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technology was not available for decades after the construction had finished. As an effect, stairs and pathways became crooked. Moreover, shelling by U.S. troops at the end of the war had left damages to the rear side of the monument not addressed during the time of
Communist rule. In addition, the effects of nature and pollution had blackened the outside of the structure significantly. Until the 1990s, no significant efforts were made to renovate the monument. In 2003, with funding available, such measures finally started, with a target completion end date of 2013, the 200th anniversary of the battle. The black discolouring of the façade was gradually removed. The pavement in front of the monument was relaid, while a large shell hole dating from World War II was patched up. Not all war damage was removed however, deliberately leaving open some signs of bullets and shell splinters as a reminder. A new drainage system was integrated into the structure to safeguard the building from future water damage. The monument was also made wheel-chair accessible for the first time through the addition of a lift. While some work could not be finished until 2013, the work on the exterior reflection pool was finished in 2018. Some more restoration is still set to be completed as of 2019.
804:, as was a total of about 90 per cent of the entire monument. Concrete, a relatively new material at the time, was used for the first time in such a large structure. Proponents in expert literature argued for an iron construction as granting more stability, but the factors of cost and higher creative freedom ultimately led to the use of concrete. Work on the foundations alone took five years. In total, 26,500 granite blocks and 120,000 cubic metres (160,000 cu yd) of concrete were used for the entire structure. Due to the use of state-of-the-art machineries, such as traction engines, lifts, a concrete mixer, and a cable railway for transporting gravel, construction was finished on schedule, in time for the 100th anniversary of the battle in 1913. The financing, which had originally been thought to rely solely on donations and a lottery, ran out, leading the city of Leipzig to subsidise the remaining costs. The
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1012:(Hall of Fame) on the second floor, four large sculptures are placed facing each other, each meant to symbolise an alleged virtue of the German people (bravery, strength of faith, people's strength, and sacrifice). Each of these sculptures is 9.5 m (10.4 yd) tall. Towering above the crypt is a 68 m (74 yd) high dome. Leading towards it, pillared windows are decorated with 96 smaller sculptures representing the suffering in war. The dome itself is filled with "324 almost life-sized equestrian statues representing the homecoming of the victors". The dome, 29 m (32 yd) in diameter, creates unusual acoustics which allow for concerts to take place within the inner hall. From the crypt, 364 steps lead visitors to the observation platform on top of the monument.
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783:, won fourth prize with a design of a round tower with a dome on top. The Patriotic Association was again not convinced of the winning design and contemplated a third round, but in order not to lose more time, eventually decided to give the commission to Schmitz, who was the most well-respected German architect of the time. While Schmitz was the principal architect, Thieme took great influence on the design, leading to the monument having a distinctive character from Schmitz' earlier work. Schmitz delivered a new design in June 1897, which resembled the final result. This was approved by the Patriotic Association on 18 October 1897 and then presented to
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537:, were outlawed, and commemoration of the Battle of Leipzig subsided over the following years. In the 1840s, the "Association for the Celebration of October 19" was established in Leipzig, partly reviving the remembrance of the event, however, only the anniversaries in 1838 and 1863 were "forcefully expressed". In 1863, for the battle's 50th anniversary, the city of Leipzig put up large festivities, inviting representatives from 200 German cities and several hundred veterans. The celebrations included nationalistic songs and the reading of poems, with between 25,000 and 30,000 people in attendance.
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477:, a leading liberal and nationalistic writer, called for a commemoration of the battle throughout Germany. The anniversary on 19 October should be marked by festivities with "burning fires, festive 'folk' clothing, oak wreaths, and the ringing of bells". In fact, the first anniversary of the battle was marked by celebrations across the German countries, including bonfires. However, in some territories such as
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emperor and "as expressions of the people's hopes for better times". At the top of the monument, of the outside of the dome roof, stand twelve warrior statues, each composed of 47 granite blocks and 13 m (14 yd) tall, meant to remind of the
Germans' will to defend themselves. In the inaugural text about the monument, these statues were described as "guardians of freedom and pillars of justice".
1382:. Thousands of people assembled in Leipzig, leading parades through the city towards the monument. Equally, ten years later, in 1963, the anniversary was marked with a big event, joined by regiments of the Soviet army, highlighting the propaganda value of the monument and the Battle of Leipzig for a German-Russian alliance. Additional events were held at the monument, such as a celebration of the
422:. The Battle of the Nations was fought between France and their German allies against a coalition of Russian, Austrian, Prussian, and Swedish forces. About half a million soldiers were involved and at the end of the battle, around 110,000 men had lost their lives, with many more dying in the days after in field hospitals in and around the city. The scope of the fighting was unprecedented.
1391:. Towards the end of the 1980s, the monument more and more lost its character as a political site, as more entertainment-focused events were held, such as athletic competitions and concerts. During the last major anniversary of the Battle of Leipzig in 1988, the focus of the event, attended by around 100,000 people, was on the horrors of war and the need for peace.
458:), as they became known in Germany, soon established a controversial and divided culture of remembrance. For liberal thinkers and young, educated students, many of whom had fought in the wars, they resembled a starting point for a potential German unification into a national state. This sentiment was embodied in the mythologization of the
1187:. As the war neared its end, the focus of events shifted more towards the monument's original intention. Instead of remembrance for the fallen of a battle one hundred years prior, it now became a site for grieving of the recent dead on the battlefield, such as during a large church service for remembrance of the fallen on 24 June 1918.
