935:
390:
555:
463:
872:
738:
1049:
47:
1453:
913:, that Vytautas should be crowned King of Lithuania. It resulted in a great crisis between Vytautas, king Władysław and Polish nobles. The envoys who were transporting documents supporting Vytautas's coronation and proposing an alliance between Lithuania, Hungary and the Teutonic Order were stopped at the Polish-Lithuanian border in the autumn of 1430. Vytautas died in the
808:. The battle ended in a decisive Polish-Lithuanian victory. Even though the siege of Marienburg was unsuccessful, the Teutonic Knights never regained their strength and from then on posed a reduced threat to Poland-Lithuania. From now on, Poland-Lithuania began to be regarded in the west as a great power, and Vytautas stood in high favour with the Roman
831:. Even though the dispute was not resolved, the Samogitians had a chance to present their case to the leaders of Europe. It is seen as an important event in the diplomatic history of Lithuania. Several other mediation attempts failed, and yet another war with the Teutonic Order started in 1422. After several months of fighting, the
934:
947:
Vytautas backed the economic development of his state and introduced many reforms. Under his rule the Grand Duchy of
Lithuania gradually became more centralised, as local princes with dynastic ties to the throne were replaced by the governors loyal to Vytautas. The governors were rich landowners who
889:
with Poland in 1413. According to the act of the union, the Grand Duchy of
Lithuania was to retain a separate Grand Duke and its own parliament. At the same time both the Polish and Lithuanian Sejms were to discuss all the important matters jointly. This union was important culturally as well as
867:
in 1401. Vytautas was granted wide autonomy, but after his death the title and powers of Grand Duke of
Lithuania were to be transferred to the king of Poland. In case Jagiełło died first without an heir, the Polish nobility agreed not to elect a new king without consulting Vytautas. The unique
649:"We do not know on whose merits or guilt such a decision was made, or with what we have offended Your Lordship so much that Your Lordship has deservedly been directed against us, creating hardship for us everywhere. First of all, you made and announced a decision about the land of
967:
peoples. Their principal role was to guard the castle and the bridges, but they also served as translators, farmers, traders, and diplomats. He retains a very high reputation among them, with the anniversary of his death being officially celebrated in 1930 in the
340:, imprisoned Jogaila, and made himself Grand Duke. However, Jogaila escaped and raised an army against Kęstutis. The two sides confronted each other but never engaged in battle. Kęstutis was ready to negotiate, but he and Vytautas were arrested and transported to
1097:
In 2014, a short animation was produced by "Four
Directions of Fairy Tales" (Cztery Strony Bajek) in association with the Association of Polish Karaims, portraying the Karaim story of Vytautas and his magic horse, with voiceovers in several languages, including
768:. The two orders desired to unite and form a mighty force. However, the knights ruled Samogitia for only three years, because on 13 March 1401, the Samogitians, supported by Vytautas, rebelled and burned two castles. The knights received support from
371:, in return for recognition as Grand Duke of Lithuania. However, in July of the same year, Vytautas broke with the Order and reconciled with Jogaila. He then burned three important Teutonic castles, and regained all Kęstutis' lands, except for
413:
and became King of Poland as Władysław II Jagiełło. Vytautas participated in the Union and in 1386 was re-baptised as a
Catholic, receiving the name Alexander. In 1386 Vytautas paid homage to Jagiello, after his coronation as king of Poland.
592:
in 1399. Over twenty princes, including two brothers of
Jogaila, were killed, and Vytautas himself barely escaped alive. This came as a shock to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Poland. A number of territories revolted against Vytautas, and
799:
castle. Both Poland and
Lithuania supported the rebels. Vytautas gathered a large army from 18 lands under his control. The army joined Polish forces and advanced towards the Teutonic headquarters at the castle of Marienburg (present-day
863:'s power in Poland was jeopardised as he was a foreigner king with no other ties to the throne but his wife. Also, the defeat at Vorskla forced a re-evaluation of the relationship between Poland and Lithuania. The result was the
448:
in which
Vytautas recovered all Kęstutis' lands, including Trakai, and was given more. Vytautas would rule Lithuania in the name of Jogaila. After Vytautas' death, all his lands and powers would revert to Jogaila.
