1428:" to explain their imperialistic actions in Cuba, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico and the need for the United States to help the "dark-skinned Barbarians" reach modern sanitary standards. American actions abroad before, during, and after the war emphasized a need for proper sanitation habits especially on behalf of the natives. Natives who refuse to oblige with American health standards and procedures risked fines or imprisonment. One penalty in Puerto Rico included a $ 10 fine for a failure to vaccinate and an additional $ 5 fine for any day you continue to be unvaccinated, refusal to pay resulted in ten or more days of imprisonment. If entire villages refused the army's current sanitation policy at any given time they risked being burnt to the ground in order to preserve the health and safety of soldiers from endemic smallpox and yellow fever. Vaccines were forcibly administered to the Puerto Ricans, Cubans, and Filipinos. Military personnel in Puerto Rico provided Public Health services that culminated in military orders mandating vaccinations for children before they were six months old, as well as a general vaccination order. By the end of 1899 in Puerto Rico alone the U.S. military and other hired native vaccinators called
1323:, and five cities founded that, as of 2010, about 79% of these systems required "schools or child-care facilities to report immunizations to local education or public health departments or allow them access to their records" and required provision of this information for children to attend school or for a child-care facility to receive and maintain its license. The study found, however, that only 11% of systems required that schools or child-care facilities coordinate with IIS. The study found that five factors complicated compliance with policies on maintaining records on proof of immunization: "a complex and changing recommended immunization schedule, duplication of record-keeping efforts, conflict and confusion between health record and education record policies, no or limited school access to IIS, and fear of penalties for violating privacy policies."
1527:, sitting without a jury. Compensation covers medical and legal expenses, loss of future earning capacity, and up to $ 250,000 for pain and suffering; a death benefit of up to $ 250,000 is available. If certain minimal requirements are met, legal expenses are compensated even for unsuccessful claims. Since 1988, the program has been funded by an excise tax of 75 cents on every purchased dose of covered vaccine. To win an award, a claimant must have experienced an injury that is named as a vaccine injury in a table included in the law within the required time period or show a causal connection. The burden of proof is the civil law preponderance-of-the-evidence standard, in other words a showing that causation was more likely than not. Denied claims can be pursued in civil courts, though this is rare.
1199:
increase in the number of children in public schools, increasing the risk of smallpox outbreaks. The early movement towards school vaccination laws began at the local level including counties, cities, and boards of education. By 1827, Boston had become the first city to mandate that all children entering public schools show proof of vaccination. In addition, in 1855 the
Commonwealth of Massachusetts had established its own statewide vaccination requirements for all students entering school, this influenced other states to implement similar statewide vaccination laws in schools as seen in New York in 1862, Connecticut in 1872, Pennsylvania in 1895, and later the Midwest, South and Western US. By 1963, twenty states had school vaccination laws.
1654:
disease within its borders. As stated by the US Center For
Disease Controls and Prevention (CDC), this task has been given to the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and coincides with the work of the Division of Global Migration Health (DGMH) to regulate the isolation and quarantine of suspected airline or ship passengers experiencing elevated symptoms of ceratin diseases. To further isolate against certain diseases entering the US from foreign imports, strict guidelines are implemented regarding what can and cannot be imported to the US from cargo ships and travelers, and potentially harmful items are removed by customs officials and not allowed to enter the country.
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the twelve year old state law. Resistance was seen at the local level of the school district as some local school boards and superintendents opposed the state vaccination laws, leading the state board health inspectors to examine vaccination policies in schools. Resistance proceeded during the mid-1900s and in 1977, a nationwide
Childhood Immunization Initiative was developed with the goal of increasing vaccination rates among children to 90% by 1979. During the 2-year period of observation, the initiative reviewed the immunization records of more than 28 million children and vaccinated children who hadn’t received the recommended vaccines.
1360:
1421:, more than half of the soldier casualties in this war were from disease. Unknowingly, American soldiers acted as agents of disease transmission, fostering bacteria in their haphazardly made camps. These soldiers invaded Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines and connected parts of these countries that had never before been connected due to the countries sparse nature thereby beginning epidemics. The mobility of American soldiers around these countries encouraged a newfound mobility of disease that quickly infected natives.
31:
1234:... Its authority isn’t nullified merely because the parent grounds his claim to control the child's course of conduct on religion or conscience. Thus, he cannot claim freedom from compulsory vaccination for the child more than for himself on religious grounds. The right to practice religion freely doesn’t include liberty to expose the community or the child to communicable disease or the latter to ill health or death.
1216:, examined the arguments of an individual's right to education over the states need to protect against the spread of disease. The court found it prudent to take action to combat the spread of disease by denying un-vaccinated children a place in school until the risk for the spread of measles had passed. The Supreme Court has not since decided a vaccination mandate case, but noted in a subsequent case,
1609:, vaccines build the body's immune system to protect it from illnesses like measles, mumps, and other life threatening diseases. Widespread vaccination is encouraged in the US, and government and private funding has been designated to further grow the promising technology emerging in vaccine structure, including the mRNA technology recently implemented in the COVID -19 vaccine. According to the
1371:" published in 1899. The poem's philosophy quickly was utilized to explain/justify the United States response to annexation of the Philippines. The United States used the "white man's burden" as an argument for imperial control of the Philippines and Puerto Rico on the basis of moral necessity to ensure the spread of civility and modernity.
