Matrikas - Knowledge (XXG)

2110: 49: 2534: 5017: 2781:(liberation) by all, but particularly kings for powers of domination. The Saptamatrikas or Matrikas are worshipped for "personal and spiritual renewal" with Mukti as the ultimate goal as well as for powers to control and rule and earthly desires (Bhukti).Also important are the banners of the Saptamatrikas, which are carved outside the Udayagiri caves. These banners are called "Indra's sisters" in the Devi Purana. The Purana lists them as: swan, bull, peacock, conch, discus, elephant and skeleton – attributes of the Matrikas. A king installing these banners is believed to get mukti and bhukti. As per the 837:(lit "destroyers of children") worship related to conception, birth, diseases and protection of children. The Balagraha tradition included the worship of the infant Skanda with the Matrikas. The goddesses were considered as personifications of perils, related to children and thus, were pacified by worship. The Kushana images emphasize the maternal as well as destructive characteristics of the Matrikas through their emblems and weapons. They appear to be an undifferentiated sculptural group but develop in standard and complex iconographic representation during the following Gupta period. 740:. In most early references, the Matrikas are associated with the conception, birth, diseases and protection of children. They were seen as inauspicious and the "personification of perils", propitiated in order to avoid those ills, that carried off so many children before they reached adulthood. They come to play a protective role in later mythology, although some of their early inauspicious and wild characteristics continue in these legends. Thus, they represent the prodigiously fecund aspect of nature as well as its destructive force aspect. 2053:(Caves 21, 14, 16 and 22). In sixth century Rameshvara cave (Cave 21) at Ellora, "With the terrific aspect repressed entirely, the Matrikas are depicted as benign and are worshipped in adulation. Sensuous, elegant, tender, beautiful adolescents, they are yet haughty and grand, quintessentially the creatrix." Kaumari is depicted with a child on her lap and even Varahi is depicted with a human head, rather than the usual boar one. In the Ravanakakai cave (Cave 14), each of the Matrikas is with a child. In eighth century 1932: 1659: 1971:, all the seven mothers are described as fatal or serve as threats to foetuses or infants. They are described as living in trees, crossroads, caves and funeral grounds and they are terrible as well as beautiful. But, in the sculptural portrayal, they are depicted quite differently as protectors and benevolent mothers. They are armed with the same weapons, wear the same ornaments, and ride the same vahanas and carry the same banners as their corresponding male deities. 2386: 2375: 2289:

Jnanamrita, Apypayani, Vyapini, Vyomarupa, Ananta, Srishti, Riddhi, Smriti, Medha, Kanti, Lakshmi, Dyuti, Sthira, Sthiti, Siddhi, Jada, Palini, Shanti, Aishvarya, Rati, Kamika, Varada, Ahladini, Pritih, Dirgha, Tikshna, Raudri, Bhaya, Nidra, Tandra, Kshudha, Krodhini, Kriya, Utkari, Mrityurupa, Pita, Shveta, Asita, Ananta. Sometimes, the Matrikas represent a diagram written in the letter, believed to possess magical powers.

1898:(7 great sages), who were accused of being Skanda's real mothers and thus abandoned by their husbands. They request Skanda to adopt them as his mothers. Skanda agrees and grants them two boons: to be worshipped as great goddesses and permission to torment children as long as they are younger than 16 years and then act as their protectors. These six goddesses as well as the Saptamatrikas are identified or associated with 2023: 6541: 6363: 2190:. The rise of the Yogini cult is analogous to the rise of the Matrikas's cult. Bhattacharyya sums it this way: "The growing importance of Shaktism (of the matrikas and yoginis in the first millennium CE) brought them into greater prominence and distributed their cult far and wide. The primitive Yogini cult was also revived on account of the increasing influences of the cult of the Seven Mothers." 124: 1792:(mothers of the world), a term used in the Mahabharata, in the first chapter. Kind to all creatures, the Matrikas are said to reside in various places for the benefit of children. The text paradoxically describes the Matrikas as being created by various gods like Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva, Indra as well as being their mothers. Devi Purana describe a pentad of Matrikas, who help 5525: 923: 546: 6458: 2303: 1845: 2766:

all over the (Indian) subcontinent". Although circular Mandalas and Chakras are mentioned in religious texts, most existing shrines are rectangular in nature. Pal speculates that earlier circular shrines, which open to the sky or under trees of less durable material were replaced by the Guptas in stone as rectangular shrines.

749: 2754:(13.66) recommends worship to Matrikas before setting up the stage and before dance performances. Indra declares in chapter 90 of Devi Purana that the Matrikas are the best among all deities and should be worshipped in cities, villages, towns and shields. Matrikas are generally to be worshipped on all occasions with 791:

Mahabharata as dark in colour, speaking foreign languages and living in "peripheral areas" and their association with god Skanda and his father and mother, Shiva and Parvati, whose forms were the Matrikas and Bhairavas had Vedic attributes. Sara L. Schastok suggests that the Matrikas maybe inspired by the concept of

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They are said to fight like Indra in battles, invoking terror in minds of enemies; speak different foreign tongues and lives in inaccessible places away from human settlements like crossroads, caves, mountains, springs, forests, riverbanks and cremation grounds. Notable among these lists of Matrikas is

1709:(identified with Devi) with whatever form, ornaments and vehicle the god possessed. In that form, they slaughter the demon army. Thus, the Matrikas are goddesses of the battlefield. They are described as assistants of Durga having sinister as well as propitious characteristics. After the battle, the 844:

period (3rd to 6th century A.D.), folk images of Matrikas became important in villages. The diverse folk goddesses of the soldiers like Matrikas were acknowledged by the Gupta rulers and their images were carved on royal monuments in order to strengthen the loyalty and adherence of the armed forces.

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The Shalya Parva of the Mahabharata mentions characteristics of a host of Matrikas, who serve Skanda. Ninety-two of them are named but the text says there exist more. The Shalya Parva describes them as young, cheerful, most of them fair but having dangerous features like long nails and large teeth.

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The Matsya Purana and Devi Purana prescribe that Matrika shrines should be north-facing and be placed in northern part of a temple-complex. The temples of the Matrikas are found earliest dating to the fourth century and from textual evidence, it is predicated that "there must be impressive shrines

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The inconsistency in the number of Matrikas found in the Indus valley today (seven, eight, or nine) possibly reflects the localization of goddesses. Although the Matrikas are mostly grouped as seven goddesses over the rest of the Indian Subcontinent, an eighth Matrikas has sometimes been added in

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in the text. When demon Shumbha challenges Durga to a single combat, she absorbs the Matrikas in herself and says that they are her different forms.In the Vamana Purana too, the Matrikas arise from different parts of Devi and not from male gods although they are described and named after the male

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is composed. It is believed that the power of mantra derives from the fact that the letters of the alphabet are in fact forms of the goddess. The 50 Matrika Kalas are given in the same account as follows: Nivritti, Pratishtha, Vidya, Shanti, Indhika, Dipika, Mochika, Para, Sukshma, Sukshmamrita,

1750:, who had the ability to duplicate from each drop of his blood that falls from him when he is wounded. The Matrikas drink up his blood and help Shiva defeat the demon. After the battle, the Matrikas begin a rampage of destruction by starting to devour other gods, demons and peoples of the world. 1754:, Vishnu's man-lion incarnation, creates a host of thirty-two benign goddesses who calm down the terrible, fire-breathing Matrikas. Narasimha commanded the Matrikas to protect the world, instead of destroying it and thus be worshipped by mankind. At the end of the episode, Shiva's terrible form 1879:

version, the Saptamatrikas are mentioned. Later in the Mahabharata; when absorption of these indigenous goddesses in the Hindu pantheon was initiated, a standardized group of seven goddesses – the Saptamatrikas, Shaktis or powers of Hindu gods are mentioned as Brahmi, Maheshvari, Kaumari,

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from the fifth century A.D. praise the Matrikas in their preambles, as giver of powers to defeat enemies. In most of the relevant texts, their exact number has not been specified, but gradually their number and names became increasingly crystallized and seven goddesses were identified as the

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engaged in fighting with the demons Shumbha and Nishumbha, and the principal Yoginis are identified with the Matrikas. Other Yoginis are described as born from one or more Matrikas. The derivation of sixty-four Yoginis from eight Matrikas became a common tradition, by mid- 11th century. The

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By the fifth century, all these goddesses were incorporated in mainstream orthodox Hinduism as Tantric deities. David Kinsley proposes that the Matrikas may be local village goddesses, who were being assimilated in the mainstream. He cites two reasons for his assertion: their description in

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Though the first six are unanimously accepted by texts, the name and features of the seventh and eighth Matrikas are disputed. In the Devi Mahatmya, Chamunda is omitted after the Matrikas list, while in sculpture in shrines or caves and the Mahabharata, Narasimhi is omitted. The

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In India, shrines of the Saptamatrikas are located in "the wilderness", usually near lakes or rivers, and are made of seven vermilion smeared stones. It is believed that the Matrikas kill fetuses and newborns unless pacified with bridal finery and prayers by women. A prominent

2206:, matrikaksara), though there is considerable variation in the precise interpretation of the term from one author to another. Sometimes it denotes a single character, the entire collection of characters (an "alphabet"), the alphabetic "matrix" used as a 2109: 1758:

is enshrined with the images of the Matrikas at the place where the battle took place. This story is retold in Vishnudharmottara Purana. Vishnudharmottara Purana further relates them with vices or inauspicious emotions like envy, pride, anger etc.

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as important deities, whereas another tradition, which views the Yoginis as cruel minor deities, considers them separate entities. In Sanskrit literature the Yoginis have been represented as the attendants or various manifestations of goddess

2648:, part of Devi Bhagavata Purana. It involves installation of powers of Matrikas – as letters of the alphabet – in one's body, by "feeling the deity worshipped in different parts of the body" like head, face, anus and legs and reciting 1315:, the god of thunderstorms. Seated on an elephant, Indrani, is depicted dark-skinned, with two or four or six arms. She is depicted as having two or three or four eyes like Indra, and a thousand eyes on her body. She is armed with the 1374:, the god of war. Kaumari rides a peacock and has four or twelve arms. She holds a spear, axe, a Shakti (power) or Tanka (silver coins) and bow. She is sometimes depicted six-headed like Kartikeya and wears a cylindrical crown called 853:(c. second half of the fifth century A.D.) made Skanda (Kumara) their model and elevated the position of Skanda's foster mothers, the Matrikas from a cluster of folk goddesses to court goddesses. Since the fourth century, Parhari, 1762:

In Varaha Purana, they are created from the distracted mind of goddess Vaishnavi, who loses her concentration while doing asceticism. They are described as lovely and act as the goddesses' attendants on the battlefield. In the

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of Yoginis were used alternatively. The eighty-one Yoginis evolve from a group of nine Matrikas, instead of seven or eight. The Saptamatrika (Brahmani, Maheshvari, Kaumari, Vaishnavi, Varahi, Indrani, Chamunda) joined by

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The Matrikas originated from the sweat of Shiva who chased the asuras away from the heavens and killed them when the asuras conquered the heavens after defeating the devas and after that the devas conquered the heavens.

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The Saptamatrikas are generally carved in relief on a rectangular stone slab in the sequential order of Brahmani, Maheshvari, Kaumari, Vaishnavi, Varahi, Indrani, Chamunda, being flanked by two male figures –

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form the nine Matrikas cluster. Each Matrika is considered to be a Yogini and is associated with eight other Yoginis resulting in the troupe of eighty-one (nine times nine); there is an 81-Yogini temple at

2272:, have been described as being the Matrikas themselves. It is believed that they are infused with the power of the Divine Mother herself. The Matrikas are considered to be the subtle form of the letters 2322:) of Shiva and Parvati. Their images moved from the sanctums to corners of temple complexes and now they are as guardian deities in small village shrines. The Saptamatrikas are worshipped as 2509:

In the Kathmandu valley of Nepal, the Ashta-matrikas with a central village goddess are worshipped as protectors of the city or town. They are identified with the guardians of directions (

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is important in worship of the Matrikas. Here once stood a temple dedicated to the Saptamatrikas, which was replaced by the present temple where that are still worshipped by everyone now.

