155:
441:
163:
3265:
60:
553:, the less rigid wall is expanded by the pressure coming from within the vacuole. Turgor pressure exerted by the vacuole is also essential in supporting plants in an upright position. Another function of a central vacuole is that it pushes all contents of the cell's cytoplasm against the cellular membrane, and thus keeps the
673:
is a specialized osmoregulatory organelle that is present in many free-living protists. The contractile vacuole is part of the contractile vacuole complex which includes radial arms and a spongiome. The contractile vacuole complex works periodically contracts to remove excess water and ions from the
483:, the tonoplast is the cytoplasmic membrane surrounding a vacuole, separating the vacuolar contents from the cell's cytoplasm. As a membrane, it is mainly involved in regulating the movements of ions around the cell, and isolating materials that might be harmful or a threat to the cell.
388:
before being transported to the cell membrane and secreted into the extracellular environment. In this capacity, vacuoles are simply storage vesicles which allow for the containment, transport and disposal of selected proteins and lipids to the extracellular environment of the cell.
295:
The function and significance of vacuoles varies greatly according to the type of cell in which they are present, having much greater prominence in the cells of plants, fungi and certain protists than those of animals and bacteria. In general, the functions of the vacuole include:
674:
cell to balance water flow into the cell. When the contractile vacuole is slowly taking water in, the contractile vacuole enlarges, this is called diastole and when it reaches its threshold, the central vacuole contracts then contracts (systole) periodically to release water.
366:
proposed organ-specific forms have a role in 'housing' symbiotic bacteria. In protists, vacuoles have the additional function of storing food which has been absorbed by the organism and assisting in the digestive and waste management process for the cell.
404:("cell drinking") is essentially the same process, the difference being that the substances ingested are in solution and not visible under the microscope. Phagocytosis and pinocytosis are both undertaken in association with
396:("cell eating") is the process by which bacteria, dead tissue, or other bits of material visible under the microscope are engulfed by cells. The material makes contact with the cell membrane, which then invaginates. The
3095:
3100:
502:
to act. Although single large vacuoles are most common, the size and number of vacuoles may vary in different tissues and stages of development. For example, developing cells in the
464:
have one large vacuole that typically occupies more than 30% of the cell's volume, and that can occupy as much as 80% of the volume for certain cell types and conditions. Strands of
358:
and recycling of misfolded proteins that have begun to build up within the cell. Thomas Boller and others proposed that the vacuole participates in the destruction of invading
3233:
1623:
3151:
245:
and are effectively just larger forms of these. The organelle has no basic shape or size; its structure varies according to the requirements of the cell.
381:
Animal vacuoles are smaller than their plant counterparts but also usually greater in number. There are also animal cells that do not have any vacuoles.
2967:
1119:
339:
By increasing in size, allowing the germinating plant or its organs (such as leaves) to grow very quickly and through using up mostly just water.
1028:"Food selection by bacterivorous protists: insight from the analysis of the food vacuole content by means of fluorescence in situ hybridization"
541:, water will diffuse into the vacuole, placing pressure on the cell wall. If water loss leads to a significant decline in turgor pressure, the
557:
closer to light. Most plants store chemicals in the vacuole that react with chemicals in the cytosol. If the cell is broken, for example by a
1268:
811:
780:
384:
Exocytosis is the extrusion process of proteins and lipids from the cell. These materials are absorbed into secretory granules within the
549:. Turgor pressure exerted by vacuoles is also required for cellular elongation: as the cell wall is partially degraded by the action of
233:
cells. Vacuoles are essentially enclosed compartments which are filled with water containing inorganic and organic molecules including
475:(word origin: Gk tĂłn(os) + -o-, meaning âstretchingâ, âtensionâ, âtoneâ + comb. form repr. Gk plastĂłs formed, molded) and filled with
3157:
1616:
1334:
1168:
1093:
993:
900:
747:
241:, though in certain cases they may contain solids which have been engulfed. Vacuoles are formed by the fusion of multiple membrane
1399:
Essid, Miriam; Gopaldass, Navin; Yoshida, Kunito; Merrifield, Christien; Soldati, Thierry (April 2012). Brennwald, Patrick (ed.).
