Edvard August Vainio - Knowledge (XXG)

1310:. Vainio's failure may have been because of his narrow, mainly lichen-focused field of expertise, his lack of teaching skills, and the personal resentments developed between Vainio and Nylander, as well as issues of language policy. Vainio championed Finnish interests and was a strong supporter of the Finnish language, but at that time Finland was still part of the Russian Empire and the position of the Finnish language in teaching was weak. Suspecting that he had been discriminated against in the selection of a professor, Vainio appealed the decision, arguing that the expert opinions came from representatives of an "openly hostile" school that was prejudiced towards him, and further, that he was the only one of the applicants with the ability to lecture fluently in both Finnish and Swedish. He concluded that he had been rejected on political rather than scientific grounds, writing that the university "had sunk from the level of a learned establishment to that of an institution governed more by political than by academic considerations". The university's position was that successful management of the professorship was more likely to be achieved by an applicant with a more general scientific background. Norwegian botanist 1386:"An indispensable necessity for the successful progress of the work of the University is that it should be carried on in a spirit of free and independent inquiry. The system of preventative censorship, particularly in the form it has been taken lately, is completely contrary to this spirit. The University must accordingly avoid having any dealing with those concerned in applying it. So firm is the public conscience of the country on this point, that any compromise on the part of the University would have a damaging effect on its own reputation. Further proof of these feelings can be found in the fact that Dr. Wainio has been without pupils during the present term. The reply to Dr. Wainio's ... application can therefore only be that the Department's concern for the reputation of the University, and its conception of the ideals for which the University should stand, are in themselves sufficient grounds for asserting that the qualifications of Dr. Wainio, notwithstanding the value of his scientific writings, are not such as to justify the Department recommending him for the post of Associate Professor." 1240:. Vainio's relationship with Nylander had become strained since their successful collaborations years before. Nylander, in previous correspondence with Norrlin, expressed doubts about Vainio's decision to publish his early scientific works in Finnish instead of Latin, which was the norm in the international scientific community. He also questioned Lang's decision to change his name, writing "A most curious matter is also the disappearance of Mr Lang and the birth of Mr Wainio instead. This is a matter that may be possible and explainable in Finland (and unfortunate is that such is the situation) but in the common practical world, here in the logical humanity, such a thing is impossible even to mention without incurably injuring the person concerned." Vainio, in correspondence with Johann Müller in 1889, wrote "it is perhaps necessary that the knowledge of my thesis remains between us, because there are people who lay very peculiar intrigues to prevent me from the professorship. Nylander has taken a stand as a very unscrupulous enemy against me and has taken up a very scandalous intrigue". 986: 1532:(1892–1955). The walls of the elder Vainio's Turku University office were adorned with portraits of prominent lichenologists that were painted by his son. His other children were Marie Marcienne Alice (1894–1979); Louise (born and died in 1896); Irja Louise Mercedes (1899–1976); and Ahti Victor August (1902–1958). Magnusson described him as "a person of retiring habits contented with the bare necessities of life" in his obituary. He recalled the occasion of Vainio's 70th birthday party, where he was visited in his home by a group of colleagues from the University of Turku. Although Vainio seemed to be uncomfortable with the attention, he was always willing to draw on his extensive knowledge and impressive memory to give advice and information to inquiring lichenologists. 844: 561: 550: 572: 958:-infested cave without food, water, or a way to make fire. It was only the next morning he was able to find a stream to quench his extreme thirst, and not until the afternoon, when, exhausted, he eventually found his way back to the monastery. During his week-long recovery, one of the monks had to extract sandfly larvae from large bulges on the back of his neck. By the end of his time in Caraça, he had collected a large volume of specimens. Vainio went on to Rio de Janeiro, making excursions to coastal areas such as 1759: 6136: 1249: 1781: 1424:

collection in museum condition, and would participate in teaching if necessary. As an ardent Finnish nationalist, Vainio was pleased with the arrangement and joined the payroll of the Turku University Society under the title of custodian of the collections of the Department of Botany in 1920, two years before the start of the university's teaching activities and the transfer of his collection to Turku. He moved to Turku and the university's main building on the edge of the market square in the former

301: 1770: 1973:. One of the major aims of the conference was to collect topotypes for species that Vainio described. The conference was held at the Caraça Monastery (by that time a hotel) that Vainio had stayed at during his collecting trip there more than a century earlier. At the conference, Vainio was declared the "Father of Brazilian lichenology" by the participants. A portrait of Vainio, donated by the University of Turku, was mounted in one of the main corridors. A book containing the 1334: 422: 1267: 1462:, a seven-part book series about Finnish lichens. Vainio had already published the first volume dealing with "Pyrenolichens" in 1921. Knowing that because of his age he had only limited time left to complete a multi-volume series, he started work on the harder groups, confident that in the event of his death the easier groups could be handled by other researchers. This book series became an important resource for the study of the lichen flora of all 1433: 1258: 638:

characteristics of childhood and youth, often generously granted by nature, the most common is obstinacy, which has a damaging and destroying direction, destroying both for the individual and his neighborhood. To write special botany in Finnish goes out as if a Frenchman would deliver such a work in Breton or Basque or another of the dialects of the 12 tribes, which jointly constitute the French nation.

51: 1536: 1152:("Study on the natural classification and the morphology of the lichens of Brazil") in Latin with an introduction in French. This 526-page work dealt with 516 species, of which 240 were new to science. The Brazilian taxa were distributed amongst 78 genera (12 of which were described as new), the most well-represented of which included 1548:

working at all hours, even on public holidays. Linkola indicates that he had not taken a day of rest for decades, even when sick. Other biologists in Turku referred to "Vainio's lighthouse", as lamplight would often be seen emerging, often well past midnight, from the windows of his small room in the old university building in Turku.

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modest that his wife and family were unable to visit him in Turku, and their visits were limited to his vacations in Helsinki. To optimize the productivity of his holiday time, he would take the evening train from Turku to Helsinki, and could be found the next morning in the lichen department of the Helsinki Plant Museum.

1290:, not taxonomical, value. Although Müller was public about his criticisms of Vainio's work, he did acknowledge his careful working method and anticipated that Vainio, "after return from wrong paths", would use his excellent observational skills in a systematically correct way in future research. German lichenologist 888:, who advised him on possible travel routes. It was also during this initial part of the trip that he met a French naturalist named Germain, with whom he had several collecting excursions. Germain advised Vainio against travelling via his originally intended route, and convinced him instead to visit the biodiverse 501:("Flora of east Tavastia") (1878), which dealt with the results of his collecting excursions. In these publications, Vainio analysed and identified the lichen material he collected from the Vyborg region, including new species observations, without assistance from Norrlin or Nylander. Another early publication, 1345:

Finnish historian Timo Tarmio suggests that Vainio's failure to secure a professorship must have been a further blow to him personally because, like Norrlin, his older brother Joel Napoleon Lang had successfully pursued a university career as a professor in the Faculty of Law. Unsuccessful in his bid

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series, issued in ten volumes from 1922 up until 1940, which was based on these old views. Although the ideal classification scheme would place lichen genera near their closest non-lichenized fungal relatives, with the limited information Vainio had available the solution he devised was to designate

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personality, with many peculiar features, some of which greatly contributed to his difficult, even tragic life", further noting that "he was extremely obstinate, and he was absolutely unwilling to withdraw from a step which he had once taken". Vainio was dedicated to his research, and could be found

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were to be wholly in the Finnish language, in contrast with the University of Helsinki, which taught both in Swedish and Finnish and used Swedish as the language of administration. The transaction was subject to the condition that Vainio himself would be responsible for organising and increasing the

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Vainio did not receive the associate professorship for which he applied; the Department of Natural Sciences voted 4 to 3 against his application. Before an official announcement could even be drafted, Sextus Otto Lindberg died, leaving vacant the position of Professor of Botany. This gave Vainio the

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who sent it to Vainio for identification. This collaboration ultimately resulted in almost 500 pages of text over four publications from 1909 to 1923. Vainio described 92 genera and 680 species; almost two-thirds of the species were previously unknown. Before these publications, only about 30 lichen

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specimens were collected from these locations. He wrote favourably of the conditions there: "Sítio was a very convenient place for my work: it offered opportunities to study the plant life in the forests as well as in the grasslands. The dryness of the air was also favorable for getting my specimens

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based on the collections of "E. Lang". A grateful Nylander ordered and sent Lang a microscope in the summer of 1874 to help him with his botanical studies. In letters between Norrlin and Nylander, the latter praised Lang's collecting ability, writing "He is a sharp and fit collector of lichens.

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after he died at a relatively young age. In 1899, after the death of William Nylander, his collections were transferred from Paris to the University of Helsinki, where it was Vainio's responsibility to arrange and catalogue them: they contained a total of 51,066 specimens. Although his relationship

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of the Cladoniae. The publication of just the first volume had already secured Vainio's reputation as a prominent lichenologist. This major work was later judged to be the best work during this era in the field of lichen research. As an indication of the accuracy and reliability of Vainio's work, a

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In these works—considered the earliest publications on phytogeography in the Finnish language—Vainio meticulously catalogued the moisture, light, and soil conditions of the places where he collected, and defined terms that would eventually become standard terminology in the field. Vainio's work has

1950:. Based on Vainio's diaries, it describes the difficulties he experienced in collecting in a tropical foreign country. Alava, along with his coauthors Unto Laine and Seppo Huhtinen, published a book in 2004 describing Vainio's collecting trips to Finnish and Russian Karelia and to Finnish Lapland. 1281:

Nylander criticised and dismissed Vainio's thesis submission, arguing it had little scientific value. In contrast, Fries praised Vainio's work, and described him as one of the most competent contemporary lichenologists. Johann Müller disagreed with most of Vainio's general conclusions, and thought

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at the University of Helsinki, a position he applied for in writing in the autumn of 1888. His early mentor Norrlin had obtained a similar position in 1878, which perhaps inspired Vainio to make the application. Because the department Chair, Sextus Otto Lindberg, did not trust his Finnish-language

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horticultural school (1878–1882), and taught natural sciences at the Swedish Private Lyceum (1879–1882), the Swedish Real Lyceum (1881–1884), the Finnish Primary School (1882–1884), the Finnish Girls' School (1882–1884) and the Finnish Graduate School (1882–1884). He did not enjoy teaching, and is

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when teaching began in 1922. Although only offered a modest yearly salary to organise the specimens, he carried out this task with great devotion. He obtained this job—his only permanent teaching position—at 69 years of age, and held it until his death. His living conditions, however, remained so

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amongst his colleagues and compatriots. For example, despite their innovativeness and importance, Vainio's early publications on phytogeography in the border regions of northeast Finland and Russian Karelia were rarely cited by his Finnish colleagues, largely for political reasons. Another source

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Most prominent contemporary lichenologists, including Müller and Nylander, disagreed with the so-called "Schwendenerian hypothesis" and the dual nature of lichens. Since they still subscribed to the belief that lichens were a plant group—rather than the fungus/alga symbiosis they are now known to

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In his 1931 memorial address, Alvar Palmgren, then President of the Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, recalled that many of Vainio's scientific papers appeared in the Society's publications and were among the best of them. Vainio's travels in Brazil were recounted in Reinio Alava's 1986 book

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of the University of Turku herbarium, compiled a comprehensive listing of the location of all of Vainio's type specimens in a 1988 publication, and, twenty years later, a list of all collectors whose collections are represented in Vainio's lichen herbarium in Turku. As a consequence of Vainio's

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monograph was reprinted in 1978. Although at the time of reprinting some parts of the book were quite outdated, a review noted "t is no ordinary monograph, but one which has a long-standing value as a taxonomic, floristic, and bibliographic source. One of its outstanding features is its almost

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and the northern Finland and Russian Karelia border area. In this latter work, Vainio distinguished in his study area ten regions on the basis of floristic characteristics and phytogeographical features. In discussing the eastern boundary of the Finnish flora area bordering Russian Karelia, he

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in the Philippines, he has also been called the "Father of Philippine lichenology". Vainio has been used as an example of a "universal lichen taxonomist", defined as "characterised by a broad knowledge in lichen taxonomy, prolificacy and efficiency in publishing their studies, usually in sole

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It is sad for the science as also for Mr Candidate Lang that he has written in Finnish the mentioned work. If he does not want to accommodate Latin he is lost for the intelligent world, and it really would be a great misfortune because he has an excellent talent. But it is true that among the

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originally given to him by Bernt Lynge: "Through all of his papers Dr. Vainio has acquired an uncontested position as the Grand Old Man of Lichenology. He is an ornament to his science and an honour to his country." Because of his significant contributions to the knowledge of the family

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the keen observations, the detailed descriptions and the careful study of the specimens in question. He was never superficial in his work nor prone to hasty inferences however numerous and extensive were the collections submitted to him for examination and for determination. An extreme

248:, meaning he was qualified to teach academically, but without a regular salary. Despite his scientific successes and the international recognition he gained through his research, he never obtained a permanent position in this university. This was a result, he said, of his intense 1724:

Vainio's idea of integrating the classification of lichens and fungi represented a criticism of the prevailing ideas of 19th-century lichenology. These ideas would persist into the first half of the 20th century, largely due to the publication of Zahlbruckner's influential

978:. Vainio returned from Brazil with about 1600 samples packed in five large crates. He worked with this material in Helsinki for the next few years; the material he collected was so abundant that during a few months of study in Paris during 1889–1890, he issued the 1398:

at the age of 64. Forced to live on modest savings, he continued his lichenological studies. Vainio transferred his microscope and part of his library to the botanical institution of the university, where he spent much of his time for the next couple of years.

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for professorship, Vainio was convinced that a supporter of an independent Finland like him would never be elected to university duties. Faced with the reality of securing stable employment to provide for his wife and four children, Vainio accepted a job as a

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In some instances, his studies of material sent to him by other scientists greatly advanced the knowledge of the local flora from where they were sent. For example, Vainio was sent for identification the collections of Portuguese botanist and army doctor

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required an examination of phylogeny, rather than mechanical categorization based on sometimes superficial characters. At the same time, Vainio's research contradicted some of Nylander's previous work by identifying flaws in the way he defined species in

1064:("Universal Monograph on Cladonia"); the final volume was published in 1897. This was an extensive work written in Latin, totalling 1277 pages, on all aspects of this group of lichens. It included descriptions of species old and new, analysis of species 1669:

with few revisions. Finnish-speaking experts had admired Vainio's dissertation, but his international reputation as a prominent lichenologist was first established by his floristic treatment of the lichens collected during these trips documented in the

1892:. This was a radical idea at the time, as the presence or absence of cyphellae and pseudocyphellae were not considered to be suitable as taxonomic and generic characters. Although some other influential lichenologists took a conservative view and 268:

was the predominant language of administration and education. Disillusioned with his prospects for permanent academic employment, and faced with the reality of having to provide for his family, he was obliged to accept a position with the

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several existing ones. He published 102 scientific works in his career, comprising a total of about 5500 pages. Although most of his work dealt with lichens, he occasionally published on related topics. Examples include a discussion of

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suggests that resentment amongst his colleagues was stoked by his publication of the first Finnish-language dissertation. Although Vainio agonised over the social disapproval caused by his employment, he defiantly hid his distress.

