294:. The ocean water is placed under a vacuum to lower its boiling point and has a heat source applied, allowing the fresh water to boil off and be condensed. The condensing of the water vapor prevents the water vapor from filling the vacuum chamber, and allows the effect to run continuously without a loss of vacuum pressure. The heat from condensation of the water vapor is removed by a heat sink, which uses the incoming ocean water as the coolant and thus preheats the feed of ocean water. Some forms of distillation do not use condensers, but instead compress the vapor mechanically with a pump. This acts as a
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20:
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to separate the key components. One tool to reduce the number of stages needed is to utilize vacuum distillation. Vacuum distillation columns (as depicted in
Figures 2 and 3) typically used in oil refineries have diameters ranging up to about 14 meters (46 feet), heights ranging up to about 50
333:
of molecules is comparable to the size of the equipment. The gaseous phase no longer exerts significant pressure on the substance to be evaporated, and consequently, the rate of evaporation no longer depends on pressure. That is, because the continuum assumptions of fluid dynamics no longer apply,
81:
is a common technique used in laboratories to concentrate or isolate a compound from solution. Many solvents are volatile and can easily be evaporated using rotary evaporation. Even less volatile solvents can be removed by rotary evaporation under high vacuum and with heating. It is also used by
42:
performed under reduced pressure, which allows the purification of compounds not readily distilled at ambient pressures or simply to save time or energy. This technique separates compounds based on differences in their boiling points. This technique is used when the boiling point of the desired
90:
Safety is an important consideration when glassware is under vacuum pressure. Scratches and cracks can result in implosions when the vacuum is applied. Wrapping as much of the glassware with tape as is practical helps to prevent dangerous scattering of glass shards in the event of an implosion.
334:
mass transport is governed by molecular dynamics rather than fluid dynamics. Thus, a short path between the hot surface and the cold surface is necessary, typically by suspending a hot plate covered with a film of feed next to a cold plate with a line of sight in between.
213:
The constraint imposed by limiting the column inlet crude oil to a temperature of less than 370 to 380 °C yields a residual oil from the bottom of the atmospheric distillation column consisting entirely of hydrocarbons that boil above 370 to 380 °C.
63:
Compounds with a boiling point lower than 150 °C typically are distilled at ambient pressure. For samples with high boiling points, short-path distillation apparatus is commonly employed. This technique is amply illustrated in
Organic Synthesis.
967:
108:
148:
Another advantage of vacuum distillation is the reduced capital cost, at the expense of slightly more operating cost. Utilizing vacuum distillation can reduce the height and diameter, and thus the capital cost of a distillation column.
247:
The vacuum distillation column internals must provide good vapor–liquid contacting while, at the same time, maintaining a very low-pressure increase from the top of the column top to the bottom. Therefore, the vacuum column uses
236:
Figure 2 is a simplified process diagram of a petroleum refinery vacuum distillation column that depicts the internals of the column and Figure 3 is a photograph of a large vacuum distillation column in a petroleum refinery.
243:
Distillation columns such those in Images 1 and 2, may have diameters of 15 meters or more, heights ranging up to about 50 meters, and feed rates ranging up to about 25,400 cubic meters per day (160,000 barrels per day).
298:, concentrating the heat from the vapor and allowing for the heat to be returned and reused by the incoming untreated water source. There are several forms of vacuum distillation of water, with the most common being
240:
The 10 to 40 mmHg absolute pressure in a vacuum distillation column increases the volume of vapor formed per volume of liquid distilled. The result is that such columns have very large diameters.
971:
278:
Many industries, other than the petroleum refining industry, use vacuum distillation on a much smaller scale. Copenhagen-based
Empirical Spirits, a distillery founded by former
383:
282:
chefs, uses the process to create uniquely flavoured spirits. Their flagship spirit, Helena, is created using Koji, alongside
Pilsner Malt and Belgian Saison Yeast.
290:
Vacuum distillation is often used in large industrial plants as an efficient way to remove salt from ocean water, in order to produce fresh water. This is known as
554:
178:, although there may be small amounts of hydrocarbons outside that range. The refining of crude oil begins with distilling the incoming crude oil in a so-called
348:
990:
511:
Introduction to
Organic Laboratory Techniques: A Small Scale Approach By Donald L. Pavia, Gary M. Lampman, George S. Kriz, Randall G. Engel. Chapter 16.
