31:
150:
321:
to the north. During the reign of
Vytenis, the Teutonic Knights organized some 20 raids into Samogitia. Vytenis took measures to undermine influence of local Samogitian nobles, as evidenced by an increasing numbers of traitors and refugees. It seems that Gediminas was helping Vytenis to control the
381:
A Lithuanian garrison, situated in a "Lithuanian castle" outside the city, guarded Riga until 1313 when the city residents gave it to the Order and sent the pagans away. Friendship with Riga fostered trade and commerce, and helped to consolidate
Lithuanian influence in the
354:
grew into an internal war. Vytenis offered help to the citizens of Riga and even made some vague promises to convert to
Christianity, to ease religious tensions between the
783:
313:
rivers; the
Knights matched this with their own castles on the opposite bank. During this time, the Teutonic Order was attempting to establish a corridor along the
214:, who is regarded by modern historians as one of the greatest Lithuanian rulers. The rule of Vytenis was marked by constant warfare in an effort to consolidate the
434:, brother of Vytenis, to become the Grand Duke of Lithuania. During his reign the Grand Duchy became a major military and political power in the Eastern Europe.
414:
Vytenis died ca. 1315 without an heir. The circumstances surrounding his death are not known. For a long time
Russian historians claimed that he was struck by
418:. However, that was a mistake of a Russian scribe: it was an inadequate translation of Teutonic propaganda that Gediminas killed his master Vytenis and
1236:
426:, the first castle built by the Teutonic Knights on the right bank of the Neman River. Historians know of only one son of Vytenis, Žvelgutis (
552:
512:
358:
soldiers and
Christian residents. Vytenis successfully invaded Livonia, destroyed Karkus castle north of Riga, and defeated the order in the
362:, killing Livonian Land Master Bruno and 22 knights. When Livonia was secured, Vytenis organized eleven campaigns into territories of the
776:
322:
nobles, who seriously considered resettling in
Prussia as vassals of the Teutonic Knights. The Order also consolidated its control over
1070:
1066:
1231:
691:
645:
617:
478:
1118:
250:). After his father's death, c. 1295, he became Grand Duke. Vytenis was soon involved in succession disputes in Poland, supporting
979:
259:
30:
1143:
802:
769:
398:
for German merchants in 1312. In the field of religion, it seems that
Vytenis laid the groundwork for the creation of the
1216:
399:
1176:
1157:
902:
859:
827:
807:
402:
c. 1316. The metropolitanate was a tool in the competition between
Vilnius and Moscow for the religious leadership in
370:, where entire population was massacred. His cause was helped by the fact that in 1308 the Teutonic Knights conquered
1133:
712:
170:
1079:
305:. During Vytenis's reign a network of defensive castles was established and strengthened along the banks of the
850:
215:
1018:
547:. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought: Fourth Series. Cambridge University Press. pp. 55–59.
1108:
743:
255:
251:
189:
53:
149:
1138:
1128:
916:
605:
577:
469:
1052:
347:
996:
247:
210:
to rule for a considerable amount of time. In the early 14th century, his reputation outshone that of
1221:
1113:
1037:
818:
423:
355:
327:
282:
1226:
1088:
1047:
1042:
955:
443:
161:
1103:
1028:
972:
278:
1098:
390:, a major trade post, was annexed by Lithuania. Due to close contacts with Riga Vytenis invited
1123:
984:
687:
683:
676:
641:
613:
582:
548:
508:
359:
116:
36:
422:
his throne. Vytenis is mentioned for the last time in
September 1315 during the unsuccessful
391:
375:
363:
298:
181:
1166:
1093:
1013:
883:
612:(in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. pp. 32–33.
351:
318:
302:
227:
1210:
1192:
873:
383:
290:
243:
262:. In Ruthenia, Vytenis managed to recapture lands lost after the assassination of
707:
502:
991:
640:(English ed.). Vilnius: Lithuanian Institute of History. pp. 112–114.