1171:
510:. An agreement was reached that Vytautas would help Tokhtamysh to regain power, and the Horde would cede more lands to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in return. In 1398, Vytautas' army attacked a part of the
444:
with an offer to make
Vytautas regent instead of Skirgaila. Vytautas accepted and again broke with the Order. He burned three Teutonic castles and returned to Vilnius. Jogaila and Vytautas signed the
440:
The Polish nobles were unhappy that their new king spent too much time on
Lithuanian affairs. It was clear that the war could continue for years and would not benefit Poland. In 1392, Jogaila sent
780:: Samogitia was transferred to the Teutonic Knights. Poland promised not to support Lithuania in case of another war. The knights promised to support Vytautas in the east and not to support any
389:
629:, the latter settlement a clear violation of the treaty of Raciąż. The war with Muscovy ended in December 1408, on terms that made further conflict with the Teutonic Order inevitable, despite
683:, that is, from the Samogitian point of view, a higher land. Also, the people of Samogitia have long called themselves as Lithuanians and never as Samogitians, and because of such identity (
827:) was Samogitia and therefore belonged to Lithuania. The Teutonic Knights disagreed and a new war started in 1414. The war lasted for just a few months, and the dispute was brought to the
653:, which is our inheritance and our homeland from the legal succession of the ancestors and elders. We still own it, it is and has always been the same Lithuanian land, because there is
609:, a brother of Jogaila who with the support of the Teutonic Order had declared himself grand prince. A major stand-off between the two armies ended without a battle in the Treaty of
429:. Vytautas had to confirm his agreement of 1384, and cede Samogitia to the Order. His army now invaded Lithuania. Also, to gain more influence, Vytautas married his only daughter
1408:
1353:
1032:
who outlived him. Because of the relationship between the two women, the Bishop of Vilnius was unwilling to perform the ceremony without a papal dispensation; however,
868:
feature of this union was that the Lithuanian nobility presented their own document: for the first time somebody other than dukes played a role in the state matters.
1910:
347:
In 1382, Vytautas escaped from Kreva and he sought help from the Teutonic Order, who were negotiating with Jogaila at the time. Jogaila and the Order agreed to the
584:
against the Mongols. This political move also demonstrated that Lithuania had fully accepted Christianity and was defending the faith on its own, and that the
1754:
1477:
925:
554:
2388:
931:, Vytautas "was certainly the most imposing personality of his day in Eastern Europe, and his martial valour was combined with statesmanlike foresight."
367:). Vytautas participated in several raids against Jogaila. In January 1384, Vytautas promised to cede part of Samogitia to the Teutonic Order, up to the
2378:
421:
as regent in Lithuania. However, Skirgaila was unpopular with the people and Vytautas saw an opportunity to become Grand Duke. In 1389, he attacked
1747:
1070:
Vytautas appears in several works of fiction dealing with the Polish-Lithuanian conflict with the Teutonic Order. He appears in the narrative poem
642:
1597:
324:
had ruled jointly in the form of diarchy, with Algirdas governing the east and Kęstutis the west, primarily responsible for defense against the
2353:
1107:
839:) and surrounding territories stayed with the Order. This border, as established by the treaty, remained stable for some 500 years until the
533:
Continuing attempts on the part of Poland to subordinate Lithuania drove Vytautas for the third time into the arms of the Order, and by the
384:
307:
1086:
2383:
2373:
1903:
2197:
2193:
359:. However, the treaty was never ratified and in summer 1383, the war between Jogaila and the Order resumed. Vytautas was baptised as a
2363:
1762:
1504:
1468:
1336:
1311:
2245:
2106:
398:
329:
290:
1382:
1005:
171:
2270:
756:
to the Teutonic Knights. Samogitia was especially important for the Order because it separated the Teutonic Knights, based in
2368:
1929:
1896:
761:
426:
543:, ceded his ancestral province of Samogitia to the knights, formed an alliance with them for the conquest and partition of
910:
820:
705:
344:. One week later, Kęstutis was found dead. Whether he died of natural causes or was murdered is still a matter of debate.
875:
462:
2303:
2284:
2029:
1986:
1954:
1934:
1144:
589:
266:
2260:
843:
dispute of 1923. With peace established, Vytautas could now concentrate on reforms and the relationship with Poland.
490:
lands as possible. Much of the territory was already under the Grand Duke's rule, but the rest was controlled by the
864:
691:) we do not write about Samogitia in our letter, because everything is one: one country and the same inhabitants."
333:
278:
1566:
1521:
2206:
1813:
20:
1977:
1544:
709:
558:
239:
125:
2145:
2235:
1427:
902:
nobles. This paved the way for more contacts and cooperation between the nobles of Poland and of Lithuania.
