105:
reclaimed the trucks, he continued to assist. Hardy was mustered out as too old for the army in 1943. In 1953, the first civil service class to include
African-Americans was inducted into the fire academy. Many of the auxiliaries were over the age limits by the time of that first class but Charles Miller, Charles L. Scott and Roy Parker went on to serve as full firefighters for the city of Baltimore. In the first class of Auxiliaries to be paid were Lee D. Babb, Cicero Baldwin, Ernest H. Barnes, Louis Harden, Earl C. Jones, Carl E. McDonald, George C.W. McKnight, Jr., Charles T. Miller, Roy Parker, Charles L. Scott and Lindsay Washington. Scott scored no.1 on the civil service list to be hired, out of 48 taking and passing the civil service exam and physical. Hardy and the auxiliaries continued to respond to forth alarms, setting up ladders and assisting the firefighters. Until then, the Fire Department had been described by the black auxiliaries as a "private club" for white males only. The reality for the new firefighters was bleak, blacks were admitted to the Fire Department but they had to deal with segregated beds, toilets and washrooms. In many cases they were not allowed to use the same kitchen spoons or mugs, drink coffee from the coffeepot or read the newspapers bought by 'community chest' funds. Some firehouses had "Reserved" (for Colored People) signs over tables in the kitchens, on beds and a commode. It wasn't just in Baltimore that these incidents took place, but it was a consistent theme wherever blacks were integrated into firehouse life. In 1954, Firefighter Jack Johnson becomes the first to receive the fire departments Meritorious Service Award. In 1959, the first black promoted to the rank of Engine Engineer, Herman Williams, was not allowed to operate the apparatus to a fire. He was later promoted to Chief of the BCFD by Mayor Curt Schmoke in 1992. 1960 saw the first black to be promoted to Lieutenant, James Thomas had earlier achieved the rank of Fire Pump Operator. In the BCFD, Blacks were not allowed join the local union until eight years after they broke the color line. With the full union membership of local 734 set against inducting African-Americans, plus the departmental rules stipulated that you couldn't have any other representation than local 734, blacks determined that they would have representation. As social associations were allowed, The Social Association of Fire Fighters (SAFF) began as firefighters meeting at the house of James Crockett, a member of the third fire class. The SAFF, led by Charles R. Thomas visited the
126:' to get in. These 'fees' later were litigated and found constitutional. In 2003 seven of the last remaining recruits who served at 36 Engine House on Edmondson Avenue got together to remember the firehouse as a place where history was made. It used to be the city's fire training school and it was where 10 men broke the color line to become Baltimore's first African-American firefighters. The only member of the 3rd class of black recruits not there on that day was Chief Herman Williams. All had been members of the Vulcan blazers, the incorporated successor to the SAFF. The city officially renamed Engine Company 36 on Edmondson Avenue and Bentalou Street - where for 22 years Thomas served in uniform - the Charles R. Thomas Sr. Engine Company. It is the third city firehouse named after a black firefighter and the second after a Vulcan Blazer. In 2015 the City Council of Baltimore passed resolutions CR-7573 thru CR-7587 thanking these black firefighters for their service to the city and cited their membership in the Vulcan Blazers with the following proclamations - CR 7575 President Dixon, All Members A City Council RESOLUTION congratulating Charles L. Scott(among others) on being one of the 1st African American Fireman(men) to serve the residents of Baltimore City and the Vulcan Blazers. The city Council had previously in 2007 recognized the Vulcans with a resolution congratulating them on 35 years of service to the city - CR 1552 President Dixon, All Members A City Council RESOLUTION congratulating Vulcan Blazers, Inc. on the celebration of its 35 Anniversary.
209:
174:
union was not happy with the way Chief
Goodwin ran his executive staff appointments. With questions of safety and the appearance that the diverse classes were being subjected to harsher regimens than previous classes of all-white recruits the Blazers stood in front in calling for changes at the top. Immediately after the incident some training officers were disciplined and the head of the academy was replaced. Following accusations of cheating by black candidates on the 2007 exams for Lieutenant and Captain positions a
3536:
200:
was a lifelong member of the Vulcan
Blazers and active in the community. As a result of the LODD, department head Niles Ford said the BFCD would consider additional policy changes, including requiring that safety officers work in pairs. He was a member of the BFCD class of 1973 that resulted as ordered by the court to settle a discrimination lawsuit brought by the Vulcan Blazers alleging racial discrimination in hiring and promotion.
165:
the federal tax authorities (IRS) the organization was granted protection under 501c5 of the tax code. The
Blazers again applied for and was granted an exemption from the federal income tax requirement. The organization was found to be a "Labor, agricultural, or horticultural organization" within the allowances of 26 U.S.C. § 501(c)(5). Subsequently, it also was exempted from paying the State income tax requirement.
233:
job of firefighter. At the same time, the CPAT seeks to eliminate artificial barriers to a fire department’s broader goal of developing a properly trained and physically capable workforce whose members reflect the diversity of the community. Diversity is also achieved by actively recruiting qualified men and women candidates from all racial and ethnic backgrounds for careers in the fire service."
156:, found there was a pattern of racial discrimination in the city's Fire Department. He ordered affected African-American firefighters be given promotions after years of bias by BFCD against them. On conclusion of the lawsuit in the spring of 1973, the BCFD had appointed an African American Fire Chief and promoted several officers to all ranks as high as assistant chief.
5983:
179:
cheating were racially motivated by white officers, the union and Chief
Goodwin. In 2011 summary judgement dismissing those discrimination charges was granted, the final disposition indicated that because their earlier scores were lower these blacks could not have achieved the highest scores on the tests without cheating.
195:
which rebuffed the request to join the suit. Carter was also a past president of the Vulcan
Blazers organization and was turned down by the court. The Blazers have also sued over low minority hiring and systemic bias and a similar lawsuit filed by minority police officers in 2009 against the City of
164:
In 1989 the association protested the
Amusement Park tax being levied on the association by the city of Baltimore and state of Maryland after the Fraternal Hall was audited and found to have underpaid taxes on the gross receipts. The Appeals Court found for the City of Baltimore but after an audit by
146:
In 1971 four members of the Vulcan
Blazers, supported by the organization, brought a racial discrimination lawsuit in the Baltimore Federal Court against the BCFD. They alleged that the hiring and promotion practices of the department were discriminatory against black firefighters. The trial was seen
74:
fraternal organization representing more than 300 full-time professional fire fighters and paramedics. They are an advocacy organization which has been assisting
African American Fire Fighters since 1970. Having formed an outreach with members of the Fire Fighting profession statewide, the membership
173:
In 2007, following disagreements over promotions made at the Fire
Academy with the Chief of department, the Vulcan Blazers publicly called for his replacement by civil authorities. A trainee firefighter, Racheal M. Wilson, had died during a live burn exercise earlier in the year and the firefighters
199:
On November 14, 2014, Baltimore fire safety officer Lt. James Bethea died of smoke inhalation after falling through a floor at a vacant rowhouse adjacent to a fire scene. He was trapped for hours before an off-duty firefighter saw his car outside the now quieted fire and called for help. Lt. Bethea
232:
Based on those changes they posted a new vision for the BCFD regarding diversity. "Communities are increasingly diverse and firefighters are continually challenged to operate in multi-cultural environments. The goal of the CPAT is to identify individuals who are physically qualified to perform the
178:
was filed and the firefighters union, a defendant along with the BFCD and the city, was dropped as a defendant before the case was consolidated by the Judge. The decision included statements made by Henry Burris, Pres of the Vulcan Blazers in the press alleging that the rumors that there had been
142:
at the first IABPFF convention the SAFF leaders were present and were instrumental in forming that organization; when they returned to Baltimore they incorporated as the Vulcan Blazers. The first order of business was to find a legal team to fight the harassment they experienced in the firehouses
104:
and the SHC Auxiliaries agitating the Mayor for them being made permanent and paid firemen in 1949. At the start of WWII firefighters enlisted en masse and the fire auxiliaries were utilized to fight fires in Baltimore. Hardy was the first certified as a firefighter and when the returning troops
216:
In 2013 the BCFD promoted Captain Charline B. Stokes to Battalion Chief for Community Outreach. Stokes is the first African American female to attain the rank of Battalion Chief in the 154-year history of the Baltimore City Fire Department. Fire Chief Niles R. Ford, an African-American, is the
87:
and became the first minority group to win a discrimination lawsuit over hiring in 1973. This increased the number of minorities in the Baltimore fire service subsequently paving the legal pathway for other organizations to follow. The purpose of the Vulcan Blazers is to service the
190:
sued the city on grounds of racial discrimination over his reassignment. Carter claims to have been subjected to un-warranted internal investigation and was suing on grounds of racial discrimination. He was supported in this suit by the Blazers who also complained to the
1369:
121:
and some white supporters, the AFL-CIO forced the Local 734 Union to bring the "Negro Issue" to the floor of a general membership meeting. Blacks were denied membership in the Union until 1961 and were allowed to join only after the Union charged them a
196:
Baltimore resulted in a $ 4.3 million settlement over charges it had racially discriminatory practices. It was the largest Title VII settlement by a municipality, highlighting the lack of diversity in the hiring practices of the police and fire depts.