306:
238:
Vytenis is mentioned for the first time in 1292 during his father's invasion of
935:
926:
449:
395:
331:
314:
207:
131:
1003:
950:
911:
836:
753:
431:
415:
371:
323:
286:
263:
211:
81:
473:
581:. Vol. VI. Boston, Massachusetts: Juozas Kapočius. pp. 221–222.
1008:
967:
962:
940:
868:
736:
545:
Lithuania Ascending: A Pagan Empire Within East-Central Europe, 1295–1345
403:
367:
271:
219:
141:
71:
44:
761:
342:
One of the most celebrated achievements of Vytenis was an alliance with
419:
387:
310:
239:
223:
126:
892:
608:; Rokas Varakauskas (2004). "Vytenis". In Vytautas Spečiūnas (ed.).
636:
Kiaupa, Zigmantas; Jūratė Kiaupienė; Albinas Kuncevičius (2000) .
294:
267:
586:
430:), who possibly died before his father. Such a situation allowed
246:. During this raid he fought one of the most victorious battles (
343:
765:
153:
Expansion of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, 13th–15th centuries
610:
Lietuvos valdovai (XIII-XVIII a.): enciklopedinis žinynas
175:
334:
Castle, controlled by Lithuanians since 1281, in 1313.
289:
intensified and reached a new level in the 1290s as
1165:
1156:
1078:
1065:
1027:
925:
901:
882:
858:
849:
826:
817:
137:
125:
115:
107:
99:
91:
87:
77:
67:
59:
52:
23:
675:
326:, where Lithuanians had their garrisons since the
575:Simas Sužiedėlis, ed. (1970–1978). "Vytenis".
472:; Matulevičius, Algirdas; Varakauskas, Rokas.
777:
8:
1162:
1075:
855:
823:
784:
770:
762:
730:
501:Suziedelis, Saulius A. (7 February 2011).
366:in Prussia in 1298–1313, including one to
254:, who was married to a Lithuanian duchess
29:
20:
16:Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1295 to 1316
682:(2nd ed.). Penguin Books. pp.
631:
629:
538:
536:
534:
532:
530:
528:
526:
524:
148:
461:
242:: an army of 800 men reached as far as
708:"Gediminas | grand duke of Lithuania"
7:
638:The History of Lithuania Before 1795
600:
598:
596:
570:
568:
566:
564:
346:. In 1297 disagreements between the
317:, in Samogitia, to link up with the
504:Historical Dictionary of Lithuania
266:and capture the principalities of
14:
479:Universal Lithuanian Encyclopedia
394:to maintain a Catholic church in
507:. Scarecrow Press. p. 341.
1237:Pagans of the Prussian Crusade
803:List of early Lithuanian dukes
1:
206:. He became the first of the
200:
193:
1144:Stanisław August Poniatowski
400:Metropolitanate of Lithuania
350:, burghers of Riga, and the
1119:Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki
808:List of Lithuanian monarchs
674:Christiansen, Eric (1997).
176:
39:as depicted in the Sapieha
1253:
1190:
797:
750:
741:
733:
165:
28:
1232:Grand dukes of Lithuania
851:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
446:– family tree of Vytenis
216:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
744:Grand Duke of Lithuania
713:Encyclopædia Britannica
252:Boleslaus II of Masovia
190:Grand Duke of Lithuania
54:Grand Duke of Lithuania
1129:Augustus II the Strong
578:Encyclopedia Lituanica
543:Rowell, C. S. (1994).
