Valdivia - Knowledge (XXG)

64: 4439: 2098:. Water levels in Lake Riñihue rose more than 20 meters (66 feet), raising the danger of a catastrophic break and of destroying everything downriver. Government authorities drew plans for evacuating the city, but many people left on their own. Danger to the city was reduced after a large team of workers opened a drainage channel in the landslide; water levels of the lake slowly returned to normal levels. There is evidence that a similar landslide and earthquake happened in 1575. After the Great Chilean earthquake Valdivia's economy and political status declined. Much of the city was destroyed and many inhabitants left. 4367: 4066: 3787:), as it has been known since 1917, is a long-held tradition that dates back to the foundation of the city. Starting February 9 each year, it commemorates the city's anniversary and also gives Valdivia the chance to promote itself as a tourism center. "Semana Valdiviana" features an allegorical parade of ships – a tradition that began in the seventeenth century as a protest against the Spaniard authorities – and also includes a big artisan market, fairground rides, and the election of the "queen" of 4466: 63: 2327: 2056: 91: 113: 4316: 4353: 2597: 128: 103: 6505: 4394: 1800:, saw an opportunity to gain absolute independence from Spain, organized a coup on 1 November 1811, and joined other Chilean cities that were already revolting against the old order. Four months after the coup, on 16 March 1812 a counterrevolutionary coup took control of the city and created a War Council. The War Council broke trade relations with the rest of Chile and confirmed Valdivia's loyalty to the Spanish government. 4409: 4331: 4451: 4382: 1399: 1831: 3973: 4304: 4114:. The project is called Transporte Fluvial Sustentable (TFS, or "Sustainable Water Transportation" in English). So far, the company has a fleet of three river taxis, and a small, sustainable and locally designed floating village that includes a pier, a café and the company's offices. The community produces its own electricity, water supply and processes its own wastewater with a bacterial solution. 4654: 4424: 1528: 4562: 1769: 4579: 4552: 4535: 3800: 135: 2183: 2225:). Every year during the summer months of January and February the municipality organizes many free cultural events along the river site, such as concerts, sporting events, and other entertainment. To mark and celebrate the end of the touristic summer months, halfway through February all entertainment reaches its climax with the celebration of 2760: 1823:, but failed to liberate Chiloé. Cochrane's land-based attack took the Spanish by surprise, avoiding a direct confrontation with the highly defended forts at the entrance to the Valdivia River. When loyal troops in Valdivia heard the news about the fall of Corral they sacked the city and fled south to reinforce Chiloé, passing by 2229:(Valdivian night). During this night many local groups and communities present themselves on boats during a night parade over the river. Every boat has its own theme related with one theme of that year. At the end a jury picks the winners in different categories. The parade is by tradition started by a boat which presents 1667: 3795:

and theatre performances on the closing night, known as "Noche Valdiviana" (Valdivian Night). The center of the city has a rich architectural heritage. One of its most visited buildings is the "Mercado Municipal" ("municipal market"), a local produce market that is also now a gastronomic and cultural

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corsair Sebastian de Cordes occupied the site of Valdivia for some months, giving the Dutch government information about this abandoned part of the Spanish Empire. The Spaniards returned on 13 March 1602, when captain Francisco Hernández Ortiz established a fort on the ruins of the city. On September

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times. The city itself was built on a riverine terrace but expanded later over adjacent wetlands. Nowadays the city is virtually surrounded by hills by all sides except north where Valdivia's lowlands connect to the flatlands of San José de la Mariquina. Some hilly areas around Valdivia are covered

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During much of the colonial period, Valdivia was essentially a military camp, a walled city surrounded by hostile natives. The coastal defenses and their garrisons made up a large part of the population. After several fires and earthquakes, nearly all buildings from this period were destroyed, with

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Beginning in the mid-18th century, Valdivia left behind its past as an enclave and a period of agricultural expansion begun. The expansion, that mainly directed to the south, was done mostly by pacific means, but hostilities with indigenous Huilliches did occur. After the Valdivian colonization had

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to be contaminated with saline water from the coast. The effects of saline water entering the water supply of Valdivia were particularly noticeable in March 2015 when there was a surge in complains about the taste of the water. The saltwater in the rivers near Valdivia during autumn is expected to

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We shall be honest and laborious Chileans as the best of them, we shall defend our adopted country joining in the ranks of our new countrymen, against any foreign oppression and with the decision and firmness of the man that defends his country, his family and his interests. Never will have the