134:(AAP) advises physicians to respect the refusal of parents to vaccinate their child after adequate discussion, unless the child is put at significant risk of harm (e.g., during an epidemic, or after a deep and contaminated puncture wound). Under such circumstances, the AAP states that parental refusal of immunization constitutes a form of
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For those who seek to become US citizens, according to the US Department of State, those applying for immigration visas are required to be vaccinated against certain diseases common alongside US school vaccines policies, including measles, mumps, and varicella, to name a few. Those applying for visas
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Beginning in the 2000s, an increasing number of parents, invoking religious and philosophical exemptions, did not allow their children to receive vaccinations. Research establishes a link between the rise of vaccine-preventable diseases and non-medical exemptions from school vaccination requirements,
73:
has the authority to enforce the safety of vaccines. The FDA requires that all new vaccines first be tested in laboratory settings and on animals, and must then carry out a series of increasingly stringent tests in human subjects. Once vaccines are introduced to the market, the FDA regularly inspects
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California's abolition of all non-medical exemptions for school entrance was upheld by the courts in 2018; a
California appellate court rejected an anti-vaccination group's claims that the mandatory-vaccination law violated the right to due process, right to privacy, right to a public education, and
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The United States has a long history of school vaccination requirements. The first school vaccination requirement was enacted in the 1850s in
Massachusetts to prevent the spread of smallpox. The school vaccination requirement was put in place after the compulsory school attendance law caused a rapid
1375:
Immunizations are often compulsory for military enlistment in the U.S. The United States has a very complex history with compulsory vaccination, particularly in enforcing it both domestically and abroad to protect
American soldiers during times of war. There are hundreds of thousands of examples of
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These vaccination laws resulted in political debates throughout the United States as those opposed to vaccination sought to repeal local policies and state laws. An example of this political controversy occurred in 1893 in
Chicago, where less than ten percent of the children were vaccinated despite
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Because there are no official vaccine requirements to visitors temporarily entering the US, policies are enacting so as to ensure the spread of diseases among US citizens are regulated. For this reason, the US enacts specific policies regarding foreign travel in order to ensure a minimal spread of
1251:
All fifty states in the U.S. mandate immunizations for children in order to enroll in public school, but the specific vaccines required differ from state to state, and various exemptions are available depending on state law. All states have exemptions for children with medical contraindications to
1396:. Among wars with high death tolls from disease is the Civil War where an estimated 224,000 soldiers died from all diseases combined. American soldiers in other countries have spread diseases that ultimately disrupted entire societies and healthcare systems with famine and poverty.
1185:. Socioeconomic disparities have been found to hinder reasonable access to vaccinations in the U.S., and it has also been found that even were such status is not a factor, "racial ethnic minority adults are less likely than whites to receive preventive care including vaccination".
61:. Policies intended to encourage vaccination impact numerous areas of law, including regulation of vaccine safety, funding of vaccination programs, vaccine mandates, adverse event reporting requirements, and compensation for injuries asserted to be associated with vaccination.
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in July 2008 due to the cost of the vaccine. In addition, the other thirteen required vaccines prevent highly contagious diseases communicable through the respiratory route, while HPV is spread only through sexual contact. In
November 2009, this requirement was canceled.
111:) therefore rejected the challenge on standing grounds. The court further found it irrelevant that thimerosal was included in some versions of mandated vaccines, because it was possible for those seeking to avoid the ingredient to receive thimerosal-free vaccines.
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play substantial roles in vaccine development, The Lancet highlights how government funding from 2000-2017 has pioneered much of the spending on vaccines in the world and continues to be an essential asset in increasing vaccine accessibility to citizens.
1295:), and Connecticut (2021). Washington state repealed the religious exemption for the MMR vaccination in 2019. As of 2023, 13 states provide a vaccine exemption for students whose parents cite personal, conscientious, philosophical, or other objections.
1212:. The court ruled that a school could deny admission to children who failed to provide a certification of vaccination for the protection of the public health. In 1987, a measles epidemic occurred in Maricopa County, Arizona, and another court case,
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and as colonizers the United States took a very hands-on approach in administering healthcare particularly vaccinations to natives during the invasion and conquest of these countries. Although the
Spanish–American War occurred during the era of
1432:, vaccinated an estimated 860,000 natives in a five-month period. This period began the United States' movement toward an expansion of medical practices that included "tropical medicine" in an attempt to protect the lives of soldiers abroad.
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Immunization information systems (IIS) are complex in the U.S., and the convoluted network of public health, medical, and education system data impedes the sharing of data on student vaccination histories. A 2014 study of the 50 states, the
1625:. By investing government money into vaccine development, politicians hope to further protect US citizens from infectious diseases and further commit to worldwide vaccine goals that make vaccines more accessible to all types of people.
1500:. Despite the belief of most public health officials that claims of side effects were unfounded, large jury awards had been given to some plaintiffs, most DPT vaccine makers had ceased production, and officials feared the loss of
2655:
1632:, governments around the world often play a large role in vaccine accessibility for their citizens when it comes to how much a vaccine costs, and how accessible it is to its citizens. While privately funded programs like the
1338:
unanimously ruled in 2023 that, under
California law, "the vaccinations required for school attendance present a statewide issue subject to statewide criteria. ... Local variations must give way to a uniform state standard."
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84:
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While routine vaccines are recommended for travelers entering the US, there is no official vaccine mandate currently in place for the United States, according to the US Department of State. However, during the
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makes scientific recommendations which are generally followed by the federal government, state governments, and private health insurance companies, including making recommendations for the
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Adekunle Sanyaolu; Chuku Okorie; Aleksandra Marinkovic; Oladapo Ayodele; Abu Fahad Abbasi; Stephanie Prakash; Jessica Gosse; Sadaf Younis; Jasmine Mangat; Henry Chan (December 11, 2019).
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The family itself isn’t beyond regulation in the public interest, as against a claim of religious liberty. And neither rights of religion nor rights of parenthood are beyond limitation.
1128: ‡ Range of recommended ages for catch-up immunization or for people who lack evidence of immunity (e.g., lack documentation of vaccination or have no evidence of prior infection).
