233:." "VMH dysfunction promotes excessive caloric intake and decreased caloric expenditure, leading to continuous and unrelenting weight gain. Attempts at caloric restriction or pharmacotherapy with adrenergic or serotonergic agents have previously met with little or only brief success in treating this syndrome." The vagus nerve is thought to be one key mediator of these effects, as lesions lead to chronic elevations in insulin secretion, promoting energy storage in adipocytes. Vagotomy may have an impact upon
216:(VMH), the brain's feeding and satiety centers, respectively. Animals with lesioned VMH will gain weight even in the face of severe restrictions imposed on their food intake, because they no longer provide the signaling needed to turn off energy storage and facilitate energy burning. In humans, the VMH is sometimes injured by ongoing treatment for
29:
265:, or at least that PUD was made worse by hyperacidity. Vagotomy was a way to reduce the acidity of the stomach, by denervating the parietal cells that produce acid. This was done with the hope that it would treat or prevent peptic ulcers. It also had the effect of reducing or eliminating symptoms of
126:
Vagotomy can be used in the surgical management of peptic (duodenal and gastric) ulcer disease (PUD). Vagotomy was once commonly performed to treat and prevent PUD; however, with the availability of excellent acid secretion control with H2 receptor antagonists, such as cimetidine, ranitidine, and
138:
Highly selective vagotomy includes denervation of only the fundus and body (parietal cell-containing areas) of the stomach (also called parietal cell vagotomy). It preserves the nerve supply of the antrum and pylorus; a pyloric drainage procedure is not needed. It does not denervate the liver,
134:
Truncal vagotomy (TV) includes division of the main trunk of the vagus (including its celiac/hepatic branch) and denervation of the pylorus; therefore, a pyloric drainage procedure, such as pyloric dilatation or disruption (pyloromyotomy or pyloroplasty) or gastrojejunostomy, is needed. This
150:(removal of the distal half of the stomach) to reduce the rate of recurrence. Reconstruction is performed with gastroduodenostomy (Billroth I) or gastrojejunostomy (Billroth II). It is left intact in highly selective vagotomy so the function of gastric emptying remains intact.
224:
tumors. With the VMH disabled and no longer responding to peripheral energy balance signals, "fferent sympathetic activity drops, resulting in malaise and reduced energy expenditure, and vagal activity increases, resulting in increased
1113:
158:
Truncal vagotomy is a treatment option for chronic duodenal ulcers. It was once considered the gold standard, but is now usually reserved for patients who have failed the first-line "triple therapy" against
820:
1106:
127:
famotidine, and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), such as pantoprazole, rabeprazole, omeprazole, and lansoprazole, the need for surgical management of peptic ulcer disease has greatly decreased.
620:
Lustig, Robert H.; Pamela S. Hinds; Karen
Ringwald-Smith; Robbin K. Christensen; Sue C. Kaste; Randi E. Schreiber; Shesh N. Rai; Shelly Y. Lensing; Shengjie Wu; Xiaoping Xiong (June 2003).
1099:
879:
Lygidakis NJ (March 1984). "Posterior truncal vagotomy and anterior curve superficial seromyotomy as an alternative for the surgical management of chronic ulcer of the duodenum".
1264:
831:(1 Supplement). 2008 Scientific Session of the Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA, 9–12 April 2008: 191–293.
485:
Chang TM, Chan DC, Liu YC, Tsou SS, Chen TH (April 2001). "Long-term results of duodenectomy with highly selective vagotomy in the treatment of complicated duodenal ulcers".
2165:
1936:
1897:
1962:
1967:
1257:
237:. In an open-label, prospective study of 30 obese patients (26 women), response has been variable; the intervention has generally been safe, although
1703:
1082:
1860:
204:, a region of the brain central to the regulation of food intake and energy expenditure. The circuit begins with an area of the hypothalamus, the
520:
Siu WT, Tang CN, Law BK, Chau CH, Yau KK, Yang GP, Li MK (October 2004). "Vagotomy and gastrojejunostomy for benign gastric outlet obstruction".
44:
1415:
1250:
1043:
1070:
1464:
302:
efficiently from food, and injections or large oral doses of the vitamin may be required after such a procedure in certain populations.