364:
1028:
985:
260:
for the vapor–liquid contacting because such packing has a lower pressure drop than distillation trays. This packing material can be either
47:
Reduced pressures decrease the boiling point of compounds. The reduction in boiling point can be calculated using a temperature-pressure
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27:
boils at 189 °C. In the vacuum apparatus here, it distills off into the connected receiver flask on the left at only 70 °C.
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758:
709:
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In distilling the crude oil, it is important not to subject the crude oil to temperatures above 370 to 380 °C because high
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Prevention of product degradation or polymer formation because of reduced pressure leading to lower tower bottoms temperatures,
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307:
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The absolute pressure of 10 to 40 mmHg in the vacuum column is most often achieved by using multiple stages of steam jet
133:
Reduction of product degradation or polymer formation because of reduced mean residence time especially in columns using
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882:
217:
To further distill the residual oil from the atmospheric distillation column, the distillation must be performed at
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1021:
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meters (164 feet), and feed rates ranging up to about 25,400 cubic meters per day (160,000 barrels per day).
995:
840:
570:"Asymmetric Michael Addition of Dimethyl Malonate to 2 Cyclopenten-1-one Catalyzed by a Heterobimetallic Complex"
491:
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is vacuum distillation below the pressure of 0.01 torr (1.3 Pa). 0.01 torr is one order of magnitude above
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environmental regulatory agencies for determining the amount of solvents in paints, coatings and inks.
19:
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420:
118:
Industrial-scale vacuum distillation has several advantages. Close boiling mixtures may require many
103:
Figure 2: Simplified animation of a typical dry vacuum distillation column as used in oil refineries
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that heats the feed stream to the crude oil distillation column. Plugging would also occur in the
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at temperatures above that. Formation of coke would result in plugging the tubes in the
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Desalination and Water
Treatment, Murat Eyvaz, Ebubekir YĂĽksel 1988/2018. Chapter 5.
1037:
374:
355:
291:
265:
39:
820:, 11th India Oil and Gas Symposium and International Exhibition, September 2004,
728:, 11th India Oil and Gas Symposium and International Exhibition, September 2004,
959:
568:
Fastuca, Nicholas J.; Wong, Alice R.; Mak, Victor W.; Reisman, Sarah E. (2020).
164:
187:
Vacuum distillation can also be referred to as "low-temperature distillation".
257:
252:
only where products are withdrawn from the side of the column (referred to as
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from the furnace to the distillation column as well as in the column itself.
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Molecular distillation is used industrially for purification of oils.
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difficult to achieve or will cause the compound to decompose.
968:
Creative
Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License
184:
operating at pressures slightly above atmospheric pressure.
619:
Bartko, Samuel G.; Deng, James; Danheiser, Rick L. (2016).
521:
Leonard, J.; Lygo, B.; Procter, Garry (8 January 2013).
936:
934:
111:
Figure 3: Large-scale vacuum distillation tower at the
16:
Low-pressure and low-temperature distillation method
1171:
1135:
1104:
1044:
229:(About 5% atmospheric pressure) so as to limit the
818:Designing Distillation Columns for Vacuum Service
726:Designing Distillation Columns for Vacuum Service
492:"Pressure-Temperature Nomograph Interactive Tool"
126:Vacuum distillation can improve a separation by:
847:(from website of Graham Manufacturing Company)
779:Petroleum refining for the nontechnical person
724:Karl Kolmetz, Andrew W. Sloley et al. (2004),
163:is a complex mixture of hundreds of different
1022:
816:Karl Kolmetz, Andrew W. Sloley et al (2004),
8:
958:This article incorporates material from the
883:"A Fresh Take on Liquor From Two Noma Alums"
751:Petroleum Refining Technology and Economics
744:
742:
1029:
1015:
1007:
772:
770:
652:Operation of a Rotary Evaporator (Rotovap)
553:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
806:(4th ed.). CRC Press. 0-8493-9067-2.
804:The Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum
693:
691:
636:
595:
585:
194:components in the crude oil will undergo
153:Vacuum distillation in petroleum refining
749:Gary, J.H. & Handwerk, G.E. (1984).
167:compounds generally having from 3 to 60
442:
392:– for air-sensitive vacuum distillation
344:
144:Increasing capacity, yield, and purity.
546:
7:
1003:, includes a table comparing methods
753:(2nd ed.). Marcel Dekker, Inc.
523:Advanced practical organic chemistry
467:(4), Scientific american: xxx–231,
264:or randomly dumped packing such as
36:distillation under reduced pressure
23:Figure 1: At atmospheric pressure,
14:
233:to less than 370 to 380 °C.
