Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng

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they had been "surprised and forced to take part in the insurrection". Of the 87 convicted, 39 were sentenced to death, five to deportation, 33 to life sentences of forced labour, nine to 20 years imprisonment, and one to five years of forced labour. Of those condemned to death, 24 were civilians and 15 were servicemen. Presidential pardons reduced the number of death penalties from 39 to 13. Học and Chinh were among the 13 who were executed on June 17, 1930. The condemned men cried "Viet Nam!" as the guillotine fell. Học wrote a final plea to the French, in a letter that claimed that he had always wanted to cooperate with French authorities, but that their intransigence had forced him to revolt. Học contended that France could only stay in Indochina if they dropped their "brutal" policies, and became more amiable towards the Vietnamese. The VNQDĐ leader called for universal education, training in commerce and industry, and an end to the corrupt practices of the French-installed mandarins.

1578:, reinforced by around 60 civilian members of the VNQDĐ, attacked their 29 French officers and warrant officers. The rebels had intended to split into three groups: the first group was to infiltrate the infantry, kill French NCOs in their beds and raise support among Vietnamese troops; the second, supported by the VNQDĐ civilians, was to break into the post headquarters; and the third group would enter the officers' quarters. The French were caught off guard; five were killed and three seriously wounded. The mutineers isolated a few more French officers from their men, even managing to raise the VNQDĐ flag above one of the buildings. About two hours later, however, it became apparent that the badly coordinated uprising had failed, and the remaining 550 Vietnamese soldiers helped quell the rebellion rather than participate in it. The insurrectionists had failed to liquidate the 1515:-based French labour recruiter Hervé Bazin on February 9, 1929, was a turning point that marked the beginning of the VNQDĐ's decline. A graduate of the École Coloniale in Paris, Bazin directed the recruitment of Vietnamese labourers to work on colonial plantations. Recruiting techniques often included beating or coercion, because the foremen who did the recruiting received a commission for each enlisted worker. On the plantations, living conditions were poor and the remuneration was low, leading to widespread indignation. In response, Vietnamese hatred of Bazin led to thoughts of an assassination. A group of workers approached the VNQDĐ with a proposal to kill Bazin. The sources disagree on whether the party adopted a policy of sanctioning the assassination. One account is that Hoc felt that assassinations were pointless because they would only prompt a crackdown by the French 1915:, seizing arms and arresting party members, who were falsely charged with crimes ranging from counterfeiting to unlawful arms possession. The Viet Minh massacred thousands of VNQDĐ members and other nationalists in a large scale purge. Most of the survivors fled to China or French-controlled areas in Vietnam. After driving the VNQDĐ out of their Hanoi headquarters on On Nhu Hau Street, Giáp ordered his agents to construct an underground torture chamber on the premises. They then planted exhumed and badly decomposed bodies in the chamber, and accused the VNQDĐ of gruesome murders, although most of the dead were VNQDĐ members who had been killed by Giáp's men. The communists made a public spectacle of the scene in an attempt to discredit the VNQDĐ, but the truth eventually came out and the "On Nhu Hau Street affair" lowered their public image. 1548:, along the Gia Lam-Haiphong railway. This was also the occasion for a shift in strategy: Hoc argued for a general uprising, citing rising discontent among Vietnamese soldiers in the colonial army. More moderate party leaders believed this move to be premature, and cautioned against it, but Hoc's stature meant he prevailed in shifting the party's orientation towards violent struggle. One of the arguments presented for large-scale violence was that the French response to the Bazin assassination meant that the party's strength could decline in the long term. The plan was to provoke a series of uprisings at military posts around the Red River Delta in early 1930, where VNQDĐ forces would join Vietnamese soldiers in an attack on the two major northern cities of Hanoi and Haiphong. The leaders agreed to restrict their uprisings to 1407:

impeach elected officials, ratify and abolish laws. The third and final principle was to implement socialist controls on the economy, and restricting capitalism through nationalisation, guaranteed minimum working conditions and land reform. This was ultimately aimed towards reducing income inequality. There had been a debate over the socioeconomic bent of the party when it was formed, with some advocating communism and others private property, but the position reached was not dissimilar from an existing Vietnamese social norm where villagers often owned land communally although social hierarchies still existed. Although the socioeconomic side of the VNQDĐ agenda was not as heavily promoted at a high political level as the other two principles, there was a strong push at grassroots level to implement more socialist systems.

1775:, created by KMT founder Dr. Sun and opposition to Vietnamese and French Imperialists. The Revolutionary League was controlled by Nguyen Hai Than, who was born in China and could not speak Vietnamese. General Zhang shrewdly blocked the Communists of Vietnam, and Ho Chi Minh from entering the league, as his main goal was Chinese influence in Indochina. The KMT utilized these Vietnamese nationalists during World War II against Japanese forces. At one stage, the communists made an appeal for other Vietnamese anti-colonialists to join forces, but condemned Khanh as an "opportunist" and "fake revolutionary" in their letter. The cooperation in the border area lasted for only a few months before VNQDĐ officials complained to the local KMT officials that the communists, led by Dong and 1455:, Vietnam's historical rivals, while neglecting to oppose French colonialism. The VNQDĐ admitted many female members, which was quite revolutionary for the time. It set about seeking alliances with other nationalist factions in Vietnam. In a meeting on July 4, 1928, the Central Committee appealed for unity among the Vietnamese revolutionary movements, sending delegates to meet with other organisations struggling for independence. The preliminary contacts did not yield any concrete alliances. Talks with the New Vietnam Revolutionary Party (NVRP) failed because the NVRP wanted a more centralised and structured party organisation, although the VNQDĐ did manage to absorb the NVRP branch in Hung Hoa. The VNQDĐ also assailed the Vietnamese communists of 1355: 1933: 1529:'s house. The French attributed the attack to the VNQDĐ and reacted by apprehending all the party members they could find: between three and four hundred men were rounded up, including 36 government clerks, 13 French government officials, 36 schoolteachers, 39 merchants, 37 landowners and 40 military personnel. The subsequent trials resulted in 78 men being convicted and sentenced to jail terms ranging between five and twenty years. The arrests severely depleted the VNQDĐ leadership: most of the Central Committee were captured, though Hoc and Nhu were among the few who escaped from a raid on their hideout at the Vietnam Hotel. 1877:, who was based in Kunming and northern Vietnam, reported that the VNQDĐ were "hopelessly disoriented politically" and felt that they had no idea of how to run a government. He speculated that the VNQDĐ were driven by "desires for personal power and economic gain". Giap accused them of being "bandits". Military and newspaper attacks between the groups occurred regularly, but a power-sharing agreement was put in place until the elections occurred in order to end the attacks and strengthen national unity to further the goal of independence. The communists also allowed the VNQDĐ to continue printing material. 1889:

would do so. Many ministers were excluded from knowing the details of their portfolio; Khanh was forbidden to see any military statistics and some were forbidden to attend cabinet meetings. In one case, the Minister of Social Works became a factory worker because he was forced to remain politically idle. Meanwhile, Giáp was able to stymie the activities of VNQDĐ officials of higher rank in the coalition government. Aside from shutting down the ability of the VNQDĐ officials to disseminate information, he often ordered his men to start riots and street brawls at public VNQDĐ events.

1490:) rank. According to the historian Cecil B. Currey, "The VNQDĐ's lower-class origins made it, in many ways, closer to the labouring poor than were the Communists, many of whom… from established middle-class families." At the time, the two other notable nationalist organisations were the communists and the New Vietnam Revolutionary Party, and although they had different visions of a post-independence nation, both competed with the VNQDĐ in attracting the support of the small, educated, urban class. In the late-1920s, around half of the communists were from bourgeoise backgrounds. 1363: 1033: 1893:

Vietminh. Eventually, Chinese pressure on the VNQDĐ and the Dong Minh Hoi saw them accept a coalition government, in which Tam served as foreign minister. For the communists' part, they accused the KMT of intimidating them into sharing power with the VNQDĐ, and claimed that VNQDĐ soldiers had tried to attack polling stations. The VNQDĐ claimed that the communists had engaged in vote fraud and intimidation, citing Vietminh claims that they had received tallies in excess of 80% in areas controlled by French troops.

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It assailed the French for restricting the Vietnamese people's ability to study, discuss policy and associate, and what it perceived as exploitative capitalist policies that enriched French enterprises while leaving Vietnamese people unhealthy. It criticised the colonial administration, which it saw as corrupt and encouraging low-level Vietnamese bureaucrats to mistreat their compatriots, and said that the ouster to French rule was necessary to stop the "elimination process" against the Vietnamese race.

1021: 1716:'s Revolutionary Youth League. However, Ho betrayed Chau to eliminate a potential rival and to pocket a reward. With nationalist Chinese aid, Chau's followers had set up a League of Oppressed Oriental Peoples, a Pan-Asian group that ended in failure. In 1932 the League made the point of declaring a "Provisional Indochinese Government" at Canton. In July 1933, Chau's group was integrated into Nghiep's Yunnan organisation. In 1935, Nghiep surrendered to the French consulate in 1430:(nationalism, people's welfare and human rights). Like the KMT, it was a clandestine organisation held together with tight discipline. Its basic unit was the cell, above which there were several levels of administration, including provincial, regional and central committees. Also like the KMT, the VNQDĐ's revolutionary strategy envisaged a military takeover, followed by a period of political training for the population before a constitutional government could take control. 1521:, thereby weakening the party. He felt that it was better to strengthen the party until the time was ripe to overthrow the French, viewing Bazin as a mere twig on the tree of the colonial apparatus. Another view is that the senior VNQDĐ leaders felt that killing Bazin was necessary so that the party would appear to be relevant to workers involved in industry or commerce, given that the communists had begun to target this demographic for their recruitment drives. 1389:, but at the outset there was considerable debate over its other fundamental objectives. Many wanted it to promote worldwide revolution, rather than limiting itself to campaigning for an independent Vietnamese republic; but there were fears that this would lead to accusations of communism, putting off potential Vietnamese supporters who yearned above all for independence. In a bid for moderation, the final statement was a compromise that read: 348: 1326:. Hoc was an alumnus of Hanoi's Commercial School, who had been stripped of a scholarship because of his mediocre academic performance. Hoc had previously tried to initiate peaceful reforms by making written submissions to the French authorities, but these were ignored, and his attempt to foster policy change through the publication of a magazine never materialized due to the refusal of a license. 1919:

the three original VNQDĐ cabinet members was still in office. In any case, the VNQDĐ never had any power, despite their numerical presence. Upon the opening of the National Assembly, the communist majority voted to vest power in an executive committee almost entirely consisting of communists; the legislature met only once a year. In any case, the façade of a legislature was dispensed with as the

