360:, the Val, as Morgan's own creation, also reflects an important part of the personality of the fairy, in a sense a preemptive form of feminism. Through her power, stemming from her knowledge of magic, she is able through legend to reverse a situation that women would not, in reality, have had the ability to change. As Morgan’s most spectacular and provocative magical display, the creation of the Val sans retour interferes in the lives of hundreds of Arthurian knights. It also illustrates the tension present in the relationship between men and women within the society of the time: in literary works, the knight is nothing without the love of a woman, often reduced to the role of an object. However, the expectations of a woman of the time went beyond the simple fact of seeing her husband “dedicate his chivalrous exploits to her”.
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chivalry novels are usually contained within the walls of a castle, while the knights have agency, the ability to go on adventures and can deceive them. In the Val sans retour, the roles are reversed with the men who imprisoned between invisible walls, punished for their infidelity. They are at the mercy of the fairy Morgan and the women they have deceived. Morgan treats her prisoners with dignity and provides for their needs (none seem to be in distress, and once released, they keep the memory of what they lived. A parallel can be drawn with
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330:, written around 1160-1164, show similarities to the story of the Val sans retour. In particular, towards the end, in the passage entitled La Joie de la Cort (the Joy of the Court) and to honor the promise made to his wife, the knight Maboagrain must remain locked in an enchanted garden and fight all opponents who present themselves until he is defeated. The walls of this garden are bristling with spikes. The intention of the woman is to keep the knight with her forever, though he is eventually defeated by
456:. By 1850, the location of the Val sans retour had been moved slightly to the west due to the establishment of a metallurgy building from the Paimpont forges, which distorted the legendary character of the Marette valley by contradicting the image of unspoiled nature. The importance of the landscape became paramount in the selection of a substitute location: the Rauco valley, near Tréhorenteuc, where it remains to this day. Félix Bellamy definitively confirmed this new location in the 1890s.
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Morbihan created its own tourist facilities in order to dissociate the Val from that of the church of Tréhorenteuc, and renamed the east of the department "Pays de la Table ronde" (Country of the Round Table). In 1972, the mayor of
Paimpont created the "Tourist Office of Brocéliande", with the stated goal of managing tourism in the Paimpont Forest (including the Val sans retour).
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Val, Morgan places a sign explaining that only a completely faithful lover, capable of overcoming the trials in the Val, will be able to free the knights. These trials include the defeat of two guardian dragons, a wall of fire, and the crossing of a cliff-lined pool. The trial is attempted by many knights.
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Le rocher des Faux-Amants (False-Lovers’ Rock) consists of two interlocking rocks overlooking the Val that are said to resemble the figures of two lovers embracing. These rocks are tied to the legend of the Val: they are said to be the figures of the knight
Guiomar and his lover, turned to stone by a
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With the abandonment of agricultural use of the site, brush clearing came to an end and, as a result, fires regularly ravaged the Val sans retour from 1959 to 1990. In the two years following the 1990 fire, which destroyed over 400 hectares of moors, volunteers contributed to regeneration of the area
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Whilst local inhabitants did not consider the development of the site a priority, various developments nonetheless began emerging in favour of tourism: from 1971 to 1972, clearing of brush, repair of roads and consolidation took place in the Val. Towards the end of the 20th century, the department of
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The Val sans retour was the first place to claim a link with the sites of
Arthurian legend. It was not predisposed to become a popular tourist site due to its position far from any main roads and the town of Paimpont. For the majority of its history, the Val sans retour served as a location for both
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The valley as a whole retains the scars of the various fires that affected it throughout the twentieth century, favoured by the prevalence of conifers in the area. The vegetation consists of oaks and pines, with an alternation of rocky moors and wooded areas. The site is also home to a wide variety