1887:(thunderbolt). These are Kāki, Halimā, Mālinī, Bṛhalī, Āryā, Palālā and Vaimitrā, which Skanda accepted as his mothers, who stole other children – a characteristic of the Matrikas. 632:

says that "Mothers are to be made with cognizance of (different major Hindu) gods corresponding to their names." They are associated with these gods as their spouses or their energies (

1875:(king of gods) sends the goddesses called "mothers of the world" to kill him. However, upon seeing Skanda, instead they follow their maternal instincts and raise him. In the chapter 2007:). The earliest instance of their portrayal with Uma-Maheshvara is at Desha Bhattarika, Nepal although now the Matrika images have withered away. The 12th century Sanskrit author 2606:(ritual) to cure the ailing king. The text describes "young nobles (of the king) burning themselves with lamps to propitiate the Matrikas in a temple dedicated to the Matrikas ( 2474:

around the city and assisted to a certain compass point. In other temples like the ones dedicated to Pacali Bhairava, the Asthamatrikas are worshipped as a circle of stones. In

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in the eighth century CE, had once temples dedicated exclusively to them, but since the ninth century CE onwards, they were demoted to status of "deities of the entourage" (

1535:. She is described as holding a Damaru (drum), trishula (trident), sword and Panapatra (drinking-vessel). She rides on a lion. She is regarded as the consort of the deity 595: 888:

claimed to have been nursed by the Sapta Matrikas. It was a popular practice to link South Indian royal family lineage to a Northern kingdom in ancient times. During the

5371: 1110:(mount or vehicle). She is also shown seated on a lotus with the hamsa on her banner. She wears various ornaments and is distinguished by her basket-shaped crown called 2088:(the treasurer of the gods and a companion of Shiva and Parvati) while Shiva sits in the middle of the group. In Gupta and post-Gupta art, like in 6th Century caves of 48: 2502:(court) in 1667 AD and is believed to have seen the Matrikas dance in the durbar one night. The king ordered that the Ashta-matrika be worshipped during the Ashwin 2357:– new moon day, with the 64 yoginis represented by rice flour images or supari nuts. The goddesses are worshipped by ceremonial offerings of fruits and flowers and 3581:

The stories are quoted in (Rao, T.A. Gopinatha, Elements of Hindu Iconography, Vol.I, Part-II, 2nd Edition, Indological Book House, Varanasi, 1971, pp.379–383).

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mudra (No fear hand gesture). Like Vishnu, she is heavily adorned with ornaments like necklaces, anklets, earrings, bangles, etc and a cylindrical crown called

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statue of Matrika Maheshvari, seen with a trident in a hand, adorned by serpent ornaments and her vahana (mount), the bull Nandi is seen on her seat —

2917: 2521:), satiated by blood sacrifice. Newar Buddhists associate the Matrikas with 24 human qualities, which can mastered by visiting three sets of eight Matrika 1788:(6th – 10th century) mentions a group of sixteen matrikas and six other types of Matrikas mentioned, apart from the Saptamatrikas. It introduces the 807:

The cult of the Female Principle was a major aspect of Dravidian religion, The concept of Shakti was an integral part of their religion. The cult of the

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Cox, Colette (1992). "The unbroken treatise: Scripture and argument in early Buddhist scholasticism". In Williams, M. A.; Cox, C.; Jaffee, M. (eds.).

2478:, the Ashtamatrikas are believed to the preserver goddesses of the city guarding the eight geometrical directions. Mary Sluser says "Not only do the 2561: 2634:. Other offerings include flowers and clothes and meat and wine for some Matrikas. Tantric works like Tantrarāja-Tantra (unknown date, author) and 1730:

According to latter episode of Devi Mahatmya, Durga created Matrikas from herself and with their help slaughtered the demon army. In this version,

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The Sapta-Matrikas were earlier connected with Skanda (Kumara) and in later times, associated with the Shaiva sect of Shiva himself. During the

2214:), or the sound of the syllable represented by the character. Various traditions identify the script matrikas with the sacred divine Matrikas. 2488:(Eight aspects of Bhairava) and sculpted on temple roofs or terraces. Nepali Buddhists worship the Matrikas as described in Dharanisamgrahas. 1094:. She is depicted yellow in colour and with four heads. She may be depicted with four or six arms. Like Brahma, she holds a rosary, noose and 5364: 1493:. Riding a jackal, she is described as having three eyes, a terrifying face and a sunken belly. She is regarded as the consort of the deity 3126:

Jagdish Narain Tiwari, "Studies in Goddess Cults in Northern India, with Reference to the First Seven Centuries AD" p.215-244; as cited in

2697:– sixth century). The Gangadhar inscripture deals with a construction to a shrine to Chamunda and the other Matrikas, "who are attended by 5016: 783:

dated to 1st century CE. Madhu Wangu believes that Matrika description in Mahabharata is rooted in the group of seven females depicted on

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period (1st to 3rd century), the sculptural images of the matrikas first appear in stone. The Kushana images merged from the belief in

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In each of the four depictions at Ellora, the matrikas are accompanied by Shiva, Ganesha and also on their left (besides Ganesha) by

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In other accounts of Skanda's birth in Mahabharata, eight ferocious goddesses emerge from Skanda, when struck by Indra's

1423:(rod), plough, goad, a Vajra or a sword, and a Panapatra and she rides a buffalo. Sometimes, she carries a bell, chakra, 6581: 5227: 1727:

mentions three other goddesses, Shaktis of other gods' in addition to the Saptamatrika, making a group of 10 Matrikas.

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Cited in Laura Kristine Chamberlain. "Durga and the Dashain Harvest Festival: From the Indus to Kathmandu Valleys" in

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Anecdota Oxoniensia: Texts, Documents, and Extracts Chiefly from Manuscripts in the Bodleian and the Oxford Libraries

2577: 6601: 5297: 803:– both are often portrayed with the Matrikas. In contrast to the Indus valley origins theory, Bhattacharyya notes: 6571: 3484: 2409:(grandmother goddesses, who are feared as bringer of disease and misfortune as well act as protectresses) in the 881: 784: 771:

civilization. Seals with rows of seven feminine deities or priestesses are cited as evidence for the theory. The

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guard the compass points but they are also regarded as regents of the sky." Sometimes, they are paired with the

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period (10th to 12th century A.D.), all Matrikas continued to figure among the deity sculptures of this period.

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By James Heitzman and Wolfgang Schenkluhn, pp.244–5, Published 2004, University Press of America, 338 pages,

2029:–Shiva (left) with Virabhadra and the first three Matrikas. Matrikas are depicted with children – Ellora 1991:. They are often depicted on the lintel slabs of the main door of a Shiva and Parvati temple – mainly in the 1923:(an incarnation of Vishnu) by suckling him with poisoned breast milk and was consequently killed by Krishna. 6184: 5277: 2307: 1931: 889: 1804:(the five mothers) named Kaumari, Maheshvari, Chamunda, Brahmi, Vaishnavi and who have been established by 6576: 5233: 4897: 2684: 2054: 1856:. Surrounded by skeletons, the goddess has large nails and protruding teeth and wears a garland of skulls. 1658: 6392: 5257: 2631: 2492: 2466:

is primarily dedicated to a Matrika, the other Matrikas are also worshipped as subordinate deities. The

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and other dangerous beings. In the same text, milkmaids offer a prayer for protection of the infant-god

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from the bodies of the gods – Brahma, Shiva, Skanda, Vishnu, Indra; having the form of each, approached

1623: 861: 567: 265: 2470:, which are "theoretically located at the outer boundaries of the city" are said to form a protective 1995:

region, with their respective mounts forming the pedestal. Sometimes, they are occupied by the couple

6474: 6189: 6072: 5835: 5643: 5222: 5207: 4962: 4541: 3813: 3352:"Sapta Matrikas In Indian Art and their significance in Indian Sculpture and Ethos: A Critical Study" 2742:) of letters of Devanagari alphabet, while Brahmayāmala states they issue originate from the vowels. 1489:) and holding a Damaru (drum), trishula (trident), sword and Panapatra (drinking-vessel) and wears a 2679:(by king Vishvavarman- 423 C.E., identified as the first epigraphic evidence of Tantra worship); in 2660:, combines the installation of "most powerful set of all letters (Matrikas)" with the seed syllable 763:

According to Jagdish Narain Tiwari and Dilip Chakravati, the Matrikas were existent as early as the

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in both sides (first – on their right and last – on their left). Thus, the Matrikas are considered

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Matrikas, albeit some references indicate eight or even sixteen Matrikas. Laura K. Amazzone cites:

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discuss the worship of Matrikas as Shaktis or letters of the alphabet. A process of this worship,

1996: 6256: 6133: 5984: 5320: 4805: 4657: 4005: 2785:, Matrikas acted as the king's tangible Shaktis and conferred him the power to conquer and rule. 2541: 1940: 1710: 1550: 1531:, the woman-lion goddess who throws the stars into disarray by shaking her lion mane and wears a 1050: 639: 532: 275: 231: 6108: 5969: 2856: 2374: 977:

The iconographical features of the Matrikas have been described in Hindu scriptures such as the

4511: 2260:, the fifty or fifty-one letters including vowels as well as consonants from A to Ksha, of the 913:, a city in the Kathmandu Valley, a ninth Matrika is added to the set to represent the centre. 6586: 6520: 6215: 6052: 5696: 5292: 5287: 5267: 5217: 5058: 4890: 4854: 4835: 4813: 4791: 4772: 4753: 4734: 4717: 4682: 4643: 4624: 4607: 4599: 4580: 4561: 4526: 4487: 4468: 4449: 4421: 4402: 4160: 4115: 4091: 3144: 2977: 2225:, then the (Ka), (Cha), (Ta), (ta), (Pa), (Ya) and (Ksha) groups. The seven mother goddesses ( 1506: 1448: 1391: 1342: 1290: 1272: 1192: 1129: 1099: 1073: 1055: 1017: 931: 877: 398: 258: 243: 107: 6113: 2971: 2627: 2401:

The Matrikas function both as city protectors and individual protectors in both Hinduism and

2245:) and over sounds of the language. The Mothers were identified with fourteen vowels plus the 6385: 6240: 6179: 6118: 6077: 5628: 5086: 4709: 2442:(god-houses) in towns and villages, they are represented in brass images. The brass images ( 2069:

period, the Matrikas appear on the southern boundary of the temple. As the influence of the

2046: 1765: 1226: 885: 816: 560: 355: 300: 1251:(skull-bowl) or a serpent and is adorned with serpent bracelets, the crescent moon and the 17: 6024: 5954: 5854: 5583: 5568: 5392: 5212: 5091: 4767:

Van den Hoek, Bert (1993). "Kathmandu as a sacrificial arena". In Nas, Peter J. M. (ed.).

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rose, the fertility area and upper parts of body in the Matrika sculptures were stressed.

2034: 896: 550: 504: 280: 191: 2615: 2211: 2131:, a group of sixty-four or eighty-one Tantric goddesses, in a tradition which treats the 1690:

and the Suprabhedagama contain references to Matrikas, and this asserts their antiquity.