1902:
2160:
2155:
1186:
711:
555:
Wyman A, Stuart RC, Ng EK, Chung SC, Li AK (June 1996). "Laparoscopic truncal vagotomy and gastroenterostomy for pyloric stenosis".
1058:
1693:
1400:
1351:
1221:
1374:
1782:
1526:
321:"Twenty years after parietal cell vagotomy or selective vagotomy antrectomy for treatment of duodenal ulcer. Final report"
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1767:
1594:
1540:
1471:
1300:
1291:
1209:
865:
403:
217:
1336:
143:
All types of vagotomy can be performed at open surgery (laparotomy) or using minimally invasive surgery (laparoscopy).
1957:
1792:
123:
in place to ensure the emptying function of the stomach remains intact). It is one of the treatments of peptic ulcer.
1865:
1787:
1655:
1514:
1168:
186:
2053:
1843:
1757:
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2002:
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1031:
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51:
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2012:
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1395:
1242:
266:
221:
590:
2126:
1941:
1405:
1274:
1204:
779:
139:
biliary tree, pancreas, or small and large bowel. This procedure is also called proximal gastric vagotomy.
2201:
2101:
2031:
1887:
1481:
1442:
1079:
859:
178:
2170:
1698:
821:"Laparoscopic Truncal Vagotomy for Weight-loss: A Prospective, Dual-center Safety and Efficacy Study"
258:
209:
197:
119:
refers to denervation of only those branches supplying the lower esophagus and stomach (leaving the
2073:
1997:
1892:
1797:
1772:
1688:
1683:
1627:
1422:
279:
161:
86:
1567:
1410:
840:
622:"Octreotide therapy of pediatric hypothalamic obesity: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial"
2133:
2017:
1979:
1825:
1735:
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1449:
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988:
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888:
801:
760:
707:
684:
643:
572:
537:
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467:
380:
350:
269:
in those who suffered from it. The incidence of vagotomy decreased following the discovery by
120:
39:
959:"Proximal gastric vagotomy. The preferred operation for perforations in acute duodenal ulcer"
908:"Immediate definitive surgery for perforated duodenal ulcers: a prospective controlled trial"
2137:
1974:
1380:
1216:
978:
970:
929:
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110:
2175:
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1931:
1926:
1713:
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1549:
1501:
1231:
1086:
1074:
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427:
205:
106:
1050:
819:
Boss, Thad J; Jeffrey Peters; Marco G Patti; Robert H Lustig; John G Kral (April 2008).
2180:
2007:
1870:
1815:
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1491:
1385:
1326:
1309:
1176:
1055:
983:
958:
934:
907:
755:
728:
345:
320:
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166:
135:
procedure also denervates the liver, biliary tree, pancreas, and small and large bowel.
113:. Other techniques focus on branches leading from the retroperitoneum to the stomach.
679:
662:
568:
498:
2195:
2091:
1820:
1750:
1486:
1321:
1181:
1131:
974:
925:
336:
174:
1027:
729:"Hypothalamic obesity after craniopharyngioma: mechanisms, diagnosis, and treatment"
2068:
1882:
1777:
1762:
1617:
1226:
957:
Boey J, Branicki FJ, Alagaratnam TT, Fok PJ, Choi S, Poon A, Wong J (August 1988).
844:
274:
230:
201:
253:
Vagotomy was once popular as a way of treating and preventing PUD and subsequent
57:
2058:
1914:
1877:
1745:
1740:
1725:
1589:
1476:
1459:
1437:
1427:
1331:
1143:
288:
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can be treated much less invasively. One potential side effect of vagotomy is a
170:
90:
372:
2121:
2063:
2040:
1807:
1675:
1454:
1432:
1158:
836:
182:
147:
1006:
745:
33:
Course and distribution of the glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory nerves.
1918:
1721:
1632:
1622:
1579:
1509:
1313:
533:
462:
445:
432:
1038:
805:
780:"Vagotomy dissociates short- and long-term controls of circulating ghrelin"
764:
688:
647:
638:
621:
541:
506:
471:
384:
992:
943:
892:
576:
354:
298:
production can be impaired. Intrinsic factor is needed to absorb vitamin B
1989:
1730:
796:
261:
was thought to be due to excess secretion of the acid environment in the
67:
1366:
1153:
262:
234:
226:
193:
94:
82:
522:
2083:
1647:
28:
1852:
1135:
663:"Obesity wars: Molecular progress confronts an expanding epidemic"
906:
Boey J, Lee NW, Koo J, Lam PH, Wong J, Ong GB (September 1982).