2908:
2903:
2915:
151:
policies As a result, promotions to the rank of Battalion Chief (17 of 44 promotions) and other titles was ordered halted until the diversity goals stipulated in the judges order were met. The federal court trial Judge,
2656:
1459:
2920:
2591:
135:
5736:
4016:
6027:
5760:
3441:
3436:
2985:
1717:
1574:
3248:
1705:
558:
5514:
3120:
229:
program "Fire Service Joint Labor Management Wellness/Fitness Initiative". Together, they came up with a new test called the "IAFF/IAFC Candidate Physical Ability Test" (CPAT).
6007:
3679:
892:
5808:
5656:
5968:
1815:
687:
5716:
2404:
1539:
914:
2898:
1074:
813:
4267:
4153:
3573:
3446:
2686:
6012:
5813:
3515:
3490:
1124:
5721:
4054:
3973:
3500:
3495:
2427:
1875:
1099:
3216:
3052:
2761:
2751:
2409:
2399:
1150:
5691:
5686:
5456:
4188:
4092:
3258:
3030:
5474:
6022:
4237:
3478:
2422:
2417:
218:
3934:
734:
1326:
5793:
4344:
4041:
3137:
2641:
1750:
5828:
5783:
5451:
4334:
4262:
3983:
3863:
3485:
3115:
2636:
1858:
1690:
222:
6017:
5742:
4125:
3725:
3451:
3411:
3253:
3157:
3086:
2691:
364:
4103:
3510:
3505:
3473:
3243:
3147:
3110:
2891:
339:
1652:
1647:
1199:
5479:
3594:
3468:
3426:
3238:
1786:
1532:
5865:
4329:
4277:
4223:
3620:
3416:
3401:
3265:
3174:
3169:
3103:
1564:
88:
community-at-large including social issues, schools, agencies, private and corporate entities and to mentor youth in fire service careers.
641:
1277:
562:
5843:
4272:
4208:
3566:
3391:
3228:
3198:
2980:
2559:
1771:
273:
421:
392:
4282:
4257:
4242:
3966:
3634:
3381:
3275:
3191:
3035:
2816:
2616:
1767:
1745:
101:
529:
5788:
5661:
4130:
3907:
3528:
1918:
1569:
772:
596:
459:
5823:
5565:
4166:
4031:
3918:
3456:
3421:
3406:
3164:
2766:
2010:
1980:
1796:
1525:
1390:
393:"Congressional Record Extensions of Remarks Articles | Congressional Record | Congress.gov | Library of Congress"
274:"Congressional Record Extensions of Remarks Articles | Congressional Record | Congress.gov | Library of Congress"
5850:
5838:
4314:
4252:
3463:
3386:
3181:
3057:
3025:
2756:
2621:
2326:
1965:
1304:
642:"A retired black firefighter who battled racism sees his former firehouse renamed in his honor. - tribunedigital-baltimoresun"
3559:
3233:
3127:
3042:
2646:
187:
97:
6032:
5860:
5803:
5602:
3939:
3912:
3730:
3270:
3203:
3186:
3132:
3081:
3020:
2925:
2886:
2826:
2626:
2015:
1995:
1802:
1781:
1351:
4067:
5987:
5953:
5855:
5711:
5696:
5320:
4840:
4364:
4160:
3956:
3093:
3069:
3064:
3047:
3015:
2958:
2071:
2020:
1853:
1226:
838:
612:
868:
297:
5755:
5489:
5250:
4247:
4213:
4193:
4072:
3951:
3658:
3358:
3350:
3293:
3208:
2696:
2601:
2457:
2439:
2341:
2000:
1970:
1695:
1615:
1594:
1175:
5833:
5701:
5671:
4655:
4410:
4299:
4229:
3695:
3376:
3313:
3303:
2853:
2611:
2571:
1928:
1622:
109:
in NYC who counseled legal action; subsequently, with the help of the law firm Brown Allen and Watts, Labor Leader
5499:
5330:
5300:
5235:
4720:
4359:
4339:
4309:
4218:
4147:
4120:
4086:
3829:
3610:
3285:
3098:
2930:
2491:
1990:
1828:
1635:
217:
current head of the BCFD. Recently, the department posted guidelines for a new physical test. For that, The IAFF(
5400:
5360:
4885:
4790:
4198:
4142:
4135:
4108:
4048:
3839:
3763:
2975:
2539:
2452:
2096:
1885:
1700:
1640:
1630:
1556:
208:
175:
3929:
962:
5870:
5750:
5165:
4935:
4600:
4580:
4495:
4450:
4021:
3978:
3961:
3799:
3768:
3720:
3641:
3308:
2858:
2512:
2481:
2261:
2201:
2066:
1809:
501:
192:
3223:
1037:
134:
In 1969 minority firefighters from all over the country went to NYC to attend the inaugural meeting of the
5205:
4940:
4925:
4920:
4795:
4650:
4490:
4435:
4000:
3850:
3773:
3744:
3706:
2953:
2191:
1985:
1975:
1913:
1723:
1662:
475:
788:
5798:
5335:
5150:
4780:
4685:
4665:
4635:
4324:
4319:
4061:
4026:
3924:
3888:
3582:
3298:
2811:
2676:
2631:
2447:
2166:
2131:
1950:
1933:
1740:
1657:
722:
711:
139:
5818:
5706:
5504:
5385:
5290:
5100:
4730:
3883:
3615:
3540:
2948:
2711:
2522:
2474:
2346:
2236:
2141:
1908:
1898:
1870:
1735:
1589:
343:
5581:
5542:
5090:
5050:
5000:
4910:
4870:
4845:
4800:
4605:
4560:
4405:
4385:
4354:
4349:
4292:
4203:
3993:
3946:
3896:
3857:
3328:
3323:
2681:
2596:
2076:
1865:
1755:
1685:
1011:
5903:
5666:
5650:
5643:
5622:
5614:
5608:
5571:
5405:
5315:
5295:
5220:
5200:
5190:
5170:
5085:
4970:
4915:
4860:
4765:
4545:
4460:
4114:
4098:
4078:
3844:
3809:
3736:
3396:
3333:
3076:
2534:
2301:
2281:
2186:
2111:
1938:
1843:
1833:
1821:
1712:
1609:
1584:
1200:"Baltimore firefighter Lt. James Bethea died of smoke inhalation, medical examiner's office says"
148:
110:
1480:
5766:
5681:
5676:
5636:
5509:
5280:
5265:
5230:
5010:
4930:
4875:
4660:
3819:
3814:
3686:
3672:
3665:
3626:
2843:
2564:
2226:
2196:
1791:
1548:
768:
666:
592:
455:
1411:
1253:
5948:
5933:
5923:
5893:
5629:
5576:
5425:
5410:
5375:
5240:
5185:
5175:
5070:
4945:
4880:
4755:
4670:
4630:
4620:
4610:
4595:
4590:
4565:
4455:
3834:
3749:
3712:
2999:
2970:
2965:
2863:
2831:
2804:
2529:
2146:
2116:
2106:
2101:
1668:
1305:"UPDATED- Baltimore City FD Lieutenant James Bethea found dead in building hours after fire"
318:
71:
5943:
5928:
5913:
5726:
5355:
5345:
5305:
5285:
5245:
5120:
5110:
5075:
5035:
5020:
4955:
4820:
4770:
4700:
4585:
4535:
4520:
4510:
4505:
4485:
4470:
4465:
4440:
4380:
4304:
3902:
3873:
3868:
3824:
3804:
3783:
3755:
2994:
2821:
2731:
2726:
2507:
2462:
2316:
2306:
2286:
2271:
2171:
2046:
2036:
1675:
1049:
537:
153:
987:
938:
5982:
5963:
5547:
5395:
5380:
5310:
5260:
5225:
5210:
5195:
5155:
5135:
5125:
5080:
5065:
5045:
4815:
4785:
4775:
4745:
4735:
4645:
4615:
4415:
4036:
3988:
3878:
3431:
2836:
2799:
2789:
2549:
2544:
2486:
2321:
2251:
2181:
2176:
1680:
1604:
106:
6001:
5958:
5888:
5731:
5597:
5420:
5350:
5255:
5105:
5040:
5025:
5015:
4975:
4900:
4890:
4850:
4835:
4725:
4715:
4675:
4625:
4500:
4425:
4395:
2389:
2371:
2361:
2331:
2276:
2231:
2216:
2161:
2151:
2136:
2086:
2081:
2051:
1848:
1776:
1599:
1282:
1204:
843:
617:
3551:
5918:
5898:
5415:
5370:
5365:
5325:
5160:
5140:
5095:
5030:
4965:
4950:
4865:
4855:
4810:
4760:
4750:
4740:
4710:
4705:
4695:
4680:
4640:
4575:
4555:
4550:
4530:
4525:
4515:
4475:
4430:
4400:
3778:
2701:
2469:
2394:
2366:
2351:
2336:
2291:
2266:
2246:
2156:
2126:
2121:
2091:
2041:
1893:
1579:
183:
118:
1327:"Final Report Into Baltimore City Firefighter Death Complete « CBS Baltimore"
2657:
Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)
915:"Fire Instructor Sued | Family of fire cadet who died in training sues city"
5938:
5908:
5530:
5494:
5435:
5430:
5390:
5340:
5275:
5270:
5180:
5130:
5060:
5055:
4995:
4980:
4830:
4825:
4690:
4570:
4540:
4480:
4445:
3701:
2721:
2706:
2554:
2517:
2356:
2311:
2296:
2061:
2056:
1903:
761:
585:
448:
1075:"City fire department to cut recruitment division developed to boost diversity"
5557:
5215:
5145:
5115:
4985:
4960:
4905:
4805:
4420:
4390:
2256:
2241:
2211:
2206:
1955:
1923:
1762:
1730:
1512:
123:
5535:
5005:
4990:
2870:
2716:
2221:
2005:
1943:
1838:
559:"Once a Chief, Always a Chief: Herman Williams, Jr. - The Black Perspective"
4895:
3343:
3338:
2848:
249:
869:"Congressional Record, Volume 157 Issue 186 (Tuesday, December 6, 2011)"