2052:
2491:
1685:
83:
31:
354:(production) and degradation (or turnover), of many substances and cell structures in certain organisms. They also aid in the
2972:
717:
is the formation of vacuoles or vacuole-like structures, within or adjacent to cells. It is an unspecific sign of disease.
2422:
1787:
584:
Vacuoles in fungal cells perform similar functions to those in plants and there can be more than one vacuole per cell. In
3141:
2728:
2243:
1609:
937:"Acceleration of vacuolar regeneration and cell growth by overexpression of an aquaporin NtTIP1;1 in tobacco BY-2 cells"
104:
3223:
2977:
88:
342:
In seeds, storing proteins needed for germination (these are kept in 'protein bodies', which are modified vacuoles).
2957:
1286:"Tonoplast-located GmCLC1 and GmNHX1 from soybean enhance NaCl tolerance in transgenic bright yellow (BY)-2 cells"
3107:
498:
which the cell can use to transport nutrients into or out of the vacuole. The low pH of the vacuole also allows
3245:
3090:
2140:
1782:
585:
574:
273:
207:
400:
is pinched off, leaving the engulfed material in the membrane-enclosed vacuole and the cell membrane intact.
1747:
336:
Allowing plants to support structures such as leaves and flowers due to the pressure of the central vacuole
3294:
3075:
2999:
1722:
3299:
3240:
1986:
1772:
1665:
862:
694:
1401:"Rab8a regulates the exocyst-mediated kiss-and-run discharge of the Dictyostelium contractile vacuole"
2962:
2814:
2486:
2045:
2019:
1116:
597:
310:
154:
3132:
2677:
1645:
1457:
1260:
1077:
1071:
670:
495:
253:
276:
applied the term for plant cells, to distinguish the structure with cell sap from the rest of the
3070:
2935:
2804:
2713:
2405:
2191:
2087:
1540:
1493:
1233:
1073:
Function and evolution of the vacuolar compartment in green algae and land plants (Viridiplantae)
499:
827:
Spallanzani L (1776). "Observations et expériences faites sur les
Animalicules des Infusions".
440:
3289:
3228:
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1969:
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1558:
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1184:
1164:
1099:
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743:
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242:
370:
In animal cells, vacuoles perform mostly subordinate roles, assisting in larger processes of
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2135:
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1633:
1553:
1512:
1433:
1400:
1179:
857:
Schleiden MJ (1842). "GrundzĂŒge der wissenschaftlichen
Botanik". Leipzig: W. Engelmann.
710:
605:
542:
218:
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109:
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2303:
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1896:
1868:
1846:
1839:
1819:
1759:
1675:
1660:
1458:"The contractile vacuole complex of protists â New cues to function and biogenesis"
1367:
1010:
682:
554:
397:
393:
99:
72:
40:
1576:
573:
if the vacuole is broken. A similar reaction is responsible for the production of
1473:
1044:
1027:
890:
3009:
2994:
2989:
2925:
2787:
2567:
2538:
2437:
2432:
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2120:
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2100:
1998:
1964:
1891:
1886:
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609:
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593:
546:
445:
401:
375:
257:
49:
3038:
3031:
3021:
3004:
2687:
2682:
2618:
2410:
2257:
2216:
2110:
1993:
1933:
1926:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1856:
1802:
1792:
1742:
1737:
1727:
661:) are transported into the vacuole to isolate them from the rest of the cell.
522:
461:
453:
412:
392:
Endocytosis is the reverse of exocytosis and can occur in a variety of forms.
371:
351:
277:
211:
138:
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1424:
772:
3146:
3043:
2772:
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2014:
1976:
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127:
123:
67:
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1103:
1053:
962:
17:
1385:
935:
Okubo-Kurihara E, Sano T, Higaki T, Kutsuna N, Hasezawa S (January 2009).
423:
The vacuole probably evolved several times independently, even within the
3188:
3178:
3122:
3117:
2884:
2757:
2733:
2650:
2320:
2105:
1959:
1715:
1700:
1695:
953:
936:
550:
359:
261:
230:
133:
77:
1528:
976:
Matile P (1993). "Chapter 18: Vacuoles, discovery of lysosomal origin".
916:
de Vries H (1885). "Plasmolytische
Studien ĂŒber die Wand der Vakuolen".