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forces into the city. Until 1863, seven memorial stones were also placed to mark decisive points of the battle, which still remain to this day. In the same year, on the 50th anniversary of the Battle of
Leipzig, city officials also funded the restoration of the monument they had erected in 1845. During the same festivities, a
565:" ("A Word on the Celebration of the Battle of Leipzig"), he demanded that it "has to be constructed in such a way that it can be seen from all the streets around from which the allied armies moved to the bloody decisive battle. If it is to be seen, it has to be large and splendid – like a collosus, a pyramid, a
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Schmitz constructed the monument over an artificial hill and selected a pyramidal shape for a clear view of the surroundings. The base is 124 metres (407 ft) square. The main structure, at 91 metres (299 ft), is as of 2013 still the tallest monument in Europe. Poser places the monument in a
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A ground-breaking ceremony was held prior to the start of construction on 18 October 1898, the 85th anniversary of the battle. A total of 82,000 cubic metres (107,000 cu yd) of earth were moved in the following two years until suitable subsoil for the foundation was found. Construction then
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of the time, as the architects attempted to develop a distinctly German style in architecture and sculpture. A "multitude of symbols and metaphors", as Poser writes, "makes a clear characterisation of the
Monument difficult even today." Many of the sculptures reflect the masonic ideas of the members
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regiments, volunteer fighters against the French rule. On the other side, the monarchs of the German states as well as conservatives highlighted the role the princes had played in the struggle against
Napoleon, seeing a growing desire for a German national state as an attack on their royal and noble
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The annual celebrations of the Battle of
Leipzig continued under Nazi rule, now accompanied by representation of the army, police, and the SA. This included a large event for the 125th anniversary in 1938, which was advertised with a weeks-long advertisement campaign that drew a direct line between
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close to the burned out church in
Probstheida. Attached to it was a collection box for donations in order to rebuild the church. Originally envisioned by both the citizens of Leipzig as well as the Russian military command as the place for annual celebration of the battle, the cross was removed by
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At the front side of the monument, a 19 m (21 yd) high and 60 m (66 yd) wide relief depicts a battle scene. The centre piece of the relief is a sculpture of the
Archangel Saint Michael, symbolising the personification of God's support for the German soldiers. Above Michael, an
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also placed a monument in his honour at the site, in 1838. In 1843, a sandstone monument was erected at "Napoleon Hill", where the
Emperor had supposedly watched the battle. Two years later, the local government of Leipzig established another monument, commemorating the entrance of the victorious
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Schmitz also planned to create an accompanying complex for ceremonies that would include a court, a stadium and parade grounds. However, only a reflecting pool and two processional avenues were ultimately completed. Surrounding the monument are oaks, considered to have been a symbol of masculine
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carry the firebrand of war, while two eagles symbolise the "newly won freedom". On both sides of the relief, lateral staircases with 136 steps lead to the second story and the entrance of the crypt. The staircases are decorated with large heads of
Frederick I, reminding of the myth of a sleeping
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on 15 October 1967, attended by around 60,000 people. For the 160th anniversary of the Battle of Leipzig in 1973, the exhibition housed within the monument was amended, now emphasising the aspect of German-Russian collaboration even further. Around the same time, the aspect of German unity lost
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was unhappy with the results on the grounds that they were not innovative enough and none was eventually chosen for the monument. In the second round of the competition, which started in August 1896, participation was much larger, with 71 drafts submitted. The jury met to discuss on 21 and 22
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Within a year of the monument's completion, it became apparent that water penetrating the joints between the natural stone ashlars and the concrete core was a problem. Some stone pieces had moved significantly by ice and frost, while water entering the core had no way to escape, as dampening
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and the city of Leipzig erected a monument to the German unification in its centre in 1888. Steffen Poser, head of the Museum of the Monument for the Battle of the Nations, wrote: "he foundation of the German Empire deprived the monument project of what had been its basis for legitimacy so
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and in particular after the German war effort turned towards defeat in 1943, the annual celebrations became smaller and more muted. On Christmas Day 1943, the monument was for the first time used to mourn civilian deaths, as the citizens of Leipzig gathered to remember the victims of the
577:, who had died from injuries sustained in the Battle of Großgörschen, but received no support from state officials. In a letter to Arndt, Friedrich lamented in March 1814: "I am not at all surprised, that no memorials are being erected, neither to mark the great cause of the
1274:(ethnic) unity of the nation and the subservience of the individual to the collective. On 16 July 1933, the Nazi Party held their first big rally at the monument, culminating in a speech by Hitler. On 10 June 1934, the now state party organised a rally in support of the
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architecture. The monument is said to stand on the spot of some of the bloodiest fighting, from where Napoleon ordered the retreat of his army. It was also the scene of fighting in World War II, when Nazi forces in Leipzig made their last stand against U.S. troops.
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On the 18th of October 1913 the Völkerschlachtdenkmal was inaugurated in the presence of about 100,000 people including the Emperor, and all the reigning sovereign rulers of the German states. At the time of completion, it was the tallest monument in Europe.
1220:. The Association thereby closely associated the monument with nationalistic tendencies within the Republic. On 27 April 1924 for instance, the Association of German Patriots hosted a celebration for the 40th anniversary of the foundation of the now lost
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626:, bearing the names of twelve battles fought against the French. Its inscription, "From the king to the people who, at his call, nobly sacrificed their blood and chattels to the Fatherland", highlighted the role of the monarch over that of the people.