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Ikilezi, Gloria; Micah, Angela E; Bachmeier, Steven D; Cogswell, Ian E; Maddison, Emilie R; Stutzman, Hayley N; Tsakalos, Golsum; Brenzel, Logan; Dieleman, Joseph L (November 2021).
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3233:"Estimating total spending by source of funding on routine and supplementary immunisation activities in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–17: a financial modelling study"
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Most states have some kind of requirement that at least some kinds of health care workers receive certain vaccinations to protect their patients, e.g. influenza, measles, hepatitis
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Though the federal guidelines do not require written consent in order to receive a vaccination, they do require doctors give the recipients or legal representatives a
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The VICP covers all vaccines listed on the Vaccine Injury Table maintained by the Secretary of Health and Human Services; in 2007 the list included vaccines against
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set up the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (VICP) in 1988 to compensate individuals and families of individuals injured by covered childhood vaccines.
53:. It is decided at various levels of the government, including the individual states. This policy has been developed over the approximately two centuries since the
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began in April 1898 and ended in August 1898. During this time the United States gained control of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines from Spain. As a
1181:. Specific informed consent laws are made by the states. Several states allow minors to legally consent to vaccination over parental objections under the
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2651:"Measles Outbreak in Unvaccinated and Partially Vaccinated Children and Adults in the United States and Canada (2018-2019): A Narrative Review of Cases"
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2801:"The Latest in Vaccine Policies: Selected Issues in School Vaccinations, Healthcare Worker Vaccinations, and Pharmacist Vaccination Authority Laws"
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January 2008, 5,263 claims relating to autism, and 2,865 non-autism claims, were made to the VICP. 925 of these claims, one autism-related (see
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McAllister-Grum K (2017). "Pigments and Vaccines: Evaluating the Constitutionality of Targeting Melanin Groups for Mandatory Vaccination".
2139:
Lees, KA; Wortley, PM; Coughlin, SS (December 2005). "Comparison of racial/ethnic disparities in adult immunization and cancer screening".
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grant exemptions for people who have religious objections to immunizations. The six states that do not recognize a religious objection are
3169:
Lalani, Hussain S; Nagar, Sarosh; Sarpatwari, Ameet; Barenie, Rachel E; Avorn, Jerry; Rome, Benjamin N; Kesselheim, Aaron S (2023-03-01).
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out of concern that the British, who had long practiced it in their own military, would be able to use smallpox as a weapon against the
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billion in compensation (not including attorneys fees and costs) has been awarded over the forty-three year history of the program.
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within high-vaccine refusal communities ("clusters"), and hence an increasing number of infectious disease outbreaks, including
4178:
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1589:), were compensated, with 1,158 non-autism and 350 autism claims dismissed; awards (including attorney's fees) totaled $ 847
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1222:, that the state had power over certain activities of children, including requiring that they be vaccinated. The court in
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has spent nearly $ 40 billion on developing mRNA vaccines alone, with contracts for vaccine development also held by the
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96:
70:
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The Office of Special Masters of the U.S. Court of Federal Claims, popularly known as "vaccine court", administers a
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1279:. Until 2019, all states except Mississippi, West Virginia and California granted religious exemptions. California
3338:
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Edlich RF; Olson DM; Olson BM; et al. (2007). "Update on the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program".
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There are several programs for monitoring the safety of vaccines in the United States. Chief among these is the
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May T, Silverman RD (March 2003). "'Clustering of exemptions' as a collective action threat to herd immunity".
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1330:, generally set policy on vaccinations required for school enrollment/attendance, including exemptions. The
1240:
1218:
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Hodge JG, Gostin LO (2001). "School vaccination requirements: historical, social, and legal perspectives".
1945:"Recommended Child and Adolescent Immunization Schedule for ages 18 years or younger – United States, 2020"
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manufacturers cannot normally be filed in state or federal civil courts, but instead must be heard in the
1493:
1418:
1414:
1308:
433:
54:
1852:
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2553:"Association of Vaccine-Preventable Disease Incidence With Proposed State Vaccine Exemption Legislation"
2126:"Do US teens have the right to be vaccinated against their parents' will? It depends on where they live"
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1472:, and the Clinical Immunization Safety Assessment (CISA) Network are tools by which the CDC and FDA
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are required to show proof of these required vaccines at the time of their application submission.
1650:, COVID-19 vaccines were required for all entering nonimmigration travelers up until May 12, 2023.
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2752:"An Education in Contrast: State-by-State Assessment of School Immunization Records Requirements"
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100:
50:
1120: # Range of recommended ages for certain high-risk groups. See references for more details.
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3284:"Update on Change to U.S. Travel Policy Requiring COVID-19 Vaccination for nonimmigrant travel"
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In 1922, the constitutionality of childhood vaccination was examined in the Supreme Court case
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Malone, Kevin M; Hinman, Alan R (2003). "The Public Health Imperative and Individual Rights".
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is high enough to justify continued use of any particular vaccine. In addition to VAERS, the
1291:, nonmedical exemptions were repealed in New York (2019), Maine (2019, upheld by voters in a
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their production facilities, tests their quality, and receives reports of adverse reactions.
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Maine bars residents from opting out of immunizations for religious or philosophical reasons
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3171:"US public investment in development of mRNA covid-19 vaccines: retrospective cohort study"
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1972:"Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule for ages 19 years or older – United States, 2020"
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30:
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that the vaccines and their components were safe and effective. In the opinion, judge
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1871:"Group Must Petition Congress, Not Court, To Remove Mercury Preservative in Vaccines"
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B (potential exposure to blood) and rubella (potential contact with pregnant women).