513:
Aside from storage, the main role of the central vacuole is to maintain
510:
have many small vacuoles in the winter and one large one in the summer.
59:
2373:
2368:
2275:
1981:
1881:
1834:
1544:
698:
690:
570:
561:, then the two chemicals can react forming toxic chemicals. In garlic,
538:
238:
234:
222:
119:
742:(Twentieth ed.). Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company. p. 2287.
408:
which complete the breakdown of the material which has been engulfed.
2826:
2718:
2672:
2638:
2592:
2582:
2543:
2481:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2061:
1824:
632:
562:
514:
487:
417:
314:
226:
215:
1204:"Taking possession: biogenesis of the Salmonella-containing vacuole"
1251:
Alberts B, Johnson B, Lewis A, Raff J, Roberts K, Walter P (2008).
842:
Dujardin F (1841). "Histoire naturelle des zoophytes: Infusoires".
3050:
2984:
2906:
2874:
2831:
2723:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2643:
2628:
2597:
2518:
2176:
2167:
578:
439:
355:
300:
Isolating materials that might be harmful or a threat to the cell
2901:
2896:
2548:
2388:
2363:
2358:
2342:
2313:
2201:
647:
589:
525:) control the flow of water into and out of the vacuole through
321:
2034:
1605:
1284:
Li WY, Wong FL, Tsai SN, Phang TH, Shao G, Lam HM (June 2006).
2821:
2383:
1954:
534:
1076:. International Review of Cytology. Vol. 264. pp.
494:, while making the vacuolar interior more acidic creating a
416:
is able to survive and reproduce in the vacuoles of several
192:
1352:"The fungal vacuole: composition, function, and biogenesis"
491:
325:
195:
767:. Microbiology Monographs. Vol. 1. pp. 295â298.
2030:
186:
1513:"The Fine Structure of the Contractile Vacuole in Ameba"
796:
Brooker RJ, Widmaier EP, Graham LE, Stiling PD (2007).
490:
from the cytosol to the vacuole stabilizes cytoplasmic
980:. Vol. 1. World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd.
1259:(Fifth ed.). New York: Garland Science. p.
189:
1151:
Reggiori F (2006). "Membrane Origin for
Autophagy".
600:. They are involved in many processes including the
198:
183:
3207:
3171:
3061:
2934:
2850:
2746:
2696:
2421:
2351:
2294:
2256:
2230:
2166:
2086:
2007:
1942:
1867:
1758:
1644:
1517:
The
Journal of Biophysical and Biochemical Cytology
895:. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press. p. 101.
180:
39:
1000:. Plantbiology.unibas.ch. Retrieved on 2011-09-02.
802:(First ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp.
735:
27:Membrane-bound organelle in cells containing fluid
1350:Klionsky DJ, Herman PK, Emr SD (September 1990).
1153:Current Topics in Developmental Biology Volume 74
471:A vacuole is surrounded by a membrane called the
1202:Knodler LA, Steele-Mortimer O (September 2003).
616:and degradative processes. Toxic ions, such as
537:into and out of the vacuolar interior. Due to
2046:
1617:
1511:Pappas, George D.; Brandt, Philip W. (1958).
892:Plant Cell Biology: From Astronomy to Zoology
8:
3152:International Association for Plant Taxonomy
264:, although mistaken for respiratory organs.
506:contain small provacuoles and cells of the
333:Exporting unwanted substances from the cell
2253:
2053:
2039:
2031:
1624:
1610:
1602:
1065:
1063:
604:of cell pH and the concentration of ions,
1552:
1432:
1375:
1329:(3rd ed.). Sinauer. pp. 13â14.
1301:
1219:
1178:
1043:
1026:Jezbera J, HornĂĄk K, Simek K (May 2005).
952:
287:named the vacuole membrane as tonoplast.
3096:International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)
161:
153:
726:
871:
860:
596:structure that can rapidly modify its
36:
738:Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary
64:Components of a typical animal cell:
7:
763:Schulz-Vogt HN (2006). "Vacuoles".
697:, a protozoan parasite that causes
521:. Proteins found in the tonoplast (
346:Vacuoles also play a major role in
25:
3101:ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)
844:Librairie Encyclopédique de Roret
256:("stars") were first observed by
3264:
3263:
1462:Critical Reviews in Microbiology
1303:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2005.01487.x
1221:10.1034/j.1600-0854.2003.00118.x
569:are normally separated but form
456:, in cells that have plasmolyzed
350:, maintaining a balance between
176:
58:
1456:Plattner, Helmut (2015-04-03).