899:
871:
785:
351:, by which Jogaila promised to accept Christianity, become an ally of the Order, and give the Order part of
317:
60:
1301:
737:
601:, and not re-conquered by Lithuanians until 1404. Vytautas waged a war in 1406–1408 against his son-in-law
2265:
2255:
2043:
1017:
281:
was named after him. Monuments in his honour were built in many towns in independent Lithuania during the
2179:
985:
816:
2123:
773:
1048:
588:
had no further basis for attacks against Lithuania. The campaign resulted in a crushing defeat at the
2348:
2343:
2240:
2164:
1945:
1538:
1138:
1060:
918:
914:
832:
828:
562:
282:
203:
835:
was signed. Samogitia was returned to Lithuania in perpetuity, while the city of Memel (present-day
823:, agreed to mediate the dispute. In 1413, it was declared that the whole right bank of the Nemunas (
819:, Vytautas received Samogitia for his lifetime. However, the parties could not agree on the border.
2358:
2215:
2174:
2169:
2082:
1625:
1181:
1163:
1037:
1021:
1009:
886:
792:
791:
In 1408, Vytautas reached peace in the east and returned to Samogitian matters. In 1409 the second
666:
654:
630:
430:
286:
191:
368:
2230:
2155:
2099:
1575:
1558:
1464:
1221:
1209:
1091:
1013:
805:
697:
602:
598:
434:
2225:
1492:
1036:
did not have such scruples and married them on 13 November 1418. According to the 16th century
2250:
2111:
1782:
1758:
1632:(in Lithuanian). Etninės kultūros globos taryba (Council for the Protection of Ethnic Culture)
1500:
1332:
1307:
1081:
1025:
948:
formed the basis for the Lithuanian nobility. During Vytautas' rule, the influential Radvila (
906:
852:
777:
749:
534:
467:
410:
186:
153:
52:
1458:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
1124:", which attributes his death in 1430 to Lithuania's gradual downfall as a "global player".
1072:
960:
662:
614:
610:
585:
527:
506:, sought help from Vytautas when he was removed from the throne in 1395 after his defeat by
441:
348:
176:
46:
336:
with the Teutonic Order against Kęstutis. When Kęstutis discovered this in 1381, he seized
1847:
1259:
1193:
1120:
1099:
1077:
1064:
1053:
840:
548:
360:
274:
37:
1033:
949:
573:
Inspired by his successful campaign against Timur, Vytautas and Jogaila won support from
788:. However, the treaty did not solve the problems, and all the parties prepared for war.
2293:
2220:
2140:
2010:
1880:
1830:
1029:
989:
964:
796:
769:
720:
679:
606:
475:
445:
402:
325:
121:
100:
1354:"Ar perrašinėjamos istorijos pasakų įkvėpta Baltarusija gali kėsintis į Rytų Lietuvą?"
1040:, his first wife was Maria Łukomska, however, this is not confirmed by other sources.
2337:
2319:
2000:
1472:
1459:
425:
but failed. In early 1390, Vytautas again allied with the Teutonic Order through the
1004:(Władysław II Jagiełło), who became King of Poland in 1386. Around 1370, he married
503:
499:
491:
356:
341:
1767:
1737:
953:
714:
1660:
1409:"Kaip šnekėjo Vytautas Didysis ir ar šiandien susikalbėtume su VI a. lietuviais?"
2118:
993:
836:
824:
670:
658:
577:
321:
213:
2062:
2053:
1718:
1133:
891:
856:
781:
515:
495:
2130:
2077:
2038:
1963:
1840:
1806:
804:). In 1410, Vytautas himself commanded the forces of the Grand Duchy in the
753:
674:
650:
626:
618:
519:
418:
352:
262:
258:
86:
997:
223:
2094:
2089:
2067:
1995:
1413:
1358:
895:
594:
487:
483:
313:
251:
1888:
1481:. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 762.
2072:
1819:
1112:
1001:
973:
860:
801:
757:
581:
471:
422:
337:
198:
157:
81:
332:, and a struggle for power ensued. In 1380, Jogaila signed the secret
2019:
1755:
Borderlands of Western Civilization: A History of East Central Europe
1698:
1696:
969:
879:
765:
742:
566:
523:
511:
406:
372:
243:
141:
1118:
Vytautas is also mentioned in Jonathan Franzen's fictitious novel "
772:, brother of Jogaila, who desired to take Vytautas' title. In 1404
1602:
1562:
1047:
933:
870:
809:
736:
701:
622:
553:
544:
507:
461:
388:
247:
1283:
574:
1892:
1738:
Vytauto Didžiojo įvaizdžio genezės mįslė, – "ieškokite moterų"
1770:, Lithuanian Karaims Culture Community. Accessed 20 May 2006.
1434:. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Poznańskie, p.59-60, ISBN 83-7177-104-5
277:. In commemoration of the 500-year anniversary of his death,
1598:"Lietuvos etnografiniai regionai – ar pažįstate juos visus?"