298:"Congressional Record, Volume 157 Issue 186 (Tuesday, December 6, 2011)"
143:
along with the discriminatory promotion practices of the BFCD in court.
5484:
1960:
225:) got together with 10 leading fire departments and unions through the
2592:
Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)
1278:"Family recalls fallen firefighter's concern for others, love of city"
5552:
2794:
1412:"The Fire Service Joint Labor Management Wellness-Fitness Initiative"
988:"Fire Fighter Fatality Investigation Report F2007-09| CDC/NIOSH"
84:
1517:
502:"RACE AND HIGHER EDUCATION AT THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, 1945-1955"
893:"Vulcan Blazers Of Baltimore City, Inc. V. Comptroller Of Treasury"
53:
4287:
2607:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
2606:
1505:
207:
114:
667:"Is It Fair To Have To Pay Fees To A Union You Don't Agree With?"
2651:
226:
3555:
1521:
963:"Embattled Baltimore City Fire Chief Faces The Heat After Lodd"
1012:"Steven Jenkins et al v. Baltimore City Fire Department et al"
1151:"Baltimore black firefighters: Group alleges discrimination"
1100:"City fire chief promotes African Americans to two top jobs"
530:"L.A. Honors Black Firefighters' History - Page 2 - latimes"
136:
International Association of Black Professional Firefighters
1254:"James E. Bethea - National Fallen Firefighters Foundation"
1439:"Wellness/Fitness Task Force - Programs & Initiatives"
1438:
1125:"Fire department sued over alleged racial discrimination"
96:
African-Americans have been a part of the history of the
476:"Firefighter Who Stood Up to Bigotry at Station Honored"
365:"'Smokestack' Hardy, 94, longtime, passionate fire buff"
36:
Represent the interests of African-American firefighters
5737:
Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam
5515:"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)"
5761:
African American founding fathers of the United States
4109:
Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement
3974:
John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights
1352:"Baltimore fire officer Lt. James Bethea laid to rest"
688:"Charles R. Thomas Sr. - tribunedigital-baltimoresun"
5879:
5809:
Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument
5776:
5590:
5523:
5465:
5444:
4373:
4179:
4009:
3792:
3650:
3603:
3590:
3369:
3284:
3008:
2941:
2879:
2779:
2740:
2665:
2580:
2500:
2438:
2380:
2029:
1884:
1555:
636:
634:
48:
40:
32:
24:
760:
584:
447:
416:
414:
412:
1068:
1066:
863:
861:
4345:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
2642:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
1227:"Firefighter fatality report for James E Bethea"
1194:
1192:
4335:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
4268:Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights
4154:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County
2687:Black players in professional American football
2637:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
735:"Harper V. Mayor And City Council Of Baltimore"
6028:Firefighters associations in the United States
5814:Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument
1176:"New Strategies Lead To Big Title VII Payouts"
70:, headquartered in Baltimore, Maryland, is an
5722:List of lynching victims in the United States
4055:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
3567:
1533:
839:"Judge in Dale Anderson corruption case dies"
8:
2400:Historically black colleges and universities
1248:
1246:
19:
6008:African-American firefighting organizations
4189:Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights
387:
385:
186:, the former head diversity officer of the
4238:Council for United Civil Rights Leadership
3600:
3574:
3560:
3552:
2669:
1540:
1526:
1518:
1481:"Firefighter health, wellness and fitness"
219:International Association of Fire Fighters
83:Formed in 1970, it is affiliated with the
18:
5794:Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument
2617:National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)
5829:King Center for Nonviolent Social Change
3864:University of Georgia desegregation riot
812:Mitchell, Parren J. (January 31, 1973).
223:International Association of Fire Chiefs
212:Burlando Building, National Fire Academy
5743:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence
5480:"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus"
5475:"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round"
1462:. Archive.baltimorecity.gov. 2010-09-01
1372:. Archive.baltimorecity.gov. 2013-05-22
500:Deirdre Lynn Cobb, Ph.D. (April 1998).
340:"Arthur "Smokestack" Hardy Fire Museum"
241:
16:African-American fraternal organization
5657:African-American women in the movement
4104:White House Conference on Civil Rights
3935:"Segregation now, segregation forever"
3516:Topics related to the African diaspora
2622:National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)
6013:African-American history in Baltimore
4093:Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections
3496:Landmark African-American legislation
7:
5866:St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument
4330:Regional Council of Negro Leadership
4278:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
4224:Committee on Appeal for Human Rights
3696:Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company
3621:Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore
2627:National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)
4273:Lowndes County Freedom Organization
4209:Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
3874:Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address
2981:African-American Vernacular English
613:"Battalion Chief Harold Mason dies"
5717:African-American churches attacked
4283:Montgomery Improvement Association
4258:Georgia Council on Human Relations
4243:Council of Federated Organizations
4214:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
3967:16th Street Baptist Church bombing
3925:Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot
3731:1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom
3635:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents
2899:U.S. cities with large populations
2602:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
1460:"Fire / News & Press Releases"
1370:"Fire / News & Press Releases"
44:Baltimore, Maryland. United States
14:
6023:African-American fraternal orders
5789:Birmingham Civil Rights Institute
5662:Jews in the civil rights movement
1772:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013
1768:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009
1575:African American founding fathers
5988:Civil rights movement portal
5981:
5824:Freedom Riders National Monument
5566:The Kingdom of God Is Within You
4167:1968 Olympics Black Power salute
4073:1965 Selma to Montgomery marches
4032:1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests
3919:Second Emancipation Proclamation
3534:
2652:United Negro College Fund (UNCF)
1797:Nadir of American race relations
1325:McCorkell, Meghan (2015-07-10).