404:"Highly Selective Vagotomy - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
1246:
1095:
778:
Williams DL, Grill HJ, Cummings DE, Kaplan JM (December 2003).
245:(n=3), wound infection (n=2), other (n=5), and diarrhea (n=6).
146:
For the management of PUD, vagotomy is sometimes combined with
371:
Seeras, Kevin; Qasawa, Ryan N.; Prakash, Shivana (2021),
591:"Could nerve-snipping spur weight loss? - USATODAY.com"
704:
Medical physiologya: A cellular and molecular approach
1051:
Overview and illustrations at surgeryencyclopedia.com
294:
deficiency. As vagotomy decreases gastric secretion,
109:
innervation of the stomach and the left side of the
2146:
2114:
2082:
2039:
2030:
1988:
1913:
1851:
1842:
1806:
1712:
1674:
1646:
1608:
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1539:
1500:
1365:
1308:
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1197:
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1130:
50:
38:
21:
626:Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
379:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
283:is responsible for most peptic ulcers, because
200:out from the hunger and satiety centers of the
1898:Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt
1258:
1107:
702:Boulpaep, Emile L.; Boron, Walter F. (2003).
615:
613:
611:
446:"Surgical management of peptic ulcer disease"
428:Surgical Treatment of Perforated Peptic Ulcer
8:
196:was being studied. The vagus nerve provides
2036:
1848:
1545:
1305:
1296:
1265:
1251:
1243:
1114:
1100:
1092:
27:
1030:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
982:
933:
795:
754:
744:
678:
637:
461:
344:
105:A plain vagotomy eliminates afferent and
1704:Transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization
706:. Philadelphia: Saunders. p. 1227.
1861:Artificial extracorporeal liver support
319:Jordan PH, Thornby J (September 1994).
311:
185:). It is also used in the treatment of
857:
18:
192:In 2007 the use of vagotomy to treat
7:
1416:Vertical banded gastroplasty surgery
366:
364:
1465:Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy
1273:Tests and procedures involving the
1122:Tests and procedures involving the
63:
1903:Distal splenorenal shunt procedure
1056:Four types, at endoscopy-sages.com
727:Lustig, Robert H (November 2011).
14:
1187:Endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy
220:or surgery or radiation to treat
130:The basic types of vagotomy are:
975:10.1097/00000658-198808000-00006
926:10.1097/00000658-198209000-00013
337:10.1097/00000658-199409000-00005
1694:Lateral internal sphincterotomy
331:(3): 283–93, discussion 293–6.
1401:Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty
1352:Functional Lumen Imaging Probe
1222:Magnetic resonance neurography
1080:News article — interview
1011:pernicious-anaemia-society.org
1:
1783:Lower gastrointestinal series
1527:Upper gastrointestinal series
680:10.1016/S0092-8674(03)01081-X
569:10.1016/S0002-9610(95)00030-5
499:10.1016/S0002-9610(01)00580-3
2049:Diagnostic peritoneal lavage
1768:Double-contrast barium enema
1595:Partial ileal bypass surgery
1472:Esophagogastric dissociation
1210:Repetitive nerve stimulation
450:East African Medical Journal
444:Kuremu RT (September 2002).