1578:, Institute of Lithuanian Literature and Folklore. p. 6
661:. But since the land of Samogitia is located lower than the
234:(c. 1350 – 27 October 1430), also known as
1757:, 2nd edition, Chapter 8, Simon Publications, July 2001,
1568:
Vytauto laiškai [ Letters of Vytautas the Great ]
1052:
Vytautas and Kęstutis imprisoned by Jogaila. Painting by
1024:. After Anna's death in 1418, Vytautas married her niece
938:
Vytautas the Great watch tower in Kherson Oblast, Ukraine
795:
against the Teutonic Knights began, as the rebels burned
514:
and built a castle there. Now Lithuania spanned from the
320:
until his death in 1377. Algirdas and Vytautas' father
1303:
Making a Great Ruler: Grand Duke Vytautas of Lithuania
1499:(in Polish). Warsaw: Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy.
2292:
2283:
2205:
2192:
2154:
2052:
2028:
2009:
1985:
1976:
1953:
1944:
219:
209:
197:
185:
164:
148:
131:
110:
106:
96:
74:
66:
59:
30:
537:in October 1398, Vytautas, who now styled himself
921:. The knowledge about his remains has been lost.
1000:. Vytautas was a cousin and childhood friend of
917:, ending the whole affair. He was buried in the
726:
959:In 1398, Vytautas brought over families of the
647:
70:4 August 1392 – 27 October 1430
1904:
1526:(in Polish). Paris: L. Martinet. p. 433.
1090:, the 1960 adaptation of the famous novel by
8:
1750:, Juventa high school. Accessed 20 May 2006.
1254:
1252:
363:, receiving the name of Wigand (Lithuanian:
250:(1387–1389), and the postulated king of the
1719:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PpGQ5USWVOA
1059:A sculpture for Vytautas is display on the
685:
538:
2289:
2202:
1982:
1950:
1911:
1897:
1889:
1773:
1707:. Poznań-Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Historyczne.
1661:"Guide to Trakai Historical National Park"
890:politically because it granted Lithuanian
776:was signed, which in essence repeated the
45:
27:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
16:Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1392 to 1430
885:Vytautas was one of the creators of the
708:, in which he described the core of the
665:, it is called as Samogitia, because in
1383:"Jogailaičiai. Kodėl ne Gediminaičiai?"
1248:
1156:
569:of Vytautas the Great, circa 1399–1401.
1748:Vytautas Lietuvos didysis kunigaikštis
784:who could have claims to the title of
1561:; Valkūnas, Leonas (translation from
1306:. Central European University Press.
1300:Mickūnaitė, Giedrė (1 January 2006).
1108:Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition
1020:, and mother and regent to their son
894:nobles the same rights as the Polish
597:was retaken by its hereditary ruler,
51:Seal of Vytautas, depicting him with
7:
1687:Dzieje starożytne narodu litewskiego
633:'s attempt to negotiate a solution.
561:coin with lions or leopards and the
328:. Algirdas was succeeded by his son
1102:, Polish, English, and Lithuanian.
265:and was an important figure in the
1858:Duchy transformed into voivodeship
1740:, Vartiklis. Accessed 20 May 2006.
1705:Pierwsze pokolenie Giedyminowiczów
1417:(in Lithuanian). 20 November 2021.
669:it is called lower land . And the
14:
2389:Pretenders to the Bohemian throne
700:, excerpt from his 11 March 1420
617:was granted to Jogaila's brother
283:interwar period from 1918 to 1939
2379:People in the Battle of Grunwald
1523:Historya Polska (Polish History)
1451:
1331:. Ospreypublishing. p. 11.
1288:Historical Dictionary of Belarus
732:is known since the 13th century.
385:Lithuanian Civil War (1389–1392)
308:Lithuanian Civil War (1381–1384)
1290:, Scarecrow Press, London 1998.
741:Vytautas the Great Monument in
637:Wars against the Teutonic Order
393:Poland and Lithuania, 1386–1434
1930:List of early Lithuanian dukes
1495:(1988). "Władysław Jagiełło".
643:Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War
285:. Vytautas knew and spoke the
1:
1087:Knights of the Teutonic Order
821:Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor
706:Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor
114:
2354:Burials at Vilnius Cathedral
2271:Stanisław August Poniatowski
1717:English version on youtube:
876:Church of Vytautas the Great
621:, and the important city of
486:' vision to control as many
242:. He was also the prince of
2246:Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki
1935:List of Lithuanian monarchs
1145:Order of Vytautas the Great
992:), Vytautas was the son of
988:of present-day Old Trakai (
956:families began their rise.
898:. This act did not include
590:Battle of the Vorskla River
427:Treaty of Königsberg (1390)
261:, Vytautas is revered as a
2405:
2384:People of the Hussite Wars
2374:People from Vilnius County
1689:. Vilnius. pp. 562–3.