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2602:"Nonmedical Exemptions From School Immunization Requirements: A Systematic Review"
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All vaccines recommended by the U.S. government for its citizens are required for
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Wang, Eileen; Clymer, Jessica; Davis-Hayes, Cecilia; Buttenheim, Alison (2014).
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1112: † Range of recommended ages for everyone. See references for more details.
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with the purpose of eradicating disease from the U.S. population, or creating a
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in response to a threat to the vaccine supply due to a 1980s scare over the
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applicants. This requirement stirred controversy when it was applied to the
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2391:"Brief: State Non-Medical Exemptions from School Immunization Requirements"
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1930:
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3126:. Health Resources and Services Administration. 2008-01-08. Archived from
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Inquiry: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision and Financing
2444:"Measles Outbreak: N.Y. Eliminates Religious Exemptions for Vaccinations"
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1136: § Recommended vaccination based on shared clinical decision-making.
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3149:"National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program Monthly Statistics Report"
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2250:
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1464:) that occur after administration of vaccines to ascertain whether the
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attempted in 2021 to set additional student vaccination rules, but the
753:
682:
411:
3312:"Laws and Regulations Governing the Control of Communicable Diseases"
2849:
Can Schools Require Students to Get COVID-19 Vaccines, and Will They?
2722:
1287:; California repealed its religious exemption in 2023. Following the
2481:"Governor Lamont Signs CT Religious Vaccine Exemption Bill Into Law"
1674:
Comparison of the healthcare systems in Canada and the United States
85:
United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
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State Supreme Court: School districts can't require COVID vaccines
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with the increased use of such exemptions contributing to loss of
1268:
738:
495:
29:
27:
Overview of the vaccination policy in the United States of America
3124:"National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program statistics reports"
3007:"Cases in vaccine court – legal battles over vaccines and autism"
2750:
Erika M. Hedden; Amy B. Jessop; Robert I. Field (October 2014).
3368:
2551:
Goldstein, N. D.; Purtle, J.; Suder, J.S. (November 18, 2019).
1999:
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Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA)
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soldier deaths not from combat wounds but disease. During the
3155:. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. October 2019.
2410:"California governor signs strict school vaccine legislation"
1905:"Responding to parental refusals of immunization of children"
2343:"California's mandatory-vaccination law survives court test"
1613:, while the exact number invested by the US government in
2100:"Vaccine Information Statement | Facts About VISs | CDC"
2932:. New York, New York: Penguin Group. pp. 117–165.
1641:
Vaccine policy for travelers entering the United States
2000:"Report of Medical Examination and Vaccination Record"
2512:"Mandatory school vaccinations: the role of tort law"
1488:(VICP or NVICP) was established pursuant to the 1986
156:
153:
3105:. Health Resources and Services Administration. 2007
2019:"Gardasil requirement for immigrants stirs backlash"
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Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA)
2070:"Ethical Issues and Vaccines | History of Vaccines"
1699:
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
2799:Barraza, Leila; Schmit, Cason; Hoss, Aila (2017).
2362:"California Appeals Court Upholds Vaccination Law"
1705:History of health care reform in the United States
1424:Military personnel used Rudyard's Kipling's poem "
1311:. "Exemption clustering" has been identified as a
2043:"HPV vaccine no longer required for green cards"
1281:repealed its "personal belief" exemption in 2015
1228:
3084:. Health Resources and Services Administration
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1239:right to free exercise of religion under the
149:Vaccine Schedule for the United States: 2020
8:
2977:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
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1755:United States Preventive Services Task Force
1486:National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program
1417:where knowledge of disease was bolstered by
1214:Maricopa County Health Department vs. Harmon
121:Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices
80:Coalition for Mercury-Free Drugs v. Sebelius
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3564:
3472:
3387:
3373:
3365:
2321:Vaccine, Vaccination, and Immunization Law
1890:Vaccine, Vaccination, and Immunization Law
1826:Vaccine, Vaccination, and Immunization Law
1795:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1446:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1194:History of school vaccination requirements
3256:
3202:
3022:
2824:
2775:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2721:
2676:
2625:
2576:
2527:
2395:National Conference of State Legislatures
2282:
2280:
2278:
2266:
1920:
1877:, United States Law Week. March 20, 2012.
1444:(VAERS), which is co-managed by the U.S.
2516:The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine
2124:Abramson, Brian Dean (August 31, 2021).
1710:History of medicine in the United States
147:
4154:was invoked but never defined (see the
4137:was invoked but never defined (see the
4120:was invoked but never defined (see the
4103:was invoked but never defined (see the
4086:was invoked but never defined (see the
4075:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2141:American Journal of Preventive Medicine
1782:
1684:Health care prices in the United States
1506:Department of Health and Human Services
1143:
39:Vaccination policy of the United States
18:Vaccination policy in the United States
2064:
2062:
1456:program, collecting information about
1442:Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System
1384:required American soldiers to undergo
162:
3333:
3331:
3305:
3303:
3278:
3276:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3164:
3162:
2805:Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics
1694:Health insurance in the United States
1617:is unclear, it is estimated that the
1586:
1490:National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act
861:
724:
718:
706:
700:
694:
549:
402:
396:
372:
366:
360:
159:
7:
1853:"Judge Kavanaugh and justiciability"
1750:Race and health in the United States
4149:
4132:
4115:
4098:
4081:
2883:United States Department of Defense
2456:from the original on June 14, 2019.
1634:Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
1611:National Institutes of Health (NIH)
1247:Current requirements and exemptions
1179:Vaccine Information Statement (VIS)
95:to challenge determinations by the
3396:Public policy of the United States
2491:from the original on 28 April 2021
2051:. 17 November 2009. Archived from
1888:Abramson, Brian Dean (2019). "5".
1851:Nielson, Aaron (August 14, 2018).
1824:Abramson, Brian Dean (2019). "2".
