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585:, and drew water from the Vakhsh for irrigation. The Vakhsh Valley Canal Project, which expanded farmland along the river's lower reaches, predated the dams, having been completed in 1933. In the 1960s, after the reservoirs had been constructed, engineers dug tunnels through the surrounding mountains to irrigate other valleys. Water storage in the reservoirs also helped control the river's flow, so as to provide a more reliable water supply for downstream users in
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688:, up to 30% of Tajikistan's glaciers could shrink or disappear completely by 2050. The reduction in river flow could lower the Vakhsh's hydropower production, and harm agriculture dependent on its waters for irrigation. Furthermore, if climate change affects precipitation patterns, it could cause more floods, landslides, and other natural disasters in the river valley.
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The Vakhsh is fed by the glaciers of the Pamirs, one of the world's most susceptible regions to climate change. Tajikistan as a whole has experienced a rise in temperatures from between 1.0-1.2 degrees
Celsius between 1940 and 2000, and many glaciers that feed the Vakhsh have retreated, including the
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Intensive agriculture in the Vakhsh basin has left the river polluted with fertilizers, pesticides, and salts. Also, chemicals have leached into groundwater from the heavy industries near the Vakhsh's dams, which has in turn contaminated surface water. However, ever since
Tajikistan lost their Soviet
633:
This project has caused great controversy. Just as energy dependence threatens
Tajikistan, so water dependence threatens the downstream nations. For this reason, Uzbekistan was highly critical of the Rogun Dam, claiming that it would “put it firmly in control of the river”. The World Bank responded
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To build transmission lines over the Pamirs would have been prohibitively expensive, so, in order to take advantage of the electricity produced by these dams, the Soviet Union built many industries nearby. The Tajik
Aluminum Company plant is a prime example. Other industries established locally were
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in which the different republics supplied resources to each other at different times of the year. During the summer, when river flows were greatest, Tajikistan (located upstream) released water from its reservoirs on the Vakhsh and exported the hydroelectricity to power irrigation pumps downstream,
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has blocked the river twice (in 1992 and 2002) ever since this dam opened in 1985. Both blockages were immediately blasted to clear the river channel, since they threatened to raise the water level high enough to flood the dam. Such an event could potentially have serious economic consequences by
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However, with increasing regional tension post-independence, this system is breaking down, with no conclusive cooperative arrangement yet. Fuel deliveries from downstream nations have been getting less reliable and more expensive, and impoverished
Tajikistan cannot adapt by increasing winter
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in 2016, in 2018 Uzbekistan dropped its opposition to the Rogun Dam. "Go ahead and build it, but we hold to certain guarantees in accordance with these conventions that have been signed by you," Uzbek
Foreign Minister Abdulaziz Komilov said in a televised appearance on July 5, 2018.
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Tajikistan is therefore pursuing a course of action to increase hydroelectric capacity by building more dams on the Vakhsh, in order to promote economic growth and move towards energy independence. Another four dams are planned or under construction, including the
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in
Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, along the Amu Darya. In winter, Tajik dams accumulated water, and the fossil-fuel-rich downstream nations supplied Tajikistan with oil and gas to compensate for forgone hydroelectricity generation.
523:, a major source of Tajikistan's industrial output and export revenue. As for cotton, Vakhsh water irrigates much of Tajikistan's crop; about 85% of the water taken from the Vakhsh goes toward irrigation.
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hydroelectric generation since this would jeopardize irrigation and electricity exports in the summer. This dependence has caused energy crises in the winters of 2008 and 2009, in which the capital,
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The Vakhsh has been intensively developed for human use. Electricity, aluminum, and cotton are the mainstays of
Tajikistan's economy, and the Vakhsh is involved with all three of these sectors.
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French language map, centred on eastern
Tajikistan, showing the Vakhsh, its tributaries and its eventual confluence with the Amu Darya (‘Vakhch/Surkhob/Kyzylsu’ capitalised in blue top left)
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It took until the 1950s, however, for dam construction to begin on the Vakhsh. The
Perepadnaya power station, was the first to be commissioned in 1959. It is situated on a canal off the
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responded to the landslide of 2002 by granting the government of Tajikistan a low-interest loan to stabilize the valley slopes and mitigate the potential for blockages in the future.
