang, Anfei; Han, Yanqing; Yang, Jun; Xue, Minfeng; Bao, Jiandong; Hu, Dongwei; Zhou, Bo; Sun, Xianyun; Li, Shaojie; Wen, Ming; Yao, Nan; Ma, Li-Jun; Liu, Yongfeng; Zhang, Min; Huang, Fu; Luo, Chaoxi; Zhou, Ligang; Li, Jianqiang; Chen, Zhiyi; Miao, Jiankun; Wang, Shu; Lai,
352:
has a peculiar life cycle. White hyphae are produced by the fungi after initial infection of the floral organs of the rice crop. As the infection matures with time, darker brownish green chlamydospores are produced on the rice spikelets. Additionally, sclerotia can be present towards the end of the
362:
to survive even longer, almost up to a year. These sclerotia, which can be present either on or below the surface of the soil, mature to form an ascocarp (fruiting body). The ascospores from these fruiting bodies act as the primary source of infection to spread disease throughout the paddy field.
391:
The rice false smut pathogen causes mostly qualitative damage to the rice crop. Removal of the brown "smut balls" is important to maintain the visual integrity of the harvested crop. Additionally, certain steps can be taken to manage and/or prevent the onset of disease. Most rice varieties are
357:
undergoes a sexual (ascospores) stage as well as an asexual (chlamydospores) stage. The chlamydospores are the main survival structure, and they can live in the soil for up to four months. The additional formation of sclerotia allows
221:
which reduces both grain yield and grain quality. The disease occurs in more than 40 countries, especially in the rice producing countries of Asia. but also in the U.S. As the common name suggests, it is not a true
412:
Tanaka, Eiji, Taketo
Ashizawa, Ryoichi Sonoda & Chihiro Tanaka. Villosiclava virens gen. nov., comb. nov., teleomorph of Ustilaginoidea virens, the causal agent of rice false smut. Mycotaxon 106: 491-501.
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Li, Y. Zhu, Z., Zhang Y., Zhao, L., Wang, C. Genetic
Analysis of Rice False Smut Resistance Using Mixed Major Genes and Polygenes Inheritance Model. Acta Agronoimica Sinica. 2008 34(10): 1728-1733
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form erupting through the palea and lemma forming a ball of mycelia, the outermost layers are spore-producing. Infected rice kernels are always destroyed by the disease.
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Brooks, S., Anders, M., Yeater, K. Effect of
Cultural Management Practices on the Severity of False Smut of Rice. Plant Disease. 2009. 93:1202-1208
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Abbas, H. K.; Sciumbato, G.; Keeling, B. (2002). "First Report of False Smut of Corn (Zea mays) in the
Mississippi Delta".
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453:"Specific adaptation of Ustilaginoidea virens in occupying host florets revealed by comparative and functional genomics"
628:"Studies on the false smut of rice X. Invasion of chlamydospores and hyphae of the false smut fungus into rice plants"
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Webster, R. K. and
Gunnell, P. S. 1992. Compendium of rice diseases. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN
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susceptible to the disease; however, some cultivars of rice provide a small amount of resistance against
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Ashizawa, Taketo; Takahashi, Mami; Arai, Michiyoshi; Arie, Tsutomu (2012). "Rice false smut pathogen,
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881:
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213:
733:, invades through small gap at the apex of a rice spikelet before heading ā Ashizawa et al., 2012.
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in occupying host florets revealed by comparative and functional genomics ā Zhang et al., 2014.
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http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/training/fact-sheets/pest-management/diseases/item/false-smut
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275:, it does not do so often, produce significant disease, or have economic consequences.
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get deposited on the spikelets of the rice crop, which later lead to the growth of
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Of particular concern are the production of alkaloids in the grain as with the
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601:
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230:. False smut does not replace all or part of the kernel with a mass of black
574:, invades through small gap at the apex of a rice spikelet before heading".
243:
556:
500:
451:
Jinsheng; Xu, Jin-Rong; Hsiang, Tom; Peng, You-Liang; Sun, Wenxian (2014).
383:. The mycelia from these hyphae invade the floral organs in the spikelets.