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The episode of the Val sans retour represents within
Arthurian literature a "seizure of power by women" and a "world upside down", according to French scholar of Arthurian literature Laurence Harf-Lancner. The Val was designed by Morgan to punish lovers whose love had become distorted. The women of
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hears about the Val. He overcomes the many trials and eventually meets Morgan. It is ultimately
Lancelot's absolute loyalty to Guinevere that allows Lancelot to lift the curse of the Val sans retour. In anger at the loss of her enchantment, Morgan traps him by putting a ring on his finger that puts
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Morgan specifically creates the Val for
Guiomar: upon surprising him in the embrace of another woman, she condemns him to never leave the Val again. This imprisonment is extended to any knight who enters after him who has been unfaithful, in thought or in deed, to his lover. At the entrance of the
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No one manages to break the enchantment and these men roam the Val, forever lost to the outside world. They remain free to see each other, to talk to each other, to play or to dance because Morgan provides for all their needs. Notable attempts to free the prisoners of the Val include the
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Le Miroir aux fées (The
Fairies' Mirror) is a lake located at the entrance to the Val that was previously the source for a water mill. It is associated with a local legend that claims it was inhabited by seven fairy sisters, who can purportedly be seen by looking into the
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L’Arbre d'Or (The Tree of Gold) is an art installation depicting a golden tree surrounded by five burnt trees. It is an art installation created by François Davin in 1991 as a commemoration for the 1990 fire that caused immense destruction to vegetation in the
960:"Transdisciplinary Bioblitz: Rapid biotic and abiotic inventory allows studying environmental changes over 60 years at the Biological Field Station of Paimpont (Brittany, France) and opens new interdisciplinary research opportunities"
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The physical site in the
Paimpont Forest became a popular tourist site due to its links to Arthurian legends. It has different points of interest including the Golden Tree and the Fairy Mirror in its valley, as well as
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by planting thousands of trees in the
Paimpont forest as a whole and an art installation in the form of a golden tree was created for the Val by artist François Davin in commemoration of the loss of trees in the area.
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Nicolai, Annegret; Guernion, Muriel; Guillocheau, Sarah; Hoeffner, Kevin; Le Gouar, Pascaline; Ménard, Nelly; Piscart, Christophe; Vallet, Dominique; Hervé, Morgane; Benezeth, Elora; Chedanne, Hughes (2020-03-27).
452:, with the Marette Valley, located to the east of the Paimpont forest massif. Notably, they placed the "pavilion" of the fairy Morgan that the Lancelot-Graal located in the Valley of No Return in the
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The church became the meeting point for visitors wanting to learn about the legends of the
Paimpont forest, rapidly increasing the number of tourists to the Val sans retour. Following this, the
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The associations of the site with the mystical and otherworldly are heavily exploited by the tourism industry in the area. Several sites of touristic interest are located within the Val:
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In 1812, amateur archaeologist Jean-Côme-Damien Poignant and poetry enthusiast François-Gabriel-Ursin Blanchard de la Musse associated the exploits recounted by this poem,
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In the Lancelot-Grail, a compilation of Arthurian texts from the thirteenth century, the Val sans retour is created by Morgan after a brief love affair with the knight
310:, Morgan's own son. The duke overcomes the dragons but is defeated at the pool. Yvain is similarly defeated in the trials and both are imprisoned. Finally, the knight
393:. The valley is a natural extension of the Paimpont forest massif. It is surrounded by ridges, cut through with purple schist, a type of rock typical of the region.
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La forêt de Brocéliande t.3 ; la forêt de Bréchéliant, la fontaine de Bérenton ; quelques lieux d'alentour, les principaux personnages qui s'y rapportent
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recognised the potential for the Christianisation of Arthurian legends to re-invigorate local faith. He personally funded a 12-year restoration of the
334:. Similarly to the story of the Val sans retour, the fate of Maboagrain represents a case where a woman reduces the freedom of movement of a knight.