297:were conquered by the
185:
154:
1134:Stanisław Leszczyński
1094:Anna the Jagiellonian
1053:Sigismund II Augustus
1019:Sigismund Kęstutaitis
792:Monarchs of Lithuania
678:The Northern Crusades
386:basin, where c. 1307
330:. The Order captured
260:Władysław I of Poland
152:
1158:Kingdom of Lithuania
1139:August III the Saxon
1114:John II Casimir Vasa
819:Kingdom of Lithuania
606:Gudavičius, Edvardas
470:Gudavičius, Edvardas
424:Siege of Christmemel
410:Death and succession
376:quarrels with Poland
328:Battle of Aizkraukle
1217:13th-century births
1089:Henry III of Valois
1048:Sigismund I the Old
927:House of Gediminids
662:Lithuania Ascending
444:family of Gediminas
1104:Sigismund III Vasa
1029:House of Jagiellon
903:House of Mindaugas
860:House of Mindaugas
828:House of Mindaugas
348:Archbishop of Riga
338:Alliance with Riga
248:Battle of Trojanów
155:
1204:
1203:
1186:
1185:
1152:
1151:
1124:John III Sobieski
1109:Ladislaus IV Vasa
1067:Polish–Lithuanian
1061:
1060:
1000:
988:
976:
959:
884:House of Monomakh
845:
844:
760:
759:
751:Succeeded by
554:978-0-521-45011-9
514:978-0-8108-7536-4
392:Franciscan friars
360:Battle of Turaida
208:Gediminid dynasty
174:
147:
146:
1244:
1163:
1076:
1038:Casimir Jagellon
994:
982:
970:
953:
856:
824:
786:
779:
772:
763:
734:Preceded by
731:
725:
724:
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572:
559:
558:
540:
519:
518:
498:
492:
491:
489:
487:
466:
374:and started its
364:Teutonic Knights
299:Teutonic Knights
205:
202:
198:
195:
179:
169:
167:
33:
21:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1182:
1148:
1099:Stephen Báthory
1069:
1057:
1023:
921:
897:
878:
841:
813:
812:
793:
790:
756:
748:1294/1295–1316
747:
739:
729:
728:
718:
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706:
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694:
673:
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659:
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603:
594:
574:
573:
562:
555:
542:
541:
522:
515:
500:
499:
495:
485:
483:
482:(in Lithuanian)
468:
467:
463:
458:
440:
412:
340:
258:, and opposing
236:
203:
196:
48:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1250:
1248:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1209:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1193:Titular rulers
1191:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1172:
1170:
1167:House of Urach
1160:
1154:
1153:
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1149:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
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1121:
1116:
1111:
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1083:
1073:
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1040:
1034:
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1025:
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1021:
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989:
977:
965:
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948:
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938:
932:
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919:
914:
908:
906:
899:
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896:
895:
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887:
880:
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876:
871:
865:
863:
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840:
839:
833:
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821:
815:
814:
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805:
799:
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795:
794:
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788:
781:
774:
766:
758:
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749:
740:
735:
727:
726:
699:
692:
666:
660:Rowell, C. S.
653:
646:
625:
618:
592:
560:
553:
520:
513:
493:
460:
459:
457:
454:
453:
452:
447:
439:
436:
411:
408:
352:Livonian Order
339:
336:
319:Livonian Order
303:Livonian Order
285:Lithuania and
235:
232:
228:Teutonic Order
145:
144:
139:
135:
134:
129:
123:
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119:
113:
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109:
105:
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101:
97:
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88:
85:
84:
79:
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69:
65:
64:
61:
57:
56:
50:
49:
37:Gediminas' Cap