1745:Public policy of the United States
1593:million. As of October 2019, $ 4.2
25:
2756:American Journal of Public Health
2606:American Journal of Public Health
2080:from the original on 2 April 2020
1628:As noted in a study performed by
1332:San Diego Unified School District
115:Vaccination schedule and mandates
4174:Vaccination in the United States
4150:Cite error: The named reference
4133:Cite error: The named reference
4116:Cite error: The named reference
4099:Cite error: The named reference
4082:Cite error: The named reference
2980:Vaccine Safety Monitoring at CDC
2569:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.4365
2408:Horowitz, Julia (30 June 2015).
1679:Health care in the United States
138:and should be reported to state
2958:vaccine-schedule.ecdc.europa.eu
1838:671 F.3d 1275 (D.C. Cir. 2012).
1720:List of epidemics and pandemics
1607:World Health Organization (WHO)
1326:States, rather than individual
1096:
3082:"Filing a claim with the VICP"
3060:10.1016/j.jemermed.2007.01.001
2255:History of Education Quarterly
1255:As of 2023, 44 states and the
132:American Academy of Pediatrics
41:is the subset of U.S. federal
1:
3249:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01591-9
2714:10.1016/S0264-410X(02)00627-8
2289:Law in Public Health Practice
2188:10.1080/01947648.2017.1303288
2176:The Journal of Legal Medicine
1519:claims. These claims against
2323:(Bloomberg Law, 2019), 6-10.
2153:10.1016/j.amepre.2005.08.009
1892:. Bloomberg Law. p. 13.
1828:. Bloomberg Law. p. 11.
1525:U.S. Court of Federal Claims
1450:Food and Drug Administration
1415:"bacteriological revolution"
97:Food and Drug Administration
71:Food and Drug Administration
65:Regulation of vaccine safety
3637:Low-level radioactive waste
2510:Ciolli A (September 2008).
1689:Health in the United States
1601:Vaccine development funding
1480:Vaccine injury compensation
1285:Disneyland measles outbreak
127:used in the United States.
91:-preserved vaccines lacked
4195:
2954:"Vaccine Scheduler | ECDC"
2928:Willrich, Michael (2010).
1454:postmarketing surveillance
1378:American Revolutionary War
1154:in catch-up immunizations.
1104:
870:
673:
3402:
2251:"School Vaccination Wars"
1315:threat to public health.
1152:more detailed information
1053:
1029:
988:
974:
934:
900:
853:
847:
841:
835:
822:
814:
808:
802:
790:
784:
767:
752:
737:
733:
712:
681:
667:
654:
640:
634:
600:
594:
588:
582:
533:
521:
515:
494:
483:
477:
471:
465:
432:
421:
410:
390:
384:
378:
354:
348:
342:
333:
272:
264:
258:
252:
240:
229:
224:
221:
218:
215:
212:
209:
206:
203:
200:
197:
194:
191:
188:
185:
182:
179:
176:
173:
170:
167:
140:child protective services
34:Vaccination Schedule 2015
2930:Pox: An American History
2817:10.1177/1073110517703307
2768:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302078
2669:10.1177/0046958019894098
2618:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302190
2249:Tolley, Kim (May 2019).
1791:"Immunization Schedules"
1623:US Department of Defense
1336:California Supreme Court
55:invention of vaccination
3187:10.1136/bmj-2022-073747
2870:San Francisco Chronicle
2366:Courthouse News Service
2017:Jordan M (2008-10-01).
1903:Diekema DS (May 2005).
1735:1918 influenza pandemic
1492:(NCVIA), passed by the
1470:Vaccine Safety Datalink
1436:Adverse event reporting
1241:California Constitution
1219:Prince v. Massachusetts
87:held that opponents of
4179:Pharmaceuticals policy
3103:"Vaccine Injury Table"
2466:Evan Simko-Bednarski,
1922:10.1542/peds.2005-0316
1725:List of vaccine topics
1569:Haemophilus influenzae
1494:United States Congress
1426:The White Man's Burden
1372:
1369:The White Man's Burden
1236:
434:Haemophilus influenzae
35:
3130:on September 23, 2011
2319:Brian Dean Abramson,
2074:Historyofvaccines.org
1410:military police power
1362:
1289:2019 measles outbreak
1183:mature minor doctrine
33:
3905:Same-sex immigration
3243:(10314): 1875–1893.
3005:Sugarman SD (2007).
2872:(February 22, 2023).
2310:321 U.S. 158 (1944).
2301:260 U.S. 174 (1922).
2224:Kentucky Law Journal
1814:21 CFR 312.23(a)(8).
1770:Vaccination schedule
1406:Spanish–American War
1400:Spanish–American War
1321:District of Columbia
1257:District of Columbia
990:Human papillomavirus
125:vaccination schedule
77:In the 2012 case of
3024:10.1056/NEJMp078168
2470:CNN (May 27, 2019).
2412:. Associated Press.
2332:321 U.S. at 166–67.
2128:. The Conversation.
2055:on August 15, 2017.
2023:Wall Street Journal
2006:. 10 February 2023.
1581:. From 1988 until 8
1363:Judge's cartoon of
1343:Health care workers
150:
109:Stephen F. Williams
3447:Telecommunications
3310:CDC (2024-07-16).
2708:(11–12): 1048–51.
2397:. August 13, 2024.
2360:Helen Christophi.
2268:10.1017/heq.2019.3
1765:Vaccination policy
1554:(German measles),
1542:(whooping cough),
1466:risk–benefit ratio
1460:(possible harmful
1452:(FDA). VAERS is a
1373:
1355:Military personnel
406:(every 10 years)†
148:
101:Brett M. Kavanaugh
69:The United States
51:infectious disease
36:
4072:
4071:
4068:
4067:
3934:
3933:
3873:
3872:
3733:
3732:
3673:
3672:
3613:
3612:
2939:978-1-101-47622-2
2887:"MilVax homepage"
2762:(10): 1993–2001.