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The Val sans retour is subject to several ecological protections due to the variety and fragility of its flora and fauna. It is covered twice as a “
441:. Ludovic Chapplain, a founding member of the Lycée Armoricain, argued for the location of the legendary Val in Brittany in the 1823 article
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385:, and the site is inseparable from this village. However, the Val sans retour is officially a part of the territory of the municipality of
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metallurgical and agricultural activity. Specifically, it was used as a pasture for domestic animals and as a supply of animal bedding.
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to learn magic. With her new knowledge of magic, Morgan creates the Val sans retour in the enchanted forest of
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Colahan, Clark (March 2019). "Morgain the Fay and the Lady of the Lake in a Broader Mythological Context".
294:. She casts a spell that traps any unfaithful lovers (whom she calls "false lovers") in the Val forever.
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of the 19th century, claims of Aurthurian sites in Brittany began to gain traction. In his 1811 poem
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Harf-Lancner, Laurence (1984). "Le val sans retour ou la prise du pouvoir par les femmes".
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to imprison knights who are unfaithful to their ladies. It appears most prominently in the
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in Tréhorenteuc, starting point for visits to the Valley of No Return from 1945 to 1963
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featured, in the ninth station, the third fall of Jesus set in the Val sans retour.
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King Arthur's Enchantresses : Morgan and Her Sisters in Arthurian Tradition
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Lancelot-Grail: The Old French Arthurian Vulgate and Post-Vulgate in Translation
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Leskovar, "Archaeological Sites as Space for Modern Spiritual Practice," 33.
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jealous Morgan when she discovered them together on the crest of the valley.
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Journal of the Spanish Society for Medieval English Language and Literature
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officially recognised the site at its fourth congress, in Rennes in 1954.
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In Arthurian legend, the Val sans retour is an enchanted place created by
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890:"Saucepans and Saints? The Sacred and the Mundane in Forest Landscapes"
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1029:"The church of the Holy Grail - Tourist Office Broceliande (Bretagne)"
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a female-dominated Arthurian kingdom, where the roles are reversed.
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him to sleep, and as such is able to imprison him for a time being.
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Lacy, Norris J.; Rosenberg, Samuel N.; Golembski, Daniel (2010).
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Zone naturelle d'intérêt écologique, faunistique et floristique
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Archaeological Sites as Space for Modern Spiritual Practice
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Tourist Office Broceliande, "The church of the Holy Grail."
286:. This prompts Morgan to leave Arthur’s court and seek out
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Nicolai et al. "Transdisciplinary Bioblitz," results data.
183:. The legend attached to it is primarily recounted in the
199:, where any knights unfaithful in love are imprisoned.
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Landscape Ecology: Concepts, Methods, and Applications
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English - Office de Tourisme de Brocéliande, Paimpont
952:. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
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experiences a disappointment in love with the knight
883:(4th ed.). Paris: Amable Gobin et Cie Ă©diteurs.
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The Val sans retour is a deep valley located in the
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natural zone of ecological interest, fauna and flora
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437:situated the Brocéliande forest in Brittany, near
1993:Fictional elements introduced in the 12th century
1089:Medieval legend of the Val Sans Retour in English
175:, as well as a physical site located in central
724:Nicolai et al. "Transdisciplinary Bioblitz," 4.
715:Nicolai et al. "Transdisciplinary Bioblitz," 6.
943:. London: I. B. Tauris & Company, Limited.
377:. The entrance to the Val is near the town of
1109:
923:Amour, mariage et transgressions au moyen âge
34:, behind the Miroir aux fées, in autumn 2017.
8:
888:Everson, Paul; Stocker, David (2018-01-02).
541:, who make regular pilgrimages to the site.
2003:Locations associated with Arthurian legend
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1013:"À Monsieur l'éditeur du Lycée Armoricain"
831:Burel, Francoise; Baudry, Jacques (2003).
537:The Val is also popular with followers of
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744:À Monsieur l’éditeur du Lycée Armoricain,
733:Creuzé de Lesser, "La Table ronde," 26-27
445:(To the editor of the Lycée Armoricain).