1911:, signed on March 6, 1946, saw the return of French colonial forces to Vietnam, replacing the Chinese nationalists who were supposed to be maintaining order. The VNQDĐ were now without their main supporters. As a result, the VNQDĐ were further attacked by the French, who often encircled VNQDĐ strongholds, enabling Viet Minh attacks. Giáp's army hunted down VNQDĐ troops and cleared them from the 1969:, who imprisoned many of its members. Diem's administration was a "dictatorship by Catholics—A new kind of fascism", according to the title of a VNQDĐ pamphlet published in July 1955. The VNQDĐ tried to revolt against Diem in 1955 in central Vietnam. During the transition period after Geneva, the VNQDĐ sought to set up a new military academy in central Vietnam, but they were crushed by 266: 1182:, the killing of a French labour recruiter widely despised by local Vietnamese people. Although the perpetrators' precise affiliation was unclear, the French colonial authorities held the VNQDĐ responsible. Between 300 and 400 of the party's approximately 1,500 members were detained in the resulting crackdown. Many of the leaders were arrested, but Học managed to escape. 1687:—who had tried to stall the failed mutiny—attempted to reunite what remained of the party under the banner of peaceful reform. Other factions, however, remained faithful to Học's legacy, recreating the movement in the Hanoi-Haiphong area. A failed assassination attempt on Governor-General Pasquier led to French crackdowns in 1931 and 1932. The survivors escaped to 1849:

of sharing power with anyone in the long term and regarded the move as purely a strategic exercise. Giap, the Vietminh's military chief, called the VNQDĐ a "group of reactionaries plotting to rely on Chiang Kai-Shek's Kuomintang and their rifle barrels to snatch a few crumbs". The VNQDĐ dominated the main control lines between northern Vietnam and China near

2088:, and while they totalled 15% of the national vote between them, the most of any grouping, it was diluted between the groupings; none of the tickets and thus none of the candidates were elected. This contrasted with one Catholic alliance with three tickets that won only 8% of the vote, but had all 30 candidates elected. They won nine seats in the 1735:(ICP). In 1940, Ho arrived in Yunnan, which was a hotbed of both ICP and VNQDĐ activity. He initiated collaboration between the ICP and other nationalists such as the VNQDĐ. At the time, World War II had broken out and Japan had conquered most of eastern China and replaced the French in Vietnam. Ho moved east to the neighbouring province of 1273:. This prompted anti-Christian edicts, and in 1858, a French invasion of Vietnam was mounted, ostensibly to protect Catholicism, but in reality for colonial purposes. The French steadily made gains and completed the colonization of Vietnam in 1883. Armed revolts against colonial rule occurred regularly, most notably through the 1739:, where Chinese military leaders had been attempting to organise Vietnamese nationalists against the Japanese. The VNQDĐ had been active in Guangxi and some of their members had joined the KMT army. Under the umbrella of KMT activities, a broad alliance of nationalists emerged. With Ho at the forefront, the 2043:

approached the Australians in an attempt to have the 1000-man PAT outfit formally allied to the VNQDĐ. The overture was rejected. The politicisation of paramilitary units worked both ways; some province chiefs used the anti-communist forces to assassinate political opponents, including VNQDĐ members.

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When the National Assembly reconvened in Hanoi on October 28, only 30 of the 50 VNQDĐ seats were filled. Of the 37 VNQDĐ and Dong Minh Hoi members who turned up, only 20 remained by the end of the session. By the end of the year, Tam had resigned as foreign minister and fled to China, and only one of

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on February 10, 1930, with the aim of sparking a widespread revolt. VNQDĐ forces combined with disaffected Vietnamese troops, who mutinied against the French colonial army. The mutiny was quickly put down, with heavy French retribution. Học and other leading figures were captured and executed and the

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After the fall of Diệm and the execution of Cẩn in May 1964, the VNQDĐ became more active in their strongholds in central Vietnam. Nevertheless, there was no coherent national leadership and groups at district and provincial level tended to operate autonomously. By 1965, their members had managed to

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to train their own military recruits. Armed confrontations between the Vietminh and the nationalists occurred regularly in major northern cities. The VNQDĐ were aided by the KMT, who were in northern Vietnam as the result of an international agreement to stabilise the country. The KMT often disarmed

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backed the VNQDĐ in the hope of gaining more influence over its southern neighbour. Ho tried to broaden his support in order to strengthen himself, in addition to decreasing Chinese and French power. He hoped that by co-opting VNQDĐ members, he could shut out the KMT. The communists had no intention

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A series of trials were held to prosecute those arrested during the uprising. The largest number of death penalties was handed down by the first Criminal Commission, which convened at Yen Bay. Among the 87 people found guilty at Yen Bay, 46 were servicemen. Some argued in their own defence that

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On February 10, a VNQDĐ member injured a policeman at a Hanoi checkpoint; at night, Arts students threw bombs at government buildings, which they regarded as part of the repressive power of the colonial state. On the night of February 15–16, Học and his remaining forces seized the nearby villages of

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The VNQDĐ contested the national elections of 1967, the first elections since the fall of Diem, which were rigged—Diem and his people invariably gained more than 95% of the vote and sometimes exceeded the number of registered voters. The campaign was disorganised due to a lack of infrastructure and

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Ho scheduled elections for December 23, but he made a deal with the VNQDĐ and the Dong Minh Hoi, which assured them of 50 and 20 seats in the new national assembly respectively, regardless of the poll results. This only temporarily placated the VNQDĐ, which continued its skirmishes against the

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became defence minister, with Giap as his deputy. What the VNQDĐ and other non-communist nationalists thought to be an equitable power-sharing agreement turned out to be a ruse. Every non-communist minister had a communist deputy, and if the former refused to approve a decree, the Vietminh official

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in southern China, where some of Nghiep's supporters were still active. The Yunnan VNQDĐ was in fact a section of the Chinese Kuomintang, who protected its members from the Chinese government while funds were raised by robbery and extortion along the Sino-Vietnamese border. This eventually led to a

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Most party members were teachers, young people who had been exposed to a western education and political theory, employees of the French colonial government, Confucian-oriented village notables, or non-commissioned officers in the colonial army. In particular, they sought to cultivate support among

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A manifesto released in February 1930 showed that the VNQDĐ heavily based its rhetoric on appealing to resentment against the system of racial inequality and the French imposition of capitalism. It appealed to the populace to rise up against colonisation and the poor treatment of Vietnamese people.

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erupted in central Vietnam, in which some Buddhist leaders fomented civil unrest against the war, hoping to end foreign involvement in Vietnam and end the conflict through a peace deal with the communists. The VNQDĐ remained implacably opposed to any coexistence with the communists. Members of the

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replaced Hoc as chairman. Three proto-governmental organs were created, to form the legislative, executive and judicial arms of government. The records of the French secret service estimated that by early 1929, the VNQDĐ consisted of approximately 1,500 members in 120 cells, mostly in areas around

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who would then be able to mobilise their enlisted men. This led to a membership based heavily on traditional Asian and western-style political elites. The VNQDĐ campaigned mainly among these facets of society—there were few workers or peasants in its support base, and those that were supporters of

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At the time, nationalist sentiment had been on the increase in Vietnam. The French colonial authorities were bringing more Vietnamese into the administration, and there was a small but growing proportion who were exposed to western education. As a result, they became aware of French ideals such as

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Harassment and censorship imposed by the French colonial authorities led to the commercial failure of the Nam Dong Thu Xa. By the autumn of 1927, the group's priorities turned towards more direct political action, in a bid to appeal to more radical elements in the north. Membership grew to around

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they executed around 3,000–6,000 people that they had taken prisoner, out of a total population of 140,000. The communists had compiled a list of "reactionaries" to be liquidated before their assault. Known for their virulent anti-communism, VNQDĐ members appeared to have been disproportionately

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For the remainder of 1929, the party prepared for the revolt. They located and manufactured weapons, storing them in hidden depots. The preparation was hindered by French police, particularly the seizure of arms caches. Recruitment campaigns and grassroots activist drives were put in place, even

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In order to attain its primary aim of independence, the VNQDĐ had three principles by which it intended to operate. The first was nationalism, under which people of all ethnic groups in Vietnam were to be citizens of a sovereign nation. Secondly, democracy was to give citizens the right to vote,

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In late 1929, the party was weakened by an internal split. Under increasing French pressure, the VNQDĐ leadership switched tactics, replacing a strategy of isolated clandestine attacks against individuals with a plan to expel the French in a single blow with a large-scale popular uprising. After

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in the wake of Japan's withdrawal from Vietnam. This move violated a prior agreement between the member parties of the Viet Nam Cach Mang Dong Minh Hoi (Vietnamese Revolutionary League), which included the VNQDĐ as well as the Vietminh, and Ho was pressured to broaden his government's appeal by

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of the party is to make a national revolution, to use military force to overthrow the feudal colonial system, to set up a democratic republic of Vietnam. At the same time we will help all oppressed nationalities in the work of struggling to achieve independence, in particular such neighboring

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After the seizure of power, hundreds of VNQDĐ members returned from China, only to be killed at the border by the Vietminh. Nevertheless, the VNQDĐ arrived in northern Vietnam with arms and supplies from the KMT, in addition to its prestige as a Vietnamese nationalist organisation.

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though the VNQDĐ were realistic and understood that their assault was unlikely to succeed. The village elders were used to mobilise neighbours into the political movement. Their logic was "Even if victory is not achieved, we will fully mature as human beings with our efforts".

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the VNQDĐ, were put into affiliated organisations that were adjunct to the parent organisation. The party's popularity was based on a groundswell of anti-French feeling in northern Vietnam in the 1920s; many writers had assailed society for glorifying military actions against

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The VNQDĐ was deeply divided after years of communist pressure, lacked strong leadership and no longer had a coherent military presence, although they had a large presence in central Vietnam. The party's disarray was only exacerbated by the actions of autocratic President

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The first account says that, turned down by the VNQDĐ leadership, one of the assassination's proponents—it is unclear whether or not he was a party member—created his own plot. With an accomplice, he shot and killed Bazin on February 9, 1929, as the Frenchman left his

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failed after the mutineers agreed to negotiate, allowing time for loyalists to relieve the president. Many of the officers involved had links to or were members of the VNQDĐ, and fled the country after the coup collapsed. In 1963, VNQDĐ leaders Tam and

1486:. The intelligence reported that most members were students, minor merchants or low-level bureaucrats in the French administration. The report stated that there were landlords and wealthy peasants among the members, but that few were of scholar-gentry ( 1210:

during World War II and, in the chaos that followed the Japanese surrender in 1945, the VNQDĐ and the ICP briefly joined forces in the fight for Vietnamese independence. However, after a falling-out, Ho purged the VNQDĐ, leaving his communist-dominated

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was opened in September 1928. The French colonial authorities were aware of the real purpose of the business, and put it under surveillance without taking further preliminary action. The first notable reorganisation of the VNQDĐ was in December, when

1853:. They funded their operations from the tribute that they levied from the local populace. Once the majority of the non-communist nationalists had returned to Vietnam, the VNQDĐ banded with them to form an anti-Vietminh alliance. The VNQDĐ and the 2123:, the VNQDĐ is illegal. Some VNQDĐ members fled to the West, where they continued their political activities. The VNQDĐ remains respected among some sections of the overseas Vietnamese community as Vietnam's leading anti-communist organisation. 1923:

went into full flight. A small group of VNQDĐ fighters escaped Giáp's assault and retreated to a mountainous enclave along the Sino-Vietnamese border, where they declared themselves to be the government of Vietnam, with little effect.