218:acute lymphoblastic leukemia
165:infection: two antibiotics (
1866:Bioartificial liver devices
1793:Transrectal ultrasonography
733:Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)
557:American Journal of Surgery
487:American Journal of Surgery
2218:
1788:Small-bowel follow-through
1656:Abdominoperineal resection
1515:Esophagogastroduodenoscopy
1169:Sympathetic nervous system
1068:Overview at healthatoz.com
208:, that has outputs to the
187:gastric outlet obstruction
2148:Clinical prediction rules
2054:Intraperitoneal injection
1758:Abdominal ultrasonography
1666:Total mesorectal excision
1585:Intestine transplantation
1375:Sengstaken–Blakemore tube
1357:High resolution manometry
1347:Esophageal motility study
1281:
1124:peripheral nervous system
837:10.1007/s00464-008-9822-2
214:ventromedial hypothalamus
117:Highly selective vagotomy
93:. It is performed in the
64:
26:
2003:Pancreas transplantation
1661:Lower anterior resection
1342:Esophageal pH monitoring
1284:Digestive system surgery
1032:Medical Subject Headings
864:: CS1 maint: location (
746:10.3389/fendo.2011.00060
243:gastric dumping syndrome
198:efferent nervous signals
85:procedure that involves
2097:Inguinal hernia surgery
2013:Pancreaticoduodenectomy
1396:Adjustable gastric band
1337:Impedance–pH monitoring
534:10.1089/lap.2004.14.266
463:10.4314/eamj.v79i9.9115
267:gastroesophageal reflux
222:posterior cranial fossa
2127:Exploratory laparotomy
1942:Hepatoportoenterostomy
1406:Gastric bypass surgery
1275:human digestive system
1205:Nerve conduction study
639:10.1210/jc.2002-030003
2102:Femoral hernia repair
1888:Liver transplantation
1482:Nissen fundoplication
408:www.sciencedirect.com
179:proton pump inhibitor
1699:Rubber band ligation
1638:Hartmann's operation
797:10.1210/en.2003-1059
210:lateral hypothalamus
2074:Peritoneal dialysis
1893:Portal hypertension
1798:Virtual colonoscopy
1773:Endoanal ultrasound
1689:Anorectal manometry
1684:Anal sphincterotomy
1628:Colonic polypectomy
1423:Collis gastroplasty
881:Surg Gynecol Obstet
162:Helicobacter pylori
1568:Jejunoileal bypass
1411:Sleeve gastrectomy
1085:2010-07-29 at the
1073:2006-03-14 at the
1061:2016-11-09 at the
825:Surgical Endoscopy
373:"Truncal Vagotomy"
255:ulcer perforations
16:Surgical procedure
2189:
2188:
2134:Rapid urease test
2110:
2109:
2026:
2025:
2018:Puestow procedure
1980:Cholescintigraphy
1838:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1826:Stool guaiac test
1736:Capsule endoscopy
1558:Bariatric surgery
1535:
1534:
1450:Gastroenterostomy
1391:Bariatric surgery
1240:
1239:
1136:peripheral nerves
963:Annals of Surgery
913:Annals of Surgery
661:Flier JS (2004).
121:nerve of Latarjet
75:
74:
2209:
2171:Child–Pugh score
2138:Urea breath test
2037:
1998:Frey's procedure
1975:Cholecystography
1849:
1546:
1381:Nasogastric tube
1306:
1297:
1267:
1260:
1253:
1244:
1217:Electromyography
1116:
1109:
1102:
1093:
1015:
1014:
1003:
997:
996:
986:
954:
948:
947:
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903:
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851:
816:
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748:
724:
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658:
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296:intrinsic factor
111:transverse colon
87:removing part of
68:edit on Wikidata
60:
31:
19:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2207:
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2192:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2176:Ranson criteria
2142:
2106:
2078:
2022:
1984:
1953:Cholangiography
1949:Medical imaging
1932:Cholecystostomy
1927:Cholecystectomy
1909:
1830:
1802:
1714:Medical imaging
1708:
1670:
1642:
1604:
1600:Strictureplasty
1575:Bowel resection
1563:Duodenal switch
1531:
1502:Medical imaging
1496:
1361:
1292:Digestive tract
1286:
1277:
1271:
1241:
1236:
1232:Tilt table test
1193:
1163:
1126:
1120:
1087:Wayback Machine
1075:Wayback Machine
1063:Wayback Machine
1024:
1019:
1018:
1005:
1004:
1000:
956:
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951:
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878:
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849:
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813:
777:
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721:
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619:
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401:
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370:
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318:
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251:
206:arcuate nucleus
156:
107:parasympathetic
103:
71:
56:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2215:
2213:
2205:
2204:
2194:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2181:Milan criteria
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2152:
2150:
2144:
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2141:
2140:
2131:
2130:
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2118:
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2108:
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2099:
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2056:
2051:
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2043:
2034:
2032:Abdominopelvic
2028:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2008:Pancreatectomy
2005:
2000:
1994:
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1986:
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1908:
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1900:
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1875:
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1871:Liver dialysis
1868:
1857:
1855:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1829:
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1823:
1818:
1816:Fecal fat test
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1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1554:
1552:
1543:
1541:Lower GI tract
1537:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1529:
1524:
1522:Barium swallow
1519:
1518:
1517:
1506:
1504:
1498:
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1495:
1494:
1492:Schilling test
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1469:
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1457:
1452:
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1440:
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1398:
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1386:Gastric lavage
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1369:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1327:Heller myotomy
1324:
1318:
1316:
1303:
1301:Upper GI tract
1294:
1288:
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1278:
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1247:
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1214:
1213:
1212:
1201:
1199:
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1191:
1190:
1189:
1179:
1177:Ganglionectomy
1173:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1161:
1156:
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1146:
1140:
1138:
1128:
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1022:External links
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1016:
998:
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871:
811:
790:(12): 5184–7.