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Research
Bulletins of the Faculty of Agriculture of Gifu University
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from soil in Japan using real-time PCR ā Ashizawa et al., 2010.
217:, is a plant pathogen which causes the disease "false smut" of
282:
692:
University of
Arkansas System Division of Agriculture
905:
763:
516:
514:
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264:, and lacks enzymes necessary in ergot synthesis.
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736:Quantification of the rice false smut pathogen
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8:
317:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
751:
31:
20:
482:
337:Learn how and when to remove this message
743:Elucidation of the infection process of
684:"2019 AR Rice Cultivar Testing Results"
586:Springer Science and Business Media LLC
405:
260:/ergot fungus, is not known to produce
747:in rice spikelets ā Tang et al., 2012.
7:
882:5139b3be-0e9f-4fd0-8858-960ace7fa3e5
353:fall season. During its life cycle,
315:adding citations to reliable sources
998:Fungal plant pathogens and diseases
682:Hardke, Jarrod (5 December 2019).
656:Cartwright, Rick (2 August 2002).
577:Journal of General Plant Pathology
533:American Phytopathological Society
14:
658:"Controlling false smut in rice"
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371:The rice false smut pathogen,
1:
541:10.1094/pdis.2002.86.10.1179b
716:"False Smut" ā OƱa et al. ā
1039:
729:Rice false smut pathogen,
43:smut balls on a rice head
1013:Enigmatic Ascomycota taxa
594:10.1007/s10327-012-0389-3
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49:Scientific classification
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39:
30:
23:
1018:Fungi described in 1878
722:Specific adaptation of
211:, perfect sexual stage
159:(Cooke) Takah., (1896)
765:Ustilaginoidea virens
745:Ustilaginoidea virens
738:Ustilaginoidea virens
731:Ustilaginoidea virens
724:Ustilaginoidea virens
572:Ustilaginoidea virens
458:Nature Communications
373:Ustilaginoidea virens
208:Ustilaginoidea virens
188:Ustilaginoidea oryzae
153:Ustilaginoidea virens
25:Ustilaginoidea virens
311:improve this section
191:(Pat.) Bref., (1895)
174:Sphacelotheca virens
626:Ikegami, H (1963).
475:2014NatCo...5.3849Z
214:Villosiclava virens
688:Arkansas Row Crops
484:10.1038/ncomms4849
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890:Open Tree of Life
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184:Pat., (1887)
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828:iNaturalist
698:24 November
667:24 November
588:: 255ā259.
96:Hypocreales
992:Categories
400:References
273:maize/corn
228:ascomycete
72:Ascomycota
67:Division:
922:Q59591723
694:Extension
602:1345-2630
549:0191-2917
493:2041-1723
394:U. virens
367:Infection
360:U. virens
355:U. virens
350:U. virens
298:does not
269:U. virens
267:Although
258:Claviceps
256:is not a
254:U. virens
244:Claviceps
234:, rather
226:, but an
129:Species:
55:Kingdom:
41:U. virens
970:MycoBank
962:10965589
931:Fungorum
916:Wikidata
854:MycoBank
846:10907854
802:Fungorum
780:Q3278240
774:Wikidata
638:: 54ā60.
610:14692540
557:30818527
535:: 1179.
501:24846013
469:: 3849.
262:ergotism
252:however
248:causing
166:Synonyms
103:Family:
949:2562480
872:1159556
820:2562479
471:Bibcode
377:conidia
319:removed
304:sources
115:Genus:
91:Order:
79:Class:
975:196381
936:196381
895:489247
879:NZOR:
859:123571
833:578113
807:123571
608:
600:
555:
547:
531:(10).
499:
491:
381:hyphae
232:spores
957:IRMNG
841:IRMNG
794:7F2TL
606:S2CID
584:(4).
465:(1).
413:2008.
250:ergot
60:Fungi
944:GBIF
867:NCBI
815:GBIF
700:2020
669:2020
598:ISSN
553:PMID
545:ISSN
497:PMID
489:ISSN
302:any
300:cite
246:spp.
236:sori
219:rice
789:CoL
590:doi
537:doi
479:doi
313:by
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