1155:. Vol. 74. pp. 1â30.
468:often run through the vacuole.
306:Containing water in plant cells
32:vesicle (biology and chemistry)
1368:10.1128/MMBR.54.3.266-292.1990
1136:William F. Ganong, MD (2003).
420:species after being engulfed.
268:(1841) named these "stars" as
1:
1788:Microtubule organizing center
1405:Molecular Biology of the Cell
1290:Plant, Cell & Environment
1255:Molecular Biology of the Cell
1161:10.1016/S0070-2153(06)74001-7
1086:10.1016/S0074-7696(07)64001-7
3142:History of plant systematics
2729:Thorns, spines, and prickles
1474:10.3109/1040841X.2013.821650
1138:Review of medical physiology
1117:Plant cells vs. Animal cells
1045:10.1016/j.femsec.2004.12.001
978:Discoveries in Plant Biology
105:Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
941:Plant & Cell Physiology
89:Rough endoplasmic reticulum
3316:
2958:Alternation of generations
689:) are organelles found in
330:Containing small molecules
29:
3259:
3108:Cultivated plant taxonomy
3071:Biological classification
2068:
1325:Taiz L, Zeiger E (2002).
1032:FEMS Microbiology Ecology
765:Inclusions in Prokaryotes
303:Containing waste products
57:
48:
2968:Evolutionary development
1783:Prokaryotic cytoskeleton
1577:"Food vacuole | biology"
773:10.1007/3-540-33774-1_10
575:syn-propanethial-S-oxide
208:membrane-bound organelle
126:; with which, comprises
30:Not to be confused with
2619:Hypanthium (Floral cup)
1581:Encyclopedia Britannica
1417:10.1091/mbc.e11-06-0576
1356:Microbiological Reviews
3234:by author abbreviation
3158:Plant taxonomy systems
3076:Botanical nomenclature
870:Cite journal requires
457:
167:
159:
3241:Botanical expeditions
1773:Intermediate filament
1666:Endoplasmic reticulum
829:L'Ăcole Polytechnique
695:Plasmodium falciparum
517:pressure against the
448:-storing vacuoles of
443:
309:Maintaining internal
166:Animal cell structure
165:
157:
122:(fluid that contains
2973:Evolutionary history
2963:Double fertilization
2815:Cellular respiration
2020:Extracellular matrix
1126:. Biology-Online.org
311:hydrostatic pressure
254:Contractile vacuoles
210:which is present in
158:Plant cell structure
2192:Non-vascular plants
1723:Cytoplasmic granule
1529:10.1083/jcb.4.4.485
671:contractile vacuole
588:cells the vacuole (
500:degradative enzymes
496:proton motive force
80:(dots as part of 5)
51:Animal cell diagram
2697:Surface structures
2492:Flower development
1748:WeibelâPalade body
1632:Structures of the
1122:2019-02-01 at the
996:2013-12-06 at the
954:10.1093/pcp/pcn181
479:. Also called the
458:
168:
160:
3277:
3276:
2916:Herbaceous plants
2742:
2741:
2028:
2027:
1808:Spindle pole body
1270:978-0-8153-4111-6
1070:Becker B (2007).
813:978-0-07-326807-1
782:978-3-540-26205-3
687:digestive vacuole
481:vacuolar membrane
152:
151:
16:(Redirected from
3307:
3267:
3266:
3246:Individual trees
2921:Secondary growth
2892:Succulent plants
2880:Prostrate shrubs
2763:Apical dominance
2748:Plant physiology
2709:Epicuticular wax
2254:
2247:
2238:Plant morphology
2055:
2048:
2041:
2032:
1626:
1619:
1612:
1603:
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1587:
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1567:
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1556:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1436:
1411:(7): 1267â1282.
1396:
1390:
1389:
1379:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1327:Plant Physiology
1322:
1316:
1315:
1305:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1258:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1223:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1182:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1140:(21st ed.).
