587:
53:
33:
608:
594:
601:
395:
The thallus (the vegetative body of the lichen) ranges in form from foliose ("leaf-like", with distinctly formed lobes) and forming rosettes, to somewhat fruticose (branch-like and bushy), with lobes usually
427:-bearing cells) are broadly club-shaped, with a wide ocular chamber (a wide, finger-like protrusion of the epiplasm into the apical region of the ascus), and large axial body. The thallus often has a strong
827:
Thell A, HöGnabba F, Elix JA, Feuerer T, Kärnefelt I, Myllys L, Randlane T, Saag A, Stenroos S, Ahti T, Seaward MRD (2009). "Phylogeny of the cetrarioid core (Parmeliaceae) based on five genetic markers".
435:
are typically abundant, with either a marginal or laminal arrangement. They are generally conspicuous, black, situated on projections, and raised or immersed. The medulla is yellow to orange (from
419:(the fruit body of the lichen) are somewhat marginal (positioned on the edge or near the margin) or laminal, and comprise a brown disc with an often finely scalloped edge. The
1118:
1170:
875:"Species delimitation in the lichenized fungal genus Vulpicida (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) using gene concatenation and coalescent-based species tree approaches"
412:) are laminal (originating from all across the thallus surface), almost never close to the margin and rather sparse, and either simple or irregularly branched.
1092:
273:
of the genus later that year. The group of species assigned to the genus were previously recognized as a distinct grouping by
Finnish lichenologist
1131:
1206:
404:), sometimes greenish, often wrinkled or somewhat folded. The lower thallus surface is weakly yellow, with black central parts, and lacks
661:
400:
with raised tips, sometimes even cylindrical or slightly tapering. The upper thallus surface is bright to dark yellow (resulting from
462:
biosynthetic pathway. These compounds, combined with usnic acid, give the species their characteristic yellow and green colors.
1249:
1136:
1157:
1244:
354:
775:
346:("who kills"); according to Swedish peasant folklore, the lichen, when consumed, kills foxes but not dogs or wolves.
52:
1175:
278:
350:
1239:
1006:
491:
166:
408:(tiny pores on the outer surface). The rhizinae (black hair-like strands that attach the lichen to their
1234:
514:
172:
562:
184:
1185:
1066:
448:
229:
1084:
436:
262:
483:
409:
1211:
874:
949:
941:
855:
539:
178:
47:
687:
274:
1193:
1123:
1053:
902:
894:
657:
586:
366:
323:
447:
are somewhat flask-shaped or lemon-shaped. The genus is characterized by the presence of the
431:
reaction in Lugol's solution. Spores are spherical or nearly so, and number eight per ascus.
1198:
933:
886:
845:
837:
726:
295:
32:
607:
593:
405:
94:
1044:
600:
1079:
730:
479:
1228:
459:
455:
451:
440:
318:
258:
236:
232:
228:
regions, and contains six species. The genus is characterized by the presence of the
150:
983:
953:
859:
813:(in Latin). Vol. 2. Stockholm, Sweden: Impensis Laurentii Salvii. p. 1147.
397:
379:
370:
362:
306:
211:
137:
114:
1058:
971:(in Latin). Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). Vienna, Austria: J.P. Krauss. p. 382.
808:
921:
1162:
1105:
1038:
984:"Synotpical view of the lichens growing in the vicinity of the city of New York"
104:
841:
401:
240:
84:
1029:
898:
873:
Saag, Lauri; Mark, Kristiina; Saag, Andres; Randlane, Tiina (December 2014).
416:
374:
270:
253:
225:
64:
906:
251:
The genus was circumscribed by Jan-Eric
Mattson and Ming-Jou Lai in a 1993
1144:
1023:
783:
432:
428:
288:
283:
216:
890:
1097:
945:
444:
850:
373:
inference, PAUP (phylogenetic analysis using parsimony), the genus is
1110:
475:
221:
204:
74:
1149:
1000:
937:
656:(10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CAB International. p. 727.