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Viceroy of Peru (1639–1648) knew of the strategic importance of Valdivia and decided to repopulate and fortify it once for all. He financed partly the expedition to repopulate Valdivia with his own capital. The contingent in charge of the mission was organized in Peru and consisted of seventeen

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Valdivia is a historic tourist destination in Chile, valued for the beauty of the city and surrounding areas, the area's culture and its history. It is an all season city, but during the summer months in particular (December, January, February) tourism is a major source of income for Valdivia's

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in downtown Valdivia, which were rebuilt with modern concrete buildings. By 1911 lumber production, from clearing of native forests, became the most important industry. Cattle-raising was a growing industry, and wheat was grown on the cleared lands. Lumber, cattle, leather, flour and beer were

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is 1,750 millimeters (70 in), distributed through the year, but primarily between March and October. Hail occurs with some frequency during winter, but snow falls rarely. The last times it snowed in Valdivia were in August 2020, July 2007, and in August 1995 during the so-called

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One of the most suggestive hypotheses of the entire polygenetic theory is the probable trip that some members of the Japanese Jōmon culture made to the New World and its strong influence on the Valdivia culture, which developed in present-day Ecuador in the third millennium BC.

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Eleven days after the first destruction of Valdivia, a group of 270 Spanish soldiers arrived from Perú. The commander of the troops, colonel Francisco del Campo was convinced that the city of Valdivia needed to be repopulated. After Francisco del Campo's expedition left, the

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Until highway bridges were built, Valdivia's economy and citizens depended on boat traffic on the surrounding rivers, but with a contraction of bridges and highways, the river has lost its importance. Today, the rivers are used by the commercial ships built or repaired in

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area were often poor farmers, Valdivia received more educated immigrants, including political exiles and merchants. Some of the immigrants that arrived in Valdivia established workshops and built new industries. One of the most famous immigrants was

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who arrived in Valdivia in 1850 and in 1858 founded Chile's first German school. Other Germans left the city and became settlers, drawn by the promise of free land. They were often given forested land, which they cleared to turn into farms. Native

5823: 1630:, learned about the situation in Valdivia, and decided to establish a base there for further attacks against the Viceroy of Peru. This plan was well accepted as the Netherlands was at war with Spain. The Dutch had previously taken the North of 1241:

According to the polygenetic theory of the French scholar Paul Rivet, people from Melanesia, Polynesia, Australia and northern Asia arrived, in a period between 30 and 4 millennia ago, to the coasts of the New World, sailing in improvised boats.

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The city of Valdivia spans 42.39 km (16 sq mi) had a population of 127,750 and 35,217 homes, giving it a population density of 3,013.7/km (7,805/sq mi). The commune is divided into 19 census districts with one recognized

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ships filled with building materials and supplies that astounded contemporaries by its magnitude. The local government of Chile could not secure Valdivia as it was engaged in continuous war with the Mapuches and was deeply dependent on the

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Although in recent years the rivers have not had a major role in Valdivia's public transportation, a new private project is being developed by "Los Solares", an environmentally friendly company that operates solar-powered river taxis on

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attraction. Also popular are the "Convento San Francisco" (Saint Francis Convent) and the European-style buildings dating back to the beginning of the 20th century, used today by the city's universities, cultural centers and government.

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Valdivia, situated at some distance from the coast, on the Calle-calle river, is a German town. Everywhere you meet German faces, German signboards and placards alongside the Spanish. There is a large German school, a church and various

4948: 1638:, and the idea of creating a South American empire was attractive. In spite of his advanced age, Hendrik Brouwer left his post as governor in the East Indies to personally lead the expedition. The Dutch fleet destroyed the Fort of 620:, the most powerful earthquake ever recorded, at magnitude 9.5. The earthquake caused c. 2 m of subsidence around Valdivia leaving large areas of former pastures and cultivated fields permanently flooded. Today there are various 1383:

observed that "there is not much cleared land near Valdivia." This suggests that pre-Hispanic agriculture in Valdivia was far more extensive than the agriculture practiced in the early 19th century at the time of his visit.

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increase in the future. Estimations indicate that whenever the sum of the water discharge of Cruces and Calle-Calle rivers falls below 74 m/s (2,600 cu ft/s) saltwater reaches the supply site at Cuesta Soto.

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During the summer months (December, January and February) the average temperature is about 17 °C (63 °F), while in winter the temperature descends to 8.5 °C (47.3 °F). The annual average temperature for

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Within the population, the presence of descendants of migrants of German origin and of Spanish origin also stands out, colonies that are grouped into different social, educational, sports and cultural institutions.