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in Berlin situated on it. On the other side of the political spectrum, the nobleman Adolph von Seckendorff put forward the plan for a simple monument to the Saxon government, which would bear an inscription reading "To the liberation of a strong land,
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commenced in mid-September 1900, at which time the original cornerstone from 1863 was moved to the new location. The foundation slab, 70 m (77 yd) times 80 m (87 yd) in area and 2 m (2.2 yd) thick, was constructed from
1167:(national monument), with different groups projecting different symbolism onto it. At the time of its opening in 1913, the Patriotic Association declared in a publication that the monument symbolized a connection from the Wars of Liberation to "
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A first competition to find an architectural design was started in August 1895, with prizes for the best handed out. During the first round, only 32 design were handed in, with first prize going to Karl Doflein from Berlin. However, the
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who had died in the battle, was placed by his sister and Polish veterans near the battle site. After the establishment of the "Association for the Celebration of October 19", more small monuments started to be built. The family of
569:". His plans included a 60 m (200 ft) high mound surrounded by oak groves, with a large cross on top. However, lack of political will prevented such a monument of being built at the time. Arndt, together with the painter
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declared that "the victory over Napoleon was made possible 1. through the organisation of a people's army 2. through German-Russian alliance in arms", thereby drawing a connection to East Germany's alignment with the
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temporarily halted plans for a monument, since public conscience turned towards the more recent military victories. The commemoration of the Battle of Leipzig as a decisive one in German history was replaced by the
581:, nor to the manganimous deeds of great German men. As long as we remain man-servants to the princes, nothing of this sort will happen." Other people came forward with plans for a large memorial as well, including
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1004:) are present, symbolically standing guard, two each in front of a total of eight 6 m (6.6 yd) high death masks. The crypt was meant as a symbolic tomb for the fallen soldiers of the battle. In the
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728:(Association for the History of Leipzig) learned during a meeting of the association about the past plans to build a monument. Interested in resuming the project, Thieme, who was also a member of the Apollo
1302:. One pamphlet read: "What fatefully began with the victory at Leipzig, ended in a bitter tragedy for the German People, over which the curtain was only drawn on 30 January 1933". Following the outbreak of
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The structure is 91 metres (299 ft) tall. It contains over 500 steps to a viewing platform at the top, from which there are views across the city and environs. The structure makes extensive use of
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under the command of Oberst Hans von Poncet, were holding out in the monument, but after a direct artillery hit inside the structure, von Poncet was convinced to surrender following long negotiations.
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strength and endurance to the Germanic people of antiquity. The oaks are complemented by evergreens, symbolising feminine fecundity, and they are located in a subordinate position to the oaks.
1318:) position was established on top of the monument. When the US Army captured Leipzig on April 18, 1945, the monument was the last stronghold in the city to surrender. 300 soldiers, men of the
511:. Taking place at the Hasenheide, a park outside Berlin, the event was attended by several tens of thousands of people. Similar celebrations were held the following years. These included the
1212:, the monument was still controlled by the Association of German Patriots, who restricted who was allowed to use it and how. Ideologically, the Association was most closely linked with the
1228:(Imperial Day of the Warrior), celebrating German veterans and the fallen soldiers of the World War. The last big event during the Weimar years came from 18 to 20 September 1932, when the
744:(Association of German Patriots) which raised, by means of donations and a lottery, the funds necessary to construct the monument for the 100th anniversary. The projected cost was set at
220:, also known as the Battle of the Nations. Paid for mostly by donations and the city of Leipzig, it was completed in 1913 for the 100th anniversary of the battle at a cost of six million
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395:. However, due to lack of training in his newly recruited soldiers, Napoleon was unable to take full advantage of his victories, allowing his enemies to regroup. Following a
399:, Austria rejoined the Coalition on 17 August. The French advantage in numbers was now reversed, with the Coalition forces counting 490,000 soldiers to Napoleon's 440,000.
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871:. Following Behrens' death in 1905, Metzner completed the work, mainly on the sculptures on the inside and top of the monument. When Behrens died, the sculpture of
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and others. Steffen Poser described the monument in the interwar years as a site used mainly by institutions working against the democratic, republican system.
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680:, pledged money for its construction. A competition for the design of a bigger monument was also started for the anniversary, without success. However, the
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in 1989 and 1990, the monument has largely lost its character as a site for political and historic events and now serves mainly as a tourist attraction.
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in Leipzig's city parliament, proposed the project during a meeting and gained the support of his fellow masons. Later that same year, he founded the
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proposed a fortress to be built outside Leipzig, at the top of which a pyramid was to be placed, with the quadriga that Napoleon had taken from the
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1358:(SED), quickly moved to change the monument's symbolism: the East German state was pictured as the continuation of a free, unified Germany while
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in August 1898, where it won a prize. Several more design changes, especially to the top of the building, were made in the followings years.
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6,000,000 (€32,904,393 in 2024). The following year, the city of Leipzig donated a 40,000-square-metre (9.9-acre) site for the construction.
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1311:. In 1944, the celebration of the anniversary of the Battle of Leipzig was called off altogether, as the Allied forces advanced on Germany.
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was laid on 13 May 1912 by Thieme. Final works were done over the remaining year, including a late decision to add glass windows around the
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Silesia and Central European Nationalisms: The Emergence of National and Ethnic Groups in Prussian Silesia and Austrian Silesia, 1848-1918
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In 1953, the East German government hosted a large celebration of the 140th anniversary of the Battle of Leipzig, at the cost of 680,000
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for a future grand monument was placed by Leipig's mayor Karl Wilhelm Otto Koch, and 23 cities from all around Germany, including
614:", honouring the three monarchs who led the fight against Napoleon. While none of the proposals for Leipzig gained any support, a
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was the decisive one in the war, cementing the French defeat and temporarily ending Napoleon's rule. The Emperor was exiled to
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Das Völki, wie das Denkmal von der Bevölkerung Leipzigs gern genannt wird, ist Anziehungspunkt von Touristen aus aller Welt.
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On the first anniversary of the battle, in 1814, a 18 m (59 ft) tall wooden cross was placed as a monument on the
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Bartetzky, Arnold. "Befreiungskriege und Völkerschlacht in der visuellen Erinnerungskultur des Deutschen Kaiserreichs". In
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line of tradition of similar national monuments of the 19th century. The design deviates consciously from the style of the
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The architectural style of the monument was immediately divisive even among contemporaries. While commentators from the
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The Year 1813, East Central Europe and Leipzig. The Battle of the Nations as a (trans)national place of remembrance
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Shortly after the Battle of Leipzig, Arndt called for a monument to be built at the site. In a pamphlet entitled "
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in March 1813. During the early part of the campaign, the allied forces against Napoleon suffered defeats at
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Topfstedt, Thomas. "Das Leipziger Völkerschlachtsdenkmal: Eine kurze Ideen- und Baugeschichte". In
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Das Jahr 1813, Ostmitteleuropa und Leipzig. Die Völkerschlacht als (trans)nationaler Erinnerungsort
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After World War II during the time of the separation of Germany, Leipzig was part of the Socialist
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Tebbe, Jason (2010). "Revision and "Rebirth": Commemoration of the Battle of Nations in Leipzig".