2487:. 28 April 2021.
2452:. June 13, 2019.
1760:Vaccine hesitancy
1648:COVID-19 pandemic
1605:According to the
1382:George Washington
1313:collective action
1163:
1162:
16:(Redirected from
4186:
4159:
4153:
4148:
4142:
4136:
4131:
4125:
4119:
4114:
4108:
4102:
4097:
4091:
4085:
4080:
3911:
3770:
3705:
3650:
3565:
3473:
3389:
3382:
3375:
3366:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3343:travel.state.gov
3335:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3307:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3288:travel.state.gov
3280:
3271:
3270:
3260:
3228:
3217:
3216:
3206:
3166:
3157:
3156:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3026:
3002:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2925:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2889:. Archived from
2879:
2873:
2862:
2856:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2828:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2779:
2747:
2736:
2735:
2725:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2680:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2629:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2580:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2531:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2477:
2471:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2440:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2387:
2370:
2369:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2339:
2333:
2330:
2324:
2317:
2311:
2308:
2302:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2284:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2219:
2208:
2207:
2182:(1–2): 217–247.
2171:
2165:
2164:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2066:
2057:
2056:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2014:
2008:
2007:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1976:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1949:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1924:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1848:
1839:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1821:
1815:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1787:
1730:Maurice Hilleman
1596:
1592:
1587:previous rulings
1584:
1476:vaccine safety.
1394:Continental Army
1367:'s famous poem "
1350:
1328:school districts
1305:measles outbreak
1283:, following the
1233:
1155:
1148:
1137:
1135:
1129:
1127:
1121:
1119:
1113:
1111:
730:
489:
151:
105:Judith W. Rogers
45:that deals with
21:
4194:
4193:
4189:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4184:
4183:
4164:
4163:
4162:
4151:
4145:
4134:
4128:
4117:
4111:
4100:
4094:
4083:
4077:
4073:
4064:
4036:
4008:
3985:
3963:Native American
3957:
3930:
3909:
3891:
3869:
3795:F. D. Roosevelt
3768:
3729:
3703:
3669:
3648:
3609:
3563:
3538:
3471:
3398:
3393:
3357:
3356:
3347:
3345:
3337:
3336:
3329:
3320:
3318:
3309:
3308:
3301:
3292:
3290:
3282:
3281:
3274:
3230:
3229:
3220:
3168:
3167:
3160:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3133:
3131:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3108:
3106:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3087:
3085:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3017:(13): 1275–77.
3004:
3003:
2994:
2985:
2983:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2962:
2960:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2940:
2927:
2926:
2905:
2896:
2894:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2863:
2859:
2855:(May 12, 2021).
2846:
2842:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2749:
2748:
2739:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2557:JAMA Pediatrics
2550:
2549:
2545:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2494:
2492:
2485:NBC Connecticut
2479:
2478:
2474:
2465:
2461:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2431:
2427:
2421:
2417:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2389:
2388:
2373:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2349:. July 4, 2018.
2347:SFChronicle.com
2341:
2340:
2336:
2331:
2327:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2296:
2286:
2285:
2276:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2221:
2220:
2211:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2109:
2107:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2083:
2081:
2068:
2067:
2060:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2027:
2025:
2016:
2015:
2011:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1983:
1981:
1974:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1956:
1954:
1947:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1850:
1849:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1799:
1797:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1664:
1643:
1603:
1594:
1590:
1582:
1566:(chicken pox),
1515:for litigating
1513:no-fault system
1482:
1438:
1402:
1365:Rudyard Kipling
1357:
1348:
1345:
1293:2020 referendum
1249:
1231:
1196:
1191:
1189:School children
1159:
1158:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1133:
1132:
1125:
1124:
1117:
1116:
1109:
1108:
728:
487:
145:
136:medical neglect
117:
67:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4192:
4190:
4182:
4181:
4176:
4166:
4165:
4161:
4160:
4143:
4126:
4109:
4092:
4074:
4070:
4069:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4046:
4044:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4018:
4016:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4006:
4001:
3995:
3993:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3967:
3965:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3955:
3950:
3944:
3942:
3940:Infrastructure
3936:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3928:
3923:
3917:
3915:
3908:
3907:
3901:
3899:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3883:
3881:
3875:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3776:
3774:
3767:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3754:
3749:
3743:
3741:
3735:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3711:
3709:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3692:Climate change
3689:
3683:
3681:
3675:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3662:
3656:
3654:
3647:
3646:
3641:
3640:
3639:
3632:Nuclear energy
3629:
3623:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3571:
3569:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3548:
3546:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3514:War on Poverty
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3481:
3479:
3470:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3457:Transportation
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3384:
3377:
3369:
3355:
3354:
3339:"Vaccinations"
3327:
3299:
3272:
3218:
3158:
3140:
3115:
3094:
3073:
3054:(2): 199–211.
3038:
2992:
2969:
2945:
2938:
2903:
2874:
2857:
2840:
2791:
2737:
2692:
2641:
2592:
2543:
2502:
2472:
2459:
2449:New York Times
2435:
2425:
2415:
2400:
2371:
2352:
2334:
2325:
2312:
2303:
2294:
2274:
2261:(2): 161–194.
2241:
2209:
2166:
2131:
2116:
2091:
2058:
2034:
2009:
1991:
1963:
1936:
1915:(5): 1428–31.