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Art of Osian Temples: Socio-Economic and Religious Life in India, 8th–12th Centuries A.D

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The Abode of Mahashiva: Cults and Symbology in Jaunsar-Bawar in the Mid – Himalayas

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and is similar in her appearance and habit. The similarity with Kali is explicit in the

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drunk with their victim's blood. This description is repeated with little variation in

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Originally believed to be a personification of the seven stars of the star cluster the

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According to K.C. Aryan, the number of Matrikas is determined in the structure of the

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Innovation in Religions Traditions: Essays in the Interpretation of Religions Change

2202:) is also a term used to denote features of Indic scripts (also in combination with 6322: 6312: 6161: 6057: 6009: 5949: 5941: 5900: 5184: 5106: 3746:

Mahabharata verses 215.16 – 215.18, two of the goddesses are described in 215.21–22

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The textual description of Matrikas is generally frightening and ferocious. In the

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derived from Shiva's names Rudra, Mahesha, Shiva. Maheshvari is depicted seated on

1103: 841: 776: 764: 456: 403: 2738:(1.33) explains that the primary function of Matrikas is to preside eight groups ( 1485:. The black coloured Chamunda is described as wearing a garland of severed heads ( 966: 4446:

The Devi Gita: The Song of the Goddess: A Translation, Annotation, and Commentary

3806: 2326:(the seven virgins) in most South Indian Shiva and Parvati temples especially in 53:

The Seven Mother Goddesses (Matrikas) flanked by Shiva (left) and Ganesha (right)

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History of Nepal: With an Introductory Sketch of the Country and People of Nepal

4698:"Early Pāṇḍya Siṃhavāhinī and Sapta Mātṛkā Sculptures in the Far South of India" 4621:

Hindu Goddesses: Vision of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Traditions

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Note that the Gupta rulers took the names of the deity Skanda as their own names

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and cost is defrayed by the durbar. The custom has continued into modern times.

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groups; when the vocalic (A) group is added to it, the eight mother goddesses (

2167:. Thus, Yoginis are considered as manifestations or daughters of the Matrikas. 6307: 5964: 5908: 5794: 5723: 5437: 5164: 5038: 4989: 2717: 2675:

Stone inscriptions of Tantric worship of the Matrikas are found in Gangadhar,

2327: 2261: 2218: 1952: 1895: 1560: 939: 709:, Saptamatrika worship is prevalent whereas the Ashtamatrika are venerated in 489: 363: 310: 123: 59: 4721: 2777:(powers of the gods) as group of seven or more, who should be worshipped for 1580:

is added omitting Narasimhi. In lists of nine Matrikas, Devi-Purana mentions

1247:(A garland of beads), Panapatra (drinking vessel) or axe or an antelope or a 775:(IX 102.4) speaks of a group of seven Mothers who control the preparation of 6327: 6317: 6276: 6266: 6210: 5994: 5782: 5713: 5603: 5546: 5462: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5159: 5136: 5111: 5073: 4977: 4947: 4713: 4596:

A concise history of Karnataka : from pre-historic times to the present

2755: 2676: 2565: 2503: 2475: 2454:), the Matrikas are considered as representing a vice and are worshipped by 2418: 2230: 2207: 2093: 1751: 1735: 1520: 1486: 1424: 1371: 1230: 1095: 927: 910: 900: 865: 796: 779:, but the earliest clear description appears in select chapters of the epic 737: 687: 663: 499: 484: 451: 341: 206: 181: 4611: 1769:, when beings created by Vishnu are enlisted; the Matrikas are listed with 922: 716:

The Matrikas assume paramount significance in the goddess-oriented sect of

5349: 2733: 2726: 2692: 2662: 2635: 2608: 2586: 2479: 1814: 1798: 1596:, characterized by her elephant head and ability to remove obstacles like 1514: 1456: 1429: 1399: 1350: 1325: 1323:, noose and lotus stalk. Adorned with variety of ornaments, she wears the 1298: 1280: 1253: 1200: 1175: 1137: 1112: 1081: 1063: 618:(Seven Mothers). However, they are also depicted as a group of eight, the 75: 6515: 6447: 6427: 6291: 6281: 6271: 6261: 6123: 5989: 5865: 5849: 5805: 5777: 5747: 5733: 5653: 5598: 5457: 5400: 5333: 5101: 5063: 5033: 4984: 4942: 4913: 2782: 2623: 2619: 2573: 2553: 2428:

are usually open-air shrines, but may be closed structures too. In these

2402: 2238: 2089: 2042: 2026: 1988: 1960: 1906: 1902: 1853: 1770: 1755: 1739: 1647: 1602: 1585: 1443: 1244: 1236: 955: 943: 733: 725: 717: 702: 691: 675: 611: 591: 368: 346: 152: 115: 95: 69: 6457: 3524:

Singh p.1840, Ambika is used as another name for Kaumari in Devi Purana.

2033:

Three panels of Saptamatrikas appear near the Shiva and Parvati cave at

1860:

The Mahabharata narrates in different chapters the birth of warrior-god

6437: 6286: 6156: 6037: 5931: 5799: 5772: 5633: 5608: 5588: 5556: 5551: 5541: 5467: 5447: 5442: 5432: 5427: 5121: 5043: 4957: 4952: 3488: 2770: 2593: 2557: 2549: 2471: 2302: 2269: 2203: 2155: 2142: 2062: 2012: 2008: 2000: 1984: 1980: 1936: 1920: 1865: 1861: 1849: 1833: 1825: 1796:

to kill demons. Further, sage Mandavya is described as worshipping the

1793: 1778: 1747: 1746:

In Matsya Purana, Shiva had created seven Matrikas to combat the demon

1643: 1611: 1597: 1593: 1576: 1570: 1474: 1267: 1159: 1155: 935: 772: 695: 655: 378: 201: 171: 4484:

Auspicious Wisdom: The Texts and Traditions of Srividya Sakta Tantrism

6432: 6422: 6408: 6220: 6151: 6146: 6103: 6067: 6047: 6004: 5979: 5974: 5921: 5743: 5738: 5703: 5691: 5681: 5648: 5638: 5573: 5492: 5472: 5410: 5405: 5338: 5053: 4967: 2778: 2698: 2649: 2598: 2545: 2391:

Vaishnavi or Bishnuvi (top) and Brahmi or Brahmayani (bottom) in the

2358: 2347: 2314:

According to Leslie C. Orr, the Saptamatrikas, who first appeared in

2285: 2257: 2187: 2171: 2151: 2146: 2132: 2128: 2118: 2085: 2070: 2038: 1944: 1915: 1829: 1821: 1805: 1774: 1706: 1702: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1615: 1607: 1589: 1524: 1470: 1416: 1412: 1386: 1248: 1240: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1107: 1091: 1087: 984: 951: 947: 812: 800: 792: 752: 721: 679: 671: 667: 647: 643: 634: 494: 466: 461: 166: 87: 4697: 4114:

By P. V. Jagadisa Ayyar. Published 1993, Asian Educational Services,

1844: 1812:

from calamities. The Matrikas direct the sage to perform worship of

1618:, the first and fish avatar of Vishnu is also included sometimes in 1674:

There are several Puranic texts related to the origin of Matrikas.

736:

goddesses. They are also connected with the worship of warrior god

6230: 6141: 6042: 6032: 6014: 5999: 5767: 5686: 5618: 5578: 5563: 5487: 5452: 5415: 4994: 4972: 4202: 4200: 2680: 2580:

mentions the propitiation of Matrikas by a Tantric ascetic in his

2537: 2532: 2406: 2301: 2222: 2137: 2108: 2058: 2021: 2004: 1976: 1930: 1899: 1884: 1872: 1843: 1663: 1657: 1565: 1435:

with other ornaments. She is regarded as the consort of the deity

1316: 1312: 1209:, also known as Maheshvara. Maheshvari is also known by the names 1206: 1166: 1162:(discus), mace and lotus and bow and sword or her two arms are in 963: 876:. The evidence of Matrika sculptures is further pronounced in the 748: 747: 710: 659: 651: 373: 226: 176: 857:

had a rock-cut shrine been solely devoted to the Sapta Matrikas.

732:(goddess) in her fight with demons." Some scholars consider them 5926: 5718: 5658: 5623: 5593: 5533: 5507: 5497: 5477: 5422: 5081: 4999: 4934: 4603: 2630:

mention the ritual offerings of food and shrines of Matrikas at

2434: 2077: 1731: 1555: 1478: 1320: 959: 729: 607: 509: 446: 441: 186: 161: 91: 6381: 5869: 5353: 4886: 3948: 3946: 1868:) and his association with the Matrikas – his adopted mothers. 6093: 1229:(the bull) and has four or six hands. The white complexioned, 4810:

Kiss of the Yogini: 'Tantric Sex' in its South Asian Contexts

3845: 3843: 3737:, p. 159, verses 2.10.37–39 and 10.63.6 ff., 10.6,27–29. 3007: 3005: 2450:

once every year. Like Vishnudharmottara Purana (discussed in

1734:

is described as a Matrika, who sucked all the blood of demon

4750:

The Śāmalājī Sculptures and 6th Century Art in Western India

4679:

The Goddess in India: The Five Faces of the Eternal Feminine

3222: 3220: 3218: 3193: 3191: 3189: 811:, or Seven Divine Mothers, which is an integral part of the 4882: 4547:. In Claus, Peter; Diamond, Sarah; Mills, Margaret (eds.). 3187: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3169: 614:. The Matrikas are often depicted in a group of seven, the 6377: 2092:, the Matrikas are accompanied by Shiva and Parvati's son 4870:

The Art Of Indian Asia, Its Mythology and Transformations

3754: 3752: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3072: 3070: 2712:

The eight Matrikas are said to reside the second line of

2446:) are paraded around town and placed at their respective 872:

carvings and memorials, containing sculptural details of

2871: 2869: 1894:(the great mothers), a group of the wives of six of the 2701:(female demons)" and rituals of daily Tantric worship ( 2438:) in form of stone statues or natural stones, while in 2011:

mentions worship of Matrikas with Shiva and Parvati in

1564:

as the eighth Matrika, created by flames emerging from

4006:"Palaeographical remarks on the Horiuzi palm leaf MSS" 3450:, Tr. by M.N. Dutta, Calcutta, 1903–1904, Ch.50.18.22. 2644:(lit. "installation of the Mothers"), is described in 1828:

or a circular shrine to the Matrikas), established by

926:

The eight Matrikas in battle (top row, from the left)

4110:, Annual Report 1909-10 p. 285 as quoted in pp.285–6 3605:, pp. 156, Devi Mahatmya verses 8.38, 44, 49, 62 2417:

i.e. seats) of the ashta matrika built in and around

909:

Nepal to represent the eight cardinal directions. In

3350:

Goswami, Meghali; Gupta, Ila; Jha, P. (March 2005).