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Poser, Steffen. "Zur Rezeptionsgeschichte des Völkerschlachtsdenkmals zwischen 1914 und 1989". In
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Originally intended by the Association of German Patriots as a symbol for the achievement of
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on top, symbolising the victory of Germany against France, the "modern Rome". The architect
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2105:[The Monument to the Battle of the Nations, on the Dumping Ground of History].
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2049:[Monument to the Battle of the Nations in Leipzig: Pyramid of the Patriot].
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the following year, before being permanently banished following his defeat at the
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on 18 October 1814. Events such as this took place in all of Germany on that day.
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under the title Napoleon I since 1804. Over the course of the hostilities, the
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importance, as a two-state solution was preferred under the new leadership of
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against the French and their German allies. Following Napoleon's unsuccessful
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View from inside the crypt with the guarding warriors and death masks visible
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The Politics of Sociability: Freemasonry and German Civil Society, 1840–1918
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In the circle-shaped crypt on the first floor, sixteen statues of warriors (
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30 January 1933 was the day on which Adolf Hitler was appointed Chancellor.
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2589:[Tourist Magnet "Völki": Complete Restoration Draws to a Close].
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The Battle of the Nations at Leipzig: Europe's Battle Against Napoleon
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In the immediate aftermath, both the Battle of Leipzig as well as the
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Stadtgeschichtliches Museum Leipzig (City-Historical Museum Leipzig)
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style elements, instead borrowing from the architecture of ancient
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annexed by France, as well as troops from his German allies of the
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in 1809 had ended with another defeat for the joint forces of the
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Training Socialist Citizens: Sports and the State in East Germany
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throughout the 19th century, the monument was soon accepted as a
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Picture of the sculpture representing "People's strength" in the
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The cornerstone, laid down in 1863, in a drawing from around 1880
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at Leipzig, a crucial step towards the end of hostilities in the
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From Monuments to Traces: Artifacts of German Memory, 1870-1990
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December of the same year, with first prize this time going to
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Remembrance of the Battle of the Nations between 1813 and 1871
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for approval. In August, the design was presented during the
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was the first to propose a large monument on the site of the
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joined the countries already at war with France to begin the
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Die Völkerschlacht bei Leipzig: Europas Kampf gegen Napoleon
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1813: The Battle of the Nations and the End of the Old World
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the winter of the same year, following the division of the
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National Monuments and Nationalism in 19th Century Germany
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2286:
2047:"Völkerschlachtdenkmal in Leipzig: Pyramide des Patrioten"
523:
as well as the Battle of Leipzig. However, following the
438:
on the first anniversary of the Battle of Leipzig at the
1063:
Detail of the sculpture representing "Strength of faith"
541:
First proposals for a monument at the site of the battle
297:
The War of the Sixth Coalition and the Battle of Leipzig
2084:
2082:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1649:
1647:
1634:
1632:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1449:, inspired by the Monument to the Battle of the Nations
1150:
Reception and usage of the monument through the decades
1036:
Detailed view of guarding warriors next to a death mask
974:
View of the guardian statues on the outside of the dome
283:. It is widely regarded as one of the best examples of
2249:
2247:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2127:
2125:
1087:
Details of the horse statues on the inside of the dome
930:
Detail of a horse on the left side of the front relief
2873:
Public Monuments: Art in Political Bondage, 1870-1997
2477:[The Monument to the Battle of the Nations].
1844:
1842:
1840:
1703:
1701:
1101:
View of the monument and the adjacent reflecting pool
489:, they were incorporated into the festivities around
2892:
1813: Die Völkerschlacht und das Ende der Alten Welt
2103:"Völkerschlachtdenkmal, auf den Müll der Geschichte"
694:far—namely, the desire for German unification, the
533:, the nationalistic student groups, as well as the
170:
162:
154:
146:
138:
130:
122:
112:
94:
2934:Monument to the Battle of the Nations: Short Guide
2849:
2814:Keller, Katrin; Schmid, Hans-Dieter, eds. (1995).
1262:Following the rise of the Nazi Party to power and
875:, the relief of the battle scene and the heads of
515:in 1817, a nationalistic event commemorating both
485:, such celebrations were prohibited, while in the
2822:] (in German). Leipziger Universitätsverlag.
1183:or celebrations of the birthday of Field Marshal
2429:"Kalenderblatt: 19.4.1945 – Das letzte Aufgebot"
833:Outside view of the front of the monument (2014)
340:had ceased to exist following the abdication of
563:Ein Wort ĂĽber die Feier der Leipziger Schlacht
2747:
2738:
942:View of the relief from the right side, with
507:movement, gymnastic clubs led by nationalist
8:
2838:
2714:Dmitrieva, Marina; Karl, Lars, eds. (2016).
2620:"The Voortrekker Monument: Monolith to Myth"
2206:
1294:), pledged allegiance to the Nazi movement.
1161:German unity after a long period of struggle
1006:
998:
738:
722:
501:, the main celebration was organised by the
391:(20–21 May), being driven back to the river
30:
2917:. New German-American Studies. Peter Lang.
2722:] (in German). Cologne: Böhlau Verlag.
1928:"The Völkerschlachtdenkmal and its History"
1142:'s design for a new parliament building in
618:was erected in Berlin in 1821. Designed by
348:from various former members of the Empire.
328:had taken control of the country, first as
3117:Buildings and structures completed in 1913
1890:
1722:
1510:
1355:Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands
45:
29:
2645:
2319:
2292:
2221:
2158:
2073:
2032:
2008:
1993:
1981:
1966:
1951:
1863:
1831:
1792:
1692:
1352:, or East Germany. The ruling party, the
1914:
544:
227:The monument commemorates the defeat of
3067:"Homepage of the choir of the Monument"
3039:"Homepage of the monument's supporters"
3024:"Monument to the Battle of the Nations"
2182:
1485:
1465:
1014:
908:
712:The monument under construction in 1912
700:, which had been missing at the time."