1895:
1880:
1862:
1840:
1831:
1816:
1807:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1642:
1639:
1602:
1599:
1517:vaccine injury
1481:
1478:
1458:adverse events
1448:(CDC) and the
1437:
1434:
1401:
1398:
1356:
1353:
1344:
1341:
1248:
1245:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1138:
1130:
1122:
1114:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
986:
985:
983:
981:
979:
973:
971:
969:
967:
965:
963:
961:
959:
957:
955:
953:
951:
949:
947:
945:
943:
940:
939:
933:
931:
929:
927:
925:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
909:
906:
905:
899:
893:
887:
881:
875:
869:
867:
865:
859:
858:
852:
846:
840:
834:
832:
830:
828:
826:
820:
819:
813:
807:
801:
795:
789:
783:
781:
779:
777:
775:
773:
771:
765:
764:
762:
760:
758:
756:
750:
749:
747:
745:
743:
741:
735:
734:
732:
723:
717:
711:
705:
699:
693:
691:
689:
687:
685:
679:
678:
672:
666:
664:
662:
660:
658:
652:
651:
645:
639:
633:
631:
629:
627:
625:
623:
621:
619:
617:
615:
612:
611:
605:
599:
593:
587:
581:
575:
569:
563:
557:
555:
553:
547:
546:
544:
542:
540:
538:
532:
526:
520:
514:
508:
502:
500:
498:
492:
491:
482:
476:
470:
464:
458:
452:
446:
440:
438:
436:
430:
429:
427:
425:
419:
418:
416:
414:
408:
407:
401:
395:
389:
383:
377:
371:
365:
359:
353:
347:
341:
339:
337:
331:
330:
328:
326:
324:
322:
320:
318:
316:
314:
312:
310:
308:
306:
304:
302:
300:
298:
292:
286:
280:
278:
276:
270:
269:
263:
257:
251:
245:
239:
233:
227:
226:
223:
220:
217:
214:
211:
208:
205:
202:
199:
196:
193:
190:
187:
184:
181:
178:
175:
172:
169:
165:
164:
161:
158:
155:
116:
113:
66:
63:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4191:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4157:
4147:
4144:
4140:
4130:
4127:
4123:
4113:
4110:
4106:
4096:
4093:
4089:
4079:
4076:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4043:
4039:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4015:
4011:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3988:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3964:
3960:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3937:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3914:By Presidency
3912:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3898:
3894:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3876:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3840:G. H. W. Bush
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3815:L. B. Johnson
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3773:By Presidency
3771:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3736:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3708:By Presidency
3706:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3679:Environmental
3676:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3653:By Presidency
3651:
3645:
3642:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3568:By Presidency
3566:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3541:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3511:
3510:Great Society
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3474:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3401:
3397:
3390:
3385:
3383:
3378:
3376:
3371:
3370:
3367:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3344:
3340:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3317:
3313:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3289:
3285:
3279:
3277:
3273:
3268:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3214:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3165:
3163:
3159:
3154:
3150:
3144:
3141:
3129:
3125:
3119:
3116:
3104:
3098:
3095:
3083:
3077:
3074:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3042:
3039:
3034:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2982:
2981:
2973:
2970:
2959:
2955:
2949:
2946:
2941:
2935:
2931:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2893:on 2007-07-06
2892:
2888:
2884:
2878:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2861:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2844:
2841:
2836:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2811:(S1): 16–19.
2810:
2806:
2802:
2795:
2792:
2787:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2733:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2696:
2693:
2688:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2645:
2642:
2637:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2612:(11): 62–84.
2611:
2607:
2603:
2596:
2593:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2547:
2544:
2539:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2522:(3): 129–37.
2521:
2517:
2513:
2506:
2503:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2476:
2473:
2469:
2463:
2460:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2416:
2411:
2404:
2401:
2396:
2392:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2363:
2356:
2353:
2348:
2344:
2338:
2335:
2329:
2326:
2322:
2316:
2313:
2307:
2304:
2298:
2295:
2290:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2269:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2245:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2230:(4): 831–90.
2229:
2225:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2170:
2167:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2147:(5): 404–11.
2146:
2142:
2135:
2132:
2127:
2120:
2117:
2105:
2101:
2095:
2092:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2038:
2035:
2024:
2020:
2013:
2010:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1992:
1980:
1973:
1967:
1964:
1953:
1946:
1940:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1899:
1896:
1891:
1884:
1881:
1876:
1875:Bloomberg Law
1872:
1866:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1835:
1832:
1827:
1820:
1817:
1811:
1808:
1796:
1792:
1786:
1783:
1776:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1740:Polio vaccine