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provinces respectively, for a few hours. In the second village, the VNQDĐ killed the local mandarin of the French colonial government, Tri Huyen. On February 16, French warplanes responded by bombarding the VNQDĐ's last base at

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Financial problems compounded the VNQDĐ's difficulties. Money was needed to set up a commercial enterprise, a cover for the revolutionaries to meet and plot, and for raising funds. For this purpose, a hotel-restaurant named the

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Chinese government crackdown, but VNQDĐ members continued to train at the Yunnan Military School; some enlisted in the nationalist Chinese army while others learned to manufacture weapons and munitions in the Yunnan arsenal.

1338:, republicanism and democracy, which sharply contrasted to the racial inequality and stratified system of the colonial elite ruling the masses in Vietnam. There was also an increasing awareness of the political writings of 1582:

town post and could not convince the frightened townspeople to join them in a general revolt. At 07:30, a French Indochinese counterattack scattered the mutineers; two hours later, order was re-established in Yên Bái.

1155:-based intellectuals who began publishing revolutionary material in the mid-1920s. In 1927, after the publishing house failed because of French harassment and censorship, the VNQDĐ was formed under the leadership of 1175:) the VNQDĐ gained a small following among northerners, particularly teachers and intellectuals. The party, which was less successful among peasants and industrial workers, was organised in small clandestine cells. 1703:

Nghiep was briefly jailed by Yunnan authorities, but continued to run the party from his cell. Upon his release in 1933, Nghiep consolidated the party with similar groups in the area, including some followers of

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in central Vietnam where they were thought to be strong. There were 60 seats in the senate, and the six victorious tickets would see all ten of their members elected. The VNQDĐ entered eight tickets in the

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began to disobey party orders and was therefore expelled from the Central Committee. Some sources claim that Nghiep had formed a breakaway party and had begun secret contacts with French authorities.

1346:, which stoked a desire for civil and political rights, combined with the knowledge of the Japanese victory over Russia in 1905, which gave people confidence that Asians could defeat western powers. 2039:

to fight the communists, and used them for their own purposes. In December, one VNQDĐ member had managed to turn his PAT colleagues towards the nationalist agenda, and the local party leadership in

4676: 4688: 4664: 4203: 4839: 1816:(盧漢) was the representative of the Nationalist Army. The government of the Republic of China favored the VNQDĐ over Viet Minh which led to Ho's reliance on the rebel Chinese communists. 1422:), even down to copying the "Nationalist Party" designation, it had no direct relationship with its Chinese counterpart and in fact did not gain much attention outside Vietnam until the 1767:

led a virulently anti-communist VNQDĐ faction. The Viet Nam Revolutionary League was a union of various Vietnamese nationalist groups, run by the pro Chinese VNQDĐ. Chinese KMT General

1063: 2092:, a small minority presence, all from districts in central Vietnam, where they tended to poll between 20 and 40% in various areas. The VNQDĐ members made several loose alliances with 1463:—to the French in return for a financial reward. Ho had done this to eliminate other nationalist rivals. The VNQDĐ would later be on the receiving end of another of Ho's manoeuvres. 3963: 2017: 586: 2020:. While the generals that led the coup were not members of the VNQDĐ, they sought to cultivate ARVN officers who were part of the VNQDĐ because of their antipathy towards Diệm. 1544:

Perturbed by those who betrayed fellow members to the French and the problems this behaviour caused, Hoc convened a meeting to tighten regulations in mid-1929 at the village of

4170: 4774: 2009: 1945: 619: 1322:(Romanised Vietnamese script) to the working class. The group soon attracted the support of other progressive young northerners, including students and teachers led by 4854: 2052:

VNQDĐ made alliances with Catholics, collected arms, and engaged in pro-war street clashes with the Buddhists, forcing elements of the ARVN to intervene to stop them.

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Beginning in 1928, the VNQDĐ attracted substantial Vietnamese support, provoking increased attention from the French colonial administration. This came after a VNQDĐ

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From 1928, the VNQDĐ attracted attention through its assassinations of French officials and Vietnamese collaborators. A turning point came in February 1929 with the

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on December 25, 1927, with Nguyen Thai Hoc as the party's first leader. It was Vietnam's first home-grown revolutionary party, established three years before the

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and the end of the Vietnam War, the remnants of the VNQDĐ were again targeted by the victorious communists. As Vietnam is a single-party state led by the

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were among those arrested for their involvement in the plot; Tam committed suicide before the case started, and Khanh was jailed. In February 1962, two

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into a communist north and an anti-communist south, but stipulated that there were to be 300 days of free passage between the two zones. During

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created the league to further Chinese influence in Indochina, against the French and Japanese. Its stated goal was for unity with China under the

1049: 325: 1720:. The remainder of the VNQDĐ was paralysed by infighting and began losing political relevance, with only moderate activity until the outbreak of 4383: 4267: 4132: 4097: 3949: 3834: 3773: 3754: 3697: 3582: 3426: 2085: 2036: 978: 973: 591: 4378: 4799: 4282: 4117: 4092: 3972: 454: 305: 1354: 1037: 4122: 4824: 4046: 853: 4540: 1663:, eight French commanders and two Sûreté inspectors. A few further violent incidents occurred until February 22, when Governor-General 4809: 4789: 4137: 1988: 1941: 1005: 4784: 3815: 3792: 3735: 3716: 3678: 3659: 3633: 3610: 3561: 3538: 3496: 3477: 3456: 3405: 3386: 3365: 3416: 1728:

in 1940. They attempted to organise workers along the Yunnan railway, threatening occasional border assaults, with little success.

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unit arrived and inflicted heavy losses on the insurgents, mortally wounding Nhu. Aware of the events in the upper delta region,

858: 838: 1845: 1304:(Southeast Asia Publishing House). They aimed to promote violent revolution as a means of gaining independence for Vietnam from 1194:

Some remaining factions sought peaceful means of struggle, while other groups fled across the border to Kuomintang bases in the

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Following Yen Bay, the VNQDĐ became more diffuse, with many factions effectively acting virtually autonomously of one another.

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killed several French officials and Vietnamese collaborators who had a reputation for cruelty towards the Vietnamese populace.

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Following the Yên Bái mutiny, the VNQDĐ went into exile in China, merging with some followers of Phan Bội Châu (pictured).

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infiltrate and take over the Peoples Action Teams (PATs), irregular paramilitary counter-insurgency forces organised by

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At around 01:30 on Monday, February 10, 1930, approximately 40 troops belonging to the 2nd Battalion of the Fourth

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unchallenged as the foremost anti-colonial militant organisation. As a part of the post-war settlement that ended the

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to forcibly restrain the two groups. Three days later the VNQDĐ accused the Buddhists of attacking their premises in

1587: 1265:, allowed Catholic missionaries to operate in Vietnam. However, relations became strained under Gia Long's successor 863: 4520: 4484: 3855:"French military policies in the aftermath of the Yên Bay mutiny, 1930: old security dilemmas return to the surface" 2060: 2056: 1980:(ARVN) felt that Diệm discriminated against them because of their political leanings. Diệm used the secret Catholic 1966: 1712:-based organisation with similar aims in 1925. Chau's group had formed in opposition to the communist tendencies of 461: 4398: 4277: 4142: 4016: 3995: 3594:

America's Miracle Man in Vietnam: Ngo Dinh Diem, Religion, Race, and U.S. Intervention in Southeast Asia, 1950–1957

2120: 2013: 1779:, were attempting to dominate the league. This prompted the local authorities to shut down the front's activities. 1756: 1426:

in 1930. However, in elucidating its primary objective of national independence, it did rely ideologically on Súns

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and held them for three weeks until Ho agreed to remove Giáp and Lieu from the cabinet. As a result, the VNQDĐ's

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However, the agreement was ineffective in the meantime. The VNQDĐ kidnapped Giap and the Propaganda Minister

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some VNQDĐ candidates were not formally sanctioned by any hierarchy. The VNQDĐ focused on the districts in

2040: 1776: 547: 535: 4814: 4332: 4247: 4051: 1854: 1824: 1136: 943: 571: 497: 180: 4706: 4500: 542: 4560: 1833: 1805:, a puppet regime. This resulted in the release of some anti-French activists, including VNQDĐ members. 1487: 1343: 912: 490: 220: 4424: 2320: 2072: 1840:

in two hold. The VNQDĐ objected to this, fearing that the communists would perpetrate electoral fraud.

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in 1975 and the reunification of Vietnam under communist rule. Today, the party survives only among

4621: 4322: 4165: 1920: 1902: 1881: 1763:, a graduate of a KMT military academy, wanted to challenge the communists for pre-eminence, while 1619: 1598:

was repelled by the Vietnamese guards, who appeared to have been tipped off. In the nearby town of

1506: 1297: 1293: 1259: 1235: 1216: 1179: 1085: 968: 927: 698: 671: 581: 424: 382: 375: 300: 200: 4570: 4555: 4550: 4368: 4358: 1973:, who ran the region for his elder brother Diệm, dismantled and jailed VNQDĐ members and leaders. 1255: 791: 241: 4726: 4711: 4683: 4601: 4373: 3876: 1837: 1748: 1731:

The VNQDĐ was gradually overshadowed as the leading Vietnamese independence organisation by Ho's

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During the Diệm era, the VNQDĐ were implicated in two failed coup attempts. In November 1960, a

1981: 1869:, and began to publish newspapers, expounding their policies and explaining their ideology. The 1656: 2729: 4439: 4363: 4312: 4257: 4232: 3901: 3830: 3811: 3788: 3769: 3750: 3731: 3712: 3693: 3674: 3655: 3629: 3606: 3578: 3557: 3534: 3492: 3473: 3452: 3422: 3401: 3382: 3361: 2048: 2012:

in a bid to kill Diệm and his family, but their targets escaped unharmed. Diệm was eventually

1802: 1801:, which had occupied Vietnam since 1941, deposed the French administration, and installed the 1792: 1788: 1744: 1599: 1313: 917: 653: 576: 4731: 4414: 3890:"Vietnam in global context (1920–1968): looking through the lens of three historical figures" 1984:

to keep control of the army and stifle attempts by VNQDĐ members to rise through the ranks.