321:. Vulcanblazers.freehomepage.com
147:as an important test of federal
5851:Mississippi Civil Rights Museum
5839:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial
4315:National Council of Negro Women
4253:Deacons for Defense and Justice
1658:Civil rights movement 1954–1968
1648:Civil rights movement 1865–1896
1391:"Fire / Message From The Chief"
1350:Rob Roblin (20 November 2014).
369:Tribune Digital - Baltimore Sun
75:is over 300 and still growing.
6018:African-American organizations
3726:Mansfield school desegregation
2647:Thurgood Marshall College Fund
1653:Civil right movement 1896–1954
1174:Lipman, Melissa (2010-01-26).
254:Vulcanblazersinc.webvertise.us
98:Baltimore City Fire Department
1:
5861:National Voting Rights Museum
5804:Civil Rights Movement Archive
5603:Lynching in the United States
5490:"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize"
3940:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door
3913:University of Chicago sit-ins
3680:Davis v. Prince Edward County
2827:Cherokee freedmen controversy
1803:The Negro Motorist Green Book
1149:Julie Scharper (2011-10-25).
1098:Julie Scharper (2011-11-15).
913:Julie Scharper (2010-04-21).
5856:National Civil Rights Museum
5712:March on Washington Movement
5697:Dexter Avenue Baptist Church
4161:Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.
561:. 2016-03-11. Archived from
536:. 1997-12-13. Archived from
342:. 2015-07-07. Archived from
169:Other notable Vulcan Blazers
5500:"This Little Light of Mine"
4248:Dallas County Voters League
4194:Atlanta Negro Voters League
3952:Letter from Birmingham Jail
3659:Brown v. Board of Education
2697:Black players in ice hockey
2632:National Urban League (NUL)
2458:American Society of Muslims
1696:Selma to Montgomery marches
1616:Brown v. Board of Education
1393:. Archive.baltimorecity.gov
1131:. Articles.baltimoresun.com
1123:Kilar, Steve (2011-12-16).
1073:Kevin Rector (2013-04-22).
6049:
5871:Olympic Black Power Statue
5834:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
5702:Holt Street Baptist Church
5672:16th Street Baptist Church
4656:Annie Bell Robinson Devine
4300:Nashville Student Movement
4230:An Appeal for Human Rights
2854:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
2612:Nashville Student Movement
1623:Children of the plantation
1513:Herman Williams, Jr. Video
5977:
5331:Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson
5301:Modjeska Monteith Simkins
4365:Women's Political Council
4360:Wednesdays in Mississippi
4355:United Auto Workers (UAW)
4340:Southern Regional Council
4310:Northern Student Movement
4219:Committee for Freedom Now
4121:Memphis sanitation strike
4087:Voting Rights Act of 1965
3830:Savannah Protest Movement
3611:Journey of Reconciliation
3524:
3491:Index of related articles
2672:
2492:Doctrine of Father Divine
1876:Women's suffrage movement
1829:Reconstruction Amendments
1636:Voting Rights Act of 1965
1155:Articles.baltimoresun.com
1104:Articles.baltimoresun.com
1079:Articles.baltimoresun.com
967:Firefighterclosecalls.com
919:Articles.baltimoresun.com
692:Articles.baltimoresun.com
646:Articles.baltimoresun.com
426:Articles.baltimoresun.com
4199:Atlanta Student Movement
4143:Civil Rights Act of 1968
4068:1964–1965 Scripto strike
4049:Civil Rights Act of 1964
3947:1963 Birmingham campaign
3840:Civil Rights Act of 1960
3764:Civil Rights Act of 1957
3541:United States portal
2976:African-American English
2405:Inventors and scientists
2097:George Washington Carver
1701:Chicago Freedom Movement
1506:www.vulcanblazersinc.org
138:. The following year in
5751:Voter Education Project
5505:"We Shall Not Be Moved"
5166:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
4601:Josephine Dobbs Clement
4022:Chester school protests
4017:Twenty-fourth Amendment
3979:Detroit Walk to Freedom
3721:Tallahassee bus boycott
3642:Baton Rouge bus boycott
3464:African-American firsts
2513:Back-to-Africa movement
2482:Black Hebrew Israelites
2262:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
1810:Partus sequitur ventrem
818:Baltimore Afro-American
777:– via Amazon.com.
601:– via Amazon.com.
464:– via Amazon.com.
193:U.S. Justice Department
5969:Movement photographers
5206:Bernice Johnson Reagon
4926:Martin Luther King Sr.
4921:Martin Luther King Jr.
4491:William Holmes Borders
4263:Highlander Folk School
4148:Poor People's Campaign
4001:St. Augustine movement
3851:Gomillion v. Lightfoot
3774:Katz Drug Store sit-in
3745:Royal Ice Cream sit-in
3707:Montgomery bus boycott
3432:Spingarn Medal winners
2921:States and territories
2692:Black NFL quarterbacks
2192:Martin Luther King Jr.
1724:Dred Scott v. Sandford
1663:Montgomery bus boycott
1331:Baltimore.cbslocal.com
213:
5799:Civil Rights Memorial
5687:Bethel Baptist Church
5336:Charles Kenzie Steele
4781:Audrey Faye Hendricks
4686:Myrlie Evers-Williams
4666:Patricia Stephens Due
4636:Abraham Lincoln Davis
4571:Colia Lafayette Clark
4325:Operation Breadbasket
4320:National Urban League
4062:Katzenbach v. McClung
3930:Atlanta's Berlin Wall
3583:Civil rights movement
2742:Athletic associations
2677:Negro league baseball
2448:African-American Jews
2167:Ketanji Brown Jackson
2132:Henry Highland Garnet
1991:Negro National Anthem
1741:George Floyd protests
1706:Post–civil rights era
250:"Vulcan Blazers, Inc"
211:
140:Hartford, Connecticut
6033:History of Baltimore
5844:other King memorials
5819:Freedom Rides Museum
5756:1960s counterculture
5707:Edmund Pettus Bridge
5386:Walter Francis White
5291:Alexander D. Shimkin
3800:New Year's Day March
3769:Ministers' Manifesto
3616:Executive Order 9981
2949:Afro-Seminole Creole
2475:Azusa Street Revival
2347:Booker T. Washington
1871:Underground Railroad
1736:Free people of color
1590:Atlantic slave trade
534:Articles.latimes.com
480:Articles.latimes.com
160:Tax exemption denied
5582:Mary McLeod Bethune
5543:Sermon on the Mount
5510:"We Shall Overcome"
5091:William Lewis Moore
4871:Frank Minis Johnson
4846:Richie Jean Jackson
4801:Donald L. Hollowell
4606:Charles E. Cobb Jr.
4411:Gwendolyn Armstrong
4406:William G. Anderson
4386:Victoria Gray Adams
4350:The Freedom Singers
4204:Black Panther Party
3984:March on Washington
3897:Garner v. Louisiana
3858:Boynton v. Virginia
3344:Trinidad and Tobago
2959:Black American Sign
2786:By African descent
2780:Ethnic subdivisions
2767:Southwestern (SWAC)
2682:Baseball color line
2597:Black Panther Party
2501:Political movements
2418:in computer science
2077:Carol Moseley Braun
1866:Tulsa race massacre
1859:Treatment of slaves
1691:March on Washington
1686:Birmingham movement
943:Boards.ancestry.com
814:"Washington Report"
21:
5904:Michael Eric Dyson
5784:In popular culture
5667:Fifth Circuit Four
5651:Loving v. Virginia
5644:Hernandez v. Texas
5623:Buchanan v. Warley
5615:Separate but equal
5609:Plessy v. Ferguson
5572:Frederick Douglass
5406:Robert F. Williams
5316:Kelly Miller Smith
5296:Fred Shuttlesworth
5221:Frederick D. Reese
5201:George Raymond Jr.