614:, lost power and heating. Heightened nationalism and border disputes further complicate the search for a solution to Central Asia's water needs, according to a study conducted by the
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The catchment area of the Vakhsh is 39,100 km, of which 31,200 km (79.8%) lies within Tajikistan. The river contributes about 25% of the total flow of the Amu Darya, its
543:’s ideology identify the decentralization of industry as a way to counter the colonial exploitation of indigenous peoples, but the USSR had strategic aims as well, especially in
307:, passing through very mountainous territory that frequently restricts its flow to narrow channels within deep gorges. Some of the largest glaciers in Tajikistan, including the
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Report and Recommendation of the President to the Board of Directors on a Proposed Loan to the Republic of Tajikistan for the Baipaza Landslide Stabilization Project
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Such blockages pose a significant threat to the river's dams and hydroelectric power generation. A large landslide 8 kilometers (5 mi) downstream from the
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and Abramov glaciers (the former being the longest glacier in the world outside of the polar regions), drain into the Vakhsh. Its largest tributaries are the
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626:. The Rogun Dam began construction in Soviet times but remains uncompleted; now Tajikistan has recommenced the project with financial support from the
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to these tensions by launching investigations into the social and environmental impacts of the dam. However, following the death of its former leader
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indicate that winter flow rates average around 150 m/s, whereas flow rates during the summer months can exceed 1500 m/s – a tenfold increase.
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After it exits the Pamirs, the Vakhsh passes through the fertile lowlands of southwest Tajikistan. It ends when it flows into the
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away from the German front. This industrialization would be fueled by exploiting Tajikistan's enormous hydropower potential.
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799:“Reliving the past in a changed environment: Hydropower ambitions, opportunities and constraints in Tajikistan”
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behind them, were also built with the purpose of providing water for agriculture. The Soviet Union promoted
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provides 91% of the country's electricity as of 2005, and 90% of that total comes from the five completed
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Murodbek Laldjebaev, “The Water-Energy Puzzle in Central Asia: The Tajikistan Perspective,”
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which was commissioned in 1963. The giant Nurek dam was constructed between 1961 and 1980.
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stressed the importance of developing the country's under-developed regions, such as the
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1035:"US$ 5.3 million to Tajikistan for emergency landslide stabilization measures"
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has further increased poverty, which in turn has further decreased pollution.
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in Tajikistan: a Country Study (Washington: Library of Congress, 1996)
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in the world.) Hydroelectricity powers the aluminum production at the
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along the Vakhsh, dominated by the world's second tallest dam, the
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1005:"Reaching Tipping Point? Climate Change and Poverty in Tajikistan"
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Partial map of the Vakhsh with locations of the river's nine dams
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per year. These landslides occasionally block the river and form
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chemical plants, nitrogen fertilizer factories, and cotton gins.
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Index of maps and graphs related to Tajikistan water resources
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levels (especially during the wet season), cause hundreds of
353:, is located at the confluence of the Vakhsh and the Panj.
850:“VIII. Regional and Country Hydropower Profiles: CIS,” in
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The Vakhsh is located in a seismically active region, and
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Beginning of the Surkhob proper at the confluence of the
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disrupting power generation, stopping production at the
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Since the waters of the Vakhsh eventually flow into the
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river and one of the main rivers of Tajikistan. It is a
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The Vakhsh River forms a reservoir behind the Nurek dam
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to form the Amu Darya, at the border of Tajikistan and
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Beyond the Urals: Economic Developments in Soviet Asia
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Map of major river drainage basins within Tajikistan
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898:(London: Oxford University Press, 1967), pp. 61-62
980:Uzbekistan and Tajikistan: No more dam problems?
495:. The other four dams, downstream of Nurek, are
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345:, which was the last habitat of the now-extinct
853:Hydropower Report: Large & Small Hydropower
954:. 11 September 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
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863:(London: ABS Energy Research, 2005), 59-62.
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165:621 m/s (21,900 cu ft/s)
143:39,100 km (15,100 sq mi)
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777:"Tajikistan - Topography and Drainage"
330:of the Obikhingou and Surkhob rivers.
51:The river Vakhsh (highlighted in blue)
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748:"Vakhsh at Golovnaya Hyd'Elec'Power"
601:Soviet Central Asia had a centrally
752:Soviet Union Hydro-Station archive
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992:Environmental Performance Reviews
883:Environmental Performance Reviews
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727:Recognizing these threats, the
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343:Tigrovaya Balka Nature Reserve
94: • coordinates
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946:International Crisis Group. "
303:The Vakhsh flows through the
76:Physical characteristics
1652:International rivers of Asia
1637:Tributaries of the Amu Darya
968:Water Resources Development
654:breakup of the Soviet Union
569:The dams, particularly the
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814:Mary Pat Silviera et al.,
616:International Crisis Group
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628:Russian Aluminum Company
597:After Tajik independence
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729:Asian Development Bank
722:Tajik Aluminum Company
700:, in addition to high
675:Climate change impacts
650:agricultural subsidies
643:Environmental problems
517:Tajik Aluminum Company
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1003:Anita Swarup et al.,
658:2008 financial crisis
466:38.32778°N 69.38333°E
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251:), also known as the
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1647:Rivers of Tajikistan
1642:Rivers of Kyrgyzstan
1500:Rivers of Tajikistan
1126:Rivers of Kyrgyzstan
805:35 (2007), 3815-3825
388:Economic development
30:For other uses, see
1009:Oxfam International
754:. UNESCO. 1936–1985
686:Oxfam International
531:The leaders of the
462: /
263:) in north-central
174:Basin features
116:37.1112°N 68.3141°E
112: /
1201:Ak-Suu (Syr Darya)
859:2011-09-03 at the
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990:Silviera et al.,
970:26 (2010): 23-34.