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in 1870. He began his studies at the Imperial Alexander University the same year, and under the guidance of Norrlin studied botany, phytogeography, and lichenology. As a young student, in 1871, Lang was granted membership in the

405:, which are quite diverse in Finland. Lang accompanied and assisted him during field trips in the summers of 1868 and 1869 in the vicinity of Lake Vesijärvi, eagerly absorbing and accumulating knowledge. When Norrlin published 1481:, two of his younger colleagues. He was granted a state pension in recognition of his services to science (on the recommendation of the University of Turku and the Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica) while on his deathbed. 632:

Nylander, however, disliked Vainio's use of Finnish as the language of his publications and this marked the start of a downward turn in their professional relationship. In a letter to Norrlin (dated 20 March 1876), he wrote

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with the university was strained at the time, there was no-one else qualified for the job. Vainio published works based on collections he was sent from locations such as Puerto Rico, Japan, Thailand, Tahiti, and Trinidad.

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His family name was originally Lang; in 1877 he adopted the Finnish name Wainio, with an initial "W", which was a common practice at that time in the Finnish language. In 1919, he adopted the modern spelling Vainio (see

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floristically resembled Russian Karelia so much that it should be combined with Russian Karelia. Later floristic researchers of this region have used Vainio's pioneering work for the biogeographical division of Eastern

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dominated the political landscape, students refused to enrol in his course as a form of protest against his chosen profession. Vainio was subsequently obliged to suspend his teaching position. With this background,

1294:, who was present at Vainio's public thesis defence, introduced himself as a supporter of Schwendener's theory, and indicated that Vainio's work was the first to create a consistent system for classification. 5412:

Kalb, Klaus; Vězda, Antonin (1988). "Neue oder bemerkenswerte Arten der Flechten-familie Gomphillaceae in der Neotropis" [New or notable species of the lichen family Gomphillaceae in the Neotropics].

2532:"Hän on terävä ja kelpo jäkälien kerääjä. Hieman työskentelemällä ja kelvollisen mikroskoopin avulla hän varmaan pian ylittää kaikki muut Pohjolassa, jossa ei näy ketään häntä parempaa kykyä tässä suhteessa." 1477:. During his time at the University of Turku, the collections expanded to 35,000 samples, a result of additions from local excursions, and collections sent from abroad. Vainio also advised Kaarlo Linkola and 954:—2,107 m (6,913 ft). Because of his relatively poor knowledge of the terrain, he misjudged the distances involved as well as the amount of available daylight. He ended up spending a night in a wet, 752:

on botany. These were the first botany courses given in the Finnish language; Swedish continued to be the primary language for instruction at the University until 1918. His courses consisted of lessons in

505:("Adjustments to the lichens of Finnish Lapland and northern Finland"; published in two parts in 1881 and 1883) was based on material he had collected in 1875 and 1877 in desolate locations near the 6258:

Vitikainen, Orvo (1999). "William Nylander ja Edvard August Vainio – Suomen jäkälätutkimuksen vaiheita" [William Nylander and Edvard August Vainio – The stages of Finnish lichen research].

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Vainio made several important contributions to the understanding of the lichen family Parmeliaceae. He provided the taxonomical foundation for the northern European species of the difficult genus

1505:) as a new species, when his illness suddenly forced him to stop work and hurry to the hospital. Started by Vainio in 1924, the fourth volume was completed posthumously by Norwegian lichenologist 3716:

Vainio, E.A. (1924). "Lichenes a W.A. Setcheli and K.E. Parks in insula Tahiti a 1922 collecti" [Lichens collected by W.A. Setcheli and K.E. Parks in 1922 from the islands of Tahiti].

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Vainio married Marie Louise Scolastique Pérottin, the daughter of a French official, in 1891. They had five children together. His eldest son, with whom he had a close relationship, was the

1981:. Written by several specialists on various lichen groups, it reviews his contributions to tropical lichenography, and gives biographic details about him and his travels, publications, and 1692: 1907:), Vainio's concept of the genus prevailed and has been used extensively for over a century. Later work has shown the presence of pseudocyphellae to correlate strongly with a diverse 1236:

be—they thought that Vainio's proposal to classify lichens with fungi was ridiculous. Müller in particular published two articles that were highly critical of Vainio's conclusions in

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in Finland. Lang was particularly skilled at identifying and collecting specimens in the field. During the summers of 1873 and 1874 he collected 472 different lichen species from the

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With a little work and the help of a decent microscope, he will probably soon surpass everyone else in the North, where no one is better than he in this respect." Lang received his

1746:. This initiated discussions and an eventual consensus for an integrated classification system. By 1981, lichens were no longer recognised as a "group" distinct from fungi in the 1469:

Starting in 1922, Vainio taught as an assistant professor at the University of Turku, and headed the cryptogamic herbarium at the university. His teaching consisted of courses in

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has suggested that Vainio showed poor judgement in applying once more, in the spring of 1901, for the position of Associate Professor. The Department's response was unequivocal:

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suggests that not only did Vainio's support of Schwendener's theory cost him a position as professor, but probably also influenced the choice of author for the lichen section of

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Finnish: "Kaikilla näillä teoksillaan on toht. Vainio hankkinut itselleen jäkälätieteen Grand old man'in riidattoman aseman. Hän on tieteensä kaunistus ja kunniaksi maallensa."

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Vasari, Y. (2003). "Edward Wainio—a pioneer of floristic research on the borderland between Northern Finland and Russian Karelia". In Heikkilä, Raimo; Lindholm, Tapio (eds.).

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Provincial Government in 1874; teaching natural history, physics, and gymnastics at a school (Viipurin Realikoulu) in Vyborg in 1875; and, from 1879 to 1881, teaching at the

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in the press service of Helsinki in 1891, a position in which he was appointed superintendent in 1901. It was during this time that the Russian Empire pursued the policy of

6058:(1956). "Auf den Spuren des Lichenologen Wainio in Brasilien: Das Carassa-Gebirge" [In the footsteps of the lichenologist Wainio in Brazil: The Carassa Mountains]. 6359: 288:, he catalogued and processed other collections from all over the world, including the Arctic and Antarctica. Because of the significance of his works on lichens in the 6329: 1587:

with a Finnish one, Wainio. The name—which means "field"—was taken from a village in Hollola of the same name. He later changed this to the modern Finnish spelling

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of 1902, American and Filipino botanists surveyed the flora of the Philippines, gathering a large amount of lichens in the process. This material was organised by

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in 1950 that Rolf Santesson advocated for Vainio's ideas and presented an integrated classification for fungi and lichens based on an updated system developed by

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was not included, as he reserved it for his monograph on the subject. Vainio discussed the general theory of lichens in the introduction of his work, supporting

1013:, and its inhabitants. Vainio does not indicate in this book nor in his later scholarly work the reason for visiting Brazil in the first place. German botanist 3967: 1701:

earned him the reputation of an expert in tropical lichens, which was later bolstered by his publications about lichens in the Philippines, the Caribbean, and

688:, "this paper of 62 printed pages was sensational on account of its modern theme, as well as its youthful freshness and its originality". Vainio supported the 3743:

Vainio, Edward A. (1923). "Lichenes in insula Trinidad a Professore R. Thaxter collecti" [Lichens in the island of Trinidad collected by R. Thaxter].

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Johann Müller, William Nylander, and Theodor Magnus Fries were prominent botanists invited to comment on the merits of Vainio's research for his dissertation.

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residing there were interested in science and collected insects and plants. The monastery had a large library, including works on the local flora, such as

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Regarding his character, his colleague Kaarlo Linkola noted that "he appeared an extremely friendly and helpful, though reserved old man, and also a very

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Vainio also published several works based on analysis of collections made by others. For example, Vainio processed and identified lichens collected from

5777:"Three new genera of the Ramalinaceae (lichen-forming Ascomycota) and the phenomenon of presence of 'extraneous mycobiont DNA' in lichen associations" 1970: 1407:

Vainio's fortunes improved in 1918, as the Turku Finnish University Society bought his herbarium collection of about 22,000 specimens for 60,000

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he identified, about half were previously unknown to science. In another instance, Vainio identified the lichens collected by Ernst Almquist from the

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During his time in the Caraça Mountains, Vainio stayed at the Santuário do Caraça, shown here. The Pico do Sol is the highest peak in the upper right.

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Kondratyuk, S.Y.; Lőkös, L.; Farkas, E.; Jang, S.-H.; Liu, D.; Halda, J.; Persson, P.-E.; Hansson, M.; Kärnefelt, I.; Thell, A.; Hur, J.-S. (2019).

1306:. The Department ranked him third in order of merit. Elfving was given the position; he later became known for his erroneous views on the nature of 5482: 5517: 943:. In one of his later collecting trips in the Caraça Mountains, Vainio ventured out alone to the highest peak of the eastern mountain ranges, the 3779: 5732:

Kaila, Annu; Vasander, Harri (2010). "Vegetation relations in the border regions of NE Finland and Russian Karelia: a review of Wainio (1878)".

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authorship, and distribution of knowledge via exsiccata rather than teaching or having students." In his survey of influential lichenologists,

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and gave him teaching rights at the University of Helsinki, although there was no guarantee of a regular salary. His thesis was a study of the

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on Vainio and his work was organised in Brazil by the Grupo Latino-Americano de Liquenólogos (Latin-American Group of Lichenologists) and the

1005:("Travels in Brazil. A Description of Nature and Travels in Brazil") (1888). This book combines a description of his travel adventures with a 6288: 6248: 5765: 5426: 5093: 5022: 4818: 4615: 2666: 6339: 939:

Vainio's tools for fieldwork in Brazil included a knife, hammer, chisel, paper, and a bag. He also carried a shotgun for protection against

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Ulvinen, Tauno (1956). "Edvard August Vainio, jäkälätieteen suurmiehemme" [Edvard August Vainio, one of our great lichenologists].

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The Hotel Phoenix building, shown here in 1908, became the administrative centre for the University as well as Vainio's residence in Turku.

1864:, Vainio, in his treatment of Brazilian lichens (1890), had an essential role in the separation of species that are now part of the genus 1131:

through the Arctic coast of Eurasia; about 100 species were previously unknown. As a result of scientific investigations initiated by the

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in his 1930 obituary of Vainio, the characteristics that would represent his later work were evident already in these early publications:

237:. In these early publications he demonstrated an attention to detail and thoroughness that would become characteristic of his later work. 1224:

skills sufficiently to be able to judge the merits of Vainio's work, other opinions were sought, and so in addition to William Nylander,

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Taxonomic literature: A selective guide to botanical publications and collections with dates, commentaries and types. Volume VI: Sti–Vuy

1113: 2362:"Lichenes in viciniis stationis hibernae expeditionis Vegae prope pagum Pitlekai in Sibiria septentrionali a D:re E. Almquist collecti" 4980: 923: 4675: 6156: 5928: 1473:, and organised field trips with students. This field work he continued until 1927, leading a class expedition to a small island in 1291: 2333:. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica (in French and Latin). Vol. 7. Helsinki: J. Simelius. pp. 1–247, 1–256. 885: 5857:"Estado actual de las investigaciones sobre líquenes foliícolas en la región Neotrópica, con un análisis biogeográfico preliminar" 4604:

Biodiversity and Conservation of Boreal Nature. Proceedings of the 10 Years Anniversary Symposium of the Nature Reserve Friendship

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to Lake Satyga. The results of this botanical excursion were not published until almost 50 years later. In 1882, he took trips to

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Feuerer, Tassilo (1998). "E.A. Vainio's contribution to the knowledge of the Parmeliaceae". In Marcelli, M. P.; Ahti, T. (eds.).

1735: 717:(Professor of Botany), who were charged with assessing Vainio's work. In the end, however, they noted Vainio's detailed valuable 454: 270: 859:

from the University, in 1885 Vainio undertook a year-long expedition to Brazil, collecting primarily lichens in the vicinity of

6364: 6334: 5859:[Current status of research on foliicolous lichens in the Neotropic region, with a preliminary biogeographic analysis] 4676:"New literature: Alava, R. (2008). Index of collectors whose specimens are part of Edv. Aug. Vainio's Lichen Herbarium (TUR-V)" 3546: 2609: 868: 1425: 785:

from the university, Vainio made several scientific expeditions abroad. In 1880, accompanying Swedish physician and explorer

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to hunt for cryptogams. Even during his docentship, Vainio continued to work additional modest jobs. He taught botany at the

410: 1931:, in contrast, does not produce these compounds. Vainio also introduced in this same work the current concept for the genus 5655: 1686:

pioneering works on Brazilian lichenology and his extensive collecting in Caraça, this location, now part of the protected

225:

techniques at an early age. It was through this association that Vainio met Norrlin's teacher, the prominent lichenologist

5825: 4607: 3542: 2477: 2457: 1132: 971: 394: 5585: 1354:(a process in which non-Russian communities involuntarily or voluntarily give up their culture and language in favour of 446: 6344: 6283:. Publications from the Herbarium of the University of Turku. Vol. 12. Turku: University of Turku. pp. 1–123. 3803:"The new taxa of lichens and other ascomycetes from Mozambique collected by Pires de Lima and described by E. A. Vainio" 2410:—————————— (1921). "Lichenes insularum Philippinarum. III". 1229: 253: 6243:. Publications from the Herbarium of the University of Turku. Vol. 2. Turku: University of Turku. pp. 1–513. 5992:(1998). "E. A. Vainio and his journey to Brazil, with notes on the Cladoniaceae". In Marcelli, M. P.; Ahti, T. (eds.). 2443:—————————— (1923). "Lichenes insularum Philippinarum. IV". 1001:

As well as his scholarly work published later, Vainio published in Finnish a popular account of his travels in Brazil,

729:

During his undergraduate days, Vainio took on several temporary positions to support himself. These included work as a

1697:, has since become an international hub for lichenology and a destination for pilgrimages by lichenologists. His 1890 1606:. He died on 14 May 1929, at age 75. He is said to have expressed two great regrets before his death: his uncompleted 1359: 615:

but also identified ecological factors that increased or decreased the dominance of different kinds of vegetation and

390: 226: 3963: 705:

to such an extent that it essentially had to be rebuilt. Such a radical outlook was viewed with some reservation by

6379: 1619: 401:), and he became Nylander's student. Norrlin developed an expertise in the local cryptogam flora, particularly the 233:—elucidating and enumerating the local flora—and are considered the earliest publications on phytogeography in the 221:(ferns, mosses, algae, and fungi, including lichens) and afforded him ample opportunity to hone his collection and 5481:[Vainio's publications] (in Finnish). University of Turku, Museum of Natural Sciences. 24 September 2019. 1208:. Vainio advocated including the lichens in the general classification of the fungi. He argued that lichens are a 506: 5880: 1603: 1026: 975: 900: 743: 435: 359: 413:") in 1870, he credited Lang—at the time still a schoolboy—for numerous and valuable contributions to his work. 292:

and other locales, he has been called the Father of Brazilian lichenology and the Grand Old Man of lichenology.