770:
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653:
632:(6): 2586–92.
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310:
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299:
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271:Barry Marshall
250:
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241:have included
239:adverse events
229:secretion and
167:clarithromycin
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10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2214:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2092:Hernia repair
2090:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1924:
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1920:
1916:
1912:
1904:
1901:
1899:
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1894:
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1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1869:
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1864:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1821:Fecal pH test
1819:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1752:
1751:Sigmoidoscopy
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1720:
1719:
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1711:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
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1681:
1679:
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1673:
1667:
1664:
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1659:
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1636:
1634:
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1607:
1601:
1598:
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1578:
1576:
1573:
1569:
1566:
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1561:
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1559:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1487:Pyloromyotomy
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1456:
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1444:
1441:
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1436:
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1426:
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1417:
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1409:
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1399:
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1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
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1368:
1364:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1322:Esophagectomy
1320:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1268:
1263:
1261:
1256:
1254:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1182:Sympathectomy
1180:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1105:
1103:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1012:
1008:
1002:
999:
994:
990:
985:
980:
976:
972:
969:(2): 169–74.
968:
964:
960:
953:
950:
945:
941:
936:
931:
927:
923:
920:(3): 338–44.
919:
915:
914:
909:
902:
899:
894:
890:
886:
882:
875:
872:
867:
861:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
815:
812:
807:
803:
798:
793:
789:
785:
784:Endocrinology
781:
774:
771:
766:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
738:
734:
730:
723:
720:
715:
713:0-7216-3256-4
709:
705:
698:
695:
690:
686:
681:
676:
673:(2): 337–50.
672:
668:
664:
657:
654:
649:
645:
640:
635:
631:
627:
623:
616:
614:
612:
608:
596:
592:
586:
583:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
551:
548:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
516:
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508:
504:
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481:
478:
473:
469:
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367:
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342:
338:
334:
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322:
315:
312:
305:
303:
297:
293:
286:
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281:
276:
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268:
264:
260:
256:
248:
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236:
232:
228:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
190:
188:
184:
180:
176:
175:metronidazole
172:
168:
164:
163:
153:
151:
149:
144:
137:
133:
132:
131:
128:
124:
122:
118:
114:
112:
108:
100:
98:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
69:
59:
55:
53:
49:
46:
43:
41:
37:
30:
25:
20:
2202:Neurosurgery
2069:Paracentesis
1883:Liver biopsy
1778:Enteroclysis
1763:Defecography
1618:Appendectomy
1227:Nerve biopsy
1148:
1037:
1010:
1001:
966:
962:
952:
917:
911:
901:
887:(3): 251–4.
884:
880:
874:
860:cite journal
848:. Retrieved
828:
824:
814:
787:
783:
773:
736:
732:
722:
703:
697:
670:
666:
656:
629:
625:
599:. Retrieved
597:. 2007-07-02
594:
585:
563:(6): 600–3.
560:
556:
550:
528:(5): 266–9.
525:
521:
515:
493:(4): 372–6.
490:
486:
480:
456:(9): 454–6.