1327:Turnbull, Stephen (2004).
911:Sigismund, king of Hungary
865:Union of Vilnius and Radom
640:
382:
305:
279:Vytautas Magnus University
144:, Grand Duchy of Lithuania
18:
2317:
1924:
1877:
1870:
1864:
1854:
1845:
1837:
1827:
1811:
1803:
1776:
1537:Antoni Prochaska (1908).
1213:
1185:
1141:– family tree of Vytautas
1111:, Vytautas featured as a
752:Vytautas had transferred
526:captives were brought to
417:Jogaila left his brother
409:, under which he married
44:
35:
21:Vytautas (disambiguation)
2364:Grand dukes of Lithuania
1978:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
1685:Narbutt, Teodor (1847).
1329:The Hussite Wars 1419–36
1012:. Sophia was married to
905:In January 1429, at the
855:and her newborn died in
847:Relationship with Poland
710:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
559:Principality of Smolensk
273:is a popular male given
240:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
126:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
1872:Grand Duke of Ruthenia
1814:Grand Duke of Lithuania
1540:Król Władysław Jagiełło
1520:Tekla Wołowska (1860).
1478:Encyclopædia Britannica
1264:Encyclopædia Britannica
927:Encyclopædia Britannica
878:. Built around 1400 in
786:Grand Duke of Lithuania
540:Supremus Dux Lithuaniae
458:Policy towards the East
453:Grand Duke of Lithuania
318:Grand Duke of Lithuania
246:(1370–1382), prince of
61:Grand Duke of Lithuania
2256:Augustus II the Strong
1703:Tęgowski, Jan (1999).
1197:
1080:. He was portrayed by
1056:
1018:Grand Prince of Moscow
939:
882:
817:Peace of Thorn of 1411
745:
727:
693:
686:
570:
539:
479:
470:issued by Vytautas in
394:
2369:Knights of the Dragon
2261:Stanisław Leszczyński
2221:Anna the Jagiellonian
2180:Sigismund II Augustus
2146:Sigismund Kęstutaitis
1919:Monarchs of Lithuania
1545:Akademia Umiejętności
1543:(in Polish). Kraków:
1381:Statkuvienė, Regina.
1352:Pancerovas, Dovydas.
1051:
937:
874:
740:
557:
474:on 16 February 1410 (
465:
392:
269:in the 19th century.
238:, was a ruler of the
2285:Kingdom of Lithuania
2266:August III the Saxon
2241:John II Casimir Vasa
1946:Kingdom of Lithuania
1768:Vytautas and Karaims
1432:Polityka Jagiellonów
1260:"Vytautas the Great"
1198:Witold Kiejstutowicz
1061:Millennium of Russia
1008:, who gave birth to
984:Born in 1350 in the
919:Cathedral of Vilnius
915:Trakai Island Castle
833:Treaty of Lake Melno
829:Council of Constance
563:Columns of Gediminas
334:Treaty of Dovydiškės
19:For other uses, see
2216:Henry III of Valois
2175:Sigismund I the Old
2054:House of Gediminids
1465:Bain, Robert Nisbet
1038:Bychowiec Chronicle
1010:Sophia of Lithuania
963:(388 families) and
909:it was proposed by
815:As a result of the
793:Samogitian uprising
631:Hermann II of Celje
625:to Jogaila's envoy
482:Vytautas continued
287:Lithuanian language
2231:Sigismund III Vasa
2156:House of Jagiellon
2030:House of Mindaugas
1987:House of Mindaugas
1955:House of Mindaugas
1650:Frost 2015, p. 148
1576:Vilnius University
1559:Vytautas the Great
1497:Polska Jagiellonów
1234:Wythaws or Wythawt
1230:Alexander Vitoldus
1105:In the video game
1092:Henryk Sienkiewicz
1057:
940:
883:
806:Battle of Grunwald
746:
724:(highlands). Term
698:Vytautas the Great
603:Vasili I of Moscow
599:George of Smolensk
571:
565:, showing it as a
549:Novgorod the Great
480:
435:Vasili I of Moscow
395:
297:Struggle for power
236:Vytautas the Great
31:Vytautas the Great
2331:
2330:
2313:
2312:
2279:
2278:
2251:John III Sobieski
2236:Ladislaus IV Vasa
2194:Polish–Lithuanian
2188:
2187:
2127:
2115:
2103:
2086:
2011:House of Monomakh
1972:
1971:
1887:
1886:
1878:Succeeded by
1859:
1855:Succeeded by
1828:Succeeded by
1822:
1783:Gediminid dynasty
1746:Andrius Mingėla,
1574:(in Lithuanian).