2432:, the Matrikas are worshipped with their followers ( 2221:

alphabet. First is the (A) group which contains the

2210:

tool, vowels in particular (considered erroneous by

1044:

The Ashta-Matrikas as described in the Devi Mahatmya

728:, they are described as "assisting the great Shakta 6508: 6465: 6415: 6336: 6300: 6249: 6198: 6170: 6132: 6086: 6023: 5940: 5907: 5756: 5674: 5532: 5391: 5313: 5243: 5193: 5135: 5072: 5024: 4933: 2810:This very ability is possessed by Raktabija of the 2353:The Saptamatrika images are worshipped by women on 1427:(a yak's tail) and a bow. She wears a crown called 1154:(eagle-man) and having four or six arms. She holds 83: 68: 58: 34: 4084:Gods and Worshippers on South Indian sacred ground 2178:across India including the well-preserved ones at 962:before them, all fighting against and killing the 4521:Harper, Katherine Anne; Brown, Robert L. (2002). 1568:'s mouth. In Nepal, the eighth Matrika is called 4640:The Mother Goddesses According to the Devipurana 3885: 3883: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3309: 3307: 4503:The Iconography and Ritual of Śiva at Elephanta 4179: 3816:(1883 -1896), Book 9: Shalya Parva: Section 46. 3470: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3456: 2241:hold that the Mothers preside over impurities ( 805: 2330:. But the Selliyamman temple at Alambakkam in 2170:The yoginis also occupy an important place in 1378:. She is regarded as the consort of the deity 1331:. She is regarded as the consort of the deity 1181:. She is regarded as the consort of the deity 1118:. She is regarded as the consort of the deity 6393: 5881: 5365: 4898: 4872:. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas Publications. 4638:Pal, P. (1997). Singh, Nagendra Kumar (ed.). 3952: 3262: 3044: 1943:, Kaumari, Vaishnavi, – the 3 Matrikas, 568: 8: 4513:Yogini Cult and Temples: A Tantric Tradition 4218: 4206: 3593:, p. 156, Devi Mahatmya verses 8.11–20. 3011: 41:Goddesses of War, Children and Emancipation. 4380: 4368: 4159:. Asian Educational Services. p. 110. 3849: 3770: 3665:, p. 158, Devi Mahatmya verses 10.2–5. 3408: 3396: 3226: 2421:are considered powerful places of worship. 2276:. These letters combined make up syllables 824:Bhattacharyya, Bhattacharyya, Bhattacharyya 6400: 6386: 6378: 5888: 5874: 5866: 5372: 5358: 5350: 4905: 4891: 4883: 575: 561: 102: 47: 4681:. Inner Traditions / Bear & Company. 4142: 4130: 4058: 4034: 3794: 3617:, p. 156, Devi Mahatmya verses 8.62. 2970:Leeming, David; Fee, Christopher (2016). 2957: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2462:) to free oneself from them. Though each 2084:, the Matrikas is flanked by Ganesha and 1919:, a goddess who tried to kill the infant 1836:mountains, by meat and ritual sacrifice. 4729:Reed, David; McConnachie, James (2002). 3250: 2683:(by Guptas – fifth century) and in 2495:king of Nepal Srinivasa Malla built the 2113:Kaumari, a folio from the Devi Mahatmya. 1415:, the third and the boar-headed form of 921: 4338: 4302: 4278: 4266: 4070: 3976: 3937: 3913: 3901: 3889: 3874: 3861: 3825: 3782: 3758: 3734: 3722: 3710: 3698: 3686: 3674: 3662: 3650: 3638: 3626: 3614: 3602: 3590: 3533: 3477: 3420: 3313: 3238: 3160: 3127: 3114: 3076: 2875: 2829: 2794: 2720:. They are frequently aligned with the 2405:. The Astha Matrikas are considered as 1102:stalk, a book, bell and is seated on a 884:period (8th to 12th century A.D.). The 114: 4665: 4655: 4516:. National Museum, Janpath, New Delhi. 4326: 4242: 4012:. Clarendon Press. p. 67, note 2. 3544: 3542: 3379: 3337: 3325: 3209: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3020: 2973:The Goddess: Myths of the Great Mother 2927:. Government of Orissa. Archived from 1880:Vaishnavi, Varahi, Indrani, Chamunda. 598:: mātṝkā, lit. "mothers") also called 31: 4549:South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia 4542:"Goddesses, place, Identity in Nepal" 4505:. State University of New York Press. 4314: 4290: 4254: 4230: 4191: 4046: 4022: 3964: 3925: 3569: 3548: 3510: 3298: 3286: 3274: 3093: 3061: 3032: 2996: 2918:"Sakti Cult in Upper Mahanadi Valley" 2836: 2280:which are combined to make sentences 1955:, dedicated in 43rd year of reign of 1606:omitting Narasimhi. The female power 7: 3689:, pp. 158–159, verses 179.8–90. 3143:By Timothy Insoll, 2001, Routledge, 3057: 3055: 3053: 2758:(the nine planets) and the Dikpala ( 2127:The Matrikas are included among the 868:built many Hindu temples along with 610:who are always depicted together in 4834:. Chennai, India: Ganesh & Co. 3504: 3436:, Summer 2002, vol. 25, no. 1, p.26 3197: 2976:. Reaktion Books. p. part 33. 1773:(demons), bhutas (ghosts), pretas, 4556:Jain, Madhu; Handa, O. C. (1995). 4439:. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. 4108:The Madras Epigraphical Department 2544:, Vaishnavi, Maheshvari, Kaumari, 25: 4501:Collins, Charles Dillard (1988). 4444:Brown, Cheever Mackenzie (1998). 4155:Underhill, Muriel Marion (1991). 2762:) and at night with the Goddess. 2306:A shrine of the seven mothers in 2284:and it is of these elements that 1523:(the fourth and lion-man form of 6540: 6539: 6456: 6362: 6361: 5523: 5015: 4482:Brooks, Douglas Renfrew (1992). 4112:South Indian shrines illustrated 2849:Monier-Williams, Monier (1872). 2384: 2373: 2041:. They are also depicted in the 1205:) is the power of destroyer god 1150:, is described as seated on the 544: 122: 4812:. University of Chicago Press. 4399:The Little Goddesses (Matrikas) 3713:, p. 159, verses 17.33–37. 2916:Panda, S. S. (September 2004). 2253:, making their number sixteen. 880:(8th to 10th century A.D.) and 27:Group of Hindu mother goddesses 4853:. Asian Educational Services. 4594:Kamath, Suryanath U. (2001) . 4551:. Routledge. pp. 257–260. 4401:. New Delhi: Rekha Prakashan. 3725:, p. 159, Verses 44.1–96. 3629:, p. 156, verses 5.28–29. 3503:Other names from Devi Purana: 3141:Archaeology and World Religion 1935:Bronze group with (from left) 1: 4437:History of the Sakta Religion 4435:Bhattacharyya, N. N. (1974). 3677:, p. 158, verses 30.3–9. 2656:, a more specialized form of 2584:. The text mentions use of a 1890:Another account mentions the 1235:(three eyed) goddess holds a 4598:. Bangalore: Jupiter books. 4293:, p. 292 Verses 10.6–8. 3701:, p. 159, verses 1.225. 3485:"Sapta Matrikas (12th C AD)" 2889:"Mantras to the Aṣṭamātṛkās" 2746:Rituals and goals of worship 2451: 1738:. Kali is given the epithet 1169:(Blessing hand gesture) and 1090:(energy) of the creator god 5303:Sarasvati-rahasya Upanishad 4786:Wangu, Madhu Bazaz (2003). 4677:Pattanaik, Devdutt (2000). 4180:Reed & McConnachie 2002 2891:. Cambridge Digital Library 2852:Sanskrit-English Dictionary 2760:Guardians of the directions 2734: 2727: 2693: 2663: 2636: 2609: 2587: 2480: 1815: 1799: 1515: 1457: 1430: 1400: 1351: 1326: 1299: 1281: 1254: 1201: 1176: 1138: 1113: 1082: 1064: 76: 18:Vaishnavi (Matrika goddess) 6618: 5298:Saubhagyalakshmi Upanishad 4868:Zimmer, Heinrich (2001) . 4788:Images of Indian Goddesses 4748:Schastok, Sara L. (1985). 4696:Rajarajan, R.K.K. (2015). 4088:The World in the Year 1000 4008:. In Müller, F. M. (ed.). 3993:. de Gruyter. p. 152. 2229:) correspond to the seven 2116: 1626:mentions 2 other Matrikas 1519:) is the divine energy of 946:. (bottom row, from left) 795:, who are associated with 6534: 6454: 6357: 5845: 5521: 5329: 5013: 4920: 4465:Ellora, Concept and Style 3641:, p. 156, verses 30. 3212:, pp. B4C, 257, 135. 2773:mentions the Matrikas or 2458:(a pilgrimage around the 2057:(cave 16) – dedicated to 1662:9th–10th century granite 1527:). She is also called as 1510: 1452: 1395: 1346: 1294: 1276: 1196: 1133: 1077: 1059: 864:(350–1000 A.D.) kings of 409:Krishnananda Agamavagisha 46: 39: 5829:Yoga Sutras of Patanjali 4790:. Abhinav Publications. 4731:The Rough Guide to Nepal 4619:Kinsley, David (1998) . 4579:. Abhinav Publications. 4467:. Abhinav Publications. 4463:Berkson, Carmel (1992). 4420:. Abhinav Publications. 4157:The Hindu Religious Year 3536:, p. 241 Footnotes. 2999:, p. 187, Glossary. 2562:Panchalingeshvara temple 1008:Vishnudharmottara Purana 606:, are a group of mother 374:Trika (Kashmir Shaivism) 6185:Nepal Bhasa renaissance 5278:Tripuratapini Upanishad 4849:Wright, Daniel (1996). 4714:10.1558/rosa.v9i2.31071 4702:Religions of South Asia 4623:. Motilal Banarsidass. 4510:Dehejia, Vidya (1986). 4416:Banerji, S. C. (2002). 4381:Harper & Brown 2002 4369:Harper & Brown 2002 3850:Harper & Brown 2002 3771:Harper & Brown 2002 3409:Harper & Brown 2002 3397:Harper & Brown 2002 3227:Harper & Brown 2002 2654:Hrillekha-matrika-nyasa 2332:Tiruchirapalli district 2308:Ramanathapuram District 1852:sculpture of Chamunda, 744:Origins and development 4832:The Garland of Letters 4642:. Anmol Publications. 2596:of the Matrikas) or a 2569: 2311: 2114: 2030: 1964: 1864:(the son of Shiva and 1857: 1671: 1554: – the shakti of 1409:Verai, Dandini, Dandai 1311:, is the power of the 974: 915: 827: 756: 713:, among other places. 682:. and additionals are 6597:Hindu tantric deities 5258:Devi-Bhagavata Purana 4540:Iltis, Linda (2002). 4397:Aryan, K. C. (1980). 4035:Jain & Handa 1995 3807:Vaishampayana said... 3200:, pp. 1835–1858. 2958:Jain & Handa 1995 2855:. Clarendon. p. 2709:(offering of grain). 2705:) like the ritual of 2602:along with a special 2536: 2305: 2264:alphabet itself, the 2117:Further information: 2112: 2025: 1934: 1847: 1724:Devi-Bhagavata Purana 1715:Devi Bhagavata Purana 1701:, Matrikas appear as 1661: 1624:Devi Bhagavata Purana 1558:, as the seventh and 1477:. She is almost like 1146:of the preserver god 925: 906: 862:Western Ganga Dynasty 755:, one of the Matrikas 751: 594:: मातृका (singular), 479:Festivals and temples 6190:Nepal Bhasa movement 6073:Jana Baha Dyah Jatra 4575:Kalia, Asha (1982). 