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Revolution in the village : tradition and transformation in North Vietnam, 1925–1988

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French involvement in Vietnam started in the late 18th century when the Catholic priest

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Cold War Mandarin: Ngo Dinh Diem and the Origins of America's War in Vietnam, 1950–1963

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province of China, where they received arms and training. Meanwhile, during the 1930s,

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The History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff: History of the Indochina incident, 1940–1954

1751:, a KMT army officer and former disciple of Phan Boi Chau, was named as the deputy of 68: 4768: 3880: 3651: 3622: 2281: 2104: 2100: 2024: 1667:

declared that the insurrection had been defeated. Học and his lieutenants, Chinh and

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200, distributed among 18 cells in 14 provinces across northern and central Vietnam.

1227: 938: 771: 756: 367: 4353: 4181: 2031:, and they were known for being more anti-communist than most of their compatriots. 1858: 1857:(DVQDD, Nationalist Party of Greater Vietnam) started their own military academy at 1575: 3854: 3530: 3522: 3506: 2353: 2298: 1721: 998: 776: 766: 387: 55: 3690:

Tradition, revolution, and market economy in a North Vietnamese village, 1925–2006

1759:(Vietnam Liberation League). It was an uneasy situation, as another VNQDĐ leader, 1517: 3572: 3376: 1755:, later to be Ho's Prime Minister. The front was later broadened and renamed the 4642: 4606: 3574:

Viet Nam Quoc Dan Dang: A Contemporary History of a National Struggle: 1927-1954

2028: 1768: 1713: 1611: 1494: 1456: 1411: 1339: 1309: 1199: 716: 647: 485: 3941: 3872: 2064: 4616: 2282:"83 năm cuộc Khởi nghĩa Yên Bái bùng nổ (83 years since the Yen Bai Uprising)" 1850: 1415: 1224: 1160: 751: 609: 434: 3905: 813: 4036: 3785:

The Lotus Unleashed: The Buddhist Peace Movement in South Vietnam, 1964–1966

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by recruiting French volunteers. In return, Nguyễn Ánh, better known by his

1212: 902: 786: 781: 746: 741: 721: 682: 2323: 1614:, the VNQDĐ briefly seized control of the district seat. At sunrise, a new 265: 27:

Vietnamese nationalist and democratic socialist political party (1927–1975)

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Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social and Military History

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Le Bagne des Annamites : Les derniers déportés politiques en Guyane

2059:

between the Buddhists and the VNQDĐ, prompting the local ARVN commander

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garrison, but he was captured a few days later by French authorities.

1586:

That same evening, two further insurrectionary attempts failed in the

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during the early 20th century. Its origins lie in a group of young

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Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam

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Politics in war: the bases of political community in South Vietnam

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Many VNQDĐ members were part of the ARVN, which sought to prevent

1931: 1866: 1808:

On August 15, 1945, Japanese forces in Vietnam surrendered to the

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Victory at Any Cost: The genius of Viet Nam's Gen. Vo Nguyen Giap

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Website of Đại Việt Quốc Dân Đảng (Nationalist Party of Dai-Viet)

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Thư ngỏ gửi : Ban nghiên cứu Ðảng sử Việt Nam Quốc dân Ðảng

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Flag of the Vietnamese Nationalist Party, used from 1929 to 1945

4185: 3945: 2183:"Bầu cử Brazil cánh tả thắng cử: tin buồn cho các nước dân chủ" 1377:

The Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng (VNQDĐ) was formed at a meeting in

3472:. United States. Joint Chiefs of Staff. Historical Division. 1191:

VNQDĐ never regained its political strength in the country.

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movement of the late-1880s. In the early-20th century, the

2157:"Tả hữu đối đầu, ông Trump làm sao để đảo ngược tình thế?" 1865:

The VNQDĐ then established their national headquarters in

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Sách "Nguyễn Thái Học (1902–1930)" của Nhượng Tống (kỳ 3)

2299:

Sách "Nguyễn Thái Học (1902–1930)" của Nhượng Tống (kỳ 2)

3749:. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. 3730:. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. 3711:. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. 3628:. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. 2310:

Lịch sử đấu tranh cận đại của Việt Nam Quốc dân Đảng (6)

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were notable disruptions to the French administration.

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Overseas Vietnamese organizations in the United States

3491:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 1832:). The Vietminh announced that they would abolish the 1186:

stockpiling home-made weapons, the VNQDĐ launched the

3787:. Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. 3552:

The endless war: Vietnam's struggle for independence

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The last emperors of Vietnam: from Tu Duc to Bao Dai

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Political organizations and armed forces in Vietnam

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incite revolts in an attempt to enthrone a Catholic