5191:A. Philip Randolph
5171:Fay Bellamy Powell
5086:Queen Mother Moore
4971:Z. Alexander Looby
4916:Coretta Scott King
4861:Barbara Rose Johns
4841:Jimmie Lee Jackson
4766:William E. Harbour
4546:Stokely Carmichael
4461:Randolph Blackwell
4126:King assassination
4115:Loving v. Virginia
4099:March Against Fear
4079:How Long, Not Long
3957:Children's Crusade
3908:Cambridge movement
3845:Ax Handle Saturday
3810:Greensboro sit-ins
3737:Give Us the Ballot
3442:US representatives
3437:US cabinet members
3329:Dominican Republic
2916:Metropolitan areas
2757:Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
2582:Civic and economic
2560:Self-determination
2381:Education, science
2302:Fred Shuttlesworth
2282:A. Philip Randolph
2187:Coretta Scott King
2112:Frederick Douglass
1939:Harlem Renaissance
1844:Separate but equal
1834:Reconstruction era
1822:Plessy v. Ferguson
1713:Cornerstone Speech
1627:Civil Rights Acts
1610:Black Lives Matter
1585:American Civil War
1441:. IAFC. 2011-03-29
1231:Apps.usfa.fema.gov
763:Firefighter pg.181
587:Firefighter pg.127
214:
149:affirmative action
111:A. Philip Randolph
5995:
5994:
5767:Eyes on the Prize
5682:A.G. Gaston Motel
5677:Kelly Ingram Park
5637:Sweatt v. Painter
5321:Mary Louise Smith
5281:Cleveland Sellers
5266:Michael Schwerner
5231:Gloria Richardson
5011:Thurgood Marshall
4931:Bernard Lafayette
4661:John Wesley Dobbs
4175:
4174:
3889:Birmingham attack
3869:Rock Hill sit-ins
3820:Sibley Commission
3815:Nashville sit-ins
3687:Gebhart v. Belton
3673:Briggs v. Elliott
3666:Bolling v. Sharpe
3627:Sweatt v. Painter
3549:
3548:
3377:African Americans
3249:Dallas–Fort Worth
2844:Black Southerners
2775:
2774:
2227:Thurgood Marshall
2197:Bernard Lafayette
1792:Million Man March
1549:African Americans
1129:The Baltimore Sun
759:Herman Williams.
669:. NPR. 2016-01-11
583:Herman Williams.
446:Herman Williams.
182:In December 2011
176:Title VII lawsuit
64:
63:
56:.vulcanblazersinc
28:Fraternal society
6040:
5986:
5985:
5949:Charles M. Payne
5934:Steven F. Lawson
5924:David Halberstam
5894:Clayborne Carson
5630:Hocutt v. Wilson
5577:W. E. B. Du Bois
5426:Sammy Younge Jr.
5411:Q. V. Williamson
5376:Wyatt Tee Walker
5241:Bernice Robinson
5186:Lincoln Ragsdale
5176:Rodney N. Powell
5071:Douglas E. Moore
4946:Sanford R. Leigh
4881:J. Charles Jones
4756:Fannie Lou Hamer
4671:Joseph Ellwanger
4631:Jonathan Daniels
4621:Claudette Colvin
4611:Annie Lee Cooper
4596:Kathleen Cleaver
4591:Eldridge Cleaver
4566:Shirley Chisholm
4456:Gloria Blackwell
4042:workers' murders
3989:"I Have a Dream"
3884:Anniston bombing
3835:Greenville Eight
3750:Little Rock Nine
3713:Browder v. Gayle
3601:
3576:
3569:
3562:
3553:
3539:
3538:
3537:
3501:Lynching victims
3000:Louisiana Creole
2971:American English
2859:Louisiana Creole
2832:Choctaw freedmen
2670:
2207:Huddie Ledbetter
2147:Fannie Lou Hamer
2117:W. E. B. Du Bois
2107:Claudette Colvin
2102:Shirley Chisholm
1919:Family structure
1787:Military history
1669:Browder v. Gayle
1542:
1535:
1528:
1519:
1509:
1508:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1488:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1467:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1425:
1416:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1377:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1337:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1312:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1291:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1264:
1250:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1237:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1213:
1196:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1183:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1161:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1136:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1110:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1070:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1046:
1040:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1025:
1019:Mdd.uscourts.gov
1016:
1008:
1002:
1001:
999:
998:
984:
978:
977:
975:
974:
959:
953:
952:
950:
949:
939:"Message Boards"
935:
929:
928:
926:
925:
910:
904:
903:
901:
900:
889:
883:
882:
880:
879:
865:
856:
855:
853:
852:
835:
829:
828:
826:
825:
809:
803:
802:
800:
799:
785:
779:
778:
766:
756:
750:
749:
747:
746:
731:
725:
720:
714:
709:
703:
702:
700:
699:
684:
678:
677:
675:
674:
663:
657:
656:
654:
653:
638:
629:
628:
626:
625:
609:
603:
602:
590:
580:
574:
573:
571:
570:
555:
549:
548:
546:
545:
540:on April 3, 2015
526:
520:
519:
517:
516:
509:PDF dissertation
506:
497:
491:
490:
488:
487:
472:
466:
465:
453:
443:
437:
436:
434:
433:
418:
407:
406:
404:
403:
389:
380:
379:
377:
376:
361:
355:
354:
352:
351:
336:
330:
329:
327:
326:
315:
309:
308:
306:
305:
294:
288:
287:
285:
284:
270:
264:
263:
261:
260:
246:
102:Smokestack Hardy
72:African-American
60:
57:
55:
22:
6048:
6047:
6043:
6042:
6041:
6039:
6038:
6037:
5998:
5997:
5996:
5991:
5980:
5973:
5954:Thomas E. Ricks
5944:Diane McWhorter
5929:Vincent Harding
5914:Adam Fairclough
5881:
5875:
5772:
5727:Freedom Schools
5586:
5519:
5467:
5461:
5452:Omaha, Nebraska
5440:
5356:Hartman Turnbow
5346:Dorothy Tillman
5306:Glenn E. Smiley
5286:Charles Sherrod
5246:Jo Ann Robinson
5121:Charles Neblett
5111:Elijah Muhammad
5076:Harriette Moore
5036:Floyd McKissick
5021:Franklin McCain
4956:Stanley Levison
4821:T. R. M. Howard
4771:Vincent Harding
4701:Walter Fauntroy
4586:Xernona Clayton
4536:John H. Calhoun
4521:Aurelia Browder
4511:Stanley Branche
4506:Raylawni Branch
4486:Joseph E. Boone
4471:Ezell Blair Jr.