4560:. Indus Publishing. 4281:, pp. 148, 205. 3814:Kisari Mohan Ganguli 3507:, pp. 1835–1858 3139:Dilip Chakravati in 2237:) are obtained. The 1905:, the constellation 1461:), is also known as 1404:), is also known as 815:religion, may be of 220:Scriptures and texts 6582:Childhood goddesses 5314:Regional variations 4828:Woodroffe, Sir John 4806:White, David Gordon 4523:The Roots of Tantra 4418:Companion to Tantra 4383:, pp. 125–127. 4317:, pp. 293–294. 4209:, pp. 367–368. 4194:, pp. 257–260. 4004:Bühler, G. (1881). 3904:, pp. 186–187. 3797:, pp. 132–133. 3359:Anistoriton Journal 2413:pantheon. Temples ( 2340:Saptamatrika temple 1781:from the Matrikas. 551:Hinduism portal 527:Regional variations 6257:Newar caste system 5321:Caribbean Shaktism 4329:, p. 143-144. 3953:Bhattacharyya 1974 3877:, pp. 136–144 3513:, pp. 106–109 3263:Bhattacharyya 1974 3045:Bhattacharyya 1974 2570: 2312: 2198:Matrika (Sanskrit 2115: 2031: 1989:Shaivite goddesses 1965: 1951:; originally from 1858: 1820:(interpreted as a 1808:; for saving king 1672: 1469:, is the power of 1120:Asithanga Bhairava 1021:) and also in the 975: 757: 650:, Maheshvari from 533:Caribbean Shaktism 276:Lalita Sahasranama 6602:Liminal goddesses 6554: 6553: 6521:Women in Hinduism 6375: 6374: 5863: 5862: 5347: 5346: 5293:Bhavana Upanishad 5288:Tripura Upanishad 5268:Shakta Upanishads 4219:Van den Hoek 1993 4207:Van den Hoek 1993 4049:, pp. 24–28. 3253:, pp. 58–60. 3096:, pp. 58–59. 3012:Van den Hoek 1993 2735:Svacchaṇḍa Tantra 2728:Jňānārṇava Tantra 2194:Script characters 1979:and his son with 1963:I (about AD 1043) 1695:Shumbha-Nishumbha 1693:According to the 1495:Bhishana Bhairava 1355:), also known as 1285:), also known as 1018:Markandeya Purana 878:Gurjara–Patiharas 646:, Vaishnavi from 585: 584: 399:Bharatchandra Ray 244:Shakta Upanishads 101: 100: 16:(Redirected from 6609: 6572:Mother goddesses 6543: 6542: 6460: 6402: 6395: 6388: 6379: 6365: 6364: 6078:Bunga Dyah Jatra 5890: 5883: 5876: 5867: 5527: 5374: 5367: 5360: 5351: 5019: 4907: 4900: 4893: 4884: 4873: 4864: 4845: 4823: 4801: 4782: 4763: 4744: 4733:. Rough Guides. 4725: 4692: 4673: 4667: 4663: 4661: 4653: 4634: 4615: 4590: 4571: 4552: 4546: 4536: 4517: 4506: 4497: 4478: 4459: 4440: 4431: 4412: 4384: 4378: 4372: 4366: 4360: 4357: 4351: 4348: 4342: 4336: 4330: 4324: 4318: 4312: 4306: 4300: 4294: 4288: 4282: 4276: 4270: 4264: 4258: 4252: 4246: 4240: 4234: 4228: 4222: 4216: 4210: 4204: 4195: 4189: 4183: 4177: 4171: 4170: 4152: 4146: 4140: 4134: 4128: 4122: 4105: 4099: 4080: 4074: 4068: 4062: 4056: 4050: 4044: 4038: 4032: 4026: 4020: 4014: 4013: 4001: 3995: 3994: 3986: 3980: 3974: 3968: 3962: 3956: 3950: 3941: 3935: 3929: 3923: 3917: 3911: 3905: 3899: 3893: 3887: 3878: 3871: 3865: 3859: 3853: 3847: 3838: 3835: 3829: 3823: 3817: 3804: 3798: 3792: 3786: 3780: 3774: 3768: 3762: 3756: 3747: 3744: 3738: 3732: 3726: 3720: 3714: 3708: 3702: 3696: 3690: 3684: 3678: 3672: 3666: 3660: 3654: 3648: 3642: 3636: 3630: 3624: 3618: 3612: 3606: 3600: 3594: 3588: 3582: 3579: 3573: 3567: 3561: 3558: 3552: 3546: 3537: 3531: 3525: 3522: 3516: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3472: 3451: 3443: 3437: 3430: 3424: 3418: 3412: 3406: 3400: 3394: 3383: 3377: 3371: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3356: 3347: 3341: 3335: 3329: 3323: 3317: 3311: 3302: 3296: 3290: 3284: 3278: 3272: 3266: 3260: 3254: 3248: 3242: 3236: 3230: 3224: 3213: 3207: 3201: 3195: 3164: 3158: 3152: 3137: 3131: 3124: 3118: 3112: 3097: 3091: 3080: 3074: 3065: 3059: 3048: 3042: 3036: 3030: 3015: 3009: 3000: 2994: 2988: 2987: 2967: 2961: 2955: 2944: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2933: 2922: 2907: 2901: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2885: 2879: 2873: 2864: 2863: 2846: 2840: 2834: 2818: 2808: 2802: 2799: 2737: 2730: 2696: 2666: 2639: 2614:). Banabhatta's 2612: 2590: 2572:The 7th century 2483: 2388: 2377: 2342:is located near 1871:In one version, 1818: 1802: 1766:Bhagavata Purana 1537:Samhara Bhairava 1518: 1512: 1460: 1454: 1437:Unmatha Bhairava 1433: 1411:is the power of 1403: 1397: 1370:is the power of 1354: 1348: 1329: 1302: 1296: 1284: 1278: 1257: 1204: 1198: 1179: 1141: 1135: 1116: 1085: 1079: 1067: 1061: 1027:Amsumadbhedagama 890:Western Chalukya 845:The Gupta kings 825: 577: 570: 563: 549: 548: 547: 424:Abhirami Bhattar 301:Saundarya Lahari 126: 103: 79: 51: 32: 21: 6617: 6616: 6612: 6611: 6610: 6608: 6607: 6606: 6567:Hindu goddesses 6557: 6556: 6555: 6550: 6530: 6504: 6490:Ranipur Jharial 6461: 6452: 6411: 6406: 6376: 6371: 6353: 6332: 6296: 6245: 6194: 6166: 6128: 6082: 6019: 5936: 5903: 5894: 5864: 5859: 5855:Hindu mythology 5841: 5752: 5670: 5528: 5519: 5387: 5378: 5348: 5343: 5325: 5309: 5239: 5189: 5131: 5092:Tripura Sundari 5068: 5020: 5011: 4929: 4916: 4911: 4881: 4876: 4867: 4861: 4848: 4842: 4826: 4820: 4804: 4798: 4785: 4779: 4769:Urban Symbolism 4766: 4760: 4747: 4741: 4728: 4695: 4689: 4676: 4664: 4654: 4650: 4637: 4631: 4618: 4593: 4587: 4574: 4568: 4555: 4544: 4539: 4533: 4520: 4509: 4500: 4494: 4481: 4475: 4462: 4456: 4443: 4434: 4428: 4415: 4409: 4396: 4392: 4387: 4379: 4375: 4367: 4363: 4359:Singh p.1850-51 4358: 4354: 4349: 4345: 4337: 4333: 4325: 4321: 4313: 4309: 4301: 4297: 4289: 4285: 4277: 4273: 4265: 4261: 4253: 4249: 4241: 4237: 4229: 4225: 4217: 4213: 4205: 4198: 4190: 4186: 4178: 4174: 4167: 4154: 4153: 4149: 4141: 4137: 4129: 4125: 4106: 4102: 4082:Leslie C. Orr, 4081: 4077: 4069: 4065: 4057: 4053: 4045: 4041: 4033: 4029: 4021: 4017: 4003: 4002: 3998: 3988: 3987: 3983: 3975: 3971: 3963: 3959: 3951: 3944: 3936: 3932: 3924: 3920: 3912: 3908: 3900: 3896: 3888: 3881: 3873:For images see 3872: 3868: 3860: 3856: 3848: 3841: 3836: 3832: 3824: 3820: 3810:The Mahabharata 3805: 3801: 3793: 3789: 3781: 3777: 3769: 3765: 3757: 3750: 3745: 3741: 3733: 3729: 3721: 3717: 3709: 3705: 3697: 3693: 3685: 3681: 3673: 3669: 3661: 3657: 3649: 3645: 3637: 3633: 3625: 3621: 3613: 3609: 3601: 3597: 3589: 3585: 3580: 3576: 3568: 3564: 3559: 3555: 3547: 3540: 3532: 3528: 3523: 3519: 3494: 3492: 3483: 3473: 3454: 3444: 3440: 3431: 3427: 3419: 3415: 3407: 3403: 3395: 3386: 3378: 3374: 3364: 3362: 3354: 3349: 3348: 3344: 3336: 3332: 3324: 3320: 3312: 3305: 3297: 3293: 3285: 3281: 3273: 3269: 3261: 3257: 3249: 3245: 3237: 3233: 3225: 3216: 3208: 3204: 3196: 3167: 3159: 3155: 3138: 3134: 3125: 3121: 3113: 3100: 3092: 3083: 3075: 3068: 3060: 3051: 3043: 3039: 3031: 3018: 3010: 3003: 2995: 2991: 2984: 2969: 2968: 2964: 2956: 2947: 2937: 2935: 2934:on 4 March 2009 2931: 2920: 2915: 2914:, Ch.57, v.56. 2908: 2904: 2894: 2892: 2887: 2886: 2882: 2874: 2867: 2848: 2847: 2843: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2822: 2821: 2809: 2805: 2800: 2796: 2791: 2748: 2722:Ashta Bhairavas 2531: 2529:Tantric worship 2486:Ashta Bhairavas 2399: 2398: 2397: 2396: 2395: 2389: 2380: 2379: 2378: 2367: 2344:Baitarani River 2320:parivara devata 2300: 2295: 2196: 2180:Ranipur-Jharial 2125: 2107: 2102: 2055:Kailasha Temple 1929: 1842: 1656: 1380:Chanda Bhairava 1333:Kapala Bhairava 1319:(thunderbolt), 1183:Krodha Bhairava 1046: 1035:Purvakarnagama, 969:. A folio from 920: 826: 823: 746: 662:, Kaumari from 620:Ashtamatrika(s) 616:Saptamatrika(s) 581: 545: 543: 538: 537: 528: 520: 519: 480: 472: 471: 437: 429: 428: 394: 384: 383: 351: 331: 329: 321: 320: 290: 281:Tripura Rahasya 266:Devi Bhagavatam 222: 212: 211: 147: 72:transliteration 54: 42: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6615: 6613: 6605: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6559: 6558: 6552: 6551: 6549: 6548: 6535: 6532: 6531: 6529: 6528: 6526:Yoga for women 6523: 6518: 6512: 6510: 6506: 6505: 6503: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6471: 6469: 6467:Yogini temples 6463: 6462: 6455: 6453: 6451: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6419: 6417: 6413: 6412: 6407: 6405: 6404: 6397: 6390: 6382: 6373: 6372: 6370: 6369: 6358: 6355: 6354: 6352: 6351: 6349:Newar Buddhism 6346: 6344:Newar Hinduism 6340: 6338: 6334: 6333: 6331: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6304: 6302: 6298: 6297: 6295: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6253: 6251: 6247: 6246: 6244: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6202: 6200: 6196: 6195: 6193: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6176: 6174: 6168: 6167: 6165: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6138: 6136: 6130: 6129: 6127: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6099:Bahra ceremony 6096: 6090: 6088: 6084: 6083: 6081: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6029: 6027: 6021: 6020: 6018: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5946: 5944: 5938: 5937: 5935: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5913: 5911: 5905: 5904: 5895: 5893: 5892: 5885: 5878: 5870: 5861: 5860: 5858: 5857: 5852: 5846: 5843: 5842: 5840: 5839: 5832: 5825: 5824: 5823: 5809: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5791: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5764: 5762: 5754: 5753: 5751: 5750: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5700: 5699: 5694: 5684: 5678: 5676: 5672: 5671: 5669: 5668: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5560: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5538: 5536: 5530: 5529: 5522: 5520: 5518: 5517: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5419: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5397: 5395: 5389: 5388: 5379: 5377: 5376: 5369: 5362: 5354: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5341: 5336: 5330: 5327: 5326: 5324: 5323: 5317: 5315: 5311: 5310: 5308: 5307: 5306: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5283:Devi Upanishad 5280: 5275: 5273:Sita Upanishad 5265: 5260: 5255: 5249: 5247: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5237: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5199: 5197: 5191: 5190: 5188: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5141: 5139: 5133: 5132: 5130: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5078: 5076: 5070: 5069: 5067: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5030: 5028: 5022: 5021: 5014: 5012: 5010: 5009: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4981: 4980: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4939: 4937: 4931: 4930: 4928: 4927: 4921: 4918: 4917: 4912: 4910: 4909: 4902: 4895: 4887: 4880: 4879:External links 4877: 4875: 4874: 4865: 4859: 4846: 4840: 4824: 4819:978-0226894843 4818: 4802: 4796: 4783: 4777: 4764: 4758: 4745: 4739: 4726: 4708:(2): 164–185. 