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909:Beyond the Urals,
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556:Golovnaya Dam
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1196:Ak-Suu (Chu)
1174:Other rivers
1164:
1140:Aksu/Saryjaz
1133:Major rivers
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591:Turkmenistan
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545:World War II
533:Soviet Union
530:
482:
362:melting snow
358:parent river
355:
332:
302:
268:
252:
203:
201:
18:Vakhsh River
1341:Kichi-Kemin
1331:Kara-Üngkür
1261:Chong-Kemin
1007:(Dushanbe:
937:pp. 208-220
911:pp. 145-149
717:Baipaza Dam
702:groundwater
698:earthquakes
560:Baipaza Dam
469: /
444:Coordinates
339:Afghanistan
320: [
267:and as the
179:Progression
119: /
1631:Categories
1551:Kofarnihon
1321:Kara-Balta
1246:Chandalash
1241:Chalkuyruk
1150:Kara Darya
758:2014-02-01
706:landslides
587:Uzbekistan
571:reservoirs
527:Soviet era
521:Tursunzoda
513:per capita
505:Sangtuda 2
501:Sangtuda 1
457:69°23′00″E
454:38°19′40″N
328:confluence
317:Obikhingou
281:Kyrgyzstan
265:Tajikistan
140:Basin size
107:68°18′51″E
104:37°06′40″N
70:Tajikistan
66:Kyrgyzstan
1616:Zeravshan
1586:Syr Darya
1576:Shakhdara
1526:Fan Darya
1516:Amu Darya
1441:Tüz-Ashuu
1376:Ming-Kush
1361:Kökömeren
1316:Jyrgalang
1296:Joon-Aryk
1291:Jeti-Ögüz
1266:Engilchek
1226:Aravansay
1206:Ala-Archa
1056:(Manila:
933:Conolly,
920:Conolly,
907:Conolly,
885:, 104-109
692:Blockages
682:Fedchenko
652:with the
624:Rogun Dam
579:vineyards
370:Nurek Dam
309:Fedchenko
299:Geography
293:Amu Darya
289:tributary
277:Кызыл-Суу
269:Kyzyl-Suu
183:Amu Darya
152:Discharge
87:Amu Darya
1606:Yazgulem
1581:Simiganj
1451:Ysyk-Ata
1401:Suusamyr
1381:On-Archa
1326:Kara-Suu
1231:At-Bashy
1216:Alamüdün
1211:Ala-Buga
1186:Ak-Buura
1145:Chu/Chüy
1060:, 2003).
857:Archived
665:Aral Sea
612:Dushanbe
583:orchards
366:glaciers
315:and the
187:Aral Sea
57:Location
1601:Yaghnob
1556:Kyzylsu
1546:Khanaka
1541:Karatag
1521:Bartang
1396:Sokuluk
1386:Shamshy
1366:Kurshab
1346:Kochkor
1301:Josholu
1251:Chatkal
1236:Avletim
1221:Arashan
671:there.
497:Baipaza
381:Muk-Suu
295:river.
291:of the
283:, is a
253:Surkhob
245:Russian
62:Country
1611:Zambar
1591:Vakhsh
1511:Ak-Suu
1371:Makmal
1356:Kojata
1351:Kögart
1336:Kegeti
1306:Jumgal
1276:Isfara
1271:Isfana
1191:Ak-Jol
924:p. 172
575:cotton
341:. The
305:Pamirs
273:Kyrgyz
261:Сурхоб
204:Vakhsh
155:
132:Length
40:Vakhsh
32:Vakhsh
1566:Pamir
1561:Muksu
1446:Yrdyk
1431:Tosor
1406:Tamga
1311:Juuku
1281:Itsay
1181:Agart
1160:Talas
1155:Naryn
994:, 165
735:Notes
493:Nurek
324:]
313:Muksu
279:) in
257:Tajik
241:Tajik
235:VAKSH
82:Mouth
1596:Vanj
1571:Panj
1531:Gunt
1421:Tong
1416:Ters
1391:Sokh
1286:Jazy
1024:, 17
589:and
581:and
507:and
489:dams
364:and
351:USSR
335:Panj
249:Вахш
243:and
202:The
1436:Tüp
1411:Tar
950:",
841:, 4
519:in
1633::
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959:^
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185:→
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225:ʃ
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213:ˈ
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