4563:

Lücking, Robert (2020). "Three challenges to contemporaneous taxonomy from a licheno-mycological perspective".

1576: 680:("An Investigation on the Phylogenetic Development of the Cladoniae"), this work was the first dissertation on 378:, the son of a neighbour. At the time, Norrlin, who was 11 years his senior, was a university student studying 307:(shown here at 23 years old) was Edvard Lang's neighbour and early mentor, and later became his brother-in-law. 222: 158: 6080: 1687: 933: 2549:

website, with a starting year of 1918, a comparison year of 2020, and a conversion amount of 60,000 FIM.

982:"Lichenes brasilienses exsiccati", a set of 1593 dried herbarium specimen units distributed in eight copies. 430: 5683: 2613: 2559: 2311:

obituary, and on the University of Turku's Museum of Natural Science webpage. Vainio's major works include:

2238: 2163: 1924: 1544: 1522: 1490: 1420: 1391: 1374: 1373:

Vainio lost the subsidy associated with his docentship in 1894. Shortly after the turn of the century, when

1319: 1311: 706: 673: 560: 479: 6135: 1102: 843: 276:

Vainio described about 1900 new species, and published more than 100 scientific works. He made significant

6042:(1998). "Vainio's ideas on the classification of calicioid lichens". In Marcelli, M. P.; Ahti, T. (eds.). 5756:(2009). "Fifty influential lichenologists". In Thell, Arne; Seaward, Mark R. D.; Feuerer, Tassilo (eds.). 4779: 2118: 1327: 549: 493:, Vainio, who had by now given up his original surname, published two works on the cryptogams of Finland: 490: 398: 316: 241: 147: 82: 1958:

infallible reliability as a nomenclatural source", and that "For many significant details on the world's

5478: 2292: 1982: 1974: 1893: 1795: 1347: 1107: 738: 643: 600: 344: 277: 261: 31: 370:

in southern Finland due to his father's work, settling in a farm near the neighbouring municipality of

6013:(1998). "Edvard Vainio and the family Lobariaceae, with special reference to the taxonomic history of 5167: 4855: 1488:, was left uncompleted on his worktable because of his death. His last entry was to name and describe 904: 889: 6314: 6309: 5891: 5516:. The History of Learning and Science in Finland, 1828–1918. Helsinki: Societas Scientiarum Fennica ( 3854: 2283: 2265: 1908: 1623: 1225: 936:

stayed at the monastery while Vainio was there, and some of their collecting work was done together.

909: 872: 718: 714: 628:

trustworthiness, thorough investigation and unyielding consistency distinguish the whole of his work.

620: 616: 588: 375: 304: 214: 207: 5962:(1998). "E. A. Vainio – life and lichenological significance". In Marcelli, M. P.; Ahti, T. (eds.). 5355: 4882: 3593: 1248: 786: 6010: 5753: 5321: 5260: 5226: 2204: 1996: 1743: 1592: 1556: 1495: 1338: 1220: 1085: 1034: 1006: 689: 594: 530: 483: 474: 285: 249: 151: 5980:

Marcelli, M. P. (1998). "The Caraça history and importance". In Marcelli, M. P.; Ahti, T. (eds.).

5391:

Foliicolous Lichens. I. A Revision of the Taxonomy of the Obligately Foliicolous, Lichenized Fungi

4429: 1677:

Vainio described and catalogued lichen collections from all over the world, including the Arctic (

6067: 5642: 4975:. Publications from the Herbarium, University of Turku. Vol. 9. Turku: University of Turku. 4432:[Docents' Association of the University of Helsinki: WAINIO (→1872 Lang), Edvard August] 4182: 3824: 3760: 3315: 2546: 2542: 2274: 1568: 1136: 1022: 1010: 944: 928: 881: 702: 450: 332: 203: 5712: 5393:. Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses. Vol. 12. Uppsala: Lundequistska bokhandeln. p. 382. 1599: 1478: 796:, he investigated the eastern slopes of the Middle Urals in western Siberia. These included the 701:. In this work, Vainio maintained that the theory of evolution had disrupted the foundations of 382:, or the geographical distribution of plant species. Norrlin would marry Lang's sister in 1873. 5088:(2nd ed.). St. Paul, Minnesota: The American Phytopathological Society. p. 653. 1709:. Vainio is generally considered to have made the most important contributions to the study of 571: 6284: 6267: 6244: 6179: 6152: 6124: 6095: 5950:

Alava, Reino (1998). "Edvard August Vainio (1853–1929)". In Marcelli, M. P.; Ahti, T. (eds.).

5934: 5924: 5907: 5852: 5840: 5812: 5761: 5671: 5521: 5422: 5394: 5303: 5168:"Taxonomy and new records of Graphidaceae lichens in Western Pangasinan, Northern Philippines" 5089: 5018: 4986: 4976: 4944:. By Reino Alava. Turku: University of Turku. 1986. Pp. 174, 5 figures. ISBN 951 642 878 9". 4824: 4814: 4611: 3725: 3698: 3164: 2662: 2247: 2229: 2172: 2145: 1920: 1876: 1807: 1560: 1470: 1193: 1166: 1065: 762: 748:. In 1880, when Vainio qualified to become a docent at the University of Helsinki, he started 522: 367: 189: 4174: 349: 217:, who was nearly eleven years older, helped him develop an impressive knowledge of the local 6204: 6108: 5872: 5788: 5741: 5695: 5600: 5572: 5549: 5182: 5109: 5051: 5008: 4953: 4656: 4572: 4494: 4275:"Nylander and Norrlin, herbarium lichenum Fenniae continuatio: IndExs ExsiccataID=979070484" 3870: 3814: 3752: 3669: 3636: 3605: 3307: 2426:

Lichenographia Fennica I. Pyrenolichenes iisque proximi Pyrenomycetes et Lichenes imperfecti

2256: 2154: 2127: 1854: 1598:

Vainio was generally healthy for most of his life, but near the end he suffered from severe

1580: 1564: 1366: 1362: 1283: 1160: 1042: 1018: 894: 880:

properly (pressed) and dried." In Rio de Janeiro, Vainio met the French botanist, and later

665: 336: 265: 234: 6081:"Autonomy's long shadow: A report on issues concerning lichen classification, 1870 to 1981" 5971:

Stenroos, Soili (1998). "Vainio collections – TUR-V". In Marcelli, M. P.; Ahti, T. (eds.).

1758: 1077:

species he described from Brazil a century before, 16 were still considered valid species.

541:, but his time on the Russian side of the border was cut short because of lack of funding. 312: 78: 5959: 5509: 4690: 2220: 2136: 2102: 1849: 1780: 1731: 1702: 1648: 1636: 1463: 1379: 1355: 1299: 1125: 1081: 681: 669: 612: 538: 526: 466: 328: 5760:. Bibliotheca Lichenologica. Vol. 100. Stuttgart: J. Kramer. pp. 283–368. 1458:, Vainio was commissioned by the Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica to continue work on 1017:

suggests that the idea may have originated from the fact that several botanists from the

441: 4942:

Edvard August Vainio's Journey to Brazil in 1885 and his Lichenes Brasilienses Exsiccati

4456: 2661:. Vol. 6 (2nd ed.). Utrecht: Bohn, Scheltema & Holkema. pp. 636–637. 1948:

Edvard August Vainio's Journey to Brazil in 1885 and his Lichenes Brasilienses Exsiccati

1610:

manuscript, and the infrequency with which he saw his children after his move to Turku.

1500: 1394:

in 1917 and press censorship was terminated, Vainio was left without work and without a

840:. It was during a second trip to Paris in 1889–1890 that he would meet his future wife. 210:

of lichens in Brazil, made Vainio renowned internationally in the field of lichenology.

5800: 5708: 5629:

Halonen, Pekka; Myllys, Leena; Ahti, Teuvo; Petrova, Olga V. (1999). "The lichen genus

5363: 5329: 5268: 5234: 4775: 4647:. By Alava Reino. Turku: University of Turku. 1988. Pp513, 1 map ISBN 951 880 200 9". 2567: 2307:

A complete listing of Vainio's scientific publications is given in Schulz-Korth's 1930

1881: 1839: 1801: 1718: 1710: 1656: 1455: 1448: 1408: 1365:. His decision to work for the loathed Board of Press Censorship led to him becoming a 1303: 1212:

group, with only one uniting characteristic—the symbiosis—distinguishing them from the

1038: 918:

where Germain himself had stayed, and which welcomed scientists as guests. Some of the

876: 860: 685: 379: 320: 230: 86: 6149:

Towards the shores of rising Finland. Researcher profiles from the University of Turku

3641: 1769: 684:

that was published in the Finnish language. According to his colleague and biographer

421: 6303: 6055: 5776: 5009: 2950: 2188: 2078: 1790: 1706: 1661: 1644: 1632: 1584: 1351: 1298:

opportunity to apply for this job, for which he competed with the two other docents:

1093: 1014: 791: 782: 510: 5563:

Farkas, E.; Lücking, R.; Wirth, V. (2010). "In memoriam Antonín Vězda (1920–2008)".

4973:

Edvard August Vainio's travels to Finnish and Russian Karelia and to Finnish Lapland

4013: 3990: 3624: 2656: 2394: 2361: 1432: 1266: 1092:. He assumed responsibility for the European collections of Hungarian lichenologist 6281:

Index of Collectors whose Specimens are part of Edv. Aug. Vainio's Lichen Herbarium

6167: 5533: 5007:

Kirk, Paul M.; Cannon, Paul F.; Minter, David W.; Stalpers, Joost A., eds. (2008).

3858: 3657: 3609: 3152: 2898: 2875: 2424: 2350: 2339: 2330:Étude sur la classification naturelle et la morphologie des Lichens du Brésil, I–II 2328: 2317: 2023: 1991: 1916: 1833: 1828: 1666: 1527: 1518: 1333: 1315: 1209: 1030: 864: 646:

for his licentiate. According to the practice of the time, this qualified him as a

300: 252:

and desire to promote the use of the Finnish language in academia during a time of

5923:. São Paulo: CETESB – Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo. pp. 1–188. 3966:(in Finnish). University of Turku, Museum of Natural Sciences. 24 September 2019. 2378: 1257: 469:, and in spring of the following year, he recorded 324 species in the vicinity of 5745: 3674: 2816: 1419:, which was then the second-largest city in Finland after Helsinki. Teaching and 851:

Vainio was one of the first European lichenologists to perform field work in the

6151:] (in Finnish). Turku: Kirja-Aurora; University of Turku. pp. 155–177. 6039: 5699: 1871: 1579:

of his country by Russian rulers. In the 1870s he was involved with pro-Finnish

1506: 1474: 1213: 1089: 797: 730: 693: 229:, who supported his early botanical efforts. Vainio's earliest works dealt with 181: 5576: 5113: 4522: 4520: 2476:—————————— (1934). 2456:—————————— (1927). 2434:—————————— (1922). 2423:—————————— (1921). 2393:—————————— (1913). 2377:—————————— (1909). 2349:—————————— (1897). 2338:—————————— (1894). 2327:—————————— (1890). 949: 5989: 5792: 5610: 5055: 4957: 4813:. Tertiary Level Biology. Glasgow New York: Chapman and Hall. pp. 14–15. 4660: 4498: 2046: 1866: 1844: 1552: 1307: 1287: 1117: 1049:

specimens that were collected by Warming are mentioned in Vainio's monograph.

959: 767: 758: 754: 710: 518: 462: 6271: 6183: 6099: 5911: 5816: 5675: 5398: 5307: 4990: 4576: 3729: 3702: 3168: 1150:Étude sur la classification naturelle et la morphologie des lichens du Brésil 5938: 5844: 5525: 5187: 4828: 2563: 2063: 1986: 1966: 1739: 1714: 1678: 1441: 1197: 1053: 979: 915: 813: 651: 386: 281: 218: 193: 6128: 4430:"Helsingin yliopiston dosenttiyhdistys: WAINIO (→1872 Lang), Edvard August" 2438:. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica. Vol. 51. pp. 1–340. 2429:. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica. Vol. 49. pp. 1–274. 2355:. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica. Vol. 14. pp. 1–268. 2344:. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica. Vol. 10. pp. 1–499. 1535: 1120:

during 1916–1917. Vainio's results were published posthumously; of the 138

773:

said to have had difficulties in maintaining discipline in his classrooms.

273:

authority, which led to his ostracism by the Finnish scientific community.

5554: 5537: 6209: 6192: 5876: 5296:

Lichenes Neotropici ausgegeben von Klaus Kalb. Fascikel XII (No. 476–525)

2038: 1885: 1853:, which was promoted to a genus by Theodore Esslinger. By describing the 1178: 1172: 1069: 967: 749: 656: 582: 371: 198: 5646: 3764: 2322:

Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica. Vol. 4. pp. 1–509.

389:

after hearing university lectures given by the well-known lichenologist

327:

Carl Johan Lang and his wife Adolfina Polén. Edvard's early interest in

50: 6071: 3828: 3319: 1933: 1912: 1889: 1730:

lichens and ascomycetes to one group and place the lichens in separate

1682: 1395: 1184: 1154: 1021:

had lived in the interior of Minas Gerais, including Danish naturalist

955: 856: 852: 809: 734: 534: 458: 363: 324: 289: 5605: 1148:

As the culmination of his studies in Brazil, in 1890 Vainio published

503:

Adjumenta ad Lichenographiam Lapponiae fennicae atque Fenniae borealis

3874: 3756: 3689:

Vainio, E.A. (1921). "Lichenes Siamenses" [Siamese lichens].