4693: 4687: 4674: 4648: 4635: 4629: 4616: 4591: 4585: 4572: 4566: 4553: 4537: 4531: 4525:. SUNY Press. 4518: 4507: 4498: 4492: 4486:. SUNY Press. 4479: 4473: 4460: 4454: 4448:. SUNY Press. 4441: 4432: 4426: 4413: 4407: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4385: 4373: 4371:, p. 122. 4361: 4352: 4343: 4341:, p. 155. 4331: 4319: 4307: 4295: 4283: 4271: 4259: 4257:, p. 260. 4247: 4245:, p. 245. 4235: 4223: 4221:, p. 364. 4211: 4196: 4184: 4182:, p. 521. 4172: 4165: 4147: 4145:, p. 131. 4143:Pattanaik 2000 4135: 4131:Rajarajan 2015 4123: 4100: 4075: 4063: 4061:, p. 103. 4059:Woodroffe 2001 4051: 4039: 4037:, p. 163. 4027: 4015: 3996: 3981: 3979:, p. 296. 3969: 3967:, p. 114. 3957: 3955:, p. 128. 3942: 3930: 3928:, p. 109. 3918: 3916:, p. 135. 3906: 3894: 3879: 3866: 3854: 3852:, p. 117. 3839: 3830: 3828:, p. 154. 3818: 3812:translated by 3799: 3795:Pattanaik 2000 3787: 3785:, p. 153. 3775: 3773:, p. 116. 3763: 3761:, p. 152. 3748: 3739: 3727: 3715: 3703: 3691: 3679: 3667: 3655: 3653:, p. 242. 3643: 3631: 3619: 3607: 3595: 3583: 3574: 3562: 3553: 3538: 3526: 3517: 3515: 3514: 3508: 3501: 3491:on 1 July 2007 3481: 3452: 3438: 3425: 3423:, p. 156. 3413: 3411:, p. 121. 3401: 3384: 3372: 3342: 3330: 3318: 3303: 3291: 3279: 3267: 3255: 3243: 3231: 3214: 3202: 3165: 3153: 3132: 3119: 3117:, p. 151. 3098: 3081: 3079:, p. 143. 3066: 3049: 3047:, p. 126. 3037: 3016: 3014:, p. 362. 3001: 2989: 2982: 2962: 2945: 2911:Brihat Samhita 2902: 2880: 2878:, p. 134. 2865: 2841: 2828: 2826: 2823: 2820: 2819: 2803: 2793: 2792: 2790: 2787: 2747: 2744: 2622:'s Cārudatta, 2530: 2527: 2390: 2383: 2382: 2381: 2372: 2371: 2370: 2369: 2368: 2366: 2363: 2299: 2296: 2294: 2291: 2195: 2192: 2176:Yogini temples 2165:Madhya Pradesh 2123:Yogini temples 2106: 2103: 2101: 2098: 1997:Uma-Maheshvara 1949:British Museum 1928: 1925: 1841: 1838: 1711:Matrikas dance 1655: 1652: 1541: 1540: 1533:karaṇḍa mukuṭa 1498: 1491:karaṇḍa mukuṭa 1440: 1431:karaṇḍa mukuṭa 1419:. She holds a 1383: 1336: 1264: 1186: 1123: 1114:karaṇḍa mukuṭa 1106:(swan) as her 1045: 1042: 919: 916: 855:Madhya Pradesh 821: 809:Sapta Matrikas 745: 742: 625:Brihat Samhita 583: 582: 580: 579: 572: 565: 557: 554: 553: 540: 539: 536: 535: 529: 526: 525: 522: 521: 518: 517: 512: 507: 505:Saraswati Puja 502: 497: 492: 487: 481: 478: 477: 474: 473: 470: 469: 464: 459: 454: 449: 444: 438: 435: 434: 431: 430: 427: 426: 421: 416: 411: 406: 401: 395: 390: 389: 386: 385: 382: 381: 376: 371: 366: 360: 359: 350: 349: 344: 338: 337: 330: 327: 326: 323: 322: 319: 318: 316:Abirami Antati 313: 308: 303: 297: 296: 289: 288: 283: 278: 273: 271:Devi Mahatmyam 268: 263: 262: 261: 256: 251: 241: 240: 239: 229: 223: 218: 217: 214: 213: 210: 209: 204: 199: 194: 189: 184: 179: 174: 169: 164: 158: 157: 148: 143: 142: 139: 138: 137: 136: 128: 127: 119: 118: 112: 111: 99: 98: 85: 81: 80: 73: 66: 65: 62: 56: 55: 52: 44: 43: 40: 37: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6614: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6577:War goddesses 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6564: 6562: 6547: 6546: 6537: 6536: 6533: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6513: 6511: 6507: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6472: 6470: 6468: 6464: 6459: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6420: 6418: 6414: 6410: 6403: 6398: 6396: 6391: 6389: 6384: 6383: 6380: 6368: 6360: 6359: 6356: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6341: 6339: 6335: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6305: 6303: 6299: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6254: 6252: 6248: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6226:Majipa Lakhey 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6206:Swayambhunath 6204: 6203: 6201: 6197: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6177: 6175: 6173: 6169: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6139: 6137: 6135: 6131: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6091: 6089: 6085: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6063:Bhairab Naach 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6030: 6028: 6026: 6022: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5947: 5945: 5943: 5939: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5914: 5912: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5891: 5886: 5884: 5879: 5877: 5872: 5871: 5868: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5847: 5844: 5838: 5837: 5833: 5831: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5821: 5820:Bhagavad Gita 5817: 5816: 5815: 5814: 5810: 5808: 5807: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5770: 5769: 5766: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5755: 5749: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5689: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5679: 5677: 5675:Other deities 5673: 5667: 5666: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5544: 5543: 5540: 5539: 5537: 5535: 5531: 5526: 5516: 5515: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5403: 5402: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5381:Hindu deities 5375: 5370: 5368: 5363: 5361: 5356: 5355: 5352: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5331: 5328: 5322: 5319: 5318: 5316: 5312: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5270: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5263:Kalika Purana 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5253:Devi Mahatmya 5251: 5250: 5248: 5246: 5242: 5236: 5235: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5223:Tulja Bhavani 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5200: 5198: 5196: 5195:Shakta pithas 5192: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5155:Chandraghanta 5153: 5151: 5150:Brahmacharini 5148: 5146: 5143: 5142: 5140: 5138: 5134: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5097:Bhuvaneshvari 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5079: 5077: 5075: 5071: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5031: 5029: 5027: 5023: 5018: 5008: 5007: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4979: 4976: 4975: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4940: 4938: 4936: 4932: 4926: 4923: 4922: 4919: 4915: 4908: 4903: 4901: 4896: 4894: 4889: 4888: 4885: 4878: 4871: 4866: 4862: 4860:81-206-0552-7 4856: 4852: 4847: 4843: 4841:81-85988-12-9 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4797:81-7017-416-3 4793: 4789: 4784: 4780: 4778:90-04-09855-0 4774: 4770: 4765: 4761: 4759:90-04-06941-0 4755: 4751: 4746: 4742: 4740:1-85828-899-1 4736: 4732: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4694: 4690: 4688:0-89281-807-7 4684: 4680: 4675: 4671: 4659: 4651: 4649:81-7488-168-9 4645: 4641: 4636: 4632: 4630:81-208-0394-9 4626: 4622: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4592: 4588: 4586:0-391-02558-9 4582: 4578: 4573: 4569: 4567:81-7387-030-6 4563: 4559: 4554: 4550: 4543: 4538: 4534: 4532:0-7914-5305-7 4528: 4524: 4519: 4515: 4514: 4508: 4504: 4499: 4495: 4493:0-7914-1145-1 4489: 4485: 4480: 4476: 4474:81-7017-277-2 4470: 4466: 4461: 4457: 4455:0-7914-3939-9 4451: 4447: 4442: 4438: 4433: 4429: 4427:81-7017-402-3 4423: 4419: 4414: 4410: 4408:81-900002-7-6 4404: 4400: 4395: 4394: 4389: 4382: 4377: 4374: 4370: 4365: 4362: 4356: 4353: 4347: 4344: 4340: 4335: 4332: 4328: 4323: 4320: 4316: 4311: 4308: 4305:, p. 27. 4304: 4299: 4296: 4292: 4287: 4284: 4280: 4275: 4272: 4269:, p. 34. 4268: 4263: 4260: 4256: 4251: 4248: 4244: 4239: 4236: 4233:, p. 61. 4232: 4227: 4224: 4220: 4215: 4212: 4208: 4203: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4188: 4185: 4181: 4176: 4173: 4168: 4166:81-206-0523-3 4162: 4158: 4151: 4148: 4144: 4139: 4136: 4132: 4127: 4124: 4121: 4120:81-206-0151-3 4117: 4113: 4109: 4104: 4101: 4097: 4096:0-7618-2561-4 4093: 4089: 4085: 4079: 4076: 4073:, p. 61. 4072: 4067: 4064: 4060: 4055: 4052: 4048: 4043: 4040: 4036: 4031: 4028: 4024: 4019: 4016: 4011: 4007: 4000: 3997: 3992: 3985: 3982: 3978: 3973: 3970: 3966: 3961: 3958: 3954: 3949: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3934: 3931: 3927: 3922: 3919: 3915: 3910: 3907: 3903: 3898: 3895: 3892:, p. 186 3891: 3886: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3870: 3867: 3864:, p. 87. 3863: 3858: 3855: 3851: 3846: 3844: 3840: 3834: 3831: 3827: 3822: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3808: 3803: 3800: 3796: 3791: 3788: 3784: 3779: 3776: 3772: 3767: 3764: 3760: 3755: 3753: 3749: 3743: 3740: 3736: 3731: 3728: 3724: 3719: 3716: 3712: 3707: 3704: 3700: 3695: 3692: 3688: 3683: 3680: 3676: 3671: 3668: 3664: 3659: 3656: 3652: 3647: 3644: 3640: 3635: 3632: 3628: 3623: 3620: 3616: 3611: 3608: 3604: 3599: 3596: 3592: 3587: 3584: 3578: 3575: 3572:, p. 108 3571: 3566: 3563: 3557: 3554: 3550: 3545: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3530: 3527: 3521: 3518: 3512: 3509: 3506: 3502: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3475: 3471: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3448: 3442: 3439: 3435: 3429: 3426: 3422: 3417: 3414: 3410: 3405: 3402: 3398: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3385: 3382:, p. 60. 