453:
449:
439:
426:
422:
411:. Retrieved
407:
398:
388:, retrieved
376:
328:
324:
314:
284:
278:
275:Robin Warren
252:
231:adipogenesis
202:hypothalamus
191:
160:
157:
154:Applications
145:
142:
129:
125:
116:
115:
104:
78:
76:
2059:Laparoscopy
1915:Gallbladder
1878:Hepatectomy
1808:Stool tests
1746:Proctoscopy
1741:Enteroscopy
1726:Colonoscopy
1610:Large bowel
1590:Jejunostomy
1550:Small bowel
1477:Hill repair
1460:Gastrostomy
1438:Billroth II
1428:Gastrectomy
1332:Sialography
1144:Nerve block
171:amoxicillin
91:vagus nerve
2122:Laparotomy
2064:Omentopexy
2041:Peritoneum
1676:Anal canal
1455:Gastropexy
1433:Billroth I
1159:Neurectomy
739:(60): 60.
601:2010-05-27
413:2021-05-06
390:2021-05-06
377:StatPearls
306:References
183:omeprazole
148:antrectomy
1919:bile duct
1844:Accessory
1722:Endoscopy
1633:Colostomy
1623:Colectomy
1580:Ileostomy
1510:Endoscopy
1443:Roux-en-Y
1314:Esophagus
595:USA Today
433:eMedicine
325:Ann. Surg
289:vitamin B
285:H. pylori
280:H. pylori
212:(LH) and
2196:Category
1990:Pancreas
1731:Anoscopy
1149:Vagotomy
1083:Archived
1071:Archived
1059:Archived
1028:Vagotomy
806:14525914
765:22654817
689:14744442
648:12788859
542:15630940
507:11438277
472:12625684
385:30252360
177:) and a
83:surgical
79:vagotomy
40:ICD-9-CM
22:Vagotomy
1367:Stomach
1154:Axotomy
1132:Cranial
993:3401061
984:1493603
944:7114938
935:1352612
893:6422569
850:17 June
845:2660393
756:3356006
577:8678208
355:8092897
346:1234380
263:stomach
249:History
235:ghrelin
227:insulin
194:obesity
181:(e.g.,
95:abdomen
58:D014628
2084:Hernia
1648:Rectum
1044:CHORUS
1034:(MeSH)
1007:"Home"
991:
981:
942:
932:
891:
843:
804:
763:
753:
710:
687:
646:
575:
540:
505:
470:
383:
353:
343:
2166:UKELD
2115:Other
1853:Liver
1198:Tests
1039:00934
841:S2CID
277:that
101:Types
81:is a
66:[
2161:PELD
2156:MELD
1963:MRCP
1937:ERCP
1134:and
989:PMID
940:PMID
889:PMID
866:link
852:2013
802:PMID
761:PMID
708:ISBN
685:PMID
667:Cell
644:PMID
573:PMID
538:PMID
503:PMID
468:PMID
381:PMID
351:PMID
273:and
169:and
89:the
52:MeSH
45:44.0
1968:PTC
1310:SGs
1042:at
979:PMC
971:doi
967:208
930:PMC
922:doi
918:196
885:158
833:doi
792:doi
788:144
751:PMC
741:doi
675:doi
671:116
634:doi
565:doi
561:171
530:doi
495:doi
491:181
458:doi
431:at
341:PMC
333:doi
329:220
259:PUD
173:or
2198::
2136:/
1958:IV
1951::
1917:,
1724::
1312:/
1009:.
987:.
977:.
965:.
961:.
938:.
928:.
916:.
910:.
883:.
862:}}
858:{{
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829:22
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823:.
800:.
786:.
782:.
759:.
749:.
735:.
731:.
683:.
669:.
665:.
642:.
630:88
628:.
624:.
610:^
593:.
571:.
559:.
536:.
526:14
524:.
501:.
489:.
466:.
454:79
452:.
448:.
406:.
375:,
363:^
349:.
339:.
327:.
323:.
300:12
291:12
257:.
189:.
97:.
77:A
1377:)
1266:e
1259:t
1252:v
1115:e
1108:t
1101:v
1013:.
995:.
973::
946:.
924::
895:.
868:)
854:.
835::
808:.
794::
767:.
743::
737:2
716:.
691:.
677::
650:.
636::
604:.
579:.
567::
544:.
532::
509:.
497::
474:.
460::
416:.
357:.
335::
70:]
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