544:
424:
420:
384:
335:
266:
207:
200:
243:, give the species their characteristic yellow and green colors.
744:
Räsänen V. (1952). "Studies of the species of the lichen genera
1004:
1071:
214:. Circumscribed in 1993 to contain species formerly placed in
575:, published by Halsey, and attributed to Schweinitz in 1824.
365:(descended from a common evolutionary ancestor) when using
692:, a new genus in Parmeliaceae (lichenized ascomycetes)"
443:). The pycnidial wall contains some black pigment. The
1013:
988:
Annals of the Lyceum of
Natural History of New York
922:"Contribution to the lichen flora of North America"
652:Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008).
474:after a taxon merge in 2014. They are all found in
257:publication, to contain yellow species containing
758:Kuopion Luonnon Ystäväin Yhdistyksen Julkaisuja B
802:
800:
713:Mattson J-E. (1993). "A monograph of the genus
681:
679:
677:
675:
673:
532:V. juniperinus, V. tilesii, and V. tubulosis.
8:
822:
820:
1001:
530:Composed of previously distinct groups of
31:
20:
849:
357:data from five of the six known species,
578:
518:complex (L.) J.-E.Mattsson & M.J.Lai
926:Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden
786:. International Mycological Association
644:
566:(Schwein.) J.-E.Mattsson & M.J.Lai
495:(Räsänen) J.-E.Mattsson & M.J.Lai
7:
1186:333aff98-3cfb-4683-8189-d5124fcea8ea
239:, compounds that when combined with
153:) J.-E.Mattsson & M.J.Lai (1993)
780:J.-E. Mattsson & M.J. Lai 1993"
731:10.1111/j.1756-1051.1993.tb00084.x
14:
321:in the second volume of his 1753
606:
599:
592:
585:
527:, published by Linnaeus in 1753.
51:
556:, published by Scopoli in 1772.
508:, published by Räsänen in 1933.
369:. Using a different method for
717:(Parmeliaceae, Ascomycetes)".
1:
458:, which are derived from the
220:, the genus is widespread in
131:Mattsson & M.J.Lai (1993)
686:Mattsson JE, Lai MJ (1993).
355:internal transcribed spacer
1266:
879:American Journal of Botany
470:There are four species in
265:and a broadly club-shaped
842:10.1017/S0024282909990090
163:
158:
143:
136:
48:Scientific classification
46:
39:
30:
23:
719:Nordic Journal of Botany
654:Dictionary of the Fungi
1250:Taxa described in 1993
383:nests within the same
269:. Mattson published a
449:secondary metabolites
311:Vulpicida juniperinus
230:secondary metabolites
145:Vulpicida juniperinus
967:Scopoli JA. (1772).
807:Linnaeus C. (1753).
349:According to a 2009
334:is derived from the
41:Vulpicida canadensis
994:: 3–21 (see p. 16).
920:Räsänen V. (1933).
891:10.3732/ajb.1400439
581:
484:Northern Hemisphere
1245:Lecanorales genera
982:Halsey A. (1824).
579:
525:Lichen juniperinus
315:Lichen juniperinus
281:them in the genus
1222:
1221:
1194:Open Tree of Life
1007:Taxon identifiers
885:(12): 2169–2182.