3381: 3376: 3373: 3361:. Anistoriton 3360: 3353: 3346: 3343: 3340:, p. 52. 3339: 3334: 3331: 3328:, p. 51. 3327: 3322: 3319: 3316:, p. 212 3315: 3310: 3308: 3304: 3301:, p. 76. 3300: 3295: 3292: 3289:, p. 68. 3288: 3283: 3280: 3277:, p. 67. 3276: 3271: 3268: 3264: 3259: 3256: 3252: 3251:Schastok 1985 3247: 3244: 3241:, p. 155 3240: 3235: 3232: 3229:, p. 48. 3228: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3206: 3203: 3199: 3194: 3192: 3190: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3166: 3163:, p. 151 3162: 3157: 3154: 3150: 3149:0-415-22154-4 3146: 3142: 3136: 3133: 3130:, p. 151 3129: 3123: 3120: 3116: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3073: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3041: 3038: 3034: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3008: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2993: 2990: 2985: 2983:9781780235387 2979: 2975: 2974: 2966: 2963: 2960:, p. 162 2959: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2946: 2930: 2926: 2925:Orissa Review 2919: 2913: 2912: 2906: 2903: 2890: 2884: 2881: 2877: 2872: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2853: 2845: 2842: 2839:, p. 99. 2838: 2833: 2830: 2824: 2817: 2816:Vamana Purana 2813: 2812:Devi-mahatmya 2807: 2804: 2798: 2795: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2767: 2763: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2752:Natya Shastra 2745: 2743: 2741: 2736: 2731: 2729: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2710: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2695: 2690: 2689:Uttar Pradesh 2686: 2682: 2678: 2673: 2671: 2670:Bhuvaneshvari 2667: 2665: 2659: 2658:Matrika-nyasa 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2642:Matrika-nyasa 2638: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2611: 2605: 2601: 2600: 2595: 2591: 2589: 2583: 2582:Harshacharita 2579: 2575: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2507: 2505: 2501: 2498: 2494: 2489: 2487: 2482: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2436: 2431: 2427: 2422: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2394: 2393:Bhairab Naach 2387: 2376: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2356: 2351: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2335: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2310:, Tamil Nadu. 2309: 2304: 2297: 2292: 2290: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2254: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2235:Ashtamatrikas 2232: 2228: 2227:Saptamatrikas 2224: 2220: 2215: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2168: 2166: 2162: 2157: 2153: 2148: 2145:(circle) and 2144: 2139: 2134: 2130: 2124: 2120: 2111: 2104: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2074: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2018: 2017:Rajatarangini 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1993:Jaunsar-Bawar 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1972: 1970: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1953:Eastern India 1950: 1947:taken at the 1946: 1942: 1938: 1933: 1926: 1924: 1922: 1918: 1917: 1910: 1908: 1904: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1892:Maha-matrikas 1888: 1886: 1881: 1878: 1874: 1869: 1867: 1863: 1855: 1851: 1846: 1839: 1837: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1817: 1811: 1810:Harishchandra 1807: 1803: 1801: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1782: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1767: 1760: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1744: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1728: 1726: 1725: 1720: 1719:Vamana Purana 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1699:Devi Mahatmya 1696: 1691: 1689: 1685: 1684:Varaha Purana 1681: 1680:Vamana Purana 1677: 1676:Matsya Purana 1669: 1665: 1660: 1653: 1651: 1649: 1646:, (shakti of 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1620:Central India 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1604: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1578: 1573: 1572: 1567: 1563: 1562: 1557: 1553: 1552: 1547: 1546:Varaha Purana 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1517: 1508: 1504: 1503: 1499: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1483:Devi Mahatmya 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1459: 1450: 1446: 1445: 1441: 1438: 1434: 1432: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1407: 1402: 1393: 1389: 1388: 1384: 1381: 1377: 1376:kiriṭa mukuṭa 1373: 1369: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1353: 1344: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1330: 1328: 1327:kiriṭa mukuṭa 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1301: 1292: 1288: 1283: 1274: 1270: 1269: 1265: 1262: 1261:Ruru Bhairava 1258: 1256: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1233: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1203: 1194: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1180: 1178: 1177:kiriṭa mukuṭa 1172: 1168: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1140: 1131: 1127: 1124: 1121: 1117: 1115: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1098:(water pot), 1097: 1093: 1089: 1084: 1075: 1071: 1066: 1057: 1053: 1052: 1048: 1047: 1043: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1032: 1031:Surabhedagama 1028: 1024: 1020: 1019: 1015:(part of the 1014: 1013:Devi Mahatmya 1010: 1009: 1004: 1003: 1002:Matsya Purana 998: 997: 992: 991: 990:Varaha Purana 986: 982: 981: 972: 971:Devi Mahatmya 968: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 924: 917: 914: 912: 905: 902: 898: 893: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 874:saptamatrikas 871: 867: 863: 858: 856: 852: 851:Kumaragupta I 848: 843: 838: 836: 832: 820: 818: 814: 810: 804: 802: 798: 794: 788: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 761: 754: 750: 743: 741: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 714: 712: 708: 704: 699: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 642:emerged from 641: 637: 636: 631: 627: 626: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 578: 573: 571: 566: 564: 559: 558: 556: 555: 552: 542: 541: 534: 531: 530: 524: 523: 516: 515:Shakta pithas 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 483: 482: 476: 475: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 439: 433: 432: 425: 422: 420: 417: 415: 414:Ramprasad Sen 412: 410: 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 396: 393: 388: 387: 380: 377: 375: 372: 370: 367: 365: 362: 361: 358: 357: 353: 352: 348: 347:Dakshinachara 345: 343: 340: 339: 336: 333: 332: 325: 324: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 306:Annada Mangal 304: 302: 299: 298: 295: 292: 291: 287: 286:Kalika Purana 284: 282: 279: 277: 274: 272: 269: 267: 264: 260: 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 246: 245: 242: 238: 235: 234: 233: 230: 228: 225: 224: 221: 216: 215: 208: 205: 203: 200: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 178: 175: 173: 170: 168: 165: 163: 160: 159: 156: 154: 150: 149: 146: 141: 140: 135: 132: 131: 130: 129: 125: 121: 120: 117: 113: 109: 105: 104: 97: 93: 89: 86: 82: 78: 74: 71: 67: 63: 61: 57: 50: 45: 38: 33: 30: 19: 6538: 6313:Nepal Sambat 6235: 6162:Newar window 6134:Architecture 6058:Pahan Charhe 6010:Sanyaakhunya 5901:Newar people 5834: 5827: 5818: 5811: 5804: 5729:Gramadevatas 5663: 5613: 5512: 5232: 5185:Siddhidhatri 5107:Chhinnamasta 5025: 5004: 4869: 4850: 4831: 4809: 4787: 4768: 4749: 4730: 4705: 4701: 4678: 4639: 4620: 4595: 4576: 4557: 4548: 4522: 4512: 4502: 4483: 4464: 4445: 4436: 4417: 4398: 4376: 4364: 4355: 4350:Singh p.1850 4346: 4339:Kinsley 1998 4334: 4322: 4310: 4303:Banerji 2002 4298: 4286: 4279:Banerji 2002 4274: 4267:Banerji 2002 4262: 4250: 4238: 4226: 4214: 4187: 4175: 4156: 4150: 4138: 4126: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4087: 4083: 4078: 4071:Banerji 2002 4066: 4054: 4042: 4030: 4025:, p. 9. 4018: 4009: 3999: 3990: 3984: 3977:Banerji 2002 3972: 3960: 3940:, p. 5. 3938:Dehejia 1986 3933: 3921: 3914:Berkson 1992 3909: 3902:Berkson 1992 3897: 3890:Berkson 1992 3875:Berkson 1992 3869: 3862:Berkson 1992 3857: 3837:Singh p.1855 3833: 3826:Kinsley 1998 3821: 3802: 3790: 3783:Kinsley 1998 3778: 3766: 3759:Kinsley 1998 3742: 3735:Kinsley 1998 3730: 3723:Kinsley 1998 3718: 3711:Kinsley 1998 3706: 3699:Kinsley 1998 3694: 3687:Kinsley 1998 3682: 3675:Kinsley 1998 3670: 3663:Kinsley 1998 3658: 3651:Kinsley 1998 3646: 3639:Kinsley 1998 3634: 3627:Kinsley 1998 3622: 3615:Kinsley 1998 3610: 3603:Kinsley 1998 3598: 3591:Kinsley 1998 3586: 3577: 3565: 3560:Singh p.1858 3556: 3551:, p. 72 3534:Kinsley 1998 3529: 3520: 3493:. Retrieved 3489:the original 3478:Kinsley 1998 3445: 3441: 3433: 3428: 3421:Kinsley 1998 3416: 3404: 3399:, p. 29 3375: 3363:. Retrieved 3358: 3345: 3333: 3321: 3314:Berkson 1992 3294: 3282: 3270: 3258: 3246: 3239:Kinsley 1998 3234: 3205: 3161:Kinsley 1998 3156: 3140: 3135: 3128:Kinsley 1998 3122: 3115:Kinsley 1998 3077:Collins 1988 3064:, p. 75 3040: 3035:, p. 41 2992: 2972: 2965: 2936:. Retrieved 2929:the original 2924: 2909: 2905: 2893:. Retrieved 2883: 2876:Berkson 1992 2860: 2851: 2844: 2832: 2815: 2811: 2806: 2797: 2775:Deva Shaktis 2774: 2768: 2764: 2749: 2739: 2725: 2713: 2711: 2706: 2702: 2674: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2641: 2637:Kulacūḍāmaṇi 2628:Mrichakatika 2607: 2603: 2597: 2585: 2571: 2522: 2518: 2517:) or lands ( 2514: 2510: 2508: 2490: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2447: 2444:utsav-murtis 2443: 2439: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2423: 2414: 2400: 2354: 2352: 2336: 2323: 2319: 2313: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2265: 2255: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2234: 2226: 2216: 2212:Georg Bühler 2199: 2197: 2169: 2126: 2100:Associations 2075: 2032: 1973: 1966: 1914: 1911: 1891: 1889: 1882: 1876: 1870: 1859: 1813: 1797: 1789: 1783: 1764: 1761: 1745: 1729: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1692: 1688:Kurma Purana 1673: 1668:Musée Guimet 1603:Mahabhairavi 1601: 1588: – the 1581: 1575: 1569: 1559: 1549: 1542: 1532: 1528: 1500: 1490: 1473:, a form of 1466: 1462: 1442: 1428: 1408: 1405: 1385: 1375: 1367: 1365:Kartikeyani, 1364: 1360: 1356: 1338: 1324: 1308: 1304: 1286: 1266: 1252: 1231: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1188: 1174: 1170: 1163: 1125: 1111: 1069: 1049: 1037: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1025:such as the 1016: 1006: 1000: 994: 988: 987:such as the 978: 976: 907: 894: 873: 870:saptamatrika 869: 859: 839: 834: 828: 819:inspiration. 