4466:Unita Blackwell
4441:Harry Belafonte
4381:Ralph Abernathy
4369:
4305:Nation of Islam
4181:
4171:
4005:
3962:Birmingham riot
3903:Albany Movement
3825:Atlanta sit-ins
3805:Sit-in movement
3788:
3784:Biloxi wade-ins
3756:Cooper v. Aaron
3646:
3592:
3586:
3580:
3550:
3545:
3535:
3533:
3520:
3486:Historic places
3479:US state firsts
3365:
3280:
3004:
2937:
2909:2010 majorities
2904:2000 majorities
2875:
2822:Black Seminoles
2771:
2762:Southern (SIAC)
2745:
2744:and conferences
2743:
2736:
2732:Serena Williams
2727:Jackie Robinson
2661:
2585:
2583:
2576:
2496:
2463:Nation of Islam
2434:
2382:
2376:
2317:Sojourner Truth
2307:Clarence Thomas
2272:Gabriel Prosser
2172:Michael Jackson
2047:Crispus Attucks
2037:Ralph Abernathy
2025:
1981:Musical theater
1880:
1746:Great Migration
1718:COVID-19 impact
1676:Sit-in movement
1551:
1546:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1495:
1486:
1484:
1483:. Usfa.fema.gov
1479:
1478:
1474:
1465:
1463:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1444:
1442:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1423:
1421:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1396:
1394:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1375:
1373:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1335:
1333:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1310:
1308:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1289:
1287:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1262:
1260:
1252:
1251:
1244:
1235:
1233:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1211:
1209:
1198:
1197:
1190:
1181:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1159:
1157:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1134:
1132:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1108:
1106:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1083:
1081:
1072:
1071:
1064:
1055:
1053:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1036:
1032:
1023:
1021:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1005:
996:
994:
986:
985:
981:
972:
970:
961:
960:
956:
947:
945:
937:
936:
932:
923:
921:
912:
911:
907:
898:
896:
891:
890:
886:
877:
875:
867:
866:
859:
850:
848:
837:
836:
832:
823:
821:
811:
810:
806:
797:
795:
787:
786:
782:
775:
758:
757:
753:
744:
742:
733:
732:
728:
721:
717:
710:
706:
697:
695:
686:
685:
681:
672:
670:
665:
664:
660:
651:
649:
640:
639:
632:
623:
621:
611:
610:
606:
599:
582:
581:
577:
568:
566:
557:
556:
552:
543:
541:
528:
527:
523:
514:
512:
504:
499:
498:
494:
485:
483:
474:
473:
469:
462:
445:
444:
440:
431:
429:
422:"Proud Company"
420:
419:
410:
401:
399:
391:
390:
383:
374:
372:
363:
362:
358:
349:
347:
338:
337:
333:
324:
322:
317:
316:
312:
303:
301:
296:
295:
291:
282:
280:
272:
271:
267:
258:
256:
248:
247:
243:
239:
206:
171:
162:
132:
94:
81:
52:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6046:
6044:
6036:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6000:
5999:
5993:
5992:
5978:
5975:
5974:
5972:
5971:
5966:
5964:Akinyele Umoja
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5885:
5883:
5877:
5876:
5874:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5847:
5846:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5780:
5778:
5774:
5773:
5771:
5770:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5747:
5746:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5647:
5640:
5633:
5626:
5619:
5618:
5617:
5605:
5600:
5594:
5592:
5588:
5587:
5585:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5562:
5561:
5560:
5555:
5548:Mahatma Gandhi
5545:
5540:
5539:
5538:
5527:
5525:
5521:
5520:
5518:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5471:
5469:
5463:
5462:
5460:
5459:
5457:South Carolina
5454:
5448:
5446:
5442:
5441:
5439:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5396:Hosea Williams
5393:
5388:
5383:
5381:Hollis Watkins
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5311:A. Maceo Smith
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5261:Bernie Sanders
5258:
5253:
5251:Angela Russell
5248:
5243:
5238:
5236:David Richmond
5233:
5228:
5226:Walter Reuther
5223:
5218:
5213:
5211:Cordell Reagon
5208:
5203:
5198:
5196:George Raymond
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5156:Charles Person
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5126:Huey P. Newton
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5081:Harry T. Moore
5078:
5073:
5068:
5066:Cecil B. Moore
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5046:James Meredith
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4876:Clarence Jones
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4816:Zilphia Horton
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4786:Lola Hendricks
4783:
4778:
4776:Dorothy Height
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4746:Lawrence Guyot
4743:
4738:
4736:Jack Greenberg
4733:
4728:
4723:
4721:Andrew Goodman
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4646:Joseph DeLaine
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4616:Dorothy Cotton
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4561:J. L. Chestnut
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4496:Amelia Boynton
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4416:Arnold Aronson
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4377:
4375:
4371:
4370:
4368:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4296:
4295:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4234:
4233:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4185:
4183:
4177:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4169:
4164:
4157:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4139:
4138:
4133:
4123:
4118:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4089:
4084:
4083:
4082:
4070:
4065:
4058:
4051:
4046:
4045:
4044:
4037:Freedom Summer
4034:
4029:
4027:Bloody Tuesday
4024:
4019:
4013:
4011:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4003:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3991:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3970:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3944:
3943:
3942:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3893:
3892:
3891:
3886:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3854:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3796:
3794:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3760:
3759:
3747:
3742:
3741:
3740:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3704:
3699:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3683:
3676:
3669:
3654:
3652:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3639:
3631:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3607:
3605:
3598:
3588:
3587:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3571:
3564:
3556:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3531:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3454:
3452:Visual artists
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3412:Mathematicians
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3353:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3290:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3236:
3231:
3229:South Carolina
3226:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3199:North Carolina
3196:
3195:
3194:
3184:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3167:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3144:Massachusetts
3142:
3141:
3140:
3130:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3113:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3096:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3079:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3045:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3033:
3023:
3018:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2986:social context
2983:
2973:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2951:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2928:
2918:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2837:Creek Freedmen
2834:
2829:
2824:
2814:
2812:Alabama Creole
2809:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2752:Central (CIAA)
2748:
2746:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2673:
2667:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2588:
2586:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2545:Pan-Africanism
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2515:
2510:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2487:Black theology
2484:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2450:
2444:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2428:in STEM fields
2425:
2420:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2386:
2384:
2383:and technology
2378:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2322:Harriet Tubman
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2252:Michelle Obama
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2182:Barbara Jordan
2179:
2177:Harriet Jacobs
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2067:Amelia Boynton
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2033:
2031:
2030:Notable people