830:The Lichenologist
810:Species Plantarum
637:
636:
367:Bayesian analysis
330:The generic name
324:Species Plantarum
301:, and subsection
192:
191:
132:
1257:
1215:
1214:
1202:
1201:
1189:
1188:
1179:
1178:
1166:
1165:
1163:NHMSYS0001501833
1153:
1152:
1140:
1139:
1127:
1126:
1114:
1113:
1101:
1100:
1088:
1087:
1075:
1074:
1062:
1061:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1002:
996:
995:
979:
973:
972:
969:Flora carniolica
964:
958:
957:
917:
911:
910:
870:
864:
863:
853:
824:
815:
814:
804:
795:
794:
792:
791:
772:
766:
765:
741:
735:
734:
710:
704:
703:
683:
668:
667:
649:
610:
603:
596:
589:
582:
573:Cetraria viridis
361:is supported as
317:as described by
130:
56:
55:
35:
21:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1210:
1205:
1197:
1192:
1184:
1182:
1174:
1169:
1161:
1156:
1148:
1143:
1135:
1130:
1122:
1117:
1109:
1104:
1096:
1091:
1083:
1078:
1070:
1065:
1057:
1052:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1009:
999:
981:
980:
976:
966:
965:
961:
938:10.2307/2394419
919:
918:
914:
872:
871:
867:
826:
825:
818:
806:
805:
798:
789:
787:
774:
773:
769:
743:
742:
738:
712:
711:
707:
685:
684:
671:
664:
651:
650:
646:
642:
554:Lichen pinastra
547:) J.-E.Mattsson
502:Cetraria junier
482:regions of the
468:
406:pseudocyphellae
393:
353:analysis using
263:pinastric acids
249:
182:
176:
170:
154:
147:
129:
95:Lecanoromycetes
50:
17:
16:Genus of lichen
12:
11:
5:
1263:
1261:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1227:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1216:
1203:
1190:
1180:
1167:
1154:
1141:
1128:
1115:
1102:
1089:
1076:
1063:
1050:
1035:
1019:
1017:
1011:
1010:
1005:
998:
997:
974:
959:
912:
865:
836:(5): 489–511.
816:
796:
767:
736:
705:
669:
663:978-0851998268
662:
643:
641:
638:
635:
634:
631:V. juniperinus
628:
623:
618:
612:
611:
604:
597:
590:
577:
576:
568:
567:
558:
557:
549:
548:
535:
534:
528:
520:
519:
515:V. juniperinus
510:
509:
497:
496:
467:
464:
441:vulpinic acids
392:
389:
248:
245:
210:in the family
190:
189:
173:V. juniperinus
161:
160:
156:
155:
148:
141:
140:
134:
133:
122:
118:
117:
112:
108:
107:
102:
98:
97:
92:
88:
87:
82:
78:
77:
72:
68:
67:
62:
58:
57:
44:
43:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1262:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1240:Lichen genera
1238:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1003:
993:
989:
985:
978:
975:
970:
963:
960:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
916:
913:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
869:
866:
861:
857:
852:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
823:
821:
817:
812:
811:
803:
801:
797:
785:
781:
779:
771:
768:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
740:
737:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
709:
706:
701:
697:
693:
691:
682:
680:
678:
676:
674:
670:
665:
659:
655:
648:
645:
639:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
616:V. canadensis
614:
613:
609:
605:
602:
598:
595:
591:
588:
584:
583:
574:
570:
569:
565:
564:
560:
559:
555:
551:
550:
546:
542:
541:
537:
536:
533:
529:
526:
522:
521:
517:
516:
512:
511:
507:
503:
499:
498:
494:
493:
492:V. canadensis
489:
488:
487:
485:
481:
477:
473:
465:
463:
461:
460:shikimic acid
457:
456:vulpinic acid
453:
452:pulvinic acid
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
413:
411:
407:
403:
399:
390:
388:
386:
382:
381:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
347:
345:
342:("fox") and -
341:
337:
333:
328:
326:
325:
320:
319:Carl Linnaeus
316:
313:, originally
312:
308:
304:
300:
297:
293:
290:
286:
285:
280:
277:in 1952, who
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
255:
246:
244:
242:
238:
237:vulpinic acid
234:
233:pulvinic acid
231:
227:
223:
219:
218:
213:
209:
206:
202:
198:
197:
188:
187:
186:
181:
180:
175:
174:
169:
168:
167:V. canadensis
162:
157:
152:
146:
142:
139:
135:
128:
127:
123:
120:
119:
116:
113:
110:
109:
106:
103:
100:
99:
96:
93:
90:
89:
86:
83:
80:
79:
76:
73:
70:
69:
66:
63:
60:
59:
54:
49:
45:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
1235:Parmeliaceae
1014:
991:
987:
977:
968:
962:
929:
925:
915:
882:
878:
868:
833:
829:
809:
788:. Retrieved
777:
770:
761:
757:
754:Nephromopsis
753:
749:
746:Cornicularia
745:
739:
722:
718:
714:
708:
699:
695:
689:
653:
647:
630:
625:
620:
615:
572:
561:
553:
538:
531:
524:
513:
505:
501:
490:
471:
469:
414:
398:dorsiventral
394:
380:Allocetraria
378:
375:paraphyletic
371:phylogenetic
363:monophyletic
358:
348:
343:
339:
331:
329:
322:
314:
310:
307:type species
302:
298:
291:
282:
275:Veli Räsänen
252:
250:
224:to northern
215:
212:Parmeliaceae
195:
194:
193:
183:
177:
171:
165:
164:
144:
138:Type species
125:
124:
115:Parmeliaceae
40:
24:
18:
1106:iNaturalist
1039:Wikispecies
932:(1): 7–21.