3055:"Homepage of the annual bathtub races"
3001:] (in German). Munich: C.H. Beck.
2304:
2088:
1775:
1763:
1546:
1534:
1522:
1419:The monument during restoration (2011)
1314:During the war, an anti-aircraft gun (
1309:bombing of the city on 4 December 1943
2573:
2561:
2549:
2537:
2525:
2513:
2501:
2448:Haskew, Michael E. (4 October 2020).
2415:
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2020:
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1707:
1680:
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1558:
1344:in the shadow of the monument in 1953
1280:referendum held the following January
901:" . To either side of the archangel,
684:and the subsequent foundation of the
661:Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg
261:Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg
184:Monument to the Battle of the Nations
7:
3152:Art Nouveau sculptures and memorials
1278:rejoining Germany in advance of the
402:Between 16 and 19 October 1813, the
3147:Art Nouveau architecture in Germany
3127:Buildings and structures in Leipzig
2045:von RĂĽpke, Marc (18 October 2013).
1932:Stadtgeschichtliches Museum Leipzig
616:monument for the Wars of Liberation
3137:Monuments and memorials in Germany
3075:"7 panorama views and information"
2856:. University of California Press.
1113:In the background can be seen the
812:to safeguard it from the weather.
724:Verein fĂĽr die Geschichte Leipzigs
25:
2776:Johnson, Molly Wilkinson (2008).
324:against its European neighbours.
31:Monument to the Battle of Nations
3132:Military monuments and memorials
2761:. University of Michigan Press.
2757:Hoffmann, Stefan-Ludwig (2007).
2625:South African Historical Journal
1332:Under Communist rule (1945–1989)
1080:
1068:
1056:
1041:
1029:
1017:
979:
967:
951:
935:
923:
911:
2101:Reichel, Peter (13 July 2013).
1155:World War I and Weimar Republic
793:GroĂźe Berliner Kunstausstellung
3142:Tourist attractions in Leipzig
3112:1913 establishments in Germany
2951:Sembach, Klaus-JĂĽrgen (2002).
1:
3157:Outdoor sculptures in Germany
2678:The Journal of Modern History
1258:Nazi Germany and World War II
1236:Evangelical Church in Germany
493:'s jubilee on 23 October. In
51:The monument at night in 2015
2993:Thamer, Hans-Ulrich (2013).
2871:Michalski, Sergiusz (1998).
2483:(in German). 18 October 2018
2475:"Das Völkerschlachtsdenkmal"
1340:Historic reenactment of the
656:Marshal of the French Empire
436:Emperor Francis I of Austria
27:Monument in Leipzig, Germany
3057:(in German). Archived from
3045:(in German). Archived from
2936:. Leipzig: Passage-Verlag.
2890:Platthaus, Andreas (2015).
2799:. Purdue University Press.
2748:Dmitrieva & Karl (2016)
2739:Dmitrieva & Karl (2016)
2618:Delmont, Elizabeth (1993).
1276:Territory of the Saar Basin
1194:The centenary event of the
887:Description of the Monument
573:, worked on a monument for
3183:
3167:War of the Sixth Coalition
2875:. London: Reaktion Books.
2839:Keller & Schmid (1995)
2795:Kamusella, Tomasz (2007).
1498:, retrieved March 26, 2014
1364:Confederation of the Rhine
1350:German Democratic Republic
381:War of the Sixth Coalition
353:War of the Fifth Coalition
346:Confederation of the Rhine
332:from 1799, and reigned as
269:Confederation of the Rhine
239:. The coalition armies of
237:War of the Sixth Coalition
2913:Pohlsander, Hans (2008).
2638:10.1080/02582479308671763
892:Exterior of the structure
716:In 1894, Clemens Thieme (
650:. In 1817, a monument to
416:briefly returned to power
279:, and the facings are of
196:, sometimes shortened to
60:
56:
44:
35:
2480:Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk
2207:Keller & Schmid 1995
1298:the Napoleonic Wars and
1222:German overseas colonies
2932:Poser, Steffen (2014).
2597:Deutsche Presse-Agentur
2454:Warfare History Network
2185:, pp. 28 & 38.
1395:The monument since 1989
986:Close-up of the statues
873:Archangel Saint Michael
620:Karl Friedrich Schinkel
575:Gerhard von Scharnhorst
150:91 metres (299 ft)
142:70 metres (230 ft)
134:80 metres (260 ft)
3043:Voelkerschlachtdenkmal
1420:
1345:
1234:, a society under the
1201:
1122:
1102:
1007:
999:
962:next to the staircases
834:
820:Design of the Monument
740:Deutsche Patriotenbund
739:
734:National Liberal Party
723:
713:
682:Unification of Germany
634:
571:Caspar David Friedrich
558:
447:
313:
305:A painting by Russian
191:
126:Granite-faced concrete
2973:German Studies Review
2848:Koshar, Rudy (2000).
1418:
1339:
1268:Chancellor of Germany
1214:German People's Party
1193:
1112:
1100:
832:
711:
632:
595:Friedrich Weinbrenner
549:Historian and writer
548:
509:Friedrich Ludwig Jahn
497:, the capital of the
433:
404:Battle of the Nations
334:Emperor of the French
311:Battle of the Nations
304:
257:Alexander I of Russia
193:Völkerschlachtdenkmal
79:51.31222°N 12.41306°E
38:Völkerschlachtdenkmal
18:Völkerschlachtdenkmal
3033:(Quicktime required)
2816:Vom Kult zur Kulisse
1455:in Wrocław (Breslau)
1439:Voortrekker Monument
1405:German reunification
1218:Treaty of Versailles
1200:on 18 September 1932
1075:Dome of the memorial
958:One of the heads of
732:and represented the
3079:Virtualcity Leipzig
2820:The cult of scenery
2750:, pp. 137–155.