272: 258: 235: 227: 209: 171: 152: 123: 107: 92: 82: 54: 46: 34: 3621: 3549: 3440: 3360:. Crows Nest, New South Wales: Allen & Unwin. 1459:for betraying the leading nationalist of the time— 3692:. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawai'i Press. 3673:. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawai'i Press. 2558: 2556: 1946:1962 South Vietnamese Independence Palace bombing 4840:Organizations based in Orange County, California 1797:In March 1945, the VNQDĐ received a boost, when 1950:After Vietnam gained independence in 1954, the 1537:In 1929, the VNQDĐ split when a faction led by 1391: 587:Provisional Government of the Republic of China 3747:Vietnam: State, War and Revolution (1945–1946) 3605:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. 3358:There to the Bitter End: Ted Serong in Vietnam 1143:political party that sought independence from 4197: 3957: 3527:A Death in November: America in Vietnam, 1963 3443:The Rise of Nationalism in Vietnam, 1900–1941 1292:-based intellectuals, led by a teacher named 1057: 8: 2027:from being overrun by communists during the 1961:, most VNQDĐ members migrated to the south. 1316:, as well as opening a free school to teach 3381:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 106. 2163:. Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng. November 18, 2020 1622:fled and abandoned a planned attack on the 1606:and one of his wives. After destroying the 1098: 4204: 4190: 4182: 3985: 3964: 3950: 3942: 2189:. Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng. November 1, 2022 1308:, and published books and brochures about 1064: 1050: 637:Hong Kong and Kowloon Trades Union Council 320: 264: 31: 3766:The Vietnam Nationalist Party (1927–1954) 3189: 3187: 1223:. The remnants of the VNQDĐ fled to the 4308:Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina 3709:Vietnamese Tradition on Trial, 1920–1945 3096: 3094: 2725: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2375: 2373: 1552:, because the party was weak elsewhere. 4855:1927 establishments in French Indochina 3829:. New York: Columbia University Press. 3728:Vietnam 1945 : the quest for power 3072: 3070: 2952: 2950: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2901: 2899: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2753: 2741: 2703: 2701: 2664: 2662: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2136: 332: 3085: 2769: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2387: 2385: 2364: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2107:for a month. During this time, in the 1602:, VNQDĐ members killed the instructor 1410:Although the VNQDĐ modelled itself on 474:The International Development of China 4850:Political parties established in 1927 4384:Vietnamese Revolutionary Youth League 4133:Personalist Labor Revolutionary Party 4093:Đại Việt Populist Revolutionary Party 4057:Reform Revolutionary Party (Việt Tân) 3888:Thi, Anh-Susann Pham (January 2019). 3511:The Struggle for Indochina, 1940–1955 2240: 2238: 2103:of 1968, the communists attacked and 2004:—son of a prominent VNQDĐ leader—and 1533:Internal split and change in strategy 1288:In late 1925, a small group of young 1084: 1038:People's Republic of China portal 974:Constitution of the Republic of China 7: 4118:Nationalist Party of Greater Vietnam 3827:The Tet Offensive: A Concise History 1726:Japan's invasion of French Indochina 4780:Banned political parties in Vietnam 2143: 4138:Revolutionary Party of Young Annam 1942:1960 South Vietnamese coup attempt 1414:'s Chinese Nationalist Party (the 1006:Republic of China Military Academy 25: 4088:Đại Việt National Socialist Party 3421:(in French). Editions Actes Sud. 1836:and hold national elections with 1572:Régiment de Tirailleurs Tonkinois 4830:Vietnamese independence movement 4233:Capture of the Citadel of Saigon 4161:List of ruling political parties 4113:National Social Democratic Front 3853:Rettig, Tobias (November 2002). 2055:On April 19, clashes erupted in 1897:War against French colonial rule 1828:including the VNQDĐ (now led by 1230:, where they remained until the 1086:[vìətnaːmkwə́wkzənɗa᷉ːŋ] 1031: 1019: 859:Three Principles of the Equality 839:Kokang Democracy and Unity Party 346: 4123:New Vietnam Revolutionary Party 1978:Army of the Republic of Vietnam 1398:countries as Laos and Cambodia. 4860:1927 establishments in Vietnam 4820:Three Principles of the People 4108:International Communist League 2010:bombed the Independence Palace 1773:Three Principles of the People 1741:Viet Nam Doc Lap Dong Minh Hoi 1428:Three Principles of the People 1172: 1167:(the same three characters in 1094: 462:Equalization of Land Ownership 196:Three Principles of the People 119:(currently operating in exile) 1: 4672:French protectorate of Tonkin 4073:Communist League of Indochina 4042:Nationalist Party (Việt Quốc) 3806:. Santa Barbara, California: 3783:Topmiller, Robert J. (2006). 3556:. Columbia University Press. 1998:Republic of Vietnam Air Force 1757:Viet Nam Giai Phong Dong Minh 1368:Vietnamese Revolutionary Army 849:Malaysian Chinese Association 440:Revolutionary people's rights 4684:French colony of Cochinchina 4660:French protectorate of Annam 4243:Ba Dinh uprising / Cần Vương 4128:People's Revolutionary Party 4083:Communist Party of Indochina 3973:Political parties in Vietnam 3825:Willbanks, James H. (2008). 3415:Dedebant, Christèle (2024). 2324:Vietnamese Nationalist Party 2096:members of the lower house. 1959:Operation Passage to Freedom 1747:. The pro-VNQDĐ nationalist 1336:Liberté, égalité, fraternité 1109:Vietnamese Nationalist Party 1026:Republic of China portal 874:Vietnamese Nationalist Party 37:Vietnamese Nationalist Party 4800:Nationalist parties in Asia 4103:Indochinese Communist Party 3921:Viet Quoc official homepage 3894:Global Intellectual History 3802:Tucker, Spencer C. (2000). 3548:Harrison, James P. (1989). 3400:. Washington, DC: Brassey. 3181:Hammer (1987), pp. 306–307. 3172:Hammer (1987), pp. 131–133. 3145:Hammer (1987), pp. 131–132. 3100:Hammer (1987), pp. 154–155. 1733:Indochinese Communist Party 1383:Indochinese Communist Party 1204:Indochinese Communist Party 567:National Revolutionary Army 96:December 25, 1927 4876: 4825:Vietnamese anti-communists 4399:Communist Party of Vietnam 4143:South Seas Communist Party 4098:Democratic Socialist Party 3934:Nguyễn Thái Học Foundation 3873:10.5367/000000002101297099 3764:Nguyễn, Văn Khánh (2016). 3620:Jamieson, Neil L. (1995). 3487:Goodman, Allen E. (1973). 2974:Currey (1999), pp. 111–112 2121:Vietnamese Communist Party 2112:targeted in the massacre. 2014:deposed in a military coup 1939: 1900: 1834:mandarin governance system 1823:seized power and set up a 1786: 1651:village; on the same day, 1563: 1504: 1314:Chinese Revolution of 1911 1269:as missionaries sought to 1221:partitioned into two zones 1159:. Modelling itself on the 677:Chinese Muslim Association 393:Five Races Under One Union 4810:Socialist parties in Asia 4790:Anti-communism in Vietnam 4740: 4303:1940 Cochinchina uprising 4273:1916 Cochinchina uprising 4151: 3929:Viet Quoc members webpage 3515:Stanford University Press 3466:Glazier, Michael (1982). 3396:Currey, Cecil B. (1999). 3076:Hammer (1987), pp. 78–79. 2647:Marr (1995), pp. 165–167. 2532:Marr (1981), pp. 377–378. 1121:Vietnamese National Party 951:Revolutionary nationalism 833:Outside of mainland China 615:Chinese Pan-Blue Alliance 610:Chinese Nationalist Party 526:History of the Kuomintang 296: 277: 263: 4785:Banned socialist parties 4078:Communist Party of Annam 3860:South East Asia Research 3513:. Stanford, California: 3449:Cornell University Press 2379:Luong (2010), pp. 82–83. 2271:Luong (2010), pp. 81–82. 2037:Australian Army advisers 864:Taiwanese People's Party 111:April 30, 1975 4845:Westminster, California 4805:Socialist International 4379:Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội 4328:Battle of Dien Bien Phu 3768:. Singapore: Springer. 3745:Marr, David G. (2013). 3726:Marr, David G. (1995). 3707:Marr, David G. (1981). 3577:. Dorrance Publishing. 3571:Hoàng, Văn Đào (2008). 3375:Chapuis, Oscar (2000). 3356:Blair, Anne E. (2001). 2794:Marr (1995), pp. 56–61. 2018:killed in November 1963 1955:partitioned the country 869:Tibet Improvement Party 844:Korea Nationalist Party 689:Kuomintang Youth League 627:123 Democratic Alliance 620:Revolutionary Committee 415:Five-Power Constitution 211:Political position 143:Westminster, California 4795:Anti-communist parties 4775:Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng 4389:Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng 4248:Pacification of Tonkin 4215:independence movements 3310:Willbanks, pp. 99–103. 3163:Hammer (1987), p. 250. 3127:Hammer (1987), p. 156. 3118:Hammer (1987), p. 131. 3109:Hammer (1987), p. 140. 3037:Hammer (1955), p. 181. 3028:Hammer (1955), p. 178. 2992:Hammer (1955), p. 176. 2965:Hammer (1955), p. 144. 2905:Hammer (1987), p. 130. 2869:Hammer (1955), p. 140. 2828:Hammer (1955), p. 139. 2467:Currey, pp. 15–16, 20. 1937: 1862:local Vietminh bands. 1855:Dai Viet Quoc Dan Dang 1825:provisional government 1700: 1590:sector. A raid on the 1501:Assassination of Bazin 1400: 1385:. The party advocated 1374: 1359: 1078:Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng 572:Nationalist government 498:State-owned enterprise 181:Vietnamese nationalism 40:Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng 4751:independence movement 4047:People's Action Party 3688:Luong, Hy V. (2010). 3669:Luong, Hy V. (1992). 3624:Understanding Vietnam 3601:Jacobs, Seth (2006). 3592:Jacobs, Seth (2004). 2624:Hammer (1955), p. 84. 2329:May 11, 2014, at the 2223:Hammer (1955), p. 82. 