1428:Henryk Łowmiański
1202:Witold Aleksander
1139:House of Kęstutis
1026:Juliana Olshanska
924:According to the
907:Congress of Lutsk
853:Jadwiga of Poland
778:Treaty of Salynas
750:Treaty of Salynas
663:land of Lithuania
580:for organising a
535:Treaty of Salynas
468:Vilnius Cathedral
411:Jadwiga of Poland
275:name in Lithuania
229:
228:
154:Vilnius Cathedral
139:(aged 79–80)
2396:
2290:
2203:
2165:Casimir Jagellon
2121:
2109:
2097:
2080:
1983:
1951:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1890:
1865:Preceded by
1857:
1838:Preceded by
1817:
1804:Preceded by
1799:
1792:
1774:
1745:
1735:
1721:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1700:
1691:
1690:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1665:
1657:
1651:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1573:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1457:
1455:
1454:
1448:
1435:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1297:
1291:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1256:
1236:
1215:
1187:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1173:Vytautas Didysis
1161:
1073:Konrad Wallenrod
929:Eleventh Edition
887:Union of Horodło
733:
730:
712:, composed from
689:
659:same inhabitants
615:Velikiy Novgorod
586:Teutonic Knights
542:
528:ethnic Lithuania
442:Henry of Masovia
349:Treaty of Dubysa
312:Vytautas' uncle
289:with his cousin
267:national rebirth
138:
119:
116:
49:
28:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2309:
2275:
2226:Stephen Báthory
2196:
2184:
2150:
2048:
2024:
2005:
1968:
1940:
1939:
1920:
1917:
1883:
1874:
1868:
1860:
1851:
1843:
1833:
1824:
1816:
1809:
1798:27 October 1430
1793:
1787:
1786:
1779:
1753:Oscar Halecki,
1744:(in Lithuanian)
1743:
1734:(in Lithuanian)
1733:
1730:
1725:
1724:
1716:
1712:
1702:
1701:
1694:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1635:
1633:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1609:
1607:
1606:(in Lithuanian)
1596:
1595:
1591:
1581:
1579:
1571:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1507:
1493:Paweł Jasienica
1491:
1490:
1486:
1463:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1438:
1426:
1422:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1392:
1390:
1389:(in Lithuanian)
1380:
1379:
1375:
1365:
1363:
1362:(in Lithuanian)
1351:
1350:
1346:
1339:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1314:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1282:
1278:
1268:
1266:
1258:
1257:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1239:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1130:
1121:The Corrections
1078:Adam Mickiewicz
1065:Veliky Novgorod
1054:Wojciech Gerson
1046:
982:
945:
849:
841:Memel Territory
774:Peace of Raciąż
735:
718:(lowlands) and
704:letter sent to
695:
645:
639:
460:
455:
387:
381:
310:
304:
299:
181:
160:
140:
136:
135:27 October 1430
120:
117:
92:
55:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2402:
2400:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2336:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2320:Titular rulers
2318:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2299:
2297:
2294:House of Urach
2287:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2212:
2210:
2200:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2161:
2159:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2116:
2104:
2092:
2087:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2059:
2057:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2035:
2033:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2016:
2014:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1992:
1990:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1960:
1958:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1908:
1901:
1893:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1876:
1869:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1856:
1853:
1848:Duke of Trakai
1844:
1839:
1835:
1834:
1829:
1826:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1800:
1780:
1777:
1772:
1771:
1765:
1751:
1741:
1736:Inga Deidulė,
1729:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1710:
1692:
1677:
1652:
1643:
1617:
1589:
1550:
1547:. p. 240.