2741:, pp. 123–134.
1996:, pp. 141–144.
1905:, pp. 624–625.
1819:, pp. 622–623.
1683:, pp. 623–624.
1585:, pp. 619–620.
1434:Kyffhäuser Monument
1401:Peaceful Revolution
1231:Gustav-Adolf-Verein
1197:Gustav-Adolf-Verein
1185:Paul von Hindenburg
946:inscription visible
877:Emperor Frederick I
867:and his apprentice
767:Kyffhäuser Monument
720:), a member of the
587:August von Kotzebue
434:A celebration with
320:, France had waged
208:) is a monument in
155:Beginning date
75: /
32:
3162:Statues in Germany
2841:, pp. 78–104.
2673:Clark, Christopher
1766:, pp. 99–100.
1493:leipzig-sachsen.de
1421:
1384:October Revolution
1346:
1300:National Socialism
1266:'s appointment as
1202:
1123:
1103:
879:, better known as
835:
714:
648:Congress of Vienna
635:
559:
551:Ernst Moritz Arndt
499:Kingdom of Prussia
487:Kingdom of Hanover
475:Ernst Moritz Arndt
452:Wars of Liberation
448:
420:Battle of Waterloo
373:invasion of Russia
342:Emperor Francis II
326:Napoleon Bonaparte
314:
84:51.31222; 12.41306
3008:978-3-406-64610-2
2962:978-3-8228-2022-3
2943:978-3-938543-73-3
2924:978-3-03911-352-1
2905:978-3-499-62922-8
2863:978-0-520-21768-3
2829:978-3-929031-60-7
2806:978-1-55753-371-5
2768:978-0-472-11573-0
2729:978-3-412-50399-4
2576:, pp. 24–31.
2528:, pp. 97–98.
2516:, pp. 94–97.
2504:, pp. 92–94.
2418:, pp. 89–92.
2394:, pp. 86–88.
2382:, pp. 84–85.
2370:, pp. 82–83.
2346:, pp. 79–80.
2268:, pp. 15–18.
2197:, pp. 14–15.
2173:, pp. 13–14.
2146:, pp. 12–14.
1380:East German marks
1342:Battle of Leipzig
918:Archangel Michael
897:engraving reads "
865:Christian Behrens
840:Wilhelmine period
652:JĂłzef Poniatowski
644:Kingdom of Saxony
612:Friedrich Wilhelm
567:Cologne Cathedral
555:Battle of Leipzig
527:of 1819 both the
513:Wartburg Festival
414:in May 1814, but
338:Holy Roman Empire
318:French Revolution
255:were led by Tsar
218:Battle of Leipzig
180:
179:
175:Battle of Leipzig
171:Dedicated to
163:Opening date
16:(Redirected from
3174:
3098:
3093:. Archived from
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3034:
3031:
3012:
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2438:
2437:. 19 March 2009.
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2036:
2030:
2024:
2023:, pp. 8–12.
2018:
2012:
2006:
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1324:and boys of the
1226:Reichskriegertag
1136:Social Democrats
1084:
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1002:
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599:Brandenburg Gate
530:Burschenschaften
525:Carlsbad Decrees
456:Befreiungskriege
322:a number of wars
309:, depicting the
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3091:Waltlockley.com
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2599:. 26 April 2019
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1453:Centennial Hall
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1368:Walter Ulbricht
1360:Konrad Adenauer
1334:
1290:(bishop of the
1260:
1210:Weimar Republic
1206:interwar period
1165:Nationaldenkmal
1157:
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773:as well as the
706:
691:Battle of Sedan
543:
519:'s stay at the
428:
357:Austrian Empire
299:
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166:18 October 1913
158:18 October 1898
83:
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3099:
3097:on 2008-11-21.
3083:
3071:
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3061:on 2005-12-15.
3051:
3049:on 2009-04-23.
3035:
3018:
3017:External links
3015:
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3007:
2990:
2980:(3): 618–640.
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2691:10.1086/245342
2685:(3): 550–576.
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2320:Bartetzky 2016
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2293:Michalski 1998
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2224:, p. 425.
2222:Platthaus 2015
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2159:Platthaus 2015
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2076:, p. 137.
2074:Topfstedt 2016
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2035:, p. 153.
2033:Topfstedt 2016
2025:
2013:
2011:, p. 145.
2009:Topfstedt 2016
1998:
1994:Topfstedt 2016
1986:
1984:, p. 423.
1982:Platthaus 2015
1971:
1969:, p. 142.
1967:Topfstedt 2016
1956:
1954:, p. 141.
1952:Topfstedt 2016
1944:
1919:
1917:, p. 122.
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1880:
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1868:
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1864:Topfstedt 2016
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1834:, p. 422.
1832:Platthaus 2015
1821:
1809:
1807:, p. 558.
1797:
1795:, p. 131.
1793:Bartetzky 2016
1780:
1768:
1756:
1754:, p. 559.
1744:
1742:, p. 622.
1727:
1725:, p. 168.
1712:
1697:
1695:, p. 138.
1693:Topfstedt 2016
1685:
1670:
1668:, p. 566.
1658:
1656:, p. 623.
1643:
1641:, p. 562.
1628:
1626:, p. 621.
1611:
1609:, p. 553.
1599:
1597:, p. 552.
1587:
1575:
1573:, p. 620.
1563:
1551:
1539:
1527:
1515:
1513:, p. 170.