2105:seized control of Huế 1976:Many officers in the 1935: 1909:Ho–Sainteny agreement 1698: 1655:'s Resident Superior 1511:The assassination of 1418:or KMT, later led by 1365: 1357: 1344:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 1279:1916 southern revolts 913:Cultural conservatism 254:"The White Star Flag" 4278:Thái Nguyên uprising 4263:Yên Thế Insurrection 4238:Cochinchina Campaign 3447:. Ithaca, New York: 3238:Karnow, pp. 460–464. 3154:Karnow, pp. 280–281. 3136:Karnow, pp. 252–253. 3046:Currey, pp. 118–119. 2983:Tucker, pp. 181–182. 2944:Marr (1981), p. 409. 2785:Marr (1995), p. 196. 2716:Marr (1995), p. 167. 2707:Marr (1995), p. 165. 2695:Duiker, pp. 272–273. 2550:Luong (2010), p. 90. 2523:Duiker, pp. 161–162. 2507:Duiker, pp. 160–161. 2485:Luong (2010), p. 87. 2449:Marr (1981), p. 301. 2420:Luong (2010), p. 89. 2400:Luong (2010), p. 86. 2391:Luong (2010), p. 85. 2244:Luong (2010), p. 88. 1671:, were apprehended. 1387:democratic socialism 1283:Thai Nguyen uprising 1145:French colonial rule 1141:democratic socialist 854:People's Power Party 694:Reorganization Group 642:Revive China Society 455:Socialism (Mínshēng) 186:Democratic socialism 4323:First Indochina War 4283:Bazin assassination 4166:Politics of Vietnam 3292:Goodman, pp. 62–63. 3283:Goodman, pp. 57–58. 3229:Blair, pp. 136–138. 3202:Blair, pp. 130–131. 2803:Marr (1995), p. 42. 2057:Quảng Ngãi Province 1921:First Indochina War 1903:First Indochina War 1507:Bazin assassination 1306:French colonization 1236:overseas Vietnamese 1217:First Indochina War 1180:Bazin assassination 969:Anti-Qing sentiment 699:Western Hills Group 672:Blue Shirts Society 632:Democratic Alliance 582:Northern Expedition 555:National Revolution 543:Kidnapped in London 425:Popular sovereignty 408:Democracy (Mínquán) 383:Chinese unification 376:Nationalism (Mínzú) 301:Politics of Vietnam 201:Social conservatism 4541:Nguyễn Thượng Hiền 4465:Nguyễn Thiện Thuật 4374:Tonkin Free School 3648:Vietnam: A History 3328:Willbanks, p. 100. 3064:Jacobs, pp. 53–55. 2656:Currey, pp. 15–20. 1989:paratrooper revolt 1938: 1838:universal suffrage 1701: 1467:Initial activities 1375: 1360: 1248:Pigneau de Behaine 989:Pan-Blue Coalition 886:Related ideologies 727:Chiang (Ching-kuo) 521:First United Front 420:Popular initiative 4760: 4759: 4485:Nguyễn Trung Trực 4420:Nguyễn Quang Bích 4364:Empire of Vietnam 4333:Geneva Conference 4313:August Revolution 4293:Nghệ-Tĩnh Soviets 4258:Hanoi Poison Plot 4179: 4178: 4025: 4024: 3836:978-0-231-12841-4 3775:978-981-10-0075-1 3756:978-0-520-21228-2 3699:978-0-8248-3423-4 3584:978-1-4349-9136-2 3428:978-2-330-18950-1 3337:Jamieson, p. 321. 3319:Willbanks, p. 54. 3247:Topmiller, p. 63. 3055:Jamieson, p. 215. 2341:Hoàng (2008), p. 2049:Buddhist Uprising 1928:Post-independence 1846:Nationalist China 1810:Republic of China 1803:Empire of Vietnam 1793:Empire of Vietnam 1789:August Revolution 1783:Post World War II 1708:who had formed a 1604:Nguyen Quang Kinh 1539:Nguyen The Nghiep 1165:Nationalist China 1074: 1073: 979:National Assembly 918:Dai Jitao Thought 737:Chiang (Wei-shui) 732:Chiang (Kai-shek) 654:Young China Party 592:Second Revolution 577:New Life Movement 319: 318: 306:Political parties 16:(Redirected from 4867: 4755: 4717:Nguyễn Trọng Hợp 4653:Governor-General 4648:French Indochina 4536:Nguyễn Thần Hiến 4521:Huỳnh Thúc Kháng 4408:Uprising Leaders 4253:Bãi Sậy uprising 4206: 4199: 4192: 4183: 4012:Democratic Party 3986: 3981:Fatherland Front 3966: 3959: 3952: 3943: 3938: 3925: 3909: 3884: 3846:Journal articles 3840: 3821: 3798: 3779: 3760: 3741: 3722: 3703: 3684: 3665: 3639: 3627: 3616: 3597: 3588: 3567: 3555: 3544: 3523:Hammer, Ellen J. 3518: 3507:Hammer, Ellen J. 3502: 3483: 3462: 3446: 3432: 3411: 3392: 3371: 3338: 3335: 3329: 3326: 3320: 3317: 3311: 3308: 3302: 3301:Goodman, p. 160. 3299: 3293: 3290: 3284: 3281: 3275: 3272: 3266: 3263: 3257: 3254: 3248: 3245: 3239: 3236: 3230: 3227: 3221: 3218: 3212: 3209: 3203: 3200: 3194: 3191: 3182: 3179: 3173: 3170: 3164: 3161: 3155: 3152: 3146: 3143: 3137: 3134: 3128: 3125: 3119: 3116: 3110: 3107: 3101: 3098: 3089: 3083: 3077: 3074: 3065: 3062: 3056: 3053: 3047: 3044: 3038: 3035: 3029: 3026: 3020: 3017: 3011: 3008: 3002: 2999: 2993: 2990: 2984: 2981: 2975: 2972: 2966: 2963: 2957: 2954: 2945: 2942: 2936: 2933: 2922: 2919: 2906: 2903: 2894: 2891: 2870: 2867: 2861: 2858: 2847: 2844: 2838: 2835: 2829: 2826: 2813: 2810: 2804: 2801: 2795: 2792: 2786: 2783: 2777: 2767: 2761: 2751: 2745: 2739: 2733: 2723: 2717: 2714: 2708: 2705: 2696: 2693: 2678: 2675: 2669: 2666: 2657: 2654: 2648: 2645: 2639: 2636: 2625: 2622: 2609: 2606: 2595: 2592: 2577: 2574: 2563: 2560: 2551: 2548: 2542: 2539: 2533: 2530: 2524: 2521: 2508: 2505: 2486: 2483: 2477: 2474: 2468: 2465: 2459: 2456: 2450: 2447: 2441: 2438: 2421: 2418: 2401: 2398: 2392: 2389: 2380: 2377: 2368: 2362: 2356: 2351: 2345: 2339: 2333: 2318: 2312: 2307: 2301: 2296: 2290: 2289: 2278: 2272: 2269: 2263: 2260: 2245: 2242: 2233: 2230: 2224: 2221: 2215: 2212: 2199: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2179: 2173: 2172: 2170: 2168: 2153: 2147: 2141: 1875:Archimedes Patti 1830:Nguyễn Tường Tam 1669:Nguyen Thanh Loi 1661:Gardes indigènes 1436:warrant officers 1296:and his brother 1174: 1126: 1123: 1118: 1114: 1111: 1106: 1103: 1100: 1096: 1088: 1083: 1066: 1059: 1052: 1036: 1035: 1034: 1024: 1023: 1022: 908:Communitarianism 817: 800: 563: 551: 539: 531:June 16 incident 482: 470: 448: 363:Anti-imperialism 350: 340: 336:Three Principles 321: 292: 289: 284: 281: 268: 250: 231:Red, blue, white 223: 118: 116: 103: 101: 32: 21: 4875: 4874: 4870: 4869: 4868: 4866: 4865: 4864: 4765: 4764: 4761: 4756: 4746:Wars in Vietnam 4742: 4736: 4695: 4626: 4590: 4581:Phan Văn Trường 4546:Nguyễn Thái Học 4494:Revolutionaries 4489: 4480:Đinh Công Tráng 4470:Tôn Thất Thuyết 4450:Phan Đình Phùng 4435:Nguyễn Hữu Huân 4403: 4337: 4228:Siege of Saigon 4216: 4210: 4180: 4175: 4156:Politics portal 4147: 4066:Defunct parties 4061: 4021: 4017:Socialist Party 4000: 3996:Communist Party 3975: 3970: 3937:(in Vietnamese) 3936: 3924:(in Vietnamese) 3923: 3917: 3912: 3887: 3852: 3848: 3843: 3837: 3824: 3818: 3801: 3795: 3782: 3776: 3763: 3757: 3744: 3738: 3725: 3719: 3706: 3700: 3687: 3681: 3668: 3662: 3644:Karnow, Stanley 3642: 3636: 3619: 3613: 3600: 3591: 3585: 3570: 3564: 3547: 3541: 3521: 3505: 3499: 3486: 3480: 3465: 3459: 3437:Duiker, William 3435: 3429: 3414: 3408: 3395: 3389: 3374: 3368: 3355: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3336: 3332: 3327: 3323: 3318: 3314: 3309: 3305: 3300: 3296: 3291: 3287: 3282: 3278: 3274:Goodman, p. 56. 3273: 3269: 3265:Karnow, p. 239. 3264: 3260: 3255: 3251: 3246: 3242: 3237: 3233: 3228: 3224: 3219: 3215: 3210: 3206: 3201: 3197: 3193:Goodman, p. 54. 3192: 3185: 3180: 3176: 3171: 3167: 3162: 3158: 3153: 3149: 3144: 3140: 3135: 3131: 3126: 3122: 3117: 3113: 3108: 3104: 3099: 3092: 3084: 3080: 3075: 3068: 3063: 3059: 3054: 3050: 3045: 3041: 3036: 3032: 3027: 3023: 3019:Currey, p. 127. 3018: 3014: 3010:Currey, p. 126. 3009: 3005: 3001:Currey, p. 120. 3000: 2996: 2991: 2987: 2982: 2978: 2973: 2969: 2964: 2960: 2956:Currey, p. 111. 2955: 2948: 2943: 2939: 2935:Currey, p. 110. 2934: 2925: 2921:Currey, p. 109. 2920: 2909: 2904: 2897: 2893:Tucker, p. 443. 2892: 2873: 2868: 2864: 2860:Currey, p. 108. 2859: 2850: 2846:Currey, p. 103. 2845: 2841: 2837:Currey, p. 107. 2836: 2832: 2827: 2816: 2811: 2807: 2802: 2798: 2793: 2789: 2784: 2780: 2768: 2764: 2752: 2748: 2740: 2736: 2724: 2720: 2715: 2711: 2706: 2699: 2694: 2681: 2677:Tucker, p. 175. 2676: 2672: 2668:Duiker, p. 165. 2667: 2660: 2655: 2651: 2646: 2642: 2638:Duiker, p. 164. 2637: 2628: 2623: 2612: 2608:Rettig, p. 316. 2607: 2598: 2594:Rettig, p. 311. 2593: 2580: 2576:Duiker, p. 163. 2575: 2566: 2562:Rettig, p. 310. 2561: 2554: 2549: 2545: 2541:Duiker, p. 162. 2540: 2536: 2531: 2527: 2522: 2511: 2506: 2489: 2484: 2480: 2475: 2471: 2466: 2462: 2458:Tucker, p. 489. 2457: 2453: 2448: 2444: 2440:Duiker, p. 157. 2439: 2424: 2419: 2404: 2399: 2395: 2390: 2383: 2378: 2371: 2363: 2359: 2352: 2348: 2340: 2336: 2331:Wayback Machine 2319: 2315: 2308: 2304: 2297: 2293: 2280: 2279: 2275: 2270: 2266: 2262:Duiker, p. 156. 2261: 2248: 2243: 2236: 2231: 2227: 2222: 2218: 2214:Tucker, p. 442. 2213: 2202: 2192: 2190: 2181: 2180: 2176: 2166: 2164: 2155: 2154: 2150: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2129: 2109:Massacre at Huế 2086:senate election 2073:Thích Trí Quang 1948: 1930: 1913:Red River Delta 1905: 1899: 1795: 1785: 1761:Truong Boi Cong 1681: 1679:Exile in Yunnan 1665:Pierre Pasquier 1659:dispatched 200 1568: 1562: 1535: 1509: 1503: 1484:Red River Delta 1479:Nguyen Khac Nhu 1469: 1420:Chiang Kai-shek 1352: 1324:Nguyen Thai Hoc 1302:Nam Dong Thu Xa 1254:, to found the 1244: 1157:Nguyễn Thái Học 1127:), abbreviated 1124: 1119: 1116: 1112: 1107: 1104: 1101: 1081: 1070: 1032: 1030: 1020: 1018: 1011: 1010: 984:National Anthem 964: 956: 955: 887: 879: 878: 834: 826: 825: 811: 794: 772:Wang (Chonghui) 712: 704: 703: 667: 659: 658: 605: 597: 596: 557: 545: 533: 516:1911 Revolution 511: 503: 502: 476: 464: 451: 442: 430:Recall election 404: 372: 358: 337: 334: 315: 286: 285: 278: 253: 244: 215: 205: 164: 148: 114: 112: 99: 97: 87:Nguyễn Thái Học 78: 64:Nguyễn Thái Học 42: 41: 38: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4873: 4871: 4863: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4767: 4766: 4758: 4757: 4754: 4753: 4748: 4741: 4738: 4737: 4735: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4722:Huỳnh Công Tấn 4719: 4714: 4709: 4707:Hoàng Cao Khải 4703: 4701: 4697: 4696: 4694: 4693: 4692: 4691: 4681: 4680: 4679: 4669: 4668: 4667: 4657: 4656: 4655: 4645: 4640: 4638:Albert Sarraut 4634: 4632: 4628: 4627: 4625: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4598: 4596: 4592: 4591: 4589: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4576:Phan Chu Trinh 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4556:Nguyễn An Ninh 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4497: 4495: 4491: 4490: 4488: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4460:Hoàng Hoa Thám 4457: 4452: 4447: 4445:Nguyễn Xuân Ôn 4442: 4440:Phan Xích Long 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4411: 4409: 4405: 4404: 4402: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4369:Nguyễn dynasty 4366: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4345: 4343: 4339: 4338: 4336: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4288:Yên Bái mutiny 4285: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4224: 4222: 4218: 4217: 4211: 4209: 4208: 4201: 4194: 4186: 4177: 4176: 4174: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4152: 4149: 4148: 4146: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4069: 4067: 4063: 4062: 4060: 4059: 4054: 4052:Populist Party 4049: 4044: 4039: 4033: 4031: 4027: 4026: 4023: 4022: 4020: 4019: 4014: 4008: 4006: 4002: 4001: 3999: 3998: 3992: 3990: 3983: 3977: 3976: 3971: 3969: 3968: 3961: 3954: 3946: 3940: 3939: 3931: 3926: 3916: 3915:External links 3913: 3911: 3910: 3885: 3867:(3): 309–331. 