1529:
1512:
1505:
1484:
1473:Chisholm, Hugh
1436:
1420:
1400:
1373:
1344:
1337:
1319:
1312:
1292:
1276:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1232:, Old German:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1136:
1129:
1126:
1082:Józef Kostecki
1045:
1042:
1030:Ivan Olshanski
1028:, daughter of
990:Senieji Trakai
981:
978:
944:
941:
848:
845:
762:Livonian Order
646:
641:Main article:
638:
635:
522:. A number of
476:Latin language
459:
456:
454:
451:
446:Astrava Treaty
403:Union of Krewo
401:concluded the
383:Main article:
380:
377:
326:Teutonic Order
306:Main article:
303:
300:
298:
295:
227:
226:
221:
217:
216:
211:
207:
206:
201:
195:
194:
189:
183:
182:
180:
179:
174:
168:
166:
162:
161:
152:
150:
146:
145:
133:
129:
128:
122:Senieji Trakai
112:
108:
107:
104:
103:
98:
94:
93:
91:
90:
84:
78:
76:
72:
71:
68:
64:
63:
57:
56:
53:Gediminas' Cap
50:
42:
41:
38:Duke of Trakai
33:
32:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2401:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2325:
2321:
2316:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2108:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2051:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2027:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1914:
1909:
1907:
1902:
1900:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1882:
1873:
1867:Title created
1863:
1850:
1849:
1842:
1836:
1832:
1823:
1821:
1818:as regent of
1815:
1808:
1802:
1797:
1790:
1785:
1784:
1775:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1763:0-9665734-8-X
1760:
1756:
1752:
1749:
1742:
1739:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1720:
1714:
1711:
1706:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1681:
1678:
1662:
1656:
1653:
1647:
1644:
1631:
1627:
1626:"Aukštaitija"
1621:
1618:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1593:
1590:
1577:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1560:
1554:
1551:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1533:
1530:
1525:
1524:
1516:
1513:
1508:
1506:83-06-01796-X
1502:
1498:
1494:
1488:
1485:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1460:public domain
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1421:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1404:
1401:
1388:
1384:
1377:
1374:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1348:
1345:
1340:
1338:1-84176-665-8
1334:
1330:
1323:
1320:
1315:
1313:9789637326585
1309:
1305:
1304:
1296:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1277:
1265:
1261:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1242:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1211:
1207:
1206:Witold Wielki
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1165:
1160:
1157:
1150:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1122:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1103:
1101:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1055:
1050:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
996:and his wife
995:
991:
987:
979:
977:
975:
971:
966:
962:
957:
955:
951:
942:
936:
932:
930:
928:
922:
920:
916:
912:
908:
903:
901:
897:
893:
888:
881:
877:
873:
869:
866:
862:
858:
854:
846:
844:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
813:
811:
807:
803:
798:
794:
789:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
744:
739:
734:
731:
729:
723:
722:
717:
716:
711:
707:
703:
699:
692:
690:
688:
682:
681:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
644:
636:
634:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
591:
587:
583:
579:
576:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
550:
546:
541:
536:
531:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
477:
473:
469:
466:Privilege to
464:
457:
452:
450:
447:
443:
438:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
415:
412:
408:
404:
400:
391:
386:
378:
376:
374:
370:
369:Nevėžis River
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
309:
301:
296:
294:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
263:national hero
260:
255:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
225:
222:
218:
215:
212:
208:
205:
202:
200:
196:
193:
190:
188:
184:
178:
175:
173:
170:
169:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
134:
130:
127:
123:
113:
109:
105:
102:
99:
95:
88:
85:
83:
80:
79:
77:
73:
69:
65:
62:
58:
54:
48:
43:
40:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
2323:
2304:Mindaugas II
2302:
2198:Commonwealth
2135:
1871:
1846:
1812:
1795:
1788:
1781:
1728:Bibliography
1713:
1704:
1686:
1680:
1668:. Retrieved
1655:
1646:
1634:. Retrieved
1629:
1620:
1608:. Retrieved
1601:
1592:
1580:. Retrieved
1567:
1553:
1539:
1532:
1522:
1515:
1496:
1487:
1476:
1431:
1423:
1412:
1403:
1391:. Retrieved
1386:
1376:
1364:. Retrieved
1357:
1347:
1328:
1322:
1302:
1295:
1287:
1279:
1267:. Retrieved
1263:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1217:
1205:
1201:
1189:
1167:
1159:
1119:
1117:
1106:
1104:
1096:
1085:
1071:
1069:
1063:monument in
1058:
1034:Jan Kropidło
983:
958:
946:
926:
923:
904:
884:
850:
814:
790:
747:
725:
719:
713:
694:
684:
678:
655:one language
648:
572:
532:
504:Golden Horde
481:
439:
416:
396:
364:
357:Dubysa River
346:
342:Kreva Castle
311:
270:
256:
235:
231:
230:
137:(1430-10-27)
36:
25:
2349:1430 deaths
2344:1350 births
2209:(1569–1795)
2158:(1440–1569)
2141:Švitrigaila
2056:(1285–1440)
2032:(1269–1285)
2013:(1267–1269)
1989:(1263–1267)
1957:(1236–1263)
1881:Švitrigaila
1831:Švitrigaila
1666:(in Polish)
1269:16 February
825:Neman River
797:Skirsnemunė
770:Švitrigaila
764:, based in
760:, from the
728:Aukštaitija
721:Aukštaitija
680:Aukštaitija
671:Samogitians
613:, by which
607:Švitrigaila
578:Boniface IX
118: 1350
101:Švitrigaila
89:(as regent)
75:Predecessor
2359:Gediminids
2338:Categories
2063:Butigeidis
2001:Vaišvilkas
1875:1398–1430
1852:1392–1413
1825:1392–1430
1670:9 December
1393:9 November
1243:References
1228:), Latin:
1224:: Витовт (
1182:Belarusian
1164:Lithuanian
1134:Gediminids
1044:Depictions
857:childbirth
667:Lithuanian
516:Baltic Sea
496:Tokhtamysh
355:up to the
257:In modern
2170:Alexander
2131:Skirgaila
2078:Gediminas
2044:Daumantas
2039:Traidenis
1964:Mindaugas
1841:Skirgaila
1807:Skirgaila
1778:Vytautas
1467:(1911). "
1366:1 October
1222:Ruthenian
1210:Ukrainian
1022:Vasili II
954:Goštautas
950:Radziwiłł
892:Christian
782:Gediminid
754:Samogitia
715:Žemaitija
675:Lithuania
651:Samogitia
627:Jerzy Nos
619:Lengvenis
520:Black Sea
488:Ruthenian
437:in 1391.