2008: 1628: 1326:—a job awarded to the then relatively unknown Austrian lichenologist 1219:

Vainio's work was intended to be a thesis submission for the post of

1201: 963: 940: 837: 829: 825: 821: 805: 801: 647: 514: 470: 402: 355: 245: 185: 17: 5654:

Hertel, Hannes; Gärtner, Georg; Lőkös, László; Farkas, Edit (2017).

5300:

Neotropical lichens issued by Klaus Kalb. Fascicle XII (No. 476–525)

3819: 3802: 3660:[Lichens in Japan collected by A. Yasuda. Continuation 1.]. 3311: 529:. Vainio included 626 species in this publication, of which 70 were 5686:(2017). "The development of lichenology in the history of botany". 5067: 5065: 2086:

Many species have also been named to honour Vainio. These include:

1068:, distribution records, and detailed analysis of the structure and 611:

been described as ahead of its time, because he not only described

354:, was also an avid naturalist, and would later become a well-known 5717:(Parmeliaceae) from cerrado vegetation in São Paulo State, Brazil" 5538:"History of observations on the fungi and lichens of South Africa" 5017:(10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CAB International. p. 719. 1999:

called him "one of the most outstanding lichen taxonomists ever".

1819: 1652: 1534: 1431: 1416: 1332: 1121: 984: 842: 833: 820:

specimens located there; and in 1884–1885 to botanical museums in

721:

investigations and recommended that the dissertation be approved.

661: 420: 299: 257: 104: 6145:

Päin nousevan Suomen rantaa. Tutkijaprofiileja Turun yliopistosta

6030:, old and modern concepts". In Marcelli, M. P.; Ahti, T. (eds.). 3298:

Buck, William R. (1994). "Vainio's Brazilian bryophytes at TUR".

2605: 449:(Finnish Association for Science and Flora), which is the oldest 1640: 1415:

22,800 in 2020). The society was organising a new university at

1412: 1205: 1003:

Matkustus Brasiliassa. Kuvaus luonnosta ja kansoista Brasiliassa

991:

Matkustus Brasiliassa. Kuvaus luonnosta ja kansoista Brasiliassa

919: 3447:"Lichenes Brasilienses exsiccati: IndExs ExsiccataID=166987359" 1196:'s then-controversial theory that lichens were the result of a 323:. Brought up in a poor home, he was one of several children of 5302:] (in German). Neumarkt in der Oberpfalz: Self-published. 3021: 3019: 6168:"Finnish botanists on the Kola Peninsula (Russia) up to 1918" 473:. In one of Nylander's publications, eleven new species were 5114:"[Review] M. P. Marcelli & T. Ahti (eds.) 1998. 4329: 4327: 4325: 4323: 3276: 3274: 3272: 1602:(pain in the kidney) and spent his final three weeks in the 1445:

Nylander and Norrlin, herbarium lichenum Fenniae continuatio

180:; 5 August 1853 – 14 May 1929) was a Finnish 4784:

Proceedings of the Seventh International Botanical Congress

4157: 4155: 4035: 4033: 4031: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3898: 3896: 3083: 3081: 3068: 3066: 3064: 2007:

Five genera are named after Vainio, although most of these

6143:

Tarmio, Timo (2000). "Edvard Vainio – Kohtalona Jäkälät".

4412: 4410: 4397: 4395: 4142: 4140: 4138: 3691:

Annales Zoologici Societatis Zoologicae Botanicae Fennicae

3658:"Lichenes ab A. Yasuda in Japonia collecti. Continuatio 1" 2970: 2968: 2817:"Addenda nova ad lichenographiam europaeam. Contin. XVIII" 2635: 2633: 2631: 1937:, which at the time was broadly used for foliose lichens. 1681:) and Antarctica. Finnish botanist Reino Alava, who was a 497:("Lichens observed in the vicinity of Viburg") (1878) and 284:

curator at both the University of Helsinki, and later the

280:

of lichens, and, as a result of his many years of work as

5453: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4201: 4199: 3470: 3468: 3429: 3427: 3399: 3397: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3180: 3178: 3036: 3034: 2786: 2784: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2678: 6241:

Edvard August Vainio's Types in TUR-V and Other Herbaria

4841: 4645:

Edvard August Vainio's Types in TUR-V and other herbaria

4526: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4216: 4214: 4098: 4096: 3745:

Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences

3226: 3224: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3051: 3049: 1052:

In 1887, Vainio published the first of his three-volume

4310: 4308: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3483: 2920: 2918: 2916: 1985:. He is known as the "Grand Old Man of lichenology", a 1337:

Vainio in his private study at the Plant Museum of the

1286:, a characteristic that Vainio emphasised, have only a 4786:. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell. pp. 809–810. 3958: 3956: 3954: 3952: 2878:[Lichens observed in the vicinity of Viburg]. 2711: 2709: 2650: 2648: 1734:, the Discolichenes and Pyrenolichenes. It was at the 867:. He spent some time initially in Sítio (now known as 5441: 4113: 4111: 3414: 3412: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3331: 3329: 3122: 3120: 5002: 5000: 2903:

Meddelanden Af Societatis Pro Fauna et Flora Fennica

2880:

Meddelanden Af Societatis Pro Fauna et Flora Fennica

1591:

in 1921, in accordance with contemporary changes in

678:

Tutkimus Cladoniain phylogenetillisestä kehityksestä

509:

of the Grand Duchy of Finland and Russia, including

5919:Marcelli, Marcelo Pinto; Ahti, Teuvo, eds. (1998). 5166:Fajardo, Weenalei T.; Bawingan, Paulina A. (2019). 4971:Alava, Reino; Laine, Unto; Huhtinen, Seppo (2004). 4476: 4474: 3627:[Lichens in Japan collected by A. Yasuda]. 1793:species Vainio described as new to science include 157: 143: 135: 120: 112: 93: 60: 41: 5658:[Investigators of Austria's lichen flora] 5201: 4606:. The Finnish Environment. Vol. 485. Vantaa: 1618:Vainio formally described more than 1900 species, 1358:), a mandate carried out by the polarising figure 358:. In the early 1860s, the family relocated to the 331:was manifested in his interest in flowers and his 213:Young Vainio's friendship with university student 6193:"Finnish botanists and mycologists in the Arctic" 5633:in East Fennoscandia. III. The shrubby species". 1962:s, Vainio still gives the freshest information!" 2520: 6172:Memoranda Societatis Pro Fauna et Flora Fennica 3718:University of California Publications in Botany 2955:Memoranda Societatis Pro Fauna et Flora Fennica 2445:Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae Series A 2412:Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae Series A 1384: 970:region. With the permission of museum director 635: 625: 407:Beiträge zur Flora des südöstlichen Tavastlands 5707:Jungbluth, Patricia; Marcelli, Marcelo Pinto; 1484:Vainio's final work, the fourth volume of the 989:Cover of Vainio's 1888 popular travel account 692:in his work, and proposed that the science of 5758:Diversity of Lichenology – Anniversary Volume 3099: 3025: 2655:Stafleu, Frans A.; Cowan, Richard S. (1986). 2566:characteristics are the same as those of the 1831:cornerstone for two later recognised genera, 757:, which were mostly given in his home, or on 8: 6355:Academic staff of the University of Helsinki 5465: 5071: 4481:Hawksworth, David L. (2007). "Book Reviews. 3594:"New species of lichens from Porto Rico. II" 3293: 3291: 3289: 3280: 3242: 2606:"Vainio, Edvard (Edward) August (1853–1929)" 2458:"Lichenographia Fennica III. Coniocarpaceae" 1748:International Code of Botanical Nomenclature 1140:species had been documented in the country. 30:"Vain." redirects here. For other uses, see 5514:The History of Botany in Finland, 1828–1918 3625:"Lichenes ab A. Yasuda in Japonia collecti" 3010: 2498:Category:Taxa named by Edvard August Vainio 4630: 4333: 4161: 4051: 4039: 3931: 3902: 3087: 3072: 2837: 2639: 2485:Acta Societatis Pro Fauna et Flora Fennica 2465:Acta Societatis Pro Fauna et Flora Fennica 619:limits for different species. As noted by 49: 38: 6360:Academic staff of the University of Turku 6208: 5604: 5553: 5213: 5186: 5084:Ulloa, Miguel; Halin, Richard T. (2012). 5040:Monographia Cladoniarum Universalis I–III 4927: 4780:"The new systematics of lichenized fungi" 4589: 4345: 4146: 4087: 4063: 4014:"Critique de "l'Étude" du Docteur Wainio" 3818: 3673: 3640: 3263: 3196: 3184: 3040: 2974: 2775: 2688: 2478:"Lichenographia Fennica IV. Lecideales 2" 2297:S.Y.Kondr., E.Farkas & L.Lőkös (2019) 1971:International Association for Lichenology 425:Imperial Alexander University around 1870 409:("Writings on the flora of south-eastern 311:Edvard Lang was born on 5 August 1853 in 6017:". In Marcelli, M. P.; Ahti, T. (eds.). 5833:Acta Societas Pro Fauna et Flora Fennica 5175:Philippine Journal of Systematic Biology 4915: 4762: 4205: 3347: 2876:"Lichenes in viciniis Viburgi observati" 2514: 2512: 2352:Monographia Cladoniarum universalis: III 5734:Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 5656:"Forscher an Österreichs Flechtenflora" 5518:Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters 5153: 4903: 4738: 4683:International Lichenological Newsletter 4550: 4538: 4416: 4401: 4386: 4369: 4357: 4299: 4261: 4249: 4129: 3943: 3887: 3493: 3474: 3433: 3403: 3388: 3359: 3230: 3215: 3111: 2998: 2924: 2802: 2790: 2751: 2739: 2727: 2715: 2700: 2597: 2508: 2341:Monographia Cladoniarum universalis: II 2319:Monographia Cladoniarum universalis: I. 1915:derivatives, beta-orcinol derivatives, 1674:, published in Latin in 1881 and 1883. 1440:In 1921, he edited and distributed the 202:, and, in particular, his study of the 6330:People from the Grand Duchy of Finland 4856:"New combinations in the lichen genus 4796: 4750: 4232: 4220: 4102: 4075: 3914: 3579: 3529: 3505: 3138: 3055: 2986: 2936: 2849: 2395:"Lichenes insularum Philippinarum. II" 2379:"Lichenes insularum Philippinarum. I." 781:Early in his career, with the help of 495:Lichenes in viciniis Viburgi observati 5421:. Berlin: Lubrecht & Cramer: 51. 5141: 4726: 4511: 4314: 3859:"The lichen flora of the Philippines" 3418: 3376: 3126: 2861: 2763: 2279:Jungbluth, Marcelli & Elix (2008) 1977:of the symposium was issued in 1998, 1073:1998 study showed that of the 18 new 7: 6111:[Obituary for E. A. Vainio] 6026:Yoshimura, Isao (1998). "Vainio and 5586:"Swamp forestry research in Finland" 4714: 4436:(in Finnish). University of Helsinki 4117: 3841: 3517: 3335: 5442:Jungbluth, Marcelli & Elix 2008 4782:. In Osvald, H.; Åberg, E. (eds.). 4281:. Botanische Staatssammlung München 3547:"Meghalt. – Gestorben. E.A. Vainio" 3453:. Botanische Staatssammlung München 1062:Monographia Cladoniarum universalis 533:. He had botanical explorations in 447:Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica 5896:"Edvard August Vainio (1853–1929)" 5086:Illustrated Dictionary of Mycology 4883:"A new status for brown Parmeliae" 4459:[In memory of E. Vainio]. 3964:"Edvard August Vainio (1853–1929)" 2558:A topotype is a specimen from the 2288:Sipman, Elix & T.H.Nash (2009) 924:Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius 25: 6044:Recollecting Edvard August Vainio 6032:Recollecting Edvard August Vainio 6019:Recollecting Edvard August Vainio 6003:Recollecting Edvard August Vainio 5994:Recollecting Edvard August Vainio 5982:Recollecting Edvard August Vainio 5973:Recollecting Edvard August Vainio 5964:Recollecting Edvard August Vainio 5952:Recollecting Edvard August Vainio 5921:Recollecting Edvard August Vainio 5865:Bryophyte Diversity and Evolution 5485:from the original on 16 July 2020 5370:from the original on 16 July 2020 5336:from the original on 16 July 2020 5275:from the original on 16 July 2020 5241:from the original on 15 July 2020 5116:Recollecting Edvard August Vainio 5038:Ahti, T. (2007). "Books Reviews. 4483:Recollecting Edvard August Vainio 3970:from the original on 16 July 2020 3782:[Lichens of Mozambique]. 3642:10.15281/jplantres1887.32.379_154 2616:from the original on 16 July 2020 2399:The Philippine Journal of Science 2382:The Philippine Journal of Science 1979:Recollecting Edvard August Vainio 1375:Finland's constitutional struggle 1292:Ferdinand Christian Gustav Arnold 385:Norrlin had become interested in 27:Finnish lichenologist (1853–1929) 6134: 5826:"Edvard August Vainio 1853–1929" 5803:(1929). "Edvard August Vainio". 5202:Farkas, Lücking & Wirth 2010 3991:"Kritik über Dr. Wainio's Étude" 1779: 1768: 1757: 1736:International Botanical Congress 1322:'s influential monograph series 1265: 1256: 1247: 654:(evolutionary relationships) of 570: 559: 548: 6325:20th-century Finnish scientists 6320:19th-century Finnish scientists 5900:Annales de Cryptogamie exotique 4881:Esslinger, Theodore L. (1978). 3863:Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 3801:Paz-Bermúdez, Graciela (2004). 3784:Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana 2610:International Plant Names Index 1823:. His subdivision of the genus 1639:, a list of the cryptogams and 1454:In 1921, at the instigation of 1403:University of Turku (1919–1928) 733:of Swedish and Finnish for the 335:; his favourite flower was the 3610:10.1080/00275514.1929.12016930 2951:"Lichen floristics in Finland" 2899:"Florula Tavastiae orientalis" 2316:Wainio, Edvard August (1887). 1905:Catalogus Lichenum Universalis 1874:, Vainio segregated the genus 1651:, and the plant and cryptogam 886:Auguste François Marie Glaziou 871:), and then in Lafayette (now 800:area extending from the river 482:in 1874 and began work on his 1: 6375:Finnish expatriates in Brazil 6350:University of Helsinki alumni 4809:Hawksworth, David L. (1984). 4608:Finnish Environment Institute 1903:(such as Zahlbruckner in his 1843:(raised to generic status by 1660:concluded that the county of 1583:. He was one of the first to 1144:Application for professorship 1112:, who made them as part of a 972:Ladislau de Souza Mello Netto 642:In 1880, Vainio defended his 395:Imperial Alexander University 5746:10.1080/02827581.2011.517949 4279:IndExs – Index of Exsiccatae 3675:10.15281/jplantres1887.35.45 3656:Wainio, Dr. Edv. A. (1921). 3623:Wainio, Dr. Edv. A. (1918). 3549:[Died. E.A. Vainio] 3451:IndExs – Index of Exsiccatae 2252:Hafellner & Poelt (1979) 1888:on the lower surface of the 1585:replace his non-Finnish name 499:Florula Tavastiae orientalis 159:Author abbrev. (botany) 6107:Schulz-Korth, Karl (1930). 5700:10.1639/0007-2745-120.1.037 5010:"Vainio ['Wainio']" 1513:Personal life and character 1084:by explorers and botanists 6396: 6370:Explorers of South America 6109:"Nachruf auf E. A. Vainio" 5577:10.1556/ABot.52.2010.1-2.2 4175:"Value of money converter" 2495: 932:. The French entomologist 580:Vainio described many new 431:Jyväskylä Secondary School 240:After graduating from the 29: 5793:10.1556/034.61.2019.3-4.5 5584:Haikurainen, Leo (1961). 5415:Bibliotheca Lichenologica 5056:10.1017/S0024282980000102 4958:10.1017/S0024282989000198 4661:10.1017/S0024282990000184 4499:10.1017/S0024282999000535 3629:Botanical Magazine, Tokyo 3155:[Personal news]. 3100:Kaila & Vasander 2010 3026:Kaila & Vasander 2010 2949:Vitikainen, Orvo (1996). 2436:Lichenographia Fennica II 1494:(collected by Linkola in 976:National Museum of Brazil 812:to botanical museums and 660:, a large and widespread 244:in 1880, Vainio became a 184:. His early works on the 167: 128: 48: 5635:Annales Botanici Fennici 5389:Santesson, Rolf (1952). 5072:Marcelli & Ahti 1998 4811:The Lichen-forming Fungi 4577:10.11646/megataxa.1.1.16 4457:"In memoriam. E. Vainio" 4455:Magnusson, A.H. (1929). 3662:Botanical Magazine Tokyo 3157:Botanisches Zentralblatt 1688:Parque Natural do Caraça 1622:several new genera, and 974:, Vainio studied at the 855:. After being granted a 429:Lang graduated from the 55:Vainio in 1924 at age 71 6166:Uotila, Pertti (2013). 6079:Mitchell, M.E. (2015). 5781:Acta Botanica Hungarica 5565:Acta Botanica Hungarica 5188:10.26757/pjsb2019b13006 5015:Dictionary of the Fungi 4854:Hale, Mason E. (1974). 4689:(2): 14. Archived from 3786:. Série II (in Latin). 2270:Kalb & Vězda (1988) 2239:Candelariella vainioana 2213:Melanotheca vainioensis 1925:4-ylidenetetronic acids 1573:traditional Swedishness 1320:Karl Anton Eugen Prantl 1129:Expedition of 1878–1880 1037:; and Danish botanists 1009:account of Brazil, its 903:. It was here that the 884:for Brazilian royalty, 707:Johan Reinhold Sahlberg 674:British soldiers lichen 480:Candidate of Philosophy 343:). His eldest brother, 6365:19th-century explorers 6340:People from Pieksämäki 6335:Finnish lichenologists 5454:Kondratyuk et al. 2019 3555:Magyar Botanikai Lapok 3153:"Personalnachtrichten" 2164:Rhizocarpon vainioense 2119:Clathroporina wainiana 1953:Vainio's three-volume 1631:hybrids, a listing of 1608:Lichenographia Fennica 1571:against both the long 1540: 1523:Charles Edouard Ilmari 1486:Lichenographia Fennica 1460:Lichenographia Fennica 1437: 1388: 1342: 1328:Alexander Zahlbruckner 1133:Philippine Organic Act 1035:nearby limestone caves 993: 848: 640: 630: 426: 399:University of Helsinki 317:Grand Duchy of Finland 308: 278:scientific collections 242:University of Helsinki 148:University of Helsinki 124:University of Helsinki 83:Grand Duchy of Finland 6279:Alava, Reino (2008). 6239:Alava, Reino (1988). 5713:"Five new species of 5555:10.4102/abc.v5i1.1868 3778:Vainio, E.A. (1929). 3592:Vainio, E.A. (1929). 2897:Wainio, E.A. (1878). 2874:Wainio, E.A. (1878). 2815:Nylander, W. (1874). 2541:Calculated using the 2303:Selected publications 2293:Coppinsidea vainioana 1796:Allographa leptospora 1643:from the area of the 1538: 1435: 1411:(equivalent to about 1390:After Finland gained 1336: 1103:Américo Pires de Lima 988: 934:Pierre-Émile Gounelle 846: 489:During his time as a 424: 303: 262:scientific literature 6210:10.1139/as-2016-0051 6191:Väre, Henry (2017). 5886:on 12 December 2020. 5877:10.11646/bde.13.1.10 5824:Linkola, K. (1934). 5294:Kalb, Klaus (1991). 4655:(2): 200–201. 1990. 4610:. pp. 141–144. 2284:Hypotrachyna vainioi 2266:Gyalideopsis vainioi 2197:Nesolechia vainioana 1491:Lecidea keimioeënsis 1312:Per Magnus Jørgensen 1226:Theodor Magnus Fries 873:Conselheiro Lafaiete 715:Sextus Otto Lindberg 621:Adolf Hugo Magnusson 601:C. transcendens 397:(today known as the 376:Johan Petter Norrlin 305:Johan Petter Norrlin 215:Johan Petter Norrlin 196:on the lichen genus 174:Edvard August Vainio 43:Edvard August Vainio 6345:Finnish taxonomists 5616:on 10 December 2020 5520:). pp. 1–159. 5479:"Vainion julkaisut" 4842:Halonen et al. 1999 4674:Scholz, P. (2009). 4529:, pp. 156–157. 4078:, pp. 165–166. 4012:Müller, J. (1892). 3989:Müller, J. (1891). 3780:"Lichens Mozambici" 2360:Vainio, E. (1909). 2205:Calicium vainioanum 2111:Filaspora wainionis 2088:Teichospora wainioi 1909:secondary chemistry 1880:for species having 1744:John Axel Nannfeldt 1717:before the work of 1593:Finnish orthography 1557:Finnish nationalism 1221:associate professor 1086:Friedrich Welwitsch 1033:discoveries in the 966:mountains, and the 926:' influential work 690:theory of evolution 589:C. sobolescens 586:species, including 286:University of Turku 250:Finnish nationalism 192:, his three-volume 152:University of Turku 6046:. pp. 95–112. 