3849: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3841: 3835: 3822: 3816: 3799: 3793: 3780: 3774: 3761: 3755: 3742: 3736: 3723: 3717: 3704: 3698: 3685: 3679: 3666: 3660: 3640: 3634: 3617: 3611: 3598: 3589: 3583: 3568: 3562: 3545: 3539: 3519: 3503: 3497: 3484: 3478: 3463: 3457: 3433: 3427: 3412: 3406: 3393: 3387: 3372: 3366: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3345: 3342: 3340: 3339: 3330: 3321: 3312: 3303: 3294: 3285: 3276: 3267: 3258: 3256:Jacobs, p. 95. 3249: 3240: 3231: 3222: 3213: 3211:Blair, p. 134. 3204: 3195: 3183: 3174: 3165: 3156: 3147: 3138: 3129: 3120: 3111: 3102: 3090: 3088:, p. 319. 3078: 3066: 3057: 3048: 3039: 3030: 3021: 3012: 3003: 2994: 2985: 2976: 2967: 2958: 2946: 2937: 2923: 2907: 2895: 2871: 2862: 2848: 2839: 2830: 2814: 2812:Jacobs, p. 22. 2805: 2796: 2787: 2778: 2762: 2746: 2734: 2718: 2709: 2697: 2679: 2670: 2658: 2649: 2640: 2626: 2610: 2596: 2578: 2564: 2552: 2543: 2534: 2525: 2509: 2487: 2478: 2476:Currey, p. 20. 2469: 2460: 2451: 2442: 2422: 2402: 2393: 2381: 2369: 2357: 2346: 2334: 2313: 2302: 2291: 2273: 2264: 2246: 2234: 2232:Duiker p. 155. 2225: 2216: 2200: 2174: 2148: 2135: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2117:Fall of Saigon 1952:Geneva Accords 1929: 1926: 1898: 1895: 1799:Imperial Japan 1784: 1781: 1777:Võ Nguyên Giáp 1680: 1677: 1616:Garde indigène 1608:Garde indigène 1592:Garde indigène 1580:Garde indigène 1566:Yên Bái mutiny 1564:Main article: 1561: 1560:Yên Bái mutiny 1558: 1534: 1531: 1505:Main article: 1502: 1499: 1468: 1465: 1424:Yen Bay mutiny 1372:Yên Bái mutiny 1351: 1348: 1300:, started the 1256:Nguyễn dynasty 1243: 1240: 1232:Fall of Saigon 1219:, Vietnam was 1188:Yên Bái mutiny 1072: 1071: 1069: 1068: 1061: 1054: 1046: 1043: 1042: 1041: 1040: 1028: 1013: 1012: 1009: 1008: 1003: 1002: 1001: 996: 994:mainland China 986: 981: 976: 971: 965: 963:Related topics 962: 961: 958: 957: 954: 953: 948: 947: 946: 936: 934:Multiracialism 931: 925: 920: 915: 910: 905: 900: 897:Anti-communism 894: 888: 885: 884: 881: 880: 877: 876: 871: 866: 861: 856: 851: 846: 841: 835: 832: 831: 828: 827: 824: 823: 818: 806: 801: 789: 784: 779: 777:Wang (Jingwei) 774: 769: 764: 759: 754: 749: 744: 739: 734: 729: 724: 719: 713: 710: 709: 706: 705: 702: 701: 696: 691: 686: 679: 674: 668: 665: 664: 661: 660: 657: 656: 651: 644: 639: 634: 629: 624: 623: 622: 617: 606: 603: 602: 599: 598: 595: 594: 589: 584: 579: 574: 569: 564: 552: 540: 528: 523: 518: 512: 509: 508: 505: 504: 501: 500: 495: 494: 493: 483: 471: 450: 449: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 403: 402: 399:Zhonghua minzu 395: 390: 385: 371: 370: 365: 359: 356: 355: 352: 351: 343: 342: 330: 329: 317: 316: 314: 313: 308: 303: 297: 294: 293: 275: 274: 270: 269: 261: 260: 256: 255: 237: 233: 232: 229: 225: 224: 213: 207: 206: 204: 203: 198: 193: 191:Anti-communism 188: 183: 177: 175: 169: 168: 161:People's Voice 154: 150: 149: 147: 146: 140: 134: 127: 125: 121: 120: 109: 105: 104: 94: 90: 89: 84: 80: 79: 77: 76: 71: 66: 60: 58: 52: 51: 48: 44: 43: 39: 36: 35: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4872: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4815:South Vietnam 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4772: 4770: 4763: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4743: 4739: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4704: 4702: 4700:Collaborators 4698: 4690: 4689:Administrator 4687: 4686: 4685: 4682: 4678: 4677:Administrator 4675: 4674: 4673: 4670: 4666: 4665:Administrator 4663: 4662: 4661: 4658: 4654: 4651: 4650: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4635: 4633: 4631:French rulers 4629: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4599: 4597: 4593: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4526:Vũ Hồng Khanh 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4511:Phan Bội Châu 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4501:Lương Văn Can 4499: 4498: 4496: 4492: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4412: 4410: 4406: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4346: 4344: 4342:Organisations 4340: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4225: 4223: 4219: 4214: 4207: 4202: 4200: 4195: 4193: 4188: 4187: 4184: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4153: 4150: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4070: 4068: 4064: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4034: 4032: 4030:Other parties 4028: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4009: 4007: 4003: 3997: 3994: 3993: 3991: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3967: 3962: 3960: 3955: 3953: 3948: 3947: 3944: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3922: 3919: 3918: 3914: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3850: 3845: 3838: 3832: 3828: 3823: 3819: 3817:1-57607-040-9 3813: 3809: 3805: 3800: 3796: 3794:0-8131-9166-1 3790: 3786: 3781: 3777: 3771: 3767: 3762: 3758: 3752: 3748: 3743: 3739: 3737:0-520-21228-2 3733: 3729: 3724: 3720: 3718:0-520-04180-1 3714: 3710: 3705: 3701: 3695: 3691: 3686: 3682: 3680:0-8248-1399-5 3676: 3672: 3667: 3663: 3661:0-670-84218-4 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3635:0-520-20157-4 3631: 3626: 3625: 3618: 3614: 3612:0-7425-4447-8 3608: 3604: 3599: 3595: 3590: 3586: 3580: 3576: 3575: 3569: 3565: 3563:0-231-06909-X 3559: 3554: 3553: 3546: 3542: 3540:0-525-24210-4 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3498:0-674-68825-2 3494: 3490: 3485: 3481: 3479:9780894532870 3475: 3471: 3470: 3464: 3460: 3458:0-8014-0951-9 3454: 3450: 3445: 3444: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3424: 3420: 3419: 3413: 3409: 3407:1-57488-194-9 3403: 3399: 3394: 3390: 3388:0-313-31170-6 3384: 3380: 3379: 3373: 3369: 3367:1-86508-468-9 3363: 3359: 3354: 3353: 3348: 3343: 3334: 3331: 3325: 3322: 3316: 3313: 3307: 3304: 3298: 3295: 3289: 3286: 3280: 3277: 3271: 3268: 3262: 3259: 3253: 3250: 3244: 3241: 3235: 3232: 3226: 3223: 3220:Blair, p. 86. 3217: 3214: 3208: 3205: 3199: 3196: 3190: 3188: 3184: 3178: 3175: 3169: 3166: 3160: 3157: 3151: 3148: 3142: 3139: 3133: 3130: 3124: 3121: 3115: 3112: 3106: 3103: 3097: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3082: 3079: 3073: 3071: 3067: 3061: 3058: 3052: 3049: 3043: 3040: 3034: 3031: 3025: 3022: 3016: 3013: 3007: 3004: 2998: 2995: 2989: 2986: 2980: 2977: 2971: 2968: 2962: 2959: 2953: 2951: 2947: 2941: 2938: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2924: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2908: 2902: 2900: 2896: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2872: 2866: 2863: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2849: 2843: 2840: 2834: 2831: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2815: 2809: 2806: 2800: 2797: 2791: 2788: 2782: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2766: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2750: 2747: 2744:, p. 56. 2743: 2738: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2726:Harrison 1989 2722: 2719: 2713: 2710: 2704: 2702: 2698: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2680: 2674: 2671: 2665: 2663: 2659: 2653: 2650: 2644: 2641: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2627: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2611: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2597: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2579: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2565: 2559: 2557: 2553: 2547: 2544: 2538: 2535: 2529: 2526: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2510: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2488: 2482: 2479: 2473: 2470: 2464: 2461: 2455: 2452: 2446: 2443: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2423: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2403: 2397: 2394: 2388: 2386: 2382: 2376: 2374: 2370: 2367:, p. 40. 2366: 2361: 2358: 2355: 2350: 2347: 2344: 2338: 2335: 2332: 2328: 2325: 2322: 2317: 2314: 2311: 2306: 2303: 2300: 2295: 2292: 2287: 2283: 2277: 2274: 2268: 2265: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2247: 2241: 2239: 2235: 2229: 2226: 2220: 2217: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2201: 2188: 2184: 2178: 2175: 2162: 2158: 2152: 2149: 2146:, p. 20. 