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while in charge of the Dutch part of Brazil had equipped the expedition and had secretly appointed Elias Herckman as commander if Brouwer died. Herckman finally occupied the ruins of Valdivia in 1643, renaming it

6044: 3764:, is part of the city's German heritage and is preserved as part of the local heritage. Trade, restaurants and hotels link to the tourism industry which represent an important part in Valdivia's growing economy. 5775: 2425:

The Valdivia Book Fair is organized annually by the Municipal Cultural Corporation in Parque Saval. Likewise, the Society of Writers of Chile, through its subsidiary Valdivia and with the collaboration of the

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Ramirez, C., E. Carrasco, S. Mariani & N. Palacios. 2006. La desaparición del luchecillo (Egeria densa) del Santuario del Rio Cruces (Valdivia, Chile): una hipótesis plausible. Ciencia & Trabajo, 20:

1584:. On the morning of 24 November 1599, the Huilliche attacked the city and massacred its inhabitants, some few being rescued by the ships in the harbour. The border of the Spanish Empire shifted north of the 5929: 5259:"Reseña de "La frontera de arriba en Chile colonial. Interacción hispano-indígena en el territorio entre Valdivia y Chiloé e imaginario de sus bordes geográficos, 1600–1800" de MARÍA XIMENA URBINA CARRASCO" 5813: 3925:

and some other sports are available throughout the area. Rowing is practiced in Valdivia in three clubs: Club Deportivo Phoenix Valdivia, Club Centenario de Remeros and Club Arturo Prat. Valdivian rowers

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The expansion and economic development of the city were limited in the early 19th century. To jump-start economic development, the Chilean government initiated a highly focussed immigration program under

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24 natives attacked the fort unsuccessfully, but laid siege. The Spaniards could not acquire food or supplies, and on 3 February 1604 abandoned the fort, with the last starving survivors rescued by ship.

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were difficult for Valdivian society. Valdivians resented to be punished first by a major earthquake and then by being placed under the administration of what they perceived to be a less-deserving city,

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with the Spanish against the northern Mapuche in the Arauco War. But that year 4,000 Indians who had been fighting in Martín Ruiz de Gamboa's army rebelled after returning to the area of Valdivia.

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the exception of the military defenses. Valdivia's best known historical landmarks are now the two towers which were part of a former city wall, built by the Spaniards to defend the city, known as

5503: 4938: 2490:, UACh), one of the original eight Chilean state universities, has its main campus in Valdivia. In the last decade Valdivia gained prestige as an important cultural and scientific venue: the 5311: 5533: 1580:, the Mapuche and Huilliche made a mass rebellion. The Indians destroyed or forced the abandonment of all the Spanish settlements and forts in their lands, in what came to be known as the 6427: 2854:

in the interior help to keep an average relative humidity of 80% for the region as whole and there are no months with less than 75% average humidity. The precipitation is generated by

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as the regional capital. Many Valdivians resented the decision, and felt theirs should have been the legitimate regional capital—while Valdivia was founded in 1552, and had resisted

2321: 2198: 1759: 986: 610: 2502:, a physicist and winner of Chile's National Prize in Exact Sciences, is the Director of CECS. Some research areas where CECS and UACH have gained widespread recognition include: 2197:

Valdivia is often promoted for its unique characteristics, that make it different from other cities in Chile: Valdivia has an early Spanish colonial past, plus a later history of

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Image of Torreón El Canelo restored in the 1850s. It is one of two remaining Spanish towers in Valdivia used to defend the city and one of the few remaining colonial structures.

2409:, despite being celebrated in late January or February of every year (during the local summer, when there is the largest influx of tourists). The main sponsor and organizer is 2458:, the commune of Valdivia spans an area of 1,015.6 km (392 sq mi) and has 140,559 inhabitants (68,510 men and 72,049 women). Of these, 129,952 (92.5%) lived in 5606:"Stratigraphy and sedimentology of a late Pleistocene incised valley fill: a depositional and paleogeographic model for "Cancagua" deposits in north-western Patagonia, Chile" 1376:(one league is roughly 4.2 km) from the city. Other historians consider these numbers too high and argue that early Spaniards usually exaggerated in their descriptions. 7212: 5871: 4781: 1788:

captive. Many juntas, as was the case of Chile, declared plans to rule their territory in the absence of the legitimate king. At the time of the first governing junta of

6041: 1507:, continued. The Spanish made many attempts to defeat the Mapuche and defend the cities and forts built on their territory. On March 17 of 1575 the city was damaged by 1364:, among other crops. The population has been estimated by some historians as 30 to 40 thousand inhabitants as of 1548, based on descriptions made by the conquistadors. 4615: 3773: 2474:, Niebla, with an area of 1.55 square kilometers (0.60 sq mi), population of 2,202 (in 1,169 homes) and population density of 1,420.6/km (3,679/sq mi). 5411: 1348:(English: Riverside Market) on the banks of Valdivia River. The surroundings of Valdivia were described as extensive plains having a large population that cultivated 4073:

The new Caucau bridge was intended to provide a faster route from the city centre to the Pichoy airport via Isla Teja, but the faulty construction made it unusable.