1133:
1127:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1067:
1058:
1057:
1047:
1023:
1017:
1011:food vacuole in
1009:For example the
1007:
1001:
988:
982:
981:
973:
967:
966:
956:
932:
926:
925:
918:Jahrb. Wiss. Bot
913:
907:
906:
889:Wayne R (2009).
886:
880:
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873:
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854:
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833:
832:
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818:
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793:
787:
786:
760:
754:
753:
741:
734:Venes D (2001).
731:
660:
659:
658:
645:
644:
643:
630:
629:
628:
527:active transport
508:vascular cambium
364:Robert B. Mellor
205:
204:
201:
200:
197:
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191:
188:
185:
182:
96:(or, Golgi body)
62:
52:
43:
37:
21:
3315:
3314:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3273:
3255:
3224:Botanical terms
3217:
3203:
3167:
3113:Citrus taxonomy
3091:Author citation
3057:
2951:
2930:
2852:
2846:
2842:Turgor pressure
2750:
2738:
2692:
2507:Floral symmetry
2425:
2417:
2347:
2336:Vascular bundle
2331:Vascular tissue
2290:
2250:
2241:
2240:
2226:
2197:Vascular plants
2162:
2158:Plant pathology
2082:
2064:
2059:
2029:
2024:
2003:
1938:
1863:
1754:
1671:Golgi apparatus
1647:
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1149:
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1135:
1134:
1130:
1124:Wayback Machine
1115:
1111:
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998:Wayback Machine
989:
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627:
625:
624:
623:
621:
565:and the enzyme
450:Rhoeo spathacea
438:
433:
386:Golgi apparatus
320:Maintaining an
317:within the cell
293:
251:
179:
175:
148:
94:Golgi apparatus
50:
41:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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3303:
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3297:
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3214:Related topics
3212:
3208:
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3163:Taxonomic rank
3160:
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3139:
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3137:
3136:
3135:
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3115:
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3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3081:Botanical name
3073:
3067:
3065:
3063:Plant taxonomy
3059:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3047:
3046:
3039:Megasporangium
3036:
3035:
3034:
3027:Microsporangia
3019:
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2865:Cushion plants
2856:
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2839:
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2800:Plant hormones
2797:
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2783:Photosynthesis
2780:
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2509:
2504:
2502:Floral formula
2499:
2497:Floral diagram
2494:
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2478:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2460:
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2426:(incl. Flower)
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2212:Spermatophytes
2209:
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2199:
2194:
2189:
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2182:Archaeplastida
2179:
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2145:
2144:
2143:
2136:Phytogeography
2133:
2131:Phytochemistry
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2092:
2090:
2088:Subdisciplines
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2023:
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2017:
2011:
2009:
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2002:
2001:
1996:
1991:
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1984:
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1943:Other internal
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1621:
1614:
1606:
1599:
1598:External links
1596:
1593:
1592:
1568:
1523:(4): 485â488.
1503:
1468:(2): 218â227.
1448:
1391:
1342:
1335:
1317:
1296:(6): 1122â37.
1276:
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1143:
1128:
1109:
1094:
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1002:
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872:|journal=
849:
834:
831:. Paris: 1920.
819:
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781:
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711:histopathology
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705:Histopathology
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606:osmoregulation
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24:
14:
13:
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3:
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3295:Plant anatomy
3293:
3291:
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3199:Phytochemical
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2837:Transpiration
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2624:Inflorescence
2622:
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2309:Ground tissue
2307:
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2232:Plant anatomy
2229:
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2200:
2198:
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2180:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2172:
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2165:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2153:Plant ecology
2151:
2149:
2148:Plant anatomy
2146:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
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2102:
2099:
2097:
2096:Archaeobotany
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2018:
2016:
2013:
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1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1947:
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1941:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1917:Proteinoplast
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1877:Mitochondrion
1875:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1869:Endosymbionts
1866:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1852:Lamellipodium
1850:
1849:
1848:
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1768:Microfilament
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1681:Autophagosome
1679:
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1669:
1667:
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1656:Cell membrane
1654:
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1362:(3): 266â92.
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1214:(9): 587â99.
1213:
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1170:9780121531744
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1095:9780123742636
1091:
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1038:(3): 351â63.
1037:
1033:
1029:
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1019:
1015:
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1006:
1003:
999:
995:
992:
991:Thomas Boller
987:
984:
979:
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969:
964:
960:
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950:
947:(1): 151â60.