808: 806: 789: 785:Indus valley 769:Indus Valley 765:Vedic period 762: 758: 715: 700: 633: 630:Varahamihira 623: 619: 615: 603: 599: 587: 586: 495:Lakshmi Puja 457:Panchamakara 404:Bhaskararaya 354: 335:Vidya margam 334: 293: 196: 151: 29: 6443:Vajrayogini 5917:Gunla Bajan 5813:Mahabharata 5724:Kuladevatas 5503:Vishvakarma 5228:Mahalakshmi 5145:Shailaputri 5127:Kamalatmika 5117:Bagalamukhi 4666:|work= 4327:Brooks 1992 4243:Wright 1996 3447:Agni Purana 3380:Kamath 2001 3338:Kamath 2001 3326:Kamath 2001 3210:Zimmer 2001 2771:Devi Purana 2703:Tantrobhuta 2668:of Goddess 2588:māṭrmandala 2519:kshatrapala 2513:), places ( 2324:Saptakanyas 2316:South India 2156:Mahalakshmi 2067:Rashtrakuta 2015:, his work 1969:Mahabharata 1896:Saptarishis 1840:Mahabharata 1800:Māṭrpaňcaka 1790:Loka-matara 1786:Devi Purana 1638:(shakti of 1630:(shakti of 1614:of the god 1571:Mahalakshmi 1529:Pratyangira 1255:jaṭā mukuṭa 1239:(trident), 1038:Rupamandana 996:Agni Purana 980:Mahabharata 918:Iconography 847:Skandagupta 781:Mahabharata 707:South India 419:Ramakrishna 379:Kubjikamata 356:Kula margam 294:other texts 84:Affiliation 6561:Categories 6308:Newa dance 6180:Literature 6109:Jaa Nakigu 5970:Chuchumari 5965:Chataamari 5795:Upanishads 5714:Gandharvas 5438:Dattatreya 5218:Taratarini 5165:Skandamata 5039:Maheshvari 4990:Bhadrakali 4315:Brown 1998 4291:Brown 1998 4255:Iltis 2002 4231:White 2006 4192:Iltis 2002 4047:Aryan 1980 4023:Aryan 1980 3965:Wangu 2003 3926:Kalia 1982 3570:Kalia 1982 3549:Wangu 2003 3511:Kalia 1982 3299:Wangu 2003 3287:Wangu 2003 3275:Wangu 2003 3151:, pp.42–44 3094:Wangu 2003 3062:Wangu 2003 3033:Wangu 2003 2997:Wangu 2003 2895:2 February 2837:Wangu 2003 2825:References 2718:Sri Chakra 2694:Svāmibhaṭa 2632:crossroads 2578:Banabhatta 2328:Tamil Nadu 2262:Devanagari 2219:Devanagari 2174:, with 64- 1927:Depictions 1877:Vana-parva 1816:Māṭrchakra 1610:called as 1582:Gananayika 1561:Yogeshvari 1189:Maheshvari 940:Maheshvari 899:and Early 490:Durga Puja 311:Ramprasadi 60:Devanagari 6495:Khajuraho 6480:Bhedaghat 6328:Bhaktapur 6318:Kathmandu 6277:Ranjitkar 6267:Chitrakar 6216:Lokeshwar 6211:Pashupati 5995:Lakhamari 5734:Rakshasas 5604:Mahavidya 5547:Saraswati 5534:Goddesses 5463:Kartikeya 5180:Mahagauri 5175:Kalaratri 5170:Katyayani 5160:Kushmanda 5137:Navadurga 5112:Dhumavati 5074:Mahavidya 5049:Vaishnavi 4978:Navadurga 4948:Saraswati 4771:. Brill. 4752:. Brill. 4722:1751-2689 4668:ignored ( 4658:cite book 3495:8 January 3365:8 January 2938:8 January 2756:Navagraha 2677:Rajasthan 2646:Devi Gita 2616:Kadambari 2610:maṭṛ-gṛha 2604:anusthana 2566:Karnataka 2504:Navaratri 2476:Bhaktapur 2456:pithapuja 2419:Kathmandu 2266:Varnamala 2231:consonant 2208:collation 2161:Bhedaghat 2090:Shamalaji 2047:Elephanta 2045:caves of 2035:Udayagiri 1903:Krittikas 1771:rakshasas 1752:Narasimha 1743:deities. 1736:Raktabija 1697:story of 1521:Narasimha 1516:Nārasiṃhī 1502:Narasimhi 1487:Mundamala 1467:Charchika 1372:Kartikeya 1277:इन्द्राणी 1245:Akshamala 1202:Māheśvarī 1197:माहेश्वरी 1158:(conch), 1126:Vaishnavi 1096:kamandalu 1086:) is the 1060:ब्रह्माणी 967:Raktabīja 932:Vaishnavi 928:Narasimhi 911:Bhaktapur 901:Chalukyas 886:Chalukyas 882:Chandella 866:Karnataka 835:Balagraha 817:Dravidian 688:Narasimha 684:Narasimhi 664:Kartikeya 622:. In the 608:goddesses 500:Kali Puja 485:Navaratri 452:Kundalini 436:Practices 369:Kalikulam 342:Vamachara 207:Saraswati 182:Mahavidya 155:(Supreme) 6587:Shaktism 6545:Category 6516:Maithuna 6448:Yakshini 6428:Bhairavi 6416:Entities 6367:Category 6337:Religion 6292:Kansakar 6282:Tuladhar 6272:Maharjan 6262:Shrestha 6236:Matrikas 6172:Language 6124:Mha Puja 6025:Festival 5990:Kachilaa 5850:Hinduism 5806:Ramayana 5748:Yakshini 5654:Shashthi 5614:Matrikas 5599:Mahadevi 5401:Trimurti 5334:Hinduism 5213:Kamakhya 5208:Kalighat 5102:Bhairavi 5064:Chamunda 5034:Brahmani 5026:Matrikas 4985:Mahakali 4943:Mahadevi 4914:Shaktism 4830:(2001). 4808:(2006). 4604:80905179 3505:Pal 1997 3434:ReVision 3198:Pal 1997 2783:Nitisara 2724:, as in 2624:Shudraka 2574:Sanskrit 2554:Chamundi 2542:Brahmani 2515:lokapala 2440:dyochems 2403:Buddhism 2365:In Nepal 2298:In India 2247:anusarva 2027:Nataraja 1961:Mahipala 1941:Brahmani 1907:Pleiades 1854:Halebidu 1756:Bhairava 1740:Chamunda 1707:Chandika 1670:, Paris. 1648:Narayana 1644:Narayani 1586:Vinayaki 1511:नारसिंही 1507:Sanskrit 1463:Chamundi 1453:चामुण्डा 1449:Sanskrit 1444:Chamunda 1406:Vairali, 1392:Sanskrit 1343:Sanskrit 1305:Mahendri 1291:Sanskrit 1273:Sanskrit 1243:(drum), 1237:Trishula 1232:Trinetra 1193:Sanskrit 1139:Vaiṣṇavī 1130:Sanskrit 1078:ब्राह्मी 1074:Sanskrit 1065:Brahmâṇī 1056:Sanskrit 1051:Brahmani 956:Chamunda 944:Brahmani 897:Kadambas 822:— 767:and the 726:Shaktism 722:Tantrism 718:Hinduism 703:Pleiades 692:Vinayaki 676:Chamunda 640:Brahmani 612:Hinduism 592:Sanskrit 588:Matrikas 392:Scholars 364:Srikulam 197:Matrikas 153:Mahadevi 116:Shaktism 108:a series 106:Part of 96:Mahadevi 70:Sanskrit 6509:Related 6500:Mitaoli 6485:Hirapur 6438:Matrika 6409:Yoginis 6287:Sthapit 6199:Deities 6157:Chaitya 6114:Iihipaa 6087:Rituals 6038:Sa Paru 5942:Cuisine 5932:Bhusyah 5800:Puranas 5788:Atharva 5757:Texts ( 5744:Yakshas 5739:Vahanas 5709:Dikpāla 5682:Apsaras 5634:Rukmini 5609:Matangi 5557:Parvati 5552:Lakshmi 5542:Tridevi 5468:Krishna 5448:Hanuman 5443:Ganesha 5433:Chandra 5428:Ashvins 5234:More... 5122:Matangi 5059:Indrani 5044:Kaumari 4958:Parvati 4953:Lakshmi 4925:History 4612:7796041 4390:Sources 2861:matrika 2714:bhupura 2699:Dakinis 2685:Deogarh 2650:mantras 2594:mandala 2576:author 2558:Ganesha 2550:Indrani 2511:digpala 2481:Mātṛkās 2472:mandala 2452:Legends 2359:mantras 2355:Pithori 2293:Worship 2282:(vakya) 2274:(varna) 2251:visarga 2239:Shaktas 2204:akshara 2184:Hirapur 2143:Mandala 2133:Yoginis 2129:Yoginis 2105:Yoginis 2071:Tantras 2063:Parvati 2013:Kashmir 2009:Kalhana 2001:Parvati 1985:Ganesha 1981:Parvati 1937:Ganesha 1921:Krishna 1866:Parvati 1850:Hoysala 1834:Vindhya 1832:on the 1826:Mandala 1794:Ganesha 1779:Krishna 1775:dakinis 1748:Andhaka 1703:Shaktis 1654:Legends 1636:Kauberi 1612:Kalyani 1598:Ganesha 1594:Ganesha 1577:Lakshmi 1475:Parvati 1458:Cāṃuṇḍā 1425:chamara 1361:Kartiki 1352:Kaumārī 1339:Kaumari 1295:ऐन्द्री 1282:Indrāṇī 1268:Indrani 1223:Shivani 1219:Maheshi 1215:Rudrani 1156:Shankha 1142:), the 1134:वैष्णवी 985:Puranas 952:Indrani 936:Kaumari 840:In the 831:Kushana 793:Yakshas 787:seals. 773:Rigveda 696:Ganesha 656:Indrani 635:Shaktis 328:Schools 259:Tripura 232:Tantras 202:Lakshmi 172:Parvati 145:Deities 134:History 35:Matrika 6433:Dakini 6423:Apsara 6250:Castes 6241:Kumari 6221:Lakhey 6152:Vihara 6147:Pagoda 6104:Jankwa 6068:Samyak 6053:Swanti 6048:Mohani 6005:Sanyaa 5980:Choila 5975:Yomari 5922:Dhimay 5897:Topics 5704:Devata 5697:Danava 5692:Daitya 5687:Asuras 5649:Shakti 5639:Sanjna 5629:Rohini 5589:Shachi 5574:Chhaya 5493:Varuna 5483:Shasta 5473:Kubera 5411:Vishnu 5406:Brahma 5339:Tantra 5203:Bimala 5054:Varahi 4968:Shakti 4857: 4838: 4816: 4794: 4775: 4756: 4737: 4720: 4685: 4646: 4627: 4610: 4602: 4583: 4564: 4529: 4490: 4471: 4452: 4424: 4405: 4163: 4118: 4094: 3147: 2980: 2740:vargas 2732:. 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The 1642:) and 1640:Kubera 1632:Varuna 1628:Varuni 1616:Matsya 1608:shakti 1590:shakti 1548:names 1525:Vishnu 1471:Chandi 1417:Vishnu 1413:Varaha 1401:Vārāhī 1396:वाराही 1387:Varahi 1368:Ambika 1357:Kumari 1347:कौमारी 1300:Aindrī 1287:Aindri 1249:kapala 1241:Damaru 1171:abhaya 1164:varada 1160:chakra 1152:Garuda 1148:Vishnu 1144:Shakti 1108:vahana 1092:Brahma 1088:Shakti 1083:Brāhmī 1070:Brahmi 1023:Agamas 948:Varahi 813:Shakta 801:Kubera 797:Skanda 753:Varahi 738:Skanda 734:Shaiva 680:Chandi 672:Varaha 668:Varahi 648:Vishnu 644:Brahma 467:Yantra 462:Tantra 237:Yogini 192:Lalita 167:Shakti 88:Shakti 77:mātṝkā 64:मातृका 6592:Newar 6475:Badoh 6323:Patan 6231:Ajima 6142:Stupa 6119:Sagan 6043:Yenya 6033:Gunla 6015:Thwon 6000:Takha 5950:Ailaa 5909:Music 5783:Yajur 5768:Vedas 5619:Radha 5584:Ganga 5579:Durga 5569:Bhumi 5564:Aditi 5488:Surya 5453:Indra 5416:Shiva 5385:texts 5245:Texts 4995:Radha 4973:Durga 4545:(PDF) 3474:See: 3355:(PDF) 2932:(PDF) 2921:(PDF) 2789:Notes 2779:Mukti 2681:Bihar 2620:Bhasa 2538:Shiva 2523:pitha 2497:Patan 2493:Malla 2464:pitha 2435:ganas 2411:Newar 2346:, in 2138:Durga 2082:Osian 2065:– of 2059:Shiva 2005:Shiva 1977:Shiva 1959:king 1900:Vedic 1885:Vajra 1873:Indra 1664:Chola 1566:Shiva 1421:Danda 1317:Vajra 1313:Indra 1309:Vajri 1227:Nandi 1211:Rudri 1207:Shiva 1167:mudra 1104:hamsa 1100:lotus 1068:) or 964:asura 958:with 842:Gupta 724:. 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