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1649:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1615:mRNA vaccines
1612:
1608:
1600:
1598:
1588:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1502:herd immunity
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1354:
1352:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1322:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1301:herd immunity
1296:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1277:West Virginia
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1235:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1210:
1209:Zucht v. King
1204:
1200:
1193:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1153:
1150:CDC provides
1147:
1144:
1131:
1123:
1115:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1055:Herpes Zoster
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
991:
987:
984:
982:
980:
977:
972:
970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
960:
958:
956:
954:
952:
950:
948:
946:
944:
942:
941:
937:
932:
930:
928:
926:
924:
922:
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
910:
908:
907:
903:
897:
894:
891:
888:
885:
882:
879:
876:
873:
868:
866:
864:
863:Meningococcus
860:
856:
850:
844:
838:
833:
831:
829:
827:
825:
821:
817:
811:
805:
799:
796:
793:
787:
782:
780:
778:
776:
774:
772:
770:
766:
763:
761:
759:
757:
755:
751:
748:
746:
744:
742:
740:
736:
727:
721:
715:
709:
703:
697:
692:
690:
688:
686:
684:
680:
676:
670:
665:
663:
661:
659:
657:
653:
649:
646:
643:
637:
632:
630:
628:
626:
624:
622:
620:
618:
616:
614:
613:
609:
606:
603:
597:
591:
585:
579:
576:
573:
570:
567:
564:
561:
558:
556:
554:
552:
548:
545:
543:
541:
539:
536:
530:
527:
524:
518:
512:
509:
506:
503:
501:
499:
497:
493:
486:
480:
474:
468:
462:
459:
456:
453:
450:
447:
444:
441:
439:
437:
435:
431:
428:
426:
424:
420:
417:
415:
413:
409:
405:
399:
393:
387:
381:
375:
369:
363:
357:
351:
345:
340:
338:
336:
332:
329:
327:
325:
323:
321:
319:
317:
315:
313:
311:
309:
307:
305:
303:
301:
299:
296:
293:
290:
287:
284:
281:
279:
277:
275:
271:
267:
261:
255:
249:
246:
243:
237:
234:
232:
228:
166:
152:
146:
143:
141:
137:
133:
128:
126:
122:
114:
112:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
81:
75:
72:
64:
62:
60:
59:herd immunity
56:
52:
48:
44:
43:health policy
40:
32:
19:
4146:
4129:
4112:
4095:
4078:
3780:T. Roosevelt
3505:New Frontier
3461:
3407:Agricultural
3362:
3360:
3358:
3346:. Retrieved
3342:
3319:. Retrieved
3315:
3291:. Retrieved
3287:
3240:
3236:
3178:
3174:
3152:
3143:
3132:. Retrieved
3128:the original
3118:
3107:. Retrieved
3097:
3086:. Retrieved
3076:
3051:
3047:
3041:
3014:
3011:N Engl J Med
3010:
2984:, retrieved
2979:
2972:
2961:. Retrieved
2957:
2948:
2929:
2895:. Retrieved
2891:the original
2877:
2869:
2864:Bob Egelko,
2860:
2852:
2843:
2808:
2804:
2794:
2759:
2755:
2705:
2701:
2695:
2660:
2654:
2644:
2609:
2605:
2595:
2563:(1): 88–89.
2560:
2556:
2546:
2519:
2515:
2505:
2493:. Retrieved
2484:
2475:
2462:
2447:
2438:
2428:
2418:
2403:
2355:
2346:
2337:
2328:
2320:
2315:
2306:
2297:
2288:
2258:
2254:
2244:
2227:
2223:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2144:
2140:
2134:
2119:
2108:. Retrieved
2106:. 2019-04-03
2103:
2094:
2082:. Retrieved
2073:
2053:the original
2046:
2037:
2026:. Retrieved
2022:
2012:
2003:
1994:
1982:. Retrieved
1978:
1966:
1955:. Retrieved
1951:
1939:
1912:
1908:
1898:
1889:
1883:
1865:
1834:
1825:
1819:
1810:
1798:. Retrieved
1794:
1785:
1669:Albert Sabin
1656:
1652:
1644:
1627:
1604:
1568:
1529:
1510:
1483:
1462:side effects
1439:
1430:practicantes
1429:
1423:
1403:
1374:
1346:
1325:
1317:
1307:in 2018 and
1297:
1254:
1250:
1237:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1213:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1176:
1164:
1146:
1027: x2–3†
938: x2–3#
904: x1–2#
857: x2–3#
812: x1–2‡
644: x1–2#
551:Pneumococcus
268: x2–3#
144:
129:
118:
78:
76:
68:
47:immunization
38:
37:
3897:Immigration
3879:Gun control
3757:Middle East
3687:Solid waste
3490:New Freedom
3485:Square Deal
3462:Vaccination
3316:Port Health
3181:: e073747.
3048:J Emerg Med
2847:Evie Blad,
2104:www.cdc.gov
1560:hepatitis B
1504:. The U.S.
1498:DPT vaccine
1419:germ theory
1386:variolation
1265:Connecticut
1252:vaccines.
1171:HPV vaccine
824:Hepatitis A
675:IIV or LAIV
231:Hepatitis B
103:(joined by
4168:Categories
3850:G. W. Bush
3805:Eisenhower
3697:G. W. Bush
3644:Smart grid
3627:Hydropower
3590:G. W. Bush
3524:G. W. Bush
3348:2024-07-30
3321:2024-07-30
3293:2024-07-30
3237:The Lancet
3134:2008-01-22
3109:2008-01-22
3088:2013-08-19
2986:2015-03-11
2963:2019-10-08
2897:2007-07-25
2110:2019-04-30
2028:2009-01-18
1957:2014-02-08
1909:Pediatrics
1857:SCOTUSblog
1777:References
1715:Jonas Salk
1630:The Lancet
1532:diphtheria
1380:, General
1261:California
1167:green card
1098:RZV or ZVL
845: x2†
818: 2x#
677:(yearly)†
671:(yearly)†
404:Td or Tdap
335:Diphtheria
154:Infection
142:agencies.
89:thimerosal
4156:help page
4139:help page
4122:help page
4105:help page
4088:help page
4004:Stem cell
3752:Criticism
3500:Fair Deal
3432:Fireworks
3427:Education
3195:0959-8138
2723:1805/6156
2291:: 262–84.
2204:205505188
1579:pneumonia
1575:rotavirus
1564:varicella
1540:pertussis
769:Varicella
656:Influenza
423:Pertussis
274:Rotavirus
3552:Monetary
3544:Economic
3495:New Deal
3477:Domestic
3442:Taxation
3417:Cultural
3267:34742369
3213:36858453
3068:17692778
3033:17898095
2835:28661302
2786:25122033
2732:12559778
2687:31823676
2636:25211732
2587:31738369
2538:18827888
2495:28 April
2489:Archived
2454:Archived
2236:15868682
2196:28910223
2161:16376703
2084:30 April
2078:Archived
2048:NBC News
1931:15867060
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3747:History
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