2145: 2140: 2137: 2131: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2118: 2113: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2101:Tet Offensive 2097: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2082: 2076: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2061:Tôn Thất Đính 2058: 2053: 2050: 2047:In 1966, the 2045: 2042: 2038: 2032: 2030: 2026: 2025:South Vietnam 2021: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2006:Phạm Phú Quốc 2003: 2002:Nguyễn Văn Cử 1999: 1995: 1994:Vũ Hồng Khanh 1990: 1985: 1983: 1982:Cần Lao Party 1979: 1974: 1972: 1968: 1967:Ngô Đình Diệm 1962: 1960: 1956: 1953: 1947: 1943: 1936:Ngo Dinh Diem 1934: 1927: 1925: 1922: 1916: 1914: 1910: 1904: 1896: 1894: 1890: 1887: 1886:Vũ Hồng Khanh 1883: 1882:Tran Huy Lieu 1878: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1863: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1847: 1841: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1826: 1822: 1817: 1815: 1811: 1806: 1804: 1800: 1794: 1790: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1765:Vũ Hồng Khanh 1762: 1758: 1754: 1753:Phạm Văn Đồng 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1729: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1706:Phan Bội Châu 1697: 1693: 1690: 1686: 1678: 1676: 1672: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1627: 1625: 1621: 1620:Pho Duc Chinh 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1584: 1581: 1577: 1574:stationed at 1573: 1567: 1559: 1557: 1553: 1551: 1547: 1542: 1540: 1532: 1530: 1528: 1522: 1520: 1519: 1514: 1508: 1500: 1498: 1496: 1491: 1489: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1474:Vietnam Hotel 1466: 1464: 1462: 1461:Phan Boi Chau 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1437: 1431: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1408: 1404: 1399: 1396: 1390: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1373: 1369: 1364: 1356: 1349: 1347: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1331: 1327: 1325: 1321: 1320: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1298:Pham Tuan Lam 1295: 1294:Pham Tuan Tai 1291: 1286: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1241: 1239: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1192: 1189: 1183: 1181: 1176: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1122: 1110: 1092: 1087: 1079: 1067: 1062: 1060: 1055: 1053: 1048: 1047: 1045: 1044: 1039: 1029: 1027: 1017: 1016: 1015: 1014: 1007: 1004: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 991: 990: 987: 985: 982: 980: 977: 975: 972: 970: 967: 966: 960: 959: 952: 949: 945: 942: 941: 940: 939:Progressivism 937: 935: 932: 929: 926: 924: 921: 919: 916: 914: 911: 909: 906: 904: 901: 898: 895: 893: 890: 889: 883: 882: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 860: 857: 855: 852: 850: 847: 845: 842: 840: 837: 836: 830: 829: 822: 819: 815: 810: 807: 805: 802: 798: 793: 790: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 758: 755: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 738: 735: 733: 730: 728: 725: 723: 720: 718: 715: 714: 708: 707: 700: 697: 695: 692: 690: 687: 685: 684: 680: 678: 675: 673: 670: 669: 666:Organisations 663: 662: 655: 652: 650: 649: 645: 643: 640: 638: 635: 633: 630: 628: 625: 621: 618: 616: 613: 612: 611: 608: 607: 601: 600: 593: 590: 588: 585: 583: 580: 578: 575: 573: 570: 568: 565: 561: 556: 553: 549: 544: 541: 537: 532: 529: 527: 524: 522: 519: 517: 514: 513: 507: 506: 499: 496: 492: 489: 488: 487: 484: 480: 475: 472: 468: 463: 460: 459: 458: 457: 456: 446: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 412: 411: 410: 409: 401: 400: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 380: 379: 378: 377: 369: 368:Republicanism 366: 364: 361: 360: 354: 353: 349: 345: 344: 341: 339: 338:of the People 331: 327: 323: 322: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 298: 295: 291: 283: 276: 271: 267: 262: 257: 251: 248: 243: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 212: 208: 202: 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 178: 176: 174: 170: 167: 162: 158: 155: 151: 144: 141: 138: 135: 132: 129: 128: 126: 122: 110: 106: 95: 91: 88: 85: 81: 75: 74:Vũ Hồng Khanh 72: 70: 67: 65: 62: 61: 59: 57: 53: 49: 45: 33: 30: 19: 4762: 4586:Trần Cao Vân 4566:Nguyễn Thành 4561:Nguyễn Quyền 4506:Trần Quý Cáp 4475:Cầm Bá Thước 4455:Tống Duy Tân 4425:Võ Duy Dương 4388: 4298:World War II 4041: 3897: 3893: 3864: 3858: 3826: 3803: 3784: 3765: 3746: 3727: 3708: 3689: 3670: 3650:. New York: 3647: 3623: 3602: 3593: 3573: 3551: 3531:E. P. Dutton 3529:. New York: 3526: 3510: 3488: 3468: 3442: 3417: 3397: 3377: 3357: 3333: 3324: 3315: 3306: 3297: 3288: 3279: 3270: 3261: 3252: 3243: 3234: 3225: 3216: 3207: 3198: 3177: 3168: 3159: 3150: 3141: 3132: 3123: 3114: 3105: 3081: 3060: 3051: 3042: 3033: 3024: 3015: 3006: 2997: 2988: 2979: 2970: 2961: 2940: 2865: 2842: 2833: 2808: 2799: 2790: 2781: 2765: 2754:Chapuis 2000 2749: 2742:Glazier 1982 2737: 2721: 2712: 2673: 2652: 2643: 2546: 2537: 2528: 2481: 2472: 2463: 2454: 2445: 2396: 2360: 2349: 2337: 2316: 2305: 2294: 2285: 2276: 2267: 2228: 2219: 2191:. Retrieved 2187:vietquoc.org 2186: 2177: 2165:. Retrieved 2161:vietquoc.org 2160: 2151: 2139: 2114: 2098: 2077: 2054: 2046: 2033: 2022: 1986: 1975: 1971:Ngô Đình Cẩn 1963: 1949: 1917: 1906: 1891: 1879: 1864: 1842: 1818: 1807: 1796: 1730: 1722:World War II 1702: 1682: 1673: 1660: 1628: 1615: 1607: 1591: 1585: 1579: 1571: 1569: 1554: 1543: 1536: 1523: 1516: 1510: 1492: 1473: 1470: 1432: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1395:general line 1393:The aim and 1392: 1376: 1366:Flag of the 1332: 1328: 1317: 1287: 1245: 1193: 1184: 1177: 1132: 1128: 1120: 1108: 1077: 1075: 873: 681: 646: 453: 452: 406: 405: 397: 388:Pan-Asianism 374: 373: 335: 242:Cờ sao trắng 240: 221:centre-right 165: 160: 156: 145:(since 1975) 124:Headquarters 47:Abbreviation 29: 4727:Nguyễn Thân 4712:Trần Bá Lộc 4643:Jean Decoux 4571:Tạ Thu Thâu 4551:Hồ Chí Minh 4430:Trương Định 4359:Duy Tân Hội 4268:World War I 3086:Jacobs 2004 2770:Duiker 1976 2365:Nguyễn 2016 2193:December 4, 2167:December 4, 2099:During the 2090:lower house 2029:Vietnam War 1812:. General 1769:Zhang Fakui 1749:Ho Ngoc Lam 1714:Ho Chi Minh 1685:Le Huu Canh 1495:death squad 1457:Ho Chi Minh 1412:Sun Yat-sen 1370:during the 1340:Montesquieu 1310:Sun Yat-sen 1200:Ho Chi Minh 1137:nationalist 1082:Vietnamese: 812: [ 795: [ 648:Tongmenghui 558: [ 546: [ 534: [ 486:Land reform 477: [ 465: [ 443: [ 245: [ 217:Centre-left 139:(1954–1975) 133:(1927–1954) 4769:Categories 4612:Thành Thái 4531:Ngô Đức Kế 4213:Vietnamese 4005:Historical 2772:, p. 2756:, p. 2728:, p. 2127:References 2115:After the 1940:See also: 1901:See also: 1787:See also: 1657:René Robin 1416:Kuomintang 1252:Nguyễn Ánh 1225:capitalist 1161:Kuomintang 928:Liberalism 821:Zou (Rong) 435:Referendum 357:Principles 259:Party flag 115:1975-04-30 100:1927-12-25 4415:Phạm Bành 4394:Việt Minh 4349:Cần Vương 4037:Bloc 8406 3906:2380-1883 3881:144236613 2132:Citations 2041:Quảng Nam 1821:Viet Minh 1644:Hải Dương 1640:Thái Bình 1588:Sơn Dương 1350:Formation 1275:Can Vuong 1267:Minh Mang 1250:assisted 1213:Viet Minh 1133:Việt Quốc 1115: or 999:Hong Kong 930:(element) 903:Chiangism 899:(element) 892:Anarchism 683:Guominjun 491:in Taiwan 311:Elections 157:Tiếng dân 153:Newspaper 108:Dissolved 69:Nhất Linh 4607:Hàm Nghi 4595:Emperors 4516:Cường Để 3808:ABC-CLIO 3646:(1997). 3525:(1987). 3509:(1955). 3439:(1976). 2327:Archived 2144:Thi 2019 2000:pilots, 1745:Chinghsi 1718:Shanghai 1636:Vĩnh Bảo 1612:Lâm Thao 1610:post in 1600:Kinh Khe 1596:Hưng Hóa 1594:post in 1527:mistress 1488:mandarin 1453:Cambodia 1319:quoc ngu 1312:and the 1281:and the 1263:Gia Long 1260:era name 1135:, was a 944:Economic 923:Georgism 809:Zou (Lu) 326:a series 324:Part of 288:vietquoc 280:vietquoc 173:Ideology 4732:Lê Hoan 4622:Bảo Đại 4617:Duy Tân 4354:Đông Du 3989:Current 3652:Penguin 3344:Sources 2094:Hòa Hảo 2081:I Corps 2069:Da Nang 1859:Yên Bái 1851:Lào Cai 1737:Guangxi 1632:Phu Duc 1624:Sơn Tây 1576:Yên Bái 1546:Lac Dao 1242:Origins 1169:chữ Hán 1149:Vietnam 1102: 1091:chữ Hán 604:Parties 510:History 273:Website 166:Vietnam 113: ( 98: ( 93:Founded 83:Founder 4602:Tự Đức 4221:Events 3904: 3879: 3833: 3814: 3791: 3772: 3753: 3734: 3715: 3696: 3677: 3658: 3632: 3609: 3581: 3560: 3537: 3495: 3476: 3455: 3425: 3404: 3385: 3364: 2065:Hội An 1873:agent 1814:Lu Han 1710:Canton 1689:Yunnan 1653:Tonkin 1550:Tonkin 1518:Sûreté 1445:Champa 1196:Yunnan 711:People 236:Anthem 228:Colors 137:Saigon 56:Leader 3900:(6). 3877:S2CID 3349:Books 1867:Hanoi 1819:Ho's 1649:Co Am 1638:, in 1513:Hanoi 1441:China 1379:Hanoi 1290:Hanoi 1228:south 1208:Japan 1153:Hanoi 1129:VNQDĐ 1095:越南國民黨 816:] 799:] 792:Zhang 752:Huang 562:] 550:] 538:] 481:] 469:] 447:] 249:] 131:Hanoi 50:VNQDĐ 18:VNQDD 3902:ISSN 3831:ISBN 3812:ISBN 3789:ISBN 3770:ISBN 3751:ISBN 3732:ISBN 3713:ISBN 3694:ISBN 3675:ISBN 3656:ISBN 3630:ISBN 3607:ISBN 3579:ISBN 3558:ISBN 3535:ISBN 3493:ISBN 3474:ISBN 3453:ISBN 3423:ISBN 3402:ISBN 3383:ISBN 3362:ISBN 2195:2022 2169:2022 2067:and 2016:and 1944:and 1907:The 1791:and 1724:and 1642:and 1634:and 1482:the 1451:and 1449:Siam 1342:and 1139:and 1099:lit. 1076:The 767:Song 762:Shao 757:Liao 722:Chen 290:.com 282:.org 3869:doi 2774:272 2758:106 1871:OSS 1202:'s 1173:國民黨 1163:of 1147:in 1131:or 804:Zhu 742:Dai 717:Sun 219:to 4771:: 3896:. 3892:. 3875:. 3865:10 3863:. 3857:. 3810:. 3654:. 3533:. 3451:. 3186:^ 3093:^ 3069:^ 2949:^ 2926:^ 2910:^ 2898:^ 2874:^ 2851:^ 2817:^ 2730:81 2700:^ 2682:^ 2661:^ 2629:^ 2613:^ 2599:^ 2581:^ 2567:^ 2555:^ 2512:^ 2490:^ 2425:^ 2405:^ 2384:^ 2372:^ 2343:73 2284:. 2249:^ 2237:^ 2203:^ 2185:. 2159:. 2075:. 2008:, 1447:, 1443:, 1238:. 1171:: 1097:; 1093:: 1089:; 814:zh 797:zh 787:Yu 782:Wu 747:Hu 560:zh 548:zh 536:zh 479:zh 467:zh 445:zh 328:on 247:vi 4205:e 4198:t 4191:v 3965:e 3958:t 3951:v 3908:. 3898:6 3883:. 3871:: 3839:. 3820:. 3797:. 3778:. 3759:. 3740:. 3721:. 3702:. 3683:. 3664:. 3638:. 3615:. 3596:. 3587:. 3566:. 3543:. 3517:. 3501:. 3482:. 3461:. 3431:. 3410:. 3391:. 3370:. 2776:. 2760:. 2732:. 2288:. 2197:. 2171:. 1125:' 1117:' 1113:' 1105:' 1080:( 1065:e 1058:t 1051:v 252:" 239:" 163:) 159:( 117:) 102:) 20:)

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