1500:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1450:
1436:
1429:
1426:
1412:
1409:
1399:Following the
1396:
1393:
1389:Erich Honecker
1333:
1330:
1259:
1256:
1245:Sturmabteilung
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1140:Eliel Saarinen
1127:
1124:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1055:
1053:
1047:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1016:
993:
990:
989:
988:
985:
978:
976:
973:
966:
964:
957:
950:
948:
941:
934:
932:
929:
922:
920:
917:
910:
893:
890:
888:
885:
826:
823:
821:
818:
705:
702:
583:Karl Sieveking
542:
539:
427:
424:
361:United Kingdom
316:Following the
307:A.I. Zauerweid
298:
295:
293:
290:
216:, to the 1813
178:
177:
172:
168:
167:
164:
160:
159:
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136:
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128:
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120:
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114:
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109:
96:
92:
91:
58:
57:
54:
53:
50:
42:
41:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3179:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3020:
3016:
3010:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2974:
2968:
2964:
2958:
2954:
2949:
2945:
2939:
2935:
2930:
2926:
2920:
2916:
2911:
2907:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2888:
2884:
2882:9781861890252
2878:
2874:
2869:
2865:
2859:
2854:
2853:
2846:
2840:
2835:
2834:
2831:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2812:
2808:
2802:
2798:
2793:
2789:
2787:9789004169579
2783:
2779:
2774:
2770:
2764:
2760:
2755:
2749:
2744:
2740:
2735:
2734:
2731:
2725:
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2712:
2708:
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2700:
2696:
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2670:
2669:
2665:
2648:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2614:
2611:
2598:
2595:(in German).
2594:
2593:
2588:
2582:
2579:
2575:
2570:
2567:
2563:
2558:
2555:
2551:
2546:
2543:
2540:, p. 99.
2539:
2534:
2531:
2527:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2510:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2495:
2482:
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2467:
2455:
2451:
2444:
2441:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2424:
2421:
2417:
2412:
2409:
2406:, p. 89.
2405:
2400:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2385:
2381:
2376:
2373:
2369:
2364:
2361:
2358:, p. 81.
2357:
2352:
2349:
2345:
2340:
2337:
2334:, p. 78.
2333:
2328:
2325:
2321:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2307:, p. 46.
2306:
2301:
2298:
2295:, p. 65.
2294:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2280:, p. 18.
2279:
2274:
2271:
2267:
2262:
2259:
2256:, p. 19.
2255:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2241:, p. 15.
2240:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2140:
2137:
2134:, p. 13.
2133:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2097:
2094:
2091:, p. 44.
2090:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2067:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2014:
2010:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1945:
1933:
1929:
1923:
1920:
1916:
1915:Hoffmann 2007
1911:
1908:
1904:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1860:
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1854:
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1845:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1833:
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1822:
1818:
1813:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1798:
1794:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1778:, p. 98.
1777:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1734:
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1616:
1612:
1608:
1603:
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1596:
1591:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1552:
1549:, p. 43.
1548:
1543:
1540:
1537:, p. 42.
1536:
1531:
1528:
1525:, p. 30.
1524:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1494:
1489:
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1331:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1288:Reichsbischof
1285:
1284:Ludwig MĂĽller
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1237:
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1154:
1149:
1147:
1145:
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1133:
1125:
1120:
1119:New Town Hall
1116:
1115:City-Hochhaus
1111:
1107:
1099:
1092:
1083:
1078:
1071:
1066:
1059:
1054:
1051:
1044:
1039:
1032:
1027:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1003:
1001:
992:On the inside
991:
982:
977:
970:
965:
961:
954:
949:
945:
938:
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926:
921:
914:
909:
907:
904:
900:
891:
886:
884:
882:
878:
874:
870:
869:Franz Metzner
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
845:Patriotenbund
841:
831:
824:
819:
817:
813:
811:
807:
803:
797:
795:
794:
789:
786:
782:
778:
777:
776:Deutsches Eck
772:
768:
764:
763:Bruno Schmitz
760:
759:Wilhelm Kreis
755:
754:Patriotenbund
749:
747:
743:
741:
735:
731:
730:masonic lodge
727:
725:
719:
710:
703:
701:
699:
698:
692:
687:
686:German Empire
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
662:
657:
653:
649:
645:
640:
639:village green
631:
627:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
600:
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588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
556:
552:
547:
540:
538:
536:
532:
531:
526:
522:
518:
517:Martin Luther
514:
510:
506:
505:
500:
496:
492:
488:
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476:
472:
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468:
463:
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149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
118:
117:Bruno Schmitz
115:
111:
108:
104:
100:
97:
93:
88:
59:
55:
48:
43:
39:
34:
19:
3095:the original
3090:
3078:
3069:(in German).
3059:the original
3047:the original
3042:
3027:
2998:
2994:
2977:
2971:
2952:
2933:
2914:
2895:
2891:
2872:
2851:
2819:
2815:
2796:
2777:
2758:
2719:
2715:
2682:
2676:
2666:Bibliography
2651:. Retrieved
2629:
2623:
2613:
2601:. Retrieved
2590:
2581:
2569:
2557:
2545:
2533:
2521:
2509:
2497:
2485:. Retrieved
2478:
2469:
2457:. Retrieved
2453:
2443:
2432:
2423:
2411:
2399:
2387:
2375:
2363:
2351:
2339:
2327:
2300:
2273:
2261:
2209:, p. 9.
2202:
2190:
2183:Sembach 2002
2178:
2166:
2139:
2112:. Retrieved
2106:
2096:
2069:
2057:. Retrieved
2050:
2040:
2028:
2016:
1989:
1947:
1935:. Retrieved
1931:
1922:
1910:
1898:
1871:
1851:, p. 7.
1812:
1800:
1771:
1759:
1747:
1710:, p. 6.
1688:
1661:
1602:
1590:
1578:
1566:
1561:, p. 4.
1554:
1542:
1530:
1518:
1495:
1488:
1468:
1447:South Africa
1422:
1398:
1377:
1353:
1347:
1326:Hitler Youth
1319:
1313:
1304:World War II
1296:
1291:
1287:
1271:
1264:Adolf Hitler
1261:
1249:
1243:
1229:
1225:
1203:
1195:
1164:
1158:
1131:
1129:
1104:
1093:Surroundings
1049:
1005:
1000:Totenwächter
997:
995:
959:
944:Gott mit uns
943:
899:Gott mit uns
898:
895:
880:
844:
836:
814:
809:
798:
791:
774:
753:
750:
737:
721:
715:
704:Construction
695:
636:
578:
562:
560:
534:
528:
502:
473:
465:
459:
455:
449:
401:
387:(2 May) and
385:Großgörschen
350:
315:
273:
226:
204:
203:
198:
197:
192:
183:
181:
37:
2955:. Taschen.