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1249:
1238:
1235:
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1215:
1214:
1212:
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1125:
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1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
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1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1086:
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1081:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
998:
993:
990:
986:
981:
978:
974:
969:
966:
964:
961:
957:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
933:
931:
928:
924:
918:
915:
913:
910:
909:
907:
904:
900:
894:
891:
890:
888:
885:
881:
875:
872:
870:
867:
866:
864:
861:
857:
854:
852:
848:
838:
835:
834:
832:
829:
825:
822:
820:
816:
809:
806:
804:
801:
800:
796:
787:
782:
780:
775:
773:
768:
767:
764:
755:
746:
745:
738:
732:
715:
714:
709:
703:
700:
695:
693:0-14-026653-4
689:
685:
680:
679:
670:
667:
663:
657:
654:
649:
647:9986-810-13-2
643:
639:
632:
630:
626:
621:
619:5-420-01535-8
615:
611:
607:
601:
599:
597:
593:
588:
584:
580:
579:
571:
569:
567:
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561:
556:
550:
546:
539:
537:
535:
533:
531:
529:
527:
525:
521:
516:
510:
506:
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497:
494:
481:
480:
475:
471:
465:
462:
455:
451:
448:
445:
442:
441:
437:
435:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
409:
407:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
379:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
337:
335:
333:
329:
325:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
295:Baltic tribes
292:
288:
284:
280:
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
233:
231:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
191:
187:
183:
178:
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159:
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133:
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128:
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118:
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106:
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98:
94:
90:
86:
83:
80:
76:
73:
70:
66:
62:
58:
55:
51:
46:
42:
38:
35:Vytenis with
32:
27:
22:
19:
1196:
1177:Mindaugas II
1175:
1071:Commonwealth
945:
742:
717:. Retrieved
711:
702:
677:
669:
661:
656:
637:
609:
576:
544:
503:
496:
484:. Retrieved
477:
464:
427:
413:
380:
341:
276:
237:
157:
156:
40:
18:
1222:1316 deaths
1082:(1569–1795)
1031:(1440–1569)
1014:Švitrigaila
929:(1285–1440)
905:(1269–1285)
886:(1267–1269)
862:(1263–1267)
830:(1236–1263)
204: 1316
197: 1295
68:Predecessor
1227:Gediminids
1211:Categories
936:Butigeidis
874:Vaišvilkas
456:References
450:Gediminids
396:Navahrudak
315:Baltic Sea
293:and other
256:Gaudemunda
226:, and the
220:Ruthenians
162:Belarusian
132:Gediminids
1043:Alexander
1004:Skirgaila
951:Gediminas
917:Daumantas
912:Traidenis
837:Mindaugas
754:Gediminas
587:74-114275
474:"Vytenis"
432:Gediminas
428:Swalegote
416:lightning
372:Pomerania
324:Semigalia
291:Prussians
287:Samogitia
264:Mindaugas
224:Masovians
218:with the
212:Gediminas
171:romanized
121:Žvelgutis
82:Gediminas
78:Successor
63:1295–1316
41:Genealogy
1009:Vytautas
992:Kęstutis
968:Algirdas
963:Jaunutis
941:Butvydas
869:Treniota
737:Butvydas
438:See also
404:Ruthenia
368:Brodnica
332:Dynaburg
281:against
142:Butvydas
72:Butvydas
1197:italics
1195:are in
1080:Elected
980:Jogaila
946:Vytenis
719:25 June
684:146–147
420:usurped
388:Polatsk
384:Daugava
279:crusade
244:Łęczyca
240:Masovia
234:Warfare
186:Witenes
173::
158:Vytenis
111:Vikinda
24:Vytenis
1169:(1918)
997:family
985:family
973:family
956:family
893:Shvarn
690:
644:
616:
585:
551:
511:
486:7 July
188:) was
182:Polish
177:Vicień
166:Віцень
138:Father
108:Spouse
47:, 1709
356:pagan
307:Neman
283:pagan
272:Turaŭ
268:Pinsk
192:from
127:House
117:Issue
60:Reign
45:Kodeń
721:2021
688:ISBN
664:, 63
642:ISBN
614:ISBN
583:LCCN
549:ISBN
509:ISBN
488:2021
344:Riga
311:Jūra
309:and
301:and
277:The
270:and
103:1316
100:Died
95:1260
92:Born
199:to
43:in
1213::
710:.
686:.
628:^
595:^
563:^
523:^
476:.
406:.
378:.
274:.
230:.
222:,
201:c.
194:c.
184::
180:;
168:,
164::
1199:.
999:)
995:(
987:)
983:(
975:)
971:(
958:)
954:(
785:e
778:t
771:v
723:.
696:.
650:.
622:.
589:.
557:.
517:.
490:.
160:(
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