835:. Enfield, USA: Science Publishers, Inc.
607:Morgain the Fay and the Lady of the Lake
594:Morgain the Fay and the Lady of the Lake
443:À Monsieur l’éditeur du Lycée Armoricain
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264:(Morgain la fée) enchanting the Val in
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795:Tripbucket, "Visit Paimpont Forest."
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503:Late 20th century (site development)
460:Early 20th century (Father Gillard)
879:Creuzé de Lesser, Auguste (1829).
347:, who ultimately describes in the
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326:Some elements of Chrétien’s
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397:of birds, primarily passerines.
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24:
1047:"Tourist Office of Brocéliande"
497:International Arthurian Society
1913:King Arthur's messianic return
1:
939:Larrington, Carolyne (2006).
906:10.1080/14662035.2019.1619351
844:. Editions des RĂ©gionalismes.
682:Tourist Office of Brocéliande
421:19th century (Celtic Revival)
356:According to the analysis of
659:King Arthur's Enchantresses
646:King Arthur's Enchantresses
620:King Arthur's Enchantresses
564:King Arthur's Enchantresses
171:), is a mythical site from
30:The Val Sans Retour in the
2019:
1908:Historicity of King Arthur
578:Lacy, "Lancelot-Grail," 55
284:Knights of the Round Table
1936:
964:Biodiversity Data Journal
934:. Cambridge: D.S. Brewer.
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1011:Richer, Edouard (1823).
948:Leskovar, Jutta (2018).
862:Coppens, Philip (2012).
757:La forêt de Bréchéliant,
435:Auguste Creuzé de Lesser
338:Feminist interpretations
1548:Lady/Ladies of the Lake
1062:"Visit Paimpont Forest"
840:Bellamy, Felix (1896).
1817:Land/Castle of Maidens
486:church of Saint Onenne
473:
470:Church of Saint Onenne
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864:"Priest of the Grail"
806:Saucepans and Saints?
804:Everson and Stocker,
490:Stations of the Cross
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253:In the Lancelot-Grail
155:), also known as the
153:Valley Without Return
1583:Lynette and Lyonesse
1408:Angharad Golden-Hand
1230:Ambrosius Aurelianus
977:10.3897/bdj.8.e50451
785:Priest of the Grail.
476:Appointed rector of
161:Vale of False Lovers
126:48.00083°N 2.28583°W
1017:Le Lycée Armoricain
433:(The Round Table),
358:Carolyne Larrington
157:Val des faux amants
122: /
1972:History portal
1960:England portal
1928:Tristan and Iseult
1923:Knight of the Swan
1523:Guiron le Courtois
1483:Elaine of Corbenic
1413:Anguish of Ireland
633:Le val sans retour
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131:48.00083; -2.28583
1998:Fictional valleys
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1893:Battle of Camlann
1667:Animal characters
1623:Percival's sister
1473:Elaine of Astolat
1129:Matter of Britain
695:Landscape Ecology
684:, "L'arbre d'Or."
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267:Lancelot en prose
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1074:External links
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189:Morgan le Fay
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169:Perilous Vale
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165:Val périlleux
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17:
1903:Loathly lady
1860:Bibliography
1774:
1694:Twrch Trwyth
1443:Blanchefleur
1065:
1050:. Retrieved
1036:. Retrieved
1032:
1020:
1016:
967:
963:
949:
940:
931:
922:
900:(1): 25–42.
897:
893:
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644:Larrington,
640:
632:
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619:
618:Larrington,
614:
606:
601:
593:
563:
562:Larrington,
539:neo-druidism
536:
519:
510:
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494:
478:Tréhorenteuc
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100:, France
86:Tréhorenteuc
65:Location in
1812:Joyous Gard
1770:Brocéliande
1730:Round Table
1558:Leodegrance
1528:Gwenhwyfach
1257:Round Table
1155:Constantine
1125:King Arthur
425:During the
406:Natura 2000
369:Description
292:Brocéliande
229:King Arthur
217:Natura 2000
197:Brocéliande
129: /
105:Coordinates
1987:Categories
1715:Holy Grail
1684:Petitcrieu
1265:Bagdemagus
1066:tripbucket
1038:2021-05-24
970:: e50451.