946:
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902:9780080921273
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756:
751:
749:0-9762548-3-2
745:
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739:
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727:
720:
718:
716:
715:vacuolization
712:
704:
702:
700:
696:
692:
688:
685:(also called
684:
683:Food vacuoles
677:
675:
672:
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662:
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615:
614:polyphosphate
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603:
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486:Transport of
484:
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435:
430:
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425:Viridiplantae
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19:
3300:Cell anatomy
3194:Horticulture
3184:Floriculture
3086:Correct name
2936:Reproduction
2926:Woody plants
2851:Plant growth
2810:Gas Exchange
2795:Phytomelanin
2673:Plant embryo
2423:Reproductive
2285:
2271:Phragmoplast
1897:Gerontoplast
1847:Pseudopodium
1840:Radial spoke
1820:Undulipodium
1760:Cytoskeleton
1710:
1676:Parenthesome
1584:. Retrieved
1580:
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921:
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911:
891:
884:
863:cite journal
852:
843:
837:
828:
822:
798:
791:
764:
758:
737:
729:
708:
686:
681:
668:
583:
555:chloroplasts
512:
485:
480:
476:
472:
470:
460:Most mature
459:
449:
422:
411:
410:
398:invagination
394:Phagocytosis
391:
383:
380:
369:
345:
294:
282:
269:
252:
171:
169:
114:
100:Cytoskeleton
42:Cell biology
3010:Pollen tube
3005:Pollinators
2995:Pollination
2990:Germination
2805:Respiration
2788:Chlorophyll
2634:Pedicellate
2568:Gametophyte
2487:Aestivation
2438:Antheridium
2433:Archegonium
2281:Plasmodesma
2258:Plant cells
2121:Paleobotany
2116:Ethnobotany
2101:Astrobotany
1999:Magnetosome
1965:Spliceosome
1892:Chromoplast
1887:Chloroplast
1778:Microtubule
665:Contractile
610:amino acids
602:homeostasis
462:plant cells
446:anthocyanin
402:Pinocytosis
376:endocytosis
272:. In 1842,
258:Spallanzani
18:Vacuolation
3284:Categories
3032:Microspore
3022:Sporangium
3000:Artificial
2688:Sporophyte
2683:Sporophyll
2678:Receptacle
2573:Gynandrium
2443:Androecium
2352:Vegetative
2222:Angiosperm
2217:Gymnosperm
2111:Dendrology
1994:Proteasome
1987:Inclusions
1934:Nitroplast
1927:Apicoplast
1912:Elaioplast
1907:Amyloplast
1902:Leucoplast
1857:Filopodium
1803:Basal body
1793:Centrosome
1743:Peroxisome
1738:Glyoxysome
1728:Melanosome
1638:organelles
1586:2021-02-21
1013:Plasmodium
924:: 465â598.
721:References
608:, storing
598:morphology
547:plasmolyze
529:, pumping
523:aquaporins
454:spiderwort
413:Salmonella
372:exocytosis
352:biogenesis
278:protoplasm
260:(1776) in
139:Centrosome
124:organelles
3229:Botanists
3147:Herbarium
3044:Megaspore
2942:Evolution
2885:Subshrubs
2853:and habit
2778:Nutrition
2773:Cellulose
2768:Bulk flow
2751:Materials
2714:Epidermis
2578:Gynoecium
2559:Endosperm
2554:Dispersal
2470:Staminode
2406:Sessility
2394:Cataphyll
2314:Mesophyll
2266:Cell wall
2207:Lycophyte
2187:Bryophyte
2141:Geobotany
2126:Phycology
2015:Cell wall
1977:Cytoplasm
1950:Nucleolus
1922:Tannosome
1830:Flagellum
1815:Myofibril
1798:Centriole
1733:Microbody
1706:Phagosome
1537:0095-9901
1482:1040-841X
1425:1059-1524
678:Digestive
618:strontium
581:are cut.