725:(4): 5–61.
621:V. pinastri
571:Originally
552:Originally
540:V. pinastri
523:Originally
500:Originally
391:Description
179:V. pinastri
105:Lecanorales
1229:Categories
851:1885/51099
790:2012-10-17
764:(6): 1–53.
640:References
626:V. viridis
563:V. viridis
506:canadensis
472:Vulpicida,
402:usnic acid
303:Cucullatae
279:classified
241:usnic acid
205:lichenized
185:V. viridis
85:Ascomycota
81:Division:
1045:Vulpicida
1015:Vulpicida
899:0002-9122
778:Vulpicida
715:Vulpicida
696:Mycotaxon
690:Vulpicida
437:pinastric
417:apothecia
410:substrate
359:Vulpicida
351:molecular
332:Vulpicida
271:monograph
254:Mycotaxon
226:temperate
196:Vulpicida
126:Vulpicida
71:Kingdom:
65:Eukaryota
25:Vulpicida
1145:MycoBank
1080:Fungorum
1024:Wikidata
954:84511217
907:25480713
860:84592469
784:MycoBank
750:Cetraria
702:: 425–8.
633:complex
580:Species
433:Pycnidia
429:staining
299:Flavidae
292:Platysma
289:subgenus
284:Cetraria
259:vulpinic
247:Taxonomy
217:Cetraria
159:Species
111:Family:
61:Domain:
1124:1084122
1098:2605819
1030:Q147335
946:2394419
466:Species
445:conidia
296:section
121:Genus:
101:Order:
91:Class:
1212:VULPI2
1207:PLANTS
1199:880685
1183:NZOR:
1137:190855
952:
944:
905:
897:
858:
660:
480:boreal
476:arctic
340:vulpes
338:words
305:. The
222:Arctic
1176:78076
1150:26312
1119:IRMNG
1111:54322
1085:26312
1072:22555
950:S2CID
942:JSTOR
856:S2CID
545:Scop.
504:var.
425:spore
385:clade
377:, as
336:Latin
267:ascus
208:fungi
201:genus
199:is a
75:Fungi
1171:NCBI
1132:ITIS
1093:GBIF
1059:87C7
903:PMID
895:ISSN
752:and
658:ISBN
454:and
439:and
421:asci
415:The
344:cida
261:and
235:and
1158:NBN
1067:EoL
1054:CoL
934:doi
887:doi
883:101
846:hdl
838:doi
756:".
727:doi
478:or
309:is
203:of
1231::
1209::
1196::
1173::
1160::
1147::
1134::
1121::
1108::
1095::
1082::
1069::
1056::
1041::
1026::
990:.
986:.
948:.
940:.
930:20
928:.
924:.
901:.
893:.
881:.
877:.
854:.
844:.
834:41
832:.
819:^
799:^
782:.
760:.
748:,
723:13
721:.
700:46
698:.
694:.
672:^
486:.
387:.
327:.
294:,
287:,
151:L.
992:1
956:.
936::
909:.
889::
862:.
848::
840::
793:.
776:"
762:2
733:.
729::
688:"
666:.
543:(
423:(
149:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