894:Landscapes
825:References
635:, 185-193.
114:48°00′03″N
1918:Pendragon
1710:Excalibur
1679:Gringolet
1653:Vortigern
1588:Maleagant
1563:Lohengrin
1458:Brunor(s)
1453:Brangaine
1375:Sagramore
1365:Pellinore
1355:Palamedes
1200:Guinevere
1195:Gingalain
1052:April 25,
986:1314-2828
914:1466-2035
783:Coppens,
755:Bellamy,
605:Colahan,
592:Colahan,
280:Guinevere
270:(c. 1494)
187:: in it,
179:, in the
163:) or the
117:2°17′09″W
77:Geography
1853:In media
1837:Tintagel
1827:Lyonesse
1802:Corbenic
1792:Celliwig
1782:Caerleon
1643:Taliesin
1598:Meliodas
1533:Hellawes
1493:Feirefiz
1463:Catigern
1403:Agrestes
1370:Percival
1335:Lancelot
1315:Galehaut
1270:Bedivere
1225:Morgause
1145:Agravain
1127:and the
1004:32269479
742:Richer,
387:Paimpont
383:Morbihan
312:Lancelot
177:Brittany
94:Morbihan
90:Paimpont
82:Location
67:Morbihan
1787:Camelot
1753:Astolat
1725:Prydwen
1720:Pridwen
1703:Objects
1608:Nentres
1553:Laudine
1538:Hengist
1518:Guiomar
1508:Gorlois
1468:Claudas
1418:Annowre
1398:Accolon
1380:Tristan
1360:Pelleas
1350:Moriaen
1330:Lamorak
1325:Griflet
1320:Geraint
1310:Galahad
1305:Dinadan
1295:Dagonet
1290:Caradoc
1215:Mordred
1205:Igraine
1180:Gaheris
1160:Culhwch
995:7125239
516:Tourism
439:Quintin
412:History
276:Guiomar
205:Viviane
193:Guiomar
1881:Topics
1870:comics
1832:Sarras
1822:Logres
1758:Avalon
1745:Places
1674:Cavall
1638:Sebile
1633:Rience
1603:Merlin
1578:Lunete
1573:Lucius
1543:Iseult
1345:Lionel
1340:Lanval
1300:Daniel
1285:Cligès
1280:Brunor
1190:Gawain
1185:Gareth
1137:Family
1023:: 178.
1002:
992:
984:
912:
808:25–42.
609:, 108.
596:, 107.
408:site.
288:Merlin
233:Morgan
223:Legend
219:site.
209:Merlin
92:,
1658:Yniol
1618:Olwen
1503:Garel
1488:Enide
1245:Yvain
1240:Urien
1165:Ector
1150:Cador
697:, 20.
661:, 57.
648:, 60.
622:, 58.
545:Notes
529:area.
525:lake.
381:, in
308:Yvain
1175:Hoel
1054:2020
1000:PMID
982:ISSN
910:ISSN
746:178.
566:, 52
468:The
332:Erec
143:The
96:and
88:and
1568:Lot
1428:Ban
1210:Kay
990:PMC
972:doi
902:doi
759:193
319:In
151:or
40:Map
1989::
1064:.
1031:.
1019:.
1015:.
998:.
988:.
980:.
966:.
962:.
908:.
898:19
896:.
892:.
872:92
870:.
866:.
853:.
776:^
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666:^
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571:^
553:^
249:.
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1103:v
1068:.
1056:.
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916:.
904::
874:.
857:.
855:1
167:(
159:(
147:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