1095:
781:(2nd ed.). PennWell Books.
457:"Adventures in vacuum chemistry"
397:
382:
363:
347:
966:", which is licensed under the
181:atmospheric distillation column
996:Pressure-temperature nomograph
656:University of British Columbia
308:multi-stage flash distillation
304:vapor-compression desalination
286:Large-scale water purification
1:
991:How vacuum distillation works
704:(1st ed.). McGraw-Hill.
684:Energy Institute website page
404:Vacuum distillation apparatus
377:vacuum distillation apparatus
358:vacuum distillation apparatus
95:Industrial-scale applications
59:Laboratory-scale applications
621:"Synthesis of 1-Iodopropyne"
525:(3rd ed.). Boca Raton.
300:multiple-effect distillation
824:, India (also published in
732:, India (also published in
256:). Most of the column uses
53:Clausius–Clapeyron relation
1271:
1158:Spinning band distillation
881:Kahn, Howie (2018-04-25).
455:Hickman, K. C. D. (1945),
325:, where fluids are in the
71:
1093:
986:D1160 Vacuum Distillation
802:James G, Speight (2006).
698:Kister, Henry Z. (1992).
654:(from the website of the
1087:Vapor–liquid equilibrium
638:10.15227/orgsyn.093.0245
587:10.15227/orgsyn.097.0327
1117:Continuous distillation
1001:Short path distillation
426:Fractional distillation
416:Continuous distillation
826:Hydrocarbon Processing
777:Leffler, W.L. (1985).
734:Hydrocarbon Processing
319:Molecular distillation
314:Molecular distillation
262:structured sheet metal
115:
104:
28:
231:operating temperature
110:
102:
86:Safety considerations
22:
1250:Industrial processes
1122:Fractionating column
1105:Industrial processes
1072:McCabe–Thiele method
421:Fractionating column
964:Vacuum distillation
915:"Empirical Spirits"
887:Wall Street Journal
862:empiricalspirits.co
858:"Empirical Spirits"
701:Distillation Design
327:free molecular flow
221:as low as 10 to 40
113:Fawley oil refinery
32:Vacuum distillation
1136:Laboratory methods
1112:Batch distillation
970:but not under the
843:2009-02-07 at the
673:Test method 302-91
461:American Scientist
250:distillation trays
219:absolute pressures
120:equilibrium stages
116:
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79:Rotary evaporation
74:Rotary evaporation
68:Rotary evaporation
29:
25:dimethyl sulfoxide
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1153:Rotary evaporator
1077:Theoretical plate
919:Empirical Spirits
625:Organic Syntheses
574:Organic Syntheses
329:regime, i.e. the
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1245:Distillation
1224:Vacuum-based
1223:
1057:Dalton's law
1052:Raoult's law
1038:Distillation
957:
945:
922:. Retrieved
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898:. Retrieved
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292:desalination
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137:rather than
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44:
43:compound is
40:distillation
35:
31:
30:
1219:Steam-based
1214:Salt-effect
1189:Destructive
960:Citizendium
828:, May 2005)
736:, May 2005)
631:: 245–262.
580:: 327–338.
323:high vacuum
165:hydrocarbon
1239:Categories
1204:Fractional
1199:Extractive
1179:Azeotropic
1172:Techniques
1045:Principles
924:2018-10-15
900:2018-10-15
867:2018-10-15
498:2018-03-23
478:2021-09-01
437:References
375:short path
356:short path
254:side draws
51:using the
1184:Catalytic
1148:Kugelrohr
962:article "
895:0099-9660
549:cite book
541:883131986
431:Kugelrohr
371:Kugelrohr
354:A simple
296:heat pump
198:and form
161:crude oil
158:Petroleum
49:nomograph
1209:Reactive
841:Archived
606:35614904
473:27826079
410:See also
273:ejectors
176:molecule
1143:Alembic
597:9128456
341:Gallery
204:furnace
135:packing
1255:Vacuum
1062:Reflux
893:
822:Mumbai
785:
757:
730:Mumbai
708:
670:SCAQMD
604:
594:
539:
529:
471:
306:, and
208:piping
169:carbon
1163:Still
469:JSTOR
172:atoms
139:trays
972:GFDL
891:ISSN
783:ISBN
755:ISBN
706:ISBN
602:PMID
555:link
537:OCLC
527:ISBN
373:– a
280:Noma
227:Torr
223:mmHg
174:per
1194:Dry
633:doi
592:PMC
582:doi
34:or
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