6011:Galloway, David J. 4952:(1): 97–98. 2007. 4527:Hertel et al. 2017 4183:Statistics Finland 4018:Revue de Mycologie 3151:Anonymous (1880). 2821:Flora (Regensburg) 2547:Statistics Finland 2543:currency converter 2275:Bulbothrix vainioi 2095:Nectriella vainioi 2011:are now obsolete: 1847:), as well as for 1541: 1438: 1343: 1284:chemical reactions 1137:Elmer Drew Merrill 1041:and his assistant 1023:Peter Wilhelm Lund 994: 929:Flora Brasiliensis 882:landscape designer 849: 739:Jyväskylä seminary 668:that includes the 595:C. subradiata 451:scientific society 427: 374:. Here Edvard met 345:Joel Napoleon Lang 341:Epilobium palustre 333:mineral collection 309: 271:Russian censorship 208:form and structure 6380:Finnish explorers 6290:978-951-29-3369-3 6250:978-951-88-0200-9 6034:. pp. 85–94. 6021:. pp. 61–84. 6005:. pp. 47–60. 5996:. pp. 37–46. 5984:. pp. 33–36. 5975:. pp. 29–31. 5966:. pp. 15–28. 5767:978-3-443-58079-7 5754:Kärnefelt, Ingvar 5684:Jørgensen, Per M. 5606:10.14214/sf.a9135 5466:Schulz-Korth 1930 5428:978-3-443-58008-7 5356:"Record details: 5322:"Record details: 5261:"Record details: 5227:"Record details: 5125:Tropical Bryology 5095:978-0-89054-400-6 5044:The Lichenologist 5024:978-0-85199-826-8 4946:The Lichenologist 4940:"Briefly Noted – 4820:978-0-412-00641-8 4696:on 23 August 2021 4649:The Lichenologist 4643:"Briefly noted – 4617:978-952-11-1484-7 4487:The Lichenologist 4461:Botaniska Notiser 4066:, pp. 31–32. 3281:Schulz-Korth 1930 3243:Schulz-Korth 1930 3199:, pp. 90–91. 2668:978-90-313-0224-6 2366:Arkiv för Botanik 2248:Caloplaca vainioi 2230:Tricharia vainioi 2173:Peltigera vainioi 2146:Opegrapha wainioi 1921:terphenylquinones 1897:Pseudocyphellaria 1877:Pseudocyphellaria 1808:Graphis plumierae 1604:hospital of Turku 1575:or the attempted 1561:Finnish interests 1555:and proponent of 1471:plant systematics 1324:Das Pflanzenreich 1216:and other fungi. 1194:Simon Schwendener 1114:military campaign 666:fruticose lichens 613:plant communities 484:licentiate degree 411:Tavastia Province 171: 170: 130:Scientific career 16:(Redirected from 6387: 6294: 6275: 6254: 6235: 6214: 6212: 6187: 6162: 6139: 6138: 6132: 6114: 6103: 6085: 6075: 6047: 6035: 6022: 6006: 5997: 5985: 5976: 5967: 5960:Vitikainen, Orvo 5955: 5954:. pp. 1–14. 5942: 5915: 5887: 5885: 5879:. Archived from 5862: 5848: 5830: 5820: 5796: 5787:(3–4): 275–323. 5771: 5749: 5728: 5703: 5679: 5661: 5650: 5625: 5623: 5621: 5615: 5609:. Archived from 5608: 5590: 5580: 5559: 5557: 5534:Doidge, Ethel M. 5529: 5510:Collander, Runar 5502:Cited literature 5495: 5494: 5492: 5490: 5475: 5469: 5463: 5457: 5451: 5445: 5439: 5433: 5432: 5409: 5403: 5402: 5386: 5380: 5379: 5377: 5375: 5352: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5341: 5318: 5312: 5311: 5291: 5285: 5284: 5282: 5280: 5257: 5251: 5250: 5248: 5246: 5223: 5217: 5211: 5205: 5199: 5193: 5192: 5190: 5172: 5163: 5157: 5151: 5145: 5139: 5133: 5132: 5122: 5106: 5100: 5099: 5081: 5075: 5069: 5060: 5059: 5035: 5029: 5028: 5012: 5004: 4995: 4994: 4968: 4962: 4961: 4937: 4931: 4925: 4919: 4913: 4907: 4901: 4895: 4894: 4878: 4872: 4871: 4851: 4845: 4839: 4833: 4832: 4806: 4800: 4794: 4788: 4787: 4772: 4766: 4760: 4754: 4748: 4742: 4736: 4730: 4724: 4718: 4712: 4706: 4705: 4703: 4701: 4695: 4680: 4671: 4665: 4664: 4640: 4634: 4628: 4622: 4621: 4599: 4593: 4587: 4581: 4580: 4560: 4554: 4548: 4542: 4536: 4530: 4524: 4515: 4509: 4503: 4502: 4478: 4469: 4468: 4452: 4446: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4435: 4426: 4420: 4414: 4405: 4399: 4390: 4384: 4373: 4367: 4361: 4355: 4349: 4343: 4337: 4331: 4318: 4312: 4303: 4297: 4291: 4290: 4288: 4286: 4271: 4265: 4259: 4253: 4247: 4236: 4230: 4224: 4218: 4209: 4203: 4194: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4171: 4165: 4159: 4150: 4144: 4133: 4127: 4121: 4115: 4106: 4100: 4091: 4085: 4079: 4073: 4067: 4061: 4055: 4049: 4043: 4037: 4026: 4025: 4009: 4003: 4002: 3986: 3980: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3960: 3947: 3941: 3935: 3929: 3918: 3912: 3906: 3900: 3891: 3885: 3879: 3878: 3875:10.5962/p.185557 3855:Herre, Albert W. 3851: 3845: 3839: 3833: 3832: 3822: 3798: 3792: 3791: 3775: 3769: 3768: 3757:10.2307/20025979 3740: 3734: 3733: 3713: 3707: 3706: 3686: 3680: 3679: 3677: 3653: 3647: 3646: 3644: 3635:(379): 154–163. 3620: 3614: 3613: 3589: 3583: 3577: 3571: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3557:(in Hungarian). 3552: 3539: 3533: 3527: 3521: 3515: 3509: 3503: 3497: 3491: 3478: 3472: 3463: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3443: 3437: 3431: 3422: 3416: 3407: 3401: 3392: 3386: 3380: 3374: 3363: 3357: 3351: 3345: 3339: 3333: 3324: 3323: 3295: 3284: 3278: 3267: 3261: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3228: 3219: 3213: 3200: 3194: 3188: 3182: 3173: 3172: 3148: 3142: 3136: 3130: 3124: 3115: 3109: 3103: 3097: 3091: 3085: 3076: 3070: 3059: 3053: 3044: 3038: 3029: 3023: 3014: 3011:Haikurainen 1961 3008: 3002: 2996: 2990: 2984: 2978: 2972: 2963: 2962: 2946: 2940: 2934: 2928: 2922: 2911: 2910: 2894: 2888: 2887: 2871: 2865: 2859: 2853: 2847: 2841: 2835: 2829: 2828: 2812: 2806: 2800: 2794: 2788: 2779: 2773: 2767: 2761: 2755: 2749: 2743: 2737: 2731: 2725: 2719: 2713: 2704: 2698: 2692: 2686: 2673: 2672: 2652: 2643: 2637: 2626: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2602: 2580: 2577: 2571: 2556: 2550: 2539: 2533: 2530: 2524: 2516: 2492: 2482: 2472: 2462: 2452: 2439: 2430: 2419: 2406: 2389: 2373: 2356: 2345: 2334: 2323: 2298: 2289: 2280: 2271: 2262: 2257:Lecanora vainioi 2253: 2244: 2235: 2226: 2217: 2210: 2201: 2194: 2185: 2184:C.W.Dodge (1933) 2181:Pannaria vainioi 2178: 2169: 2160: 2155:Pannaria wainioi 2151: 2142: 2133: 2128:Cladonia wainioi 2124: 2115: 2108: 2099: 2092: 2075: 2060: 2052: 2035: 2020: 1997:Ingvar Kärnefelt 1870:. In the family 1783: 1772: 1761: 1696: 1581:student activism 1531: 1504: 1363:Nikolay Bobrikov 1360:Governor-General 1339:Turku University 1269: 1260: 1251: 1232:were recruited. 1188:(19). The genus 1111: 1043:Eugenius Warming 1031:palaeontological 1019:Nordic countries 953: 913: 905:Caraça sanctuary 898: 890:Caraça Mountains 795: 771: 747: 676:species. Titled 574: 563: 552: 491:graduate student 439: 391:William Nylander 353: 337:marsh willowherb 235:Finnish language 227:William Nylander 100: 74: 72: 53: 39: 21: 6395: 6394: 6390: 6389: 6388: 6386: 6385: 6384: 6300: 6299: 6291: 6278: 6260:Luonnon Tutkija 6257: 6251: 6238: 6225: 6222: 6220:Further reading 6217: 6190: 6165: 6159: 6142: 6133: 6112: 6106: 6083: 6078: 6054: 6038: 6025: 6009: 6000: 5988: 5979: 5970: 5958: 5949: 5931: 5918: 5892:Magnusson, A.H. 5890: 5883: 5860: 5853:Lücking, Robert 5851: 5828: 5823: 5799: 5774: 5768: 5752: 5731: 5706: 5682: 5659: 5653: 5628: 5619: 5617: 5613: 5588: 5583: 5562: 5532: 5508: 5504: 5499: 5498: 5488: 5486: 5477: 5476: 5472: 5468:, pp. 5–9. 5464: 5460: 5452: 5448: 5440: 5436: 5429: 5411: 5410: 5406: 5388: 5387: 5383: 5373: 5371: 5354: 5353: 5349: 5339: 5337: 5320: 5319: 5315: 5293: 5292: 5288: 5278: 5276: 5259: 5258: 5254: 5244: 5242: 5225: 5224: 5220: 5212: 5208: 5200: 5196: 5170: 5165: 5164: 5160: 5152: 5148: 5140: 5136: 5120: 5108: 5107: 5103: 5096: 5083: 5082: 5078: 5070: 5063: 5037: 5036: 5032: 5025: 5006: 5005: 4998: 4983: 4970: 4969: 4965: 4939: 4938: 4934: 4926: 4922: 4914: 4910: 4902: 4898: 4880: 4879: 4875: 4853: 4852: 4848: 4840: 4836: 4821: 4808: 4807: 4803: 4795: 4791: 4774: 4773: 4769: 4761: 4757: 4749: 4745: 4737: 4733: 4725: 4721: 4713: 4709: 4699: 4697: 4693: 4678: 4673: 4672: 4668: 4642: 4641: 4637: 4631:Vitikainen 1998 4629: 4625: 4618: 4601: 4600: 4596: 4588: 4584: 4562: 4561: 4557: 4549: 4545: 4537: 4533: 4525: 4518: 4510: 4506: 4480: 4479: 4472: 4454: 4453: 4449: 4439: 4437: 4433: 4428: 4427: 4423: 4415: 4408: 4400: 4393: 4385: 4376: 4368: 4364: 4356: 4352: 4344: 4340: 4334:Vitikainen 1998 4332: 4321: 4313: 4306: 4298: 4294: 4284: 4282: 4273: 4272: 4268: 4260: 4256: 4248: 4239: 4231: 4227: 4219: 4212: 4204: 4197: 4187: 4185: 4173: 4172: 4168: 4162:Vitikainen 1998 4160: 4153: 4145: 4136: 4128: 4124: 4116: 4109: 4101: 4094: 4086: 4082: 4074: 4070: 4062: 4058: 4052:Vitikainen 1998 4050: 4046: 4040:Vitikainen 1998 4038: 4029: 4011: 4010: 4006: 3988: 3987: 3983: 3973: 3971: 3962: 3961: 3950: 3942: 3938: 3932:Vitikainen 1998 3930: 3921: 3913: 3909: 3903:Vitikainen 1998 3901: 3894: 3886: 3882: 3853: 3852: 3848: 3840: 3836: 3820:10.2307/4135630 3800: 3799: 3795: 3777: 3776: 3772: 3742: 3741: 3737: 3715: 3714: 3710: 3688: 3687: 3683: 3655: 3654: 3650: 3622: 3621: 3617: 3591: 3590: 3586: 3578: 3574: 3564: 3562: 3550: 3543:Gyelnik, Vilmos 3541: 3540: 3536: 3528: 3524: 3516: 3512: 3504: 3500: 3492: 3481: 3473: 3466: 3456: 3454: 3445: 3444: 3440: 3432: 3425: 3417: 3410: 3402: 3395: 3387: 3383: 3375: 3366: 3358: 3354: 3346: 3342: 3334: 3327: 3312:10.2307/3243910 3297: 3296: 3287: 3279: 3270: 3262: 3249: 3241: 3237: 3229: 3222: 3214: 3203: 3195: 3191: 3183: 3176: 3150: 3149: 3145: 3137: 3133: 3125: 3118: 3110: 3106: 3098: 3094: 3088:Vitikainen 1998 3086: 3079: 3073:Vitikainen 1998 3071: 3062: 3054: 3047: 3039: 3032: 3024: 3017: 3013:, pp. 6–7. 3009: 3005: 2997: 2993: 2985: 2981: 2973: 2966: 2948: 2947: 2943: 2935: 2931: 2923: 2914: 2896: 2895: 2891: 2873: 2872: 2868: 2860: 2856: 2848: 2844: 2838:Vitikainen 1998 2836: 2832: 2814: 2813: 2809: 2805:, pp. 4–6. 2801: 2797: 2789: 2782: 2774: 2770: 2762: 2758: 2750: 2746: 2742:, pp. 4–5. 2738: 2734: 2726: 2722: 2714: 2707: 2703:, pp. 3–4. 2699: 2695: 2687: 2676: 2669: 2654: 2653: 2646: 2640:Vitikainen 1998 2638: 2629: 2619: 2617: 2604: 2603: 2599: 2594: 2589: 2584: 2583: 2578: 2574: 2557: 2553: 2540: 2536: 2531: 2527: 2517: 2510: 2505: 2500: 2480: 2475: 2460: 2455: 2442: 2433: 2422: 2409: 2392: 2376: 2359: 2348: 2337: 2326: 2315: 2305: 2296: 2287: 2278: 2269: 2260: 2251: 2242: 2233: 2224: 2221:Lecidea vainioi 2215: 2208: 2199: 2192: 2183: 2176: 2167: 2158: 2149: 2140: 2137:Physcia wainioi 2131: 2122: 2113: 2106: 2103:Meliola wainioi 2098:P.Karst. (1889) 2097: 2091:P.Karst. (1884) 2090: 2073: 2058: 2050: 2033: 2018: 2005: 1943: 1882:pseudocyphellae 1850:Allantoparmelia 1815: 1814: 1813: 1812: 1786: 1785: 1784: 1775: 1774: 1773: 1764: 1763: 1762: 1711:foliose lichens 1703:Tropical Africa 1690: 1649:Western Siberia 1637:Finnish Lapland 1616: 1559:. He supported 1525: 1515: 1498: 1464:Northern Europe 1405: 1380:Runar Collander 1356:Russian culture 1300:Fredrik Elfving 1279: 1278: 1277: 1276: 1272: 1271: 1270: 1262: 1261: 1253: 1252: 1146: 1105: 1082:tropical Africa 1025:, who lived in 1011:flora and fauna 999: 997:Work in Finland 947: 914:was located, a 907: 892: 875:). Many of his 789: 779: 765: 741: 727: 682:natural science 670:reindeer lichen 608: 607: 606: 605: 577: 576: 575: 566: 565: 564: 555: 554: 553: 539:Paatsjoki River 527:Russian Karelia 467:Central Finland 433: 419: 347: 329:natural history 315:in the eastern 298: 254:language strife 121:Alma mater 108: 102: 98: 89: 76: 70: 68: 67: 66: 56: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6393: 6391: 6383: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6302: 6301: 6296: 6295: 6289: 6276: 6266:(4): 135–137. 6262:(in Finnish). 6255: 6249: 6236: 6230:(in Finnish). 6221: 6218: 6216: 6215: 6203:(3): 525–552. 6197:Arctic Science 6188: 6163: 6157: 6140: 6104: 6076: 6066:(3): 404–432. 6056:Mattick, Fritz 6051: 6050: 6049: 6048: 6036: 6023: 6007: 5998: 5986: 5977: 5968: 5956: 5944: 5943: 5929: 5916: 5888: 5867:(in Spanish). 5849: 5821: 5807:(in Finnish). 5805:Luonnon Ystävä 5797: 5772: 5766: 5750: 5740:(S10): 65–71. 5729: 5704: 5688:The Bryologist 5680: 5651: 5641:(4): 235–256. 5626: 5581: 5560: 5530: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5497: 5496: 5470: 5458: 5456:, p. 302. 5446: 5434: 5427: 5404: 5381: 5364:Index Fungorum 5347: 5330:Index Fungorum 5313: 5286: 5269:Index Fungorum 5252: 5235:Index Fungorum 5218: 5216:, p. 341. 5214:Kärnefelt 2009 5206: 5194: 5158: 5146: 5134: 5101: 5094: 5076: 5061: 5050:(1): 155–156. 5030: 5023: 4996: 4982:978-9512927128 4981: 4963: 4932: 4928:Yoshimura 1998 4920: 4908: 4896: 4873: 4846: 4844:, p. 235. 4834: 4819: 4801: 4789: 4767: 4755: 4743: 4731: 4719: 4707: 4666: 4635: 4623: 4616: 4594: 4592:, p. 343. 4590:Kärnefelt 2009 4582: 4555: 4543: 4541:, p. 166. 4531: 4516: 4504: 4493:(4): 405–406. 4470: 4463:(in Swedish). 4447: 4421: 4419:, p. 165. 4406: 4404:, p. 167. 4391: 4374: 4362: 4360:, p. 160. 4350: 4346:Collander 1965 4338: 4319: 4304: 4292: 4266: 4264:, p. 164. 4254: 4237: 4235:, p. 168. 4225: 4223:, p. 158. 4210: 4195: 4166: 4151: 4147:Collander 1965 4134: 4132:, p. 162. 4122: 4107: 4105:, p. 166. 4092: 4088:Jørgensen 2017 4080: 4068: 4064:Collander 1965 4056: 4044: 4027: 4004: 3981: 3948: 3946:, p. 407. 3936: 3919: 3917:, p. 165. 3907: 3892: 3890:, p. 406. 3880: 3869:(4): 408–412. 3846: 3844:, p. 538. 3834: 3813:(2): 511–519. 3793: 3770: 3751:(3): 131–147. 3735: 3708: 3681: 3668:(411): 45–79. 3648: 3615: 3584: 3582:, p. 167. 3572: 3534: 3522: 3510: 3508:, p. 164. 3498: 3479: 3477:, p. 413. 3464: 3438: 3436:, p. 405. 3423: 3408: 3406:, p. 416. 3393: 3391:, p. 415. 3381: 3364: 3362:, p. 414. 3352: 3340: 3325: 3306:(4): 420–423. 3300:The Bryologist 3285: 3268: 3264:Magnusson 1930 3247: 3235: 3220: 3201: 3197:Collander 1965 3189: 3185:Magnusson 1930 3174: 3143: 3141:, p. 161. 3131: 3116: 3104: 3092: 3077: 3060: 3058:, p. 160. 3045: 3041:Magnusson 1930 3030: 3015: 3003: 2991: 2979: 2975:Collander 1965 2964: 2941: 2939:, p. 159. 