567:alliinase
559:herbivore
551:expansins
531:potassium
519:cell wall
504:meristems
473:tonoplast
466:cytoplasm
406:lysosomes
348:autophagy
324:internal
283:In 1885,
274:Schleiden
249:Discovery
231:bacterial
221:and some
128:cytoplasm
68:Nucleolus
3290:Vesicles
3269:Category
3189:Forestry
3179:Agronomy
3172:Practice
3123:Cultivar
3118:Cultigen
2978:timeline
2870:Rosettes
2758:Aleurone
2734:Trichome
2651:Perianth
2463:Filament
2321:Meristem
2244:glossary
2106:Bryology
2008:External
1960:Ribosome
1716:Acrosome
1701:Endosome
1696:Lysosome
1563:13563556
1498:11384111
1490:23919298
1443:22323285
1312:17080938
1238:25646573
1230:12911813
1189:16860663
1120:Archived
1104:17964920
1054:16329920
994:Archived
963:19042915
846:. Paris.
691:Ciliates
477:cell sap
360:bacteria
291:Function
285:de Vries
270:vacuoles
266:Dujardin
262:protozoa
243:vesicles
239:solution
134:Lysosome
78:Ribosome
2947:Ecology
2704:Cuticle
2534:Capsule
2524:Anatomy
2475:Tapetum
2399:Petiole
2374:Rhizome
2369:Rhizoid
2296:Tissues
2286:Vacuole
2276:Plastid
2078:Outline
2073:History
1982:Cytosol
1882:Plastid
1835:Axoneme
1711:Vacuole
1691:Exosome
1686:Vesicle
1661:Nucleus
1554:2224495
1545:1603216
1434:3315810
1386:2215422
1208:Traffic
1180:7112310
799:Biology
699:Malaria
646:), and
594:dynamic
592:) is a
571:allicin
539:osmosis
488:protons
436:Central
235:enzymes
223:protist
206:) is a
172:vacuole
120:Cytosol
115:Vacuole
84:Vesicle
73:Nucleus
3251:Plants
3154:(IAPT)
2907:Lianas
2875:Shrubs
2827:Starch
2719:Nectar
2639:Raceme
2605:Stigma
2593:Locule
2583:Carpel
2544:Pyrena
2482:Flower
2458:Anther
2453:Stamen
2448:Pollen
2170:groups
2062:Botany
1825:Cilium
1648:system
1561:
1551:
1543:
1535:
1496:
1488:
1480:
1441:
1431:
1423:
1384:
1377:372777
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1333:
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1177:
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1102:
1092:
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961:
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810:
779:
746:
693:, and
650:(II) (
635:(II) (
633:cobalt
579:onions
563:alliin
515:turgor
418:mammal
322:acidic
315:turgor
229:, and
227:animal
216:fungal
3211:Lists
3128:Group
3051:Spore
2985:Flora
2902:Vines
2897:Trees
2860:Habit
2832:Sugar
2724:Stoma
2666:Sepal
2661:Petal
2656:Tepal
2644:Umbel
2629:Bract
2610:Style
2598:Ovule
2588:Ovary
2529:Berry
2519:Fruit
2512:Whorl
2379:Shoot
2177:Algae
2168:Plant
1970:Vault
1541:JSTOR
1494:S2CID
1234:S2CID
586:yeast
577:when
545:will
431:Types
356:lysis
219:cells
212:plant
3133:Grex
3015:Self
2549:Seed
2411:Stem
2389:Leaf
2364:Root
2359:Bulb
2343:Wood
2304:Cork
2202:Fern
1634:cell
1559:PMID
1533:ISSN
1486:PMID
1478:ISSN
1439:PMID
1421:ISSN
1382:PMID
1331:ISBN
1308:PMID
1265:ISBN
1226:PMID
1185:PMID
1165:ISBN
1100:PMID
1090:ISBN
1078:1â24
1050:PMID
959:PMID
897:ISBN
876:help
808:ISBN
777:ISBN
744:ISBN
648:lead
612:and
590:Vac7
543:cell
535:ions
533:(K)
452:, a
444:The
374:and
362:and
214:and
2822:Sap
2539:Nut
2384:Bud
1955:RNA
1549:PMC
1525:doi
1470:doi
1429:PMC
1413:doi
1372:PMC
1364:doi
1298:doi
1261:781
1216:doi
1175:PMC
1157:doi
1082:doi
1040:doi
949:doi
769:doi
709:In
631:),
313:or
237:in
193:juË
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492:pH
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326:pH
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