419:Skirgaila
397:In 1385,
379:1385–1392
353:Samogitia
316:had been
302:1377–1384
259:Lithuania
97:Successor
87:Skirgaila
2136:Vytautas
2119:Kęstutis
2095:Algirdas
2090:Jaunutis
2068:Butvydas
1996:Treniota
1430:(1999).
1414:15min.lt
1387:15min.lt
1359:15min.lt
1128:See also
1014:Vasily I
994:Kęstutis
900:Orthodox
896:szlachta
851:In 1399
837:Klaipėda
657:and the
595:Smolensk
484:Algirdas
365:Vygandas
361:Catholic
322:Kęstutis
314:Algirdas
271:Vytautas
252:Hussites
232:Vytautas
214:Kęstutis
204:Kęstutis
2324:italics
2322:are in
2207:Elected
2107:Jogaila
2073:Vytenis
1820:Jogaila
1791:c. 1350
1630:Ekgt.lt
1475:(ed.).
1462::
1113:cavalry
1002:Jogaila
974:Vilnius
943:Reforms
861:Jogaila
802:Malbork
758:Prussia
748:In the
582:crusade
518:to the
502:of the
492:Mongols
472:Vilnius
423:Vilnius
399:Jogaila
338:Vilnius
330:Jogaila
291:Jogaila
158:Vilnius
82:Jogaila
2296:(1918)
2124:family
2112:family
2100:family
2083:family
2020:Shvarn
1794:
1761:
1503:
1471:". In
1469:Witowt
1456:
1335:
1310:
1284:Vitaŭt
1226:Vitovt
1218:Vitovt
1214:Вітовт
1194:Polish
1190:Vitaŭt
1186:Вітаўт
1115:hero.
1100:Karaim
998:Birutė
986:castle
980:Family
970:kenesa
961:Karaim
952:) and
880:Kaunas
766:Latvia
743:Kaunas
567:vassal
512:Crimea
431:Sophia
407:Poland
373:Trakai
244:Grodno
224:Birutė
220:Mother
210:Father
192:Sophia
177:Uliana
165:Spouse
149:Burial
142:Trakai
1796:Died:
1789:Born:
1664:(PDF)
1636:9 May
1610:9 May
1603:DELFI
1582:9 May
1572:(PDF)
1563:Latin
1151:Notes
965:Tatar
810:curia
702:Latin
673:call
623:Pskov
545:Pskov
524:Tatar
508:Timur
405:with
248:Lutsk
199:House
187:Issue
67:Reign
1759:ISBN
1672:2014
1638:2021
1612:2021
1584:2021
1501:ISBN
1395:2018
1368:2014
1333:ISBN
1308:ISBN
1286:in:
1271:2019
1006:Anna
611:Ugra
605:and
575:Pope
547:and
500:Khan
172:Anna
132:Died
111:Born
1565:).
1220:),
1204:or
1084:in
1076:by
972:in
687:sic
677:as
433:to
2340::
1695:^
1628:.
1600:.
1439:^
1411:.
1385:.
1356:.
1262:.
1251:^
1212::
1208:,
1200:,
1196::
1192:,
1188:,
1184::
1180:,
1166::
1094:.
1067:.
1016:,
976:.
859:.
812:.
696:—
551:.
530:.
498:,
494:.
375:.
293:.
254:.
156:,
124:,
115:c.
2326:.
2126:)
2122:(
2114:)
2110:(
2102:)
2098:(
2085:)
2081:(
1912:e
1905:t
1898:v
1674:.
1640:.
1614:.
1586:.
1509:.
1397:.
1370:.
1341:.
1316:.
1273:.
1216:(
478:)
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