2953:Art Nouveau
2653:27 December
2603:27 December
2305:Koshar 2000
2114:27 December
2089:Koshar 2000
2055:(in German)
2052:Der Spiegel
1776:Thamer 2013
1764:Thamer 2013
1547:Thamer 2013
1535:Thamer 2013
1523:Thamer 2013
1411:Restoration
1204:During the
1177:World War I
1050:Ruhmeshalle
1008:Ruhmeshalle
861:Art Nouveau
853:Mesopotamia
810:Ruhmeshalle
666:cornerstone
483:WĂĽrttemberg
471:positions.
233:French army
82: /
3106:Categories
2647:10539/7785
2632:: 76–101.
2574:Poser 2014
2562:Poser 1995
2550:Poser 1995
2538:Poser 1995
2526:Poser 1995
2514:Poser 1995
2502:Poser 1995
2416:Poser 1995
2404:Poser 1995
2392:Poser 1995
2380:Poser 1995
2368:Poser 1995
2356:Poser 1995
2344:Poser 1995
2332:Poser 1995
2278:Poser 2014
2266:Poser 2014
2254:Poser 2014
2239:Poser 2014
2195:Poser 2014
2171:Poser 2014
2144:Poser 2014
2132:Poser 2014
2021:Poser 2014
1937:August 23,
1903:Tebbe 2010
1876:Tebbe 2010
1849:Poser 2014
1817:Tebbe 2010
1805:Clark 1996
1752:Clark 1996
1740:Tebbe 2010
1708:Poser 2014
1681:Tebbe 2010
1666:Clark 1996
1654:Tebbe 2010
1639:Clark 1996
1624:Tebbe 2010
1607:Clark 1996
1595:Clark 1996
1583:Tebbe 2010
1571:Tebbe 2010
1559:Poser 2014
1480:References
1321:Volkssturm
1248:(SA), the
1240:Nazi Party
1173:Versailles
960:Barbarossa
881:Barbarossa
863:sculptors
849:classicist
788:Wilhelm II
591:Iron Cross
491:George III
285:Wilhelmine
70:12°24′47″E
67:51°18′44″N
2707:143695987
1251:Stahlhelm
1181:war bonds
1146:in 1912.
1126:Reception
771:Thuringia
697:leitmotif
624:Kreuzberg
604:Alexander
461:Freikorps
397:ceasefire
375:in 1812,
222:goldmarks
205:Schlachti
2986:20787996
2592:Die Welt
2487:18 March
2459:17 March
2108:Die Welt
1443:Pretoria
1428:See also
1272:völkisch
1144:Canberra
1132:völkisch
1117:and the
806:keystone
802:concrete
521:Wartburg
467:Landwehr
406:outside
369:Portugal
277:concrete
229:Napoleon
123:Material
113:Designer
95:Location
2699:2946767
1208:of the
843:of the
785:Emperor
781:Koblenz
678:Dresden
674:Hanover
646:at the
535:Turners
408:Leipzig
389:Bautzen
377:Prussia
292:History
281:granite
249:Austria
245:Prussia
214:Germany
210:Leipzig
107:Germany
99:Leipzig
3005:
2984:
2959:
2940:
2921:
2902:
2879:
2860:
2826:
2803:
2784:
2765:
2726:
2705:
2697:
2059:24 May
903:furies
676:, and
670:Vienna
610:, and
504:Turner
495:Berlin
444:Vienna
440:Prater
367:, and
330:Consul
253:Sweden
241:Russia
188:German
147:Height
131:Length
103:Saxony
2997:[
2982:JSTOR
2894:[
2818:[
2718:[
2703:S2CID
2695:JSTOR
1460:Notes
1292:Reich
1169:Sedan
857:Egypt
825:Style
608:Franz
479:Baden
365:Spain
265:Rhine
199:Völki
139:Width
3003:ISBN
2957:ISBN
2938:ISBN
2919:ISBN
2900:ISBN
2877:ISBN
2858:ISBN
2824:ISBN
2801:ISBN
2782:ISBN
2763:ISBN
2724:ISBN
2655:2020
2605:2020
2489:2021
2461:2022
2116:2020
2061:2015
1939:2011
1403:and
1373:USSR
1316:Flak
1171:and
855:and
654:, a
585:and
579:Volk
481:and
464:and
412:Elba
393:Elbe
351:The
259:and
251:and
182:The
2687:doi
2642:hdl
2634:doi
1441:in
1242:'s
779:in
769:in
442:in
231:'s
202:or
3108::
3089:.
3077:.
3041:.
3026:.
2978:33
2976:.
2701:.
2693:.
2683:68
2681:.
2640:.
2630:29
2628:.
2622:.
2452:.
2431:.
2312:^
2285:^
2246:^
2229:^
2214:^
2151:^
2124:^
2081:^
2001:^
1974:^
1959:^
1930:.
1883:^
1856:^
1839:^
1824:^
1783:^
1730:^
1715:^
1700:^
1673:^
1646:^
1631:^
1614:^
1503:^
1445:,
1375:.
1286:,
761:.
718:de
672:,
606:,
363:,
359:,
271:.
247:,
243:,
224:.
212:,
190::
105:,
101:,
3081:.
3030:.
3011:.
2988:.
2965:.
2946:.
2927:.
2908:.
2885:.
2866:.
2832:.
2809:.
2790:.
2771:.
2732:.
2709:.
2689::
2657:.
2644::
2636::
2607:.
2491:.
2463:.
2118:.
2063:.
1941:.
1121:.
746:â„ł
557:.
454:(
186:(
20:)
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