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1966:LGBT community
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1890:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1818:
1813:
1806:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1765:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1753:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1681:Freedom Riders
1678:
1673:
1665:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1625:
1620:
1612:
1607:
1605:Black genocide
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1561:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1537:
1530:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1499:
1498:External links
1496:
1494:
1493:
1472:
1451:
1430:
1403:
1382:
1361:
1342:
1317:
1296:
1269:
1242:
1218:
1188:
1166:
1141:
1115:
1090:
1062:
1041:
1030:
1003:
979:
954:
930:
905:
884:
857:
830:
804:
780:
773:
751:
726:
715:
704:
679:
658:
630:
604:
597:
575:
550:
521:
492:
467:
460:
438:
408:
381:
356:
331:
310:
289:
265:
240:
238:
235:
205:
202:
170:
167:
161:
158:
154:Joseph H.Young
131:
128:
107:Vulcan Society
93:
90:
80:
77:
68:Vulcan Blazers
62:
61:
50:
46:
45:
42:
38:
37:
34:
30:
29:
26:
20:Vulcan Blazers
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6045:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6005:
6003:
5990:
5989:
5984:
5976:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5959:Timothy Tyson
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5889:Taylor Branch
5887:
5886:
5884:
5878:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5845:
5842:
5841:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5781:
5779:
5775:
5769:
5768:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5744:
5740:
5739:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5732:Freedom songs
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5652:
5648:
5646:
5645:
5641:
5639:
5638:
5634:
5632:
5631:
5627:
5625:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5613:
5612:
5611:
5610:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5598:Jim Crow laws
5596:
5595:
5593:
5589:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5567:
5563:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5550:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5537:
5534:
5533:
5532:
5529:
5528:
5526:
5522:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5495:"Oh, Freedom"
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5472:
5470:
5464:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5449:
5447:
5443:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5421:Whitney Young
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5401:Kale Williams
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5361:Albert Turner
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5351:A. P. Tureaud
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5256:Bayard Rustin
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5106:William Moyer
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5041:Joseph McNeil
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5026:Charles McDew
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5016:Benjamin Mays
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
5001:Vivian Malone
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4976:Joseph Lowery
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4901:Clyde Kennard
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4891:Vernon Jordan
4889:
4887:
4886:Matthew Jones
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4851:T. J. Jemison
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4836:Jesse Jackson
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4726:Robert Graetz
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4716:Golden Frinks
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4676:Charles Evers
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4626:Vernon Dahmer
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4581:Septima Clark
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4501:Bruce Boynton
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4426:James Baldwin
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4396:Mathew Ahmann
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4372:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4294:
4293:Youth Council
4291:
4290:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4232:
4231:
4227:
4226:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4178:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4158:
4156:
4155:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4116:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4080:
4076:
4075:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4063:
4059:
4057:
4056:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4008:
4002:
3999:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3948:
3945:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3920:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3880:
3879:Freedom Rides
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3859:
3855:
3853:
3852:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3791:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3758:
3757:
3753:
3752:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3738:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3715:
3714:
3710:
3709:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3688:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3677:
3675:
3674:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3663:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3649:
3643:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3604:Prior to 1954
3602:
3599:
3596:
3589:
3584:
3577:
3572:
3570:
3565:
3563:
3558:
3557:
3554:
3542:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3523:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3511:Neighborhoods
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3474:Sports firsts
3472:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3465:
3462:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3283:
3277:
3276:West Virginia
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3213:Pennsylvania
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3193:
3192:New York City
3190:
3189:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3063:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3037:
3036:San Francisco
3034:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3009:By state/city
3007:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2954:American Sign
2952:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2897:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2887:Neighborhoods
2885:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2872:
2869:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2817:Black Indians
2815:
2813:
2810:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2739:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2664:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2579:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2468:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2395:Black schools
2393:
2391:
2390:Black studies
2388:
2387:
2385:
2379:
2373:
2372:Whitney Young
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2362:Oprah Winfrey
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2332:Denmark Vesey
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2277:Joseph Rainey
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2232:Toni Morrison
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2217:Joseph Lowery
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2162:Jesse Jackson
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2152:Kamala Harris
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2137:Marcus Garvey
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2087:Blanche Bruce
2085:
2083:
2082:Edward Brooke
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2072:James Bradley
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2052:James Baldwin
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1996:Neighborhoods
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1849:Silent Parade
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1777:Jim Crow laws
1775:
1773:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1600:Black cowboys
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1543:
1538:
1536:
1531:
1529:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1482:
1476:
1473:
1461:
1455:
1452:
1440:
1434:
1431:
1420:
1413:
1407:
1404:
1392:
1386:
1383:
1371:
1365:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1346:
1343:
1332:
1328:
1321:
1318:
1306:
1300:
1297:
1285:
1284:
1283:Baltimore Sun
1279:
1273:
1270:
1259:
1255:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1219:
1207:
1206:
1205:Baltimore Sun
1201:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1177:
1170:
1167:
1156:
1152:
1145:
1142:
1130:
1126:
1119:
1116:
1105:
1101:
1094:
1091:
1080:
1076:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1051:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1034:
1031:
1020:
1013:
1007:
1004:
993:
989:
983:
980:
968:
964:
958:
955:
944:
940:
934:
931:
920:
916:
909:
906:
894:
888:
885:
874:
870:
864:
862:
858:
846:
845:
844:Baltimore Sun
840:
834:
831:
819:
815:
808:
805:
794:
790:
784:
781:
776:
774:9781588250070
770:
765:
764:
755:
752:
740:
736:
730:
727:
724:
719:
716:
713:
708:
705:
693:
689:
683:
680:
668:
662:
659:
647:
643:
637:
635:
631:
620:
619:
618:Baltimore Sun
614:
608:
605:
600:
598:9781588250070
594:
589:
588:
579:
576:
565:on 2016-03-11
564:
560:
554:
551:
539:
535:
531:
525:
522:
510:
503:
496:
493:
481:
477:
471:
468:
463:
461:9781588250070
457:
452:
451:
442:
439:
427:
423:
417:
415:
413:
409:
398:
394:
388:
386:
382:
370:
366:
360:
357:
346:on 2015-07-07
345:
341:
335:
332:
320:
319:"Vbi History"
314:
311:
299:
293:
290:
279:
275:
269:
266:
255:
251:
245:
242:
236:
234:
230:
228:
224:
220:
210:
203:
201:
197:
194:
189:
185:
180:
177:
168:
166:
159:
157:
155:
150:
144:
141:
137:
129:
127:
125:
120:
116:
112:
108:
103:
99:
91:
89:
86:
78:
76:
73:
69:
59:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
31:
27:
23:
5979:
5919:David Garrow
5899:John Dittmer
5765:
5692:Brown Chapel
5649:
5642:
5635:
5628:
5621:
5607:
5564:
5416:Andrew Young
5371:A. T. Walden
5366:C. T. Vivian
5326:Maxine Smith
5161:Homer Plessy
5141:James Orange
5096:Irene Morgan
5051:William Ming
5031:Ralph McGill
4966:Viola Liuzzo
4951:Jim Letherer
4936:James Lawson
4866:Vernon Johns
4856:Esau Jenkins
4811:Myles Horton
4761:Fred Hampton
4751:Prathia Hall
4741:Dick Gregory
4711:Marie Foster
4706:James Forman
4696:James Farmer
4681:Medgar Evers
4641:Angela Davis
4576:Ramsey Clark
4556:James Chaney
4551:Johnnie Carr
4531:Ralph Bunche
4526:H. Rap Brown
4516:Ruby Bridges
4476:Joanne Bland
4451:Claude Black
4431:Marion Barry
4401:Muhammad Ali
4228:
4159:
4152:
4113:
4091:
4060:
4053:
3895:
3856:
3849:
3779:Kissing Case
3754:
3711:
3694:
3685:
3678:
3671:
3664:
3657:
3633:
3625:
3427:Sportspeople
3397:Billionaires
3314:Sierra Leone
3217:Philadelphia
3053:Jacksonville
2880:Demographics
2712:Jack Johnson
2702:Muhammad Ali
2535:Conservatism
2470:Black church
2367:Andrew Young
2352:Ida B. Wells
2342:David Walker
2337:C. T. Vivian
2292:Paul Robeson
2287:Hiram Revels
2267:Colin Powell
2247:Barack Obama
2202:James Lawson
2157:Jimi Hendrix
2127:James Farmer
2122:Medgar Evers
2092:Ralph Bunche
2042:Maya Angelou
2016:Middle class
1894:Afrofuturism
1820:
1808:
1801:
1722:
1667:
1614:
1580:Afrocentrism
1570:Abolitionism
1485:. Retrieved
1475:
1464:. Retrieved
1454:
1443:. Retrieved
1433:
1422:. Retrieved
1418:
1406:
1395:. Retrieved
1385:
1374:. Retrieved
1364:
1355:
1345:
1334:. Retrieved
1330:
1320:
1309:. Retrieved
1307:. Statter911
1299:
1288:. Retrieved
1286:. 2014-11-13
1281:
1272:
1261:. Retrieved
1258:Firehero.org
1257:
1234:. Retrieved
1230:
1221:
1210:. Retrieved
1208:. 2014-11-14
1203:
1180:. Retrieved
1169:
1158:. Retrieved
1154:
1144:
1133:. Retrieved
1128:
1118:
1107:. Retrieved
1103:
1093:
1082:. Retrieved
1078:
1054:. Retrieved
1044:
1033:
1022:. Retrieved
1018:
1006:
995:. Retrieved
991:
982:
971:. Retrieved
969:. 2007-07-11
966:
957:
946:. Retrieved
942:
933:
922:. Retrieved
918:
908:
897:. Retrieved
895:. Leagle.com
887:
876:. Retrieved
872:
849:. Retrieved
847:. 2015-03-15
842:
833:
822:. Retrieved
817:
807:
796:. Retrieved
793:Casetext.com
792:
783:
762:
754:
743:. Retrieved
741:. 1973-05-02
738:
729:
718:
707:
696:. Retrieved
694:. 2010-03-06
691:
682:
671:. Retrieved
661:
650:. Retrieved
648:. 2005-02-09
645:
622:. Retrieved
616:
607:
586:
578:
567:. Retrieved
563:the original
553:
542:. Retrieved
538:the original
533:
524:
513:. Retrieved
511:. p. 95
508:
495:
484:. Retrieved
482:. 2000-06-25
479:
470:
449:
441:
430:. Retrieved
428:. 2003-10-15
425:
400:. Retrieved
397:Congress.gov
396:
373:. Retrieved
371:. 1995-12-06
368:
359:
348:. Retrieved
344:the original
334:
323:. Retrieved
313:
302:. Retrieved
292:
281:. Retrieved
278:Congress.gov
277:
268:
257:. Retrieved
253:
244:
231:
215:
198:
184:Lloyd Carter
181:
172:
163:
145:
133:
119:Urban League
95:
82:
67:
65:
41:Headquarters
5939:Doug McAdam
5909:Chuck Fager
5531:Nonviolence
5436:James Zwerg
5431:Bob Zellner
5391:Roy Wilkins
5341:Hank Thomas
5276:Pete Seeger
5271:Bobby Seale
5136:Jack O'Dell
5131:Edgar Nixon
5061:Amzie Moore
5056:Jack Minnis
4996:Mae Mallory
4981:Clara Luper
4941:Bernard Lee
4831:Cecil Ivory
4826:Ruby Hurley
4796:Oliver Hill
4791:Aaron Henry
4691:Chuck Fager
4651:Dave Dennis
4541:Guy Carawan
4481:Julian Bond
4446:James Bevel
4436:Daisy Bates
3702:Emmett Till
3585:(1954–1968)
3447:US senators
3417:Republicans
3402:Journalists
3259:San Antonio
3224:Puerto Rico
3165:Mississippi
3058:Tallahassee
3031:Los Angeles
2722:Jesse Owens
2707:Arthur Ashe
2565:Nationalism
2555:Raised fist
2518:Black power
2423:in medicine
2357:Roy Wilkins
2312:Emmett Till
2297:Al Sharpton
2062:Julian Bond
2057:James Bevel
2021:Upper class
2011:Stereotypes
1904:Black mecca
1816:Plantations
1595:Black Codes
820:. Baltimore
450:Firefighter
221:) and IAFC(
6002:Categories
5882:historians
5558:Satyagraha
5524:Influences
5216:James Reeb
5151:James Peck
5146:Rosa Parks
5116:Diane Nash
4986:Danny Lyon
4961:John Lewis
4906:A. D. King
4806:James Hood
4421:Ella Baker
4391:Zev Aelony
3392:Astronauts
3182:New Jersey
3026:California
2530:Capitalism
2327:Nat Turner
2257:Rosa Parks
2242:Diane Nash
2212:John Lewis
2001:Newspapers
1971:Literature
1956:Juneteenth
1909:Businesses
1763:Exodusters
1731:Free Negro
1487:2015-05-15
1466:2015-05-15
1445:2015-05-15
1424:2016-02-06
1397:2015-05-15
1376:2015-05-15
1336:2016-02-06
1311:2016-02-06
1290:2016-02-06
1263:2016-02-06
1236:2016-02-06
1212:2016-02-06
1182:2016-02-06
1160:2016-02-06
1135:2015-05-15
1109:2016-02-06
1084:2016-02-06
1056:2016-02-06
1052:. Casetext
1050:"Casetext"
1024:2016-02-06
997:2016-02-06
973:2016-02-06
948:2016-02-06
924:2016-02-06
899:2015-05-15
878:2016-02-06
851:2016-02-06
824:2015-05-15
798:2016-02-06
789:"Casetext"
745:2016-02-06
739:Leagle.com
698:2016-02-06
673:2016-02-06
652:2016-02-06
624:2016-02-06
569:2018-03-24
544:2016-02-06
515:2016-02-06
486:2016-02-06
432:2016-02-06
402:2016-02-06
375:2016-02-06
350:2018-03-24
325:2015-05-15
304:2015-05-15
283:2016-02-06
259:2016-02-06
237:References
204:Promotions
100:dating to
5536:Padayatra
5485:"Kumbaya"
5445:By region
5101:Bob Moses
5006:Bob Mants
4991:Malcolm X
4911:C.B. King
4731:Fred Gray
4374:Activists
4010:1964–1968
3793:1960–1963
3651:1954–1959
3506:Monuments
3382:Activists
3234:Tennessee
3154:Michigan
3138:Baltimore
3128:Louisiana
3121:Lexington
3104:Davenport
3043:Cleveland
2942:Languages
2871:Melungeon
2849:Blaxicans
2717:Joe Louis
2572:Socialism
2508:Anarchism
2237:Bob Moses
2222:Malcolm X
2142:Fred Gray
2006:Soul food
1944:New Negro
1929:Folktales
1839:Redlining
300:. Gpo.gov
5466:Movement
4896:Tom Kahn
4180:Activist
3595:timeline
3529:Category
3320:America
3286:Diaspora
3271:Virginia
3204:Oklahoma
3187:New York
3170:Nebraska
3133:Maryland
3116:Kentucky
3082:Illinois
3021:Arkansas
2926:Illinois
2864:of color
2550:Populism
2523:Movement
2440:Religion
1782:Lynching
1565:Timeline
1419:Iafc.org
1178:. Law360
712:pg.20-22
5591:Related
5181:Al Raby
4131:funeral
3994:Big Six
3457:Writers
3422:Singers
3407:Jurists
3355:Europe
3309:Liberia
3254:Houston
3158:Detroit
3094:Indiana
3087:Chicago
3070:Atlanta
3065:Georgia
3048:Florida
3016:Alabama
2966:English
2540:Leftism
2410:Museums
1961:Kwanzaa
1886:Culture
1854:Slavery
1557:History
1356:WBAL-TV
992:Cdc.gov
873:Gpo.gov
92:History
79:Origins
49:Website
33:Purpose
5777:Legacy
5553:Ahimsa
4182:groups
3638:(1950)
3630:(1950)
3591:Events
3469:Mayors
3387:Actors
3359:France
3351:Israel
3339:Mexico
3324:Canada
3299:Gambia
3294:Africa
3244:Austin
3209:Oregon
3148:Boston
3111:Kansas
3077:Hawaii
2995:Gullah
2805:Yoruba
2795:Gullah
2666:Sports
2584:groups
2414:Women
1951:Hoodoo
1825:(1896)
1751:Second
1727:(1857)
1672:(1956)
1619:(1954)
771:
595:
458:
130:IABPFF
117:, The
113:, The
85:IABPFF
5880:Noted
5468:songs
4288:NAACP
4136:riots
3370:Lists
3334:Haiti
3304:Ghana
3239:Texas
3175:Omaha
2453:Islam
1986:Names
1976:Music
1914:Dance
1415:(PDF)
1038:pg.48
1015:(PDF)
723:pg.16
505:(PDF)
115:NAACP
3266:Utah
3099:Iowa
2931:Ohio
2892:list
2800:Igbo
2790:Fula
1934:Hair
1924:Film
1641:1968
1631:1964
769:ISBN
593:ISBN
456:ISBN
227:FEMA
188:BCFD
66:The
58:.org
25:Type
1899:Art
1756:New
124:fee
54:www
6004::
1770:/
1417:.
1354:.
1329:.
1280:.
1256:.
1245:^
1229:.
1202:.
1191:^
1153:.
1127:.
1102:.
1077:.
1065:^
1017:.
990:.
965:.
941:.
917:.
871:.
860:^
841:.
816:.
791:.
767:.
737:.
690:.
644:.
633:^
615:.
591:.
532:.
507:.
478:.
454:.
424:.
411:^
395:.
384:^
367:.
276:.
252:.
5745:"
5741:"
4081:"
4077:"
3921:"
3917:"
3739:"
3735:"
3597:)
3593:(
3575:e
3568:t
3561:v
1541:e
1534:t
1527:v
1490:.
1469:.
1448:.
1427:.
1400:.
1379:.
1358:.
1339:.
1314:.
1293:.
1266:.
1239:.
1215:.
1185:.
1163:.
1138:.
1112:.
1087:.
1059:.
1027:.
1000:.
976:.
951:.
927:.
902:.
881:.
854:.
827:.
801:.
748:.
701:.
676:.
655:.
627:.
572:.
547:.
518:.
489:.
435:.
405:.
378:.
353:.
328:.
307:.
286:.
262:.
122:'
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