2929: 2912: 2905:(in Finnish). 2889: 2882:(in Finnish). 2866: 2854: 2842: 2830: 2807: 2795: 2793:, p. 154. 2780: 2776:Magnusson 1930 2768: 2756: 2744: 2732: 2730:, p. 155. 2720: 2705: 2693: 2689:Collander 1965 2674: 2667: 2644: 2627: 2596: 2595: 2593: 2590: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2581: 2572: 2551: 2534: 2525: 2507: 2506: 2504: 2501: 2494: 2493: 2473: 2453: 2440: 2431: 2420: 2407: 2390: 2374: 2357: 2346: 2335: 2324: 2304: 2301: 2234:R.Sant. (1952) 2225:H.Magn. (1949) 2200:Räsänen (1939) 2159:Zahlbr. (1925) 2150:Zahlbr. (1923) 2141:Räsänen (1921) 2123:Zahlbr. (1902) 2084: 2083: 2068: 2059:Nieuwl. (1916) 2053: 2043: 2034:Räsänen (1943) 2028: 2004: 2001: 1942: 1939: 1911:consisting of 1840:Xanthoparmelia 1802:Graphis crebra 1788: 1787: 1778: 1777: 1776: 1767: 1766: 1765: 1756: 1755: 1754: 1753: 1752: 1721:in the 1940s. 1719:Rolf Santesson 1615: 1612: 1514: 1511: 1456:Alvar Palmgren 1449:Kaarlo Linkola 1421:administration 1404: 1401: 1304:Oswald Kairamo 1274: 1273: 1264: 1263: 1255: 1254: 1246: 1245: 1244: 1243: 1242: 1200:union between 1158:(68 species), 1145: 1142: 998: 995: 869:Antônio Carlos 861:Rio de Janeiro 787:Ernst Almquist 778: 775: 726: 723: 686:Kaarlo Linkola 617:distributional 598:(middle), and 579: 578: 569: 568: 567: 558: 557: 556: 547: 546: 545: 544: 543: 537:and along the 531:new to science 418: 415: 380:phytogeography 368:Lake Vesijärvi 321:Russian Empire 319:, part of the 297: 294: 260:dominated the 231:phytogeography 223:identification 204:classification 169: 168: 165: 164: 161: 155: 154: 145: 141: 140: 137: 133: 132: 126: 125: 122: 118: 117: 114: 110: 109: 103: 101:(aged 75) 95: 91: 90: 87:Russian Empire 77: 64: 62: 58: 57: 54: 46: 45: 42: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6392: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6307: 6305: 6298: 6292: 6286: 6282: 6277: 6273: 6269: 6265: 6261: 6256: 6252: 6246: 6242: 6237: 6233: 6229: 6224: 6223: 6219: 6211: 6206: 6202: 6198: 6194: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6164: 6160: 6158:951-29-1664-9 6154: 6150: 6146: 6141: 6137: 6130: 6126: 6122: 6119:(in German). 6118: 6110: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6094:(2): 87–104. 6093: 6089: 6082: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6062:(in German). 6061: 6057: 6053: 6052: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6024: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6004: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5978: 5974: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5948: 5947: 5946: 5945: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5930:951-642-878-9 5926: 5922: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5882: 5878: 5874: 5871:(1): 87–114. 5870: 5866: 5858: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5827: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5773: 5769: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5716: 5710: 5709:Elix, John A. 5705: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5666:(in German). 5665: 5657: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5627: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5599:(108): 1–20. 5598: 5594: 5593:Silva Fennica 5587: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5571:(1–2): 9–21. 5570: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5506: 5501: 5484: 5480: 5474: 5471: 5467: 5462: 5459: 5455: 5450: 5447: 5444:, p. 62. 5443: 5438: 5435: 5430: 5424: 5420: 5417:(in German). 5416: 5408: 5405: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5385: 5382: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5359: 5351: 5348: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5325: 5317: 5314: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5290: 5287: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5264: 5256: 5253: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5230: 5222: 5219: 5215: 5210: 5207: 5204:, p. 13. 5203: 5198: 5195: 5189: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5169: 5162: 5159: 5156:, p. 161 5155: 5150: 5147: 5144:, p. 11. 5143: 5138: 5135: 5131:(2): 213–214. 5130: 5126: 5119: 5117: 5111: 5105: 5102: 5097: 5091: 5087: 5080: 5077: 5073: 5068: 5066: 5062: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5034: 5031: 5026: 5020: 5016: 5011: 5003: 5001: 4997: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4978: 4974: 4967: 4964: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4936: 4933: 4930:, p. 86. 4929: 4924: 4921: 4918:, p. 75. 4917: 4916:Galloway 1998 4912: 4909: 4906:, p. 47. 4905: 4900: 4897: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4877: 4874: 4870:(4): 334–339. 4869: 4865: 4861: 4859: 4850: 4847: 4843: 4838: 4835: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4816: 4812: 4805: 4802: 4799:, p. 97. 4798: 4793: 4790: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4776:Santesson, R. 4771: 4768: 4765:, p. 90. 4764: 4763:Mitchell 2015 4759: 4756: 4753:, p. 96. 4752: 4747: 4744: 4741:, p. 89. 4740: 4735: 4732: 4728: 4723: 4720: 4717:, p. 44. 4716: 4711: 4708: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4677: 4670: 4667: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4639: 4636: 4633:, p. 19. 4632: 4627: 4624: 4619: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4598: 4595: 4591: 4586: 4583: 4578: 4574: 4571:(1): 78–103. 4570: 4566: 4559: 4556: 4553:, p. 17. 4552: 4547: 4544: 4540: 4535: 4532: 4528: 4523: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4508: 4505: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4477: 4475: 4471: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4451: 4448: 4431: 4425: 4422: 4418: 4413: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4398: 4396: 4392: 4389:, p. 18. 4388: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4366: 4363: 4359: 4354: 4351: 4348:, p. 33. 4347: 4342: 4339: 4336:, p. 26. 4335: 4330: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4320: 4317:, p. 10. 4316: 4311: 4309: 4305: 4302:, p. 11. 4301: 4296: 4293: 4280: 4276: 4270: 4267: 4263: 4258: 4255: 4252:, p. 16. 4251: 4246: 4244: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4229: 4226: 4222: 4217: 4215: 4211: 4208:, p. 29. 4207: 4206:Stenroos 1998 4202: 4200: 4196: 4184: 4180: 4179:Tilastokeskus 4176: 4170: 4167: 4164:, p. 24. 4163: 4158: 4156: 4152: 4149:, p. 32. 4148: 4143: 4141: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4126: 4123: 4120:, p. 39. 4119: 4114: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4099: 4097: 4093: 4090:, p. 43. 4089: 4084: 4081: 4077: 4072: 4069: 4065: 4060: 4057: 4054:, p. 23. 4053: 4048: 4045: 4042:, p. 22. 4041: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4028: 4023: 4020:(in French). 4019: 4015: 4008: 4005: 4000: 3997:(in German). 3996: 3992: 3985: 3982: 3969: 3965: 3959: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3940: 3937: 3934:, p. 20. 3933: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3911: 3908: 3905:, p. 21. 3904: 3899: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3884: 3881: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3850: 3847: 3843: 3838: 3835: 3830: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3797: 3794: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3774: 3771: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3739: 3736: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3712: 3709: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3685: 3682: 3676: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3652: 3649: 3643: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3619: 3616: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3588: 3585: 3581: 3576: 3573: 3560: 3556: 3548: 3544: 3538: 3535: 3532:, p. 38. 3531: 3526: 3523: 3520:, p. 43. 3519: 3514: 3511: 3507: 3502: 3499: 3495: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3471: 3469: 3465: 3452: 3448: 3442: 3439: 3435: 3430: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3415: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3400: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3385: 3382: 3378: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3356: 3353: 3350:, p. 62. 3349: 3348:Galloway 1998 3344: 3341: 3338:, p. 41. 3337: 3332: 3330: 3326: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3239: 3236: 3233:, p. 14. 3232: 3227: 3225: 3221: 3218:, p. 15. 3217: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3193: 3190: 3186: 3181: 3179: 3175: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3159:(in German). 3158: 3154: 3147: 3144: 3140: 3135: 3132: 3128: 3123: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3108: 3105: 3102:, p. 65. 3101: 3096: 3093: 3090:, p. 25. 3089: 3084: 3082: 3078: 3075:, p. 18. 3074: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3052: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3037: 3035: 3031: 3028:, p. 66. 3027: 3022: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3007: 3004: 3000: 2995: 2992: 2989:, p. 85. 2988: 2983: 2980: 2977:, p. 30. 2976: 2971: 2969: 2965: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2945: 2942: 2938: 2933: 2930: 2926: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2913: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2893: 2890: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2870: 2867: 2863: 2858: 2855: 2852:, p. 159 2851: 2846: 2843: 2840:, p. 17. 2839: 2834: 2831: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2811: 2808: 2804: 2799: 2796: 2792: 2787: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2772: 2769: 2765: 2760: 2757: 2753: 2748: 2745: 2741: 2736: 2733: 2729: 2724: 2721: 2717: 2712: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2697: 2694: 2691:, p. 31. 2690: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2675: 2670: 2664: 2660: 2659: 2651: 2649: 2645: 2642:, p. 16. 2641: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2628: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2601: 2598: 2591: 2586: 2576: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2560:type locality 2555: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2538: 2535: 2529: 2526: 2522: 2515: 2513: 2509: 2502: 2499: 2490: 2486: 2479: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2459: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2441: 2437: 2432: 2428: 2427: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2391: 2388:(5): 651–662. 2387: 2383: 2380: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2358: 2354: 2353: 2347: 2343: 2342: 2336: 2332: 2331: 2325: 2321: 2320: 2314: 2313: 2312: 2310: 2302: 2300: 2295: 2294: 2286: 2285: 2277: 2276: 2268: 2267: 2261:Vänskä (1986) 2259: 2258: 2250: 2249: 2243:Hakul. (1954) 2241: 2240: 2232: 2231: 2223: 2222: 2216:Werner (1944) 2214: 2207: 2206: 2198: 2193:Motyka (1936) 2191: 2190: 2189:Usnea vainioi 2182: 2177:Gyeln. (1929) 2175: 2174: 2166: 2165: 2157: 2156: 2148: 2147: 2139: 2138: 2132:Savicz (1914) 2130: 2129: 2121: 2120: 2114:Kuntze (1898) 2112: 2105: 2104: 2096: 2089: 2081: 2080: 2074:Tomas. (1950) 2072: 2069: 2066: 2065: 2057: 2054: 2049: 2048: 2044: 2041: 2040: 2032: 2029: 2026: 2025: 2019:Werner (1943) 2017: 2014: 2013: 2012: 2010: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1963: 1961: 1956: 1951: 1949: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1935: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1917:triterpenoids 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1884:and not true 1883: 1879: 1878: 1873: 1869: 1868: 1863: 1860:of the genus 1859: 1856: 1852: 1851: 1846: 1842: 1841: 1836: 1835: 1830: 1829:nomenclatural 1826: 1822: 1821: 1810: 1809: 1805:(middle) and 1804: 1803: 1798: 1797: 1792: 1791:script lichen 1782: 1771: 1760: 1751: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1728: 1722: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1680: 1675: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1625: 1621: 1620:circumscribed 1613: 1611: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1577:Russification 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1551:Vainio was a 1549: 1546: 1539:Edvard Vainio 1537: 1533: 1529: 1524: 1520: 1512: 1510: 1508: 1502: 1497: 1496:Keimiötunturi 1493: 1492: 1487: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1467: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1452: 1450: 1446: 1443: 1434: 1430: 1427: 1426:Phoenix Hotel 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1393: 1387: 1383: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1368: 1364: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1352:Russification 1349: 1340: 1335: 1331: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1295: 1293: 1289: 1288:physiological 1285: 1268: 1259: 1250: 1241: 1239: 1238:Études Brésil 1233: 1231: 1230:Johann Müller 1227: 1222: 1217: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1186: 1181: 1180: 1175: 1174: 1169: 1168: 1163: 1162: 1157: 1156: 1151: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1128: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1109: 1104: 1098: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1078: 1076: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1050: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1039:Peter Clausen 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1015:Fritz Mattick 1012: 1008: 1004: 996: 992: 987: 983: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 951: 946: 942: 937: 935: 931: 930: 925: 921: 917: 911: 906: 902: 896: 891: 887: 883: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 845: 841: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 816:to study the 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 793: 788: 784: 776: 774: 769: 764: 760: 756: 751: 745: 740: 736: 732: 724: 722: 720: 719:morphological 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 658: 653: 649: 645: 639: 634: 629: 624: 622: 618: 614: 603: 602: 597: 596: 591: 590: 585: 584: 573: 562: 551: 542: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 511:North Karelia 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 487: 485: 481: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 443: 437: 432: 423: 416: 414: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 383: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 356:legal scholar 351: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 306: 302: 295: 293: 291: 287: 283: 279: 274: 272: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 238: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 211: 209: 205: 201: 200: 195: 191: 187: 183: 182:lichenologist 179: 175: 166: 162: 160: 156: 153: 149: 146: 142: 138: 134: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 106: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 75:5 August 1853 63: 59: 52: 47: 40: 37: 33: 19: 6297: 6280: 6263: 6259: 6240: 6231: 6227: 6200: 6196: 6175: 6171: 6148: 6144: 6120: 6116: 6091: 6087: 6063: 6059: 6043: 6040:Tibell, Leif 6031: 6027: 6018: 6014: 6002: 5993: 5981: 5972: 5963: 5951: 5920: 5903: 5899: 5881:the original 5868: 5864: 5836: 5832: 5808: 5804: 5784: 5780: 5757: 5737: 5733: 5724: 5720: 5714: 5694:(1): 37–44. 5691: 5687: 5670:(2): 1–211. 5667: 5663: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5618:. Retrieved 5611:the original 5596: 5592: 5568: 5564: 5548:(1): 18–44. 5545: 5541: 5513: 5487:. Retrieved 5473: 5461: 5449: 5437: 5418: 5414: 5407: 5390: 5384: 5372:. Retrieved 5357: 5350: 5338:. Retrieved 5323: 5316: 5299: 5295: 5289: 5277:. Retrieved 5262: 5255: 5243:. Retrieved 5228: 5221: 5209: 5197: 5181:(2): 40–54. 5178: 5174: 5161: 5154:Linkola 1929 5149: 5137: 5128: 5124: 5115: 5104: 5085: 5079: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5033: 5014: 4972: 4966: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4935: 4923: 4911: 4904:Feuerer 1998 4899: 4890: 4886: 4876: 4867: 4863: 4857: 4849: 4837: 4810: 4804: 4792: 4783: 4770: 4758: 4746: 4739:Lücking 1997 4734: 4729:, p. 7. 4722: 4710: 4698:. Retrieved 4691:the original 4686: 4682: 4669: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4638: 4626: 4603: 4597: 4585: 4568: 4564: 4558: 4551:Linkola 1934 4546: 4539:Linkola 1929 4534: 4514:, p. 9. 4507: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4464: 4460: 4450: 4438:. Retrieved 4424: 4417:Linkola 1929 4402:Linkola 1929 4387:Linkola 1934 4372:, p. 3. 4370:Linkola 1934 4365: 4358:Linkola 1929 4353: 4341: 4300:Linkola 1934 4295: 4283:. Retrieved 4278: 4269: 4262:Linkola 1929 4257: 4250:Linkola 1934 4228: 4186:. Retrieved 4178: 4169: 4130:Linkola 1929 4125: 4083: 4071: 4059: 4047: 4021: 4017: 4007: 3998: 3994: 3984: 3972:. Retrieved 3944:Mattick 1956 3939: 3910: 3888:Mattick 1956 3883: 3866: 3862: 3849: 3837: 3810: 3806: 3796: 3787: 3783: 3773: 3748: 3747:(in Latin). 3744: 3738: 3721: 3720:(in Latin). 3717: 3711: 3697:(3): 33–55. 3694: 3690: 3684: 3665: 3664:(in Latin). 3661: 3651: 3632: 3631:(in Latin). 3628: 3618: 3604:(1): 33–40. 3601: 3597: 3587: 3575: 3563:. Retrieved 3558: 3554: 3537: 3525: 3513: 3501: 3496:, p. 9. 3494:Linkola 1934 3475:Mattick 1956 3455:. Retrieved 3450: 3441: 3434:Mattick 1956 3421:, p. 6. 3404:Mattick 1956 3389:Mattick 1956 3384: 3379:, p. 5. 3360:Mattick 1956 3355: 3343: 3303: 3299: 3283:, p. 2. 3266:, p. 7. 3245:, p. 1. 3238: 3231:Linkola 1934 3216:Linkola 1934 3192: 3187:, p. 8. 3160: 3156: 3146: 3134: 3129:, p. 3. 3114:, p. 7. 3112:Linkola 1934 3107: 3095: 3043:, p. 6. 3006: 3001:, p. 6. 2999:Linkola 1934 2994: 2982: 2958: 2954: 2944: 2932: 2927:, p. 8. 2925:Linkola 1934 2906: 2902: 2892: 2883: 2879: 2869: 2864:, p. 2. 2857: 2845: 2833: 2824: 2823:(in Latin). 2820: 2810: 2803:Linkola 1934 2798: 2791:Linkola 1929 2778:, p. 5. 2771: 2766:, p. 1. 2759: 2754:, p. 4. 2752:Linkola 1934 2747: 2740:Linkola 1934 2735: 2728:Linkola 1929 2723: 2718:, p. 5. 2716:Linkola 1934 2701:Linkola 1934 2696: 2657: 2618:. Retrieved 2600: 2575: 2562:, and whose 2554: 2537: 2528: 2488: 2484: 2468: 2464: 2448: 2444: 2435: 2425: 2415: 2411: 2405:(2): 99–137. 2402: 2398: 2385: 2381: 2372:(4): 11–175. 2369: 2368:(in Latin). 2365: 2351: 2340: 2329: 2318: 2308: 2306: 2291: 2282: 2273: 2264: 2255: 2246: 2237: 2228: 2219: 2212: 2209:Nádv. (1940) 2203: 2196: 2187: 2180: 2171: 2168:Lynge (1926) 2162: 2153: 2144: 2135: 2126: 2117: 2110: 2101: 2094: 2087: 2085: 2077: 2070: 2062: 2055: 2045: 2037: 2030: 2024:Cercidospora 2022: 2015: 2006: 1992:Graphidaceae 1978: 1964: 1959: 1954: 1952: 1947: 1944: 1932: 1928: 1927:; the genus 1904: 1900: 1896: 1875: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1848: 1838: 1834:Hypotrachyna 1832: 1824: 1818: 1816: 1806: 1800: 1794: 1789:Some of the 1726: 1723: 1698: 1676: 1671: 1667:Fennoscandia 1617: 1607: 1597: 1588: 1550: 1542: 1521:and painter 1519:Scout leader 1516: 1489: 1485: 1483: 1479:Veli Räsänen 1468: 1459: 1453: 1444: 1439: 1406: 1392:independence 1389: 1385: 1372: 1344: 1323: 1316:Adolf Engler 1296: 1280: 1237: 1234: 1218: 1210:polyphyletic 1189: 1183: 1177: 1171: 1165: 1159: 1153: 1149: 1147: 1126: 1099: 1079: 1074: 1061: 1057: 1051: 1046: 1002: 1000: 990: 938: 927: 865:Minas Gerais 850: 817: 780: 728: 698: 677: 655: 644:dissertation 641: 636: 631: 626: 609: 599: 593: 587: 581: 502: 498: 494: 488: 428: 406: 384: 360:municipality 340: 310: 275: 239: 212: 197: 177: 173: 172: 144:Institutions 129: 99:(1929-05-14) 36: 6315:1929 deaths 6310:1853 births 6234:(5): 96–98. 6060:Willdenowia 5990:Ahti, Teuvo 5839:(3): 1–26. 5811:(5): 1–16. 5801:Linkola, K. 5110:Aptroot, A. 4893:(1): 45–54. 4860:Massalongo" 4797:Tibell 1998 4751:Tibell 1998 4233:Tarmio 2000 4221:Tarmio 2000 4103:Tarmio 2000 4076:Tarmio 2000 3915:Tarmio 2000 3580:Tarmio 2000 3530:Doidge 1950 3506:Tarmio 2000 3139:Tarmio 2000 3056:Tarmio 2000 2987:Uotila 2013 2937:Tarmio 2000 2850:Tarmio 2000 2491:(2): 1–531. 2471:(1): 1–138. 2451:(15): 1–84. 2418:(6): 1–368. 2107:Pat. (1890) 2051:Kalb (1991) 1983:collections 1975:proceedings 1965:In 1997, a 1941:Recognition 1872:Lobariaceae 1858:Amphigymnia 1691: [ 1657:Hämeenlinna 1645:Konda river 1633:seed plants 1526: [ 1507:Bernt Lynge 1499: [ 1475:Lake Ladoga 1308:photobionts 1214:ascomycetes 1106: [ 1090:Hans Schinz 1070:development 1027:Lagoa Santa 948: [ 945:Pico do Sol 908: [ 901:Ouro Branco 899:, north of 893: [ 798:Konda River 790: [ 777:Work abroad 766: [ 759:field trips 742: [ 709:(docent in 694:systematics 434: [ 348: [ 178:Edvard Lang 139:Lichenology 113:Nationality 97:14 May 1929 65:Edvard Lang 6304:Categories 6178:: 75–104. 5715:Bulbothrix 5358:Wainiocora 5142:Alava 1998 5074:, preface. 4864:Phytologia 4858:Parmotrema 4727:Alava 1998 4700:20 January 4512:Alava 1998 4467:: 278–280. 4315:Alava 1998 4001:: 383–389. 3790:: 144–179. 3419:Alava 1998 3377:Alava 1998 3163:(1): 384. 3127:Alava 1998 2961:: 213–218. 2862:Alava 1998 2827:: 305–318. 2764:Alava 1998 2587:References 2564:phenotypic 2496:See also: 2071:Wainiocora 2047:Vainionora 1867:Parmotrema 1845:Mason Hale 1715:neotropics 1662:Paanajärvi 1600:nephralgia 1182:(25), and 1118:Mozambique 1094:Hugó Lojka 755:microscopy 731:translator 711:entomology 521:, eastern 519:Koillismaa 463:Korpilahti 387:cryptogams 313:Pieksämäki 296:Early life 219:cryptogams 79:Pieksämäki 71:1853-08-05 6272:0024-7383 6228:Molekyyli 6184:0373-6873 6100:0073-4071 5912:0365-1177 5817:0788-6926 5721:Mycotaxon 5676:0252-192X 5399:604293887 5308:163537210 5263:Vainionia 4991:183151026 4887:Mycotaxon 4715:Ahti 1998 4285:16 August 4118:Ahti 1998 3842:Väre 2017 3730:0068-6395 3703:0365-8627 3598:Mycologia 3561:: 176–178 3518:Ahti 1998 3336:Ahti 1998 3169:2629-3102 2592:Citations 2064:Byssoloma 2031:Vainionia 1987:sobriquet 1967:symposium 1886:cyphellae 1827:laid the 1811:(bottom). 1740:Stockholm 1727:Catalogus 1679:Greenland 1672:Adjumenta 1545:eccentric 1509:in 1934. 1442:exsiccata 1198:symbiotic 1060:, titled 1054:monograph 1029:and made 1007:folkloric 980:exsiccata 916:monastery 750:lecturing 652:phylogeny 604:(bottom). 475:described 442:Jyväskylä 417:Education 282:herbarium 194:monograph 107:, Finland 6117:Hedwigia 5939:42766193 5906:: 5–12. 5894:(1930). 5855:(1997). 5845:17741847 5727:: 51–63. 5711:(2008). 5647:23726581 5542:Bothalia 5536:(1950). 5526:14475414 5512:(1965). 5483:Archived 5368:Archived 5334:Archived 5273:Archived 5265:Räsänen" 5239:Archived 5229:Vainiona 5112:(1999). 4829:10949858 4778:(1950). 4565:Megataxa 4188:2 August 4024:: 33–38. 3968:Archived 3857:(1946). 3765:20025979 3724:: 1–16. 3545:(1930). 2909:: 1–121. 2886:: 35–72. 2614:Archived 2309:Hedwigia 2039:Calicium 2016:Vainiona 1960:Cladonia 1955:Cladonia 1862:Parmelia 1825:Parmelia 1565:language 1190:Cladonia 1179:Arthonia 1173:Lecanora 1167:Parmelia 1075:Cladonia 1066:synonymy 1058:Cladonia 1047:Cladonia 968:Sepetiba 818:Cladonia 814:herbaria 763:Leppäsuo 703:taxonomy 699:Cladonia 657:Cladonia 583:Cladonia 455:parishes 372:Asikkala 199:Cladonia 6129:1751936 6123:: 1–9. 6072:3995199 6028:Lobaria 5664:Stapfia 5620:15 July 5489:15 July 5374:15 July 5340:15 July 5326:Nieuwl" 5324:Wainioa 5279:15 July 5245:15 July 5231:Werner" 4440:15 July 3974:15 July 3829:4135630 3565:15 July 3320:3243910 2620:15 July 2545:on the 2056:Wainioa 2009:eponyms 2003:Eponymy 1934:Lobaria 1913:orcinol 1890:thallus 1855:section 1799:(top), 1732:classes 1713:in the 1683:curator 1624:emended 1569:culture 1553:patriot 1396:pension 1341:, 1925 1185:Buellia 1161:Graphis 1155:Lecidea 960:Niterói 956:sandfly 941:jaguars 863:and in 857:stipend 853:tropics 810:Rostock 735:Uusimaa 592:(top), 535:Kuusamo 523:Lapland 459:Luhanka 403:lichens 393:at the 364:Hollola 325:bailiff 290:tropics 266:Swedish 256:, when 190:Lapland 186:lichens 116:Finnish 6287: 6270: 6247: 6182: 6155: 6127: 6098: 6088:Huntia 6070: 6015:Sticta 5937: 5927: 5910: 5843: 5815: 5764: 5674: 5645: 5524: 5425: 5397: 5360:Tomas" 5306: 5092: 5021: 4989: 4979: 4827: 4817: 4614: 3827: 3763: 3728: 3701: 3457:20 May 3318: 3167: 2665: 2290:; and 1929:Sticta 1901:Sticta 1894:lumped 1653:floras 1641:mosses 1629:willow 1614:Legacy 1589:Vainio 1567:, and 1367:pariah 1348:censor 1202:fungus 1176:(33), 1170:(39), 1164:(43), 964:Tijuca 962:, the 838:London 836:, and 830:Geneva 826:Vienna 822:Moscow 806:Berlin 802:Irtysh 783:grants 725:Career 713:) and 648:docent 525:, and 515:Kainuu 507:border 471:Vyborg 264:, and 246:docent 176:(born 136:Fields 6147:[ 6113:(PDF) 6084:(PDF) 6068:JSTOR 5884:(PDF) 5861:(PDF) 5829:(PDF) 5660:(PDF) 5643:JSTOR 5631:Usnea 5614:(PDF) 5589:(PDF) 5298:[ 5171:(PDF) 5121:(PDF) 4694:(PDF) 4679:(PDF) 4434:(PDF) 3995:Flora 3825:JSTOR 3807:Taxon 3761:JSTOR 3551:(PDF) 3316:JSTOR 2521:below 2503:Notes 2481:(PDF) 2461:(PDF) 1899:with 1820:Usnea 1699:Étude 1695:] 1530:] 1503:] 1447:with 1417:Turku 1282:that 1110:] 952:] 920:monks 912:] 897:] 834:Paris 794:] 770:] 746:] 662:genus 438:] 366:near 352:] 258:Latin 163:Vain. 105:Turku 18:Vain. 6285:ISBN 6268:ISSN 6245:ISBN 6180:ISSN 6153:ISBN 6125:OCLC 6096:ISSN 5935:OCLC 5925:ISBN 5908:ISSN 5841:OCLC 5813:ISSN 5762:ISBN 5672:ISSN 5622:2020 5522:OCLC 5491:2020 5423:ISBN 5395:OCLC 5376:2020 5342:2020 5304:OCLC 5281:2020 5247:2020 5090:ISBN 5019:ISBN 4987:OCLC 4977:ISBN 4825:OCLC 4815:ISBN 4702:2021 4612:ISBN 4442:2020 4287:2024 4190:2021 3976:2020 3726:ISSN 3699:ISSN 3567:2020 3459:2024 3165:ISSN 2663:ISBN 2622:2020 2568:type 2079:Cora 1923:and 1837:and 1707:Asia 1705:and 1318:and 1302:and 1228:and 1206:alga 1204:and 1127:Vega 1122:taxa 1088:and 877:type 808:and 672:and 461:and 206:and 94:Died 61:Born 32:Vain 6264:103 6205:doi 5873:doi 5789:doi 5742:doi 5725:104 5696:doi 5692:120 5668:104 5601:doi 5597:108 5573:doi 5550:doi 5183:doi 5052:doi 5042:". 4954:doi 4657:doi 4573:doi 4495:doi 4485:". 3871:doi 3815:doi 3753:doi 3670:doi 3637:doi 3606:doi 3308:doi 2076:(= 2061:(= 2036:(= 2021:(= 1738:in 1655:of 1647:in 1635:in 1451:. 1409:FIM 1116:in 1056:on 664:of 465:in 457:of 440:in 362:of 188:of 6306:: 6232:13 6199:. 6195:. 6176:89 6174:. 6170:. 6121:70 6115:. 6092:15 6090:. 6086:. 5933:. 5902:. 5898:. 5869:13 5863:. 5837:57 5835:. 5831:. 5809:33 5785:61 5783:. 5779:. 5738:26 5736:. 5723:. 5719:. 5690:. 5662:. 5639:36 5637:. 5595:. 5591:. 5569:52 5567:. 5544:. 5540:. 5419:29 5366:. 5362:. 5332:. 5328:. 5271:. 5267:. 5237:. 5233:. 5179:13 5177:. 5173:. 5129:16 5127:. 5123:. 5064:^ 5048:12 5046:. 5013:. 4999:^ 4985:. 4950:21 4948:. 4889:. 4885:. 4868:28 4866:. 4862:. 4823:. 4687:41 4685:. 4681:. 4653:22 4651:. 4567:. 4519:^ 4491:31 4489:. 4473:^ 4409:^ 4394:^ 4377:^ 4322:^ 4307:^ 4277:. 4240:^ 4213:^ 4198:^ 4181:. 4177:. 4154:^ 4137:^ 4110:^ 4095:^ 4030:^ 4022:13 4016:. 3999:74 3993:. 3951:^ 3922:^ 3895:^ 3867:27 3865:. 3861:. 3823:. 3811:53 3809:. 3805:. 3759:. 3749:58 3722:12 3693:. 3666:35 3633:32 3602:21 3600:. 3596:. 3559:28 3553:. 3482:^ 3467:^ 3449:. 3426:^ 3411:^ 3396:^ 3367:^ 3328:^ 3314:. 3304:97 3302:. 3288:^ 3271:^ 3250:^ 3223:^ 3204:^ 3177:^ 3161:12 3119:^ 3080:^ 3063:^ 3048:^ 3033:^ 3018:^ 2967:^ 2959:72 2957:. 2953:. 2915:^ 2901:. 2825:57 2819:. 2783:^ 2708:^ 2677:^ 2647:^ 2630:^ 2612:. 2608:. 2523:). 2511:^ 2489:57 2487:. 2483:. 2469:57 2467:. 2463:. 2449:19 2447:. 2416:15 2414:. 2401:. 2397:. 2384:. 2364:. 2299:. 2281:; 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