1257:, but it is not related to the city of Valdivia. This archaeological culture flourished near the small village of Valdivia in Ecuador between 3500 BCE and 1500 BCE. 6569: 5937: 5212:"La expedición de John Narborough a Chile, 1670: Defensa de Valdivia, rumeros de indios, informaciones de los prisioneros y la creencia en la Ciudad de los Césares" 1796:, Albert Alexander Eagar, led the celebration of what was seen as an affirmation of the legitimacy of the Spanish king. However, Valdivian independentists, such as 5941: 7172: 4497: 3632:

issues have dominated the political scene of Valdivia in recent years. The communist lawyer Wladimir Riesco headed the legal actions against pulp mill enterprise

3956: 3873:(Deutsche Schule Valdivia) founded in 1858 is Chile's second oldest German school after the Instituto Alemán de Osorno (1854). Other notable private schools are 2430:, regularly holds literary gatherings, a space in which books are presented and local letters are shared with the student community. Several authors born in the 7192: 5971: 4992: 662: 5845: 5214:[John Narborough expedition to Chile, 1670: Defense of Valdivia, indian rumours, information on prisoners, and the belief in the City of the Césares]. 609:

that turned Valdivia into one of the most fortified cities of the New World. In the mid-19th century, Valdivia was the port of entry for German immigrants who

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an ecologist group formed to protect black-necked swans and the natural environment that surrounds the city, particularly wetlands created or expanded by the

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Parts of city is built on poor soils made up of former wetlands or artificial fills that are prone to suffer during earthquakes as demonstrated in 1960 and

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is 11 °C (52 °F), while the mean temperature amplitude is 8.8 °C (47.8 °F) and the daily is 11 °C (51.8 °F). Average annual

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was built in 1890 the railroads advanced further south, reaching Valdivia in 1895. The first passenger train arrived in 1899. In 1909 a fire destroyed 18

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Museum; Historical and Anthropologic Museum Maurice van de Maele; St. Francisco Church; Prochelle House; Dreams Hotel & Casino; Los Lotos Lagoon on

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During the 16th century, the economy of Valdivia was sustained by trade in agricultural products from nearby areas and by the coining and export of

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crossing the Valdivia River was built in 1954. Valdivia came to be one of the most important industrial centers in Chile together with the capital

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Since the liberalization of the economy in Chile in the 1980s the forestry sector in Valdivia boomed, first by exporting wood chips to Japan from

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meant a decrease in ship traffic all over Chile since ships travelling from the north Atlantic to north Pacific no longer had to pass through the

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settled in the area, incorporating then-modern technology and know-how to develop agriculture and industry. While immigrants that arrived to the

7187: 6247:(Geographic dictionary of the Republic of Chile), SEGUNDA EDICIÓN CORREGIDA Y AUMENTADA, NUEVA YORK, D. APPLETON Y COMPAÑÍA, 1899. pg. 859–862 182: 112: 4876: 4026:

Calle-Calle Bridge, the first bridge built in the city, connects Valdivia with Las Animas and forms the northern highway access to the city.

2455: 1562:" Many merchants of Lima had envoys in Valdivia, and the city developed a large ship building industry. It produced the largest ships in the 4330: 2656:. Other places are used for recreational purposes or conservation of native ecosystems. Additional Northern Hemisphere exotic trees such as 2276:. The recent creation of a new, smaller, but more independent region (Los Ríos), with Valdivia as its capital, reduced the previous stigma. 7177: 6857: 6183: 2491: 1208: 6022: 4366: 3870: 2367: 1990:

The economic prosperity of Valdivia continued throughout the first half of the 20th century. In 1917 the first "Valdivian Week" (Spanish:

3845:. Since the liberalization of higher education in Chile in the 1980s other universities have established campuses in Valdivia, including 2341:

migrated to Valdivia in the mid-1840s, German cultural influence has been visible in the city. Germans in Valdivia settled mostly in the

7207: 6562: 4669: 5752: 1441:. It was the southernmost Spanish settlement in the Americas at the time of the founding. Following the establishment of the church of 6090: 4810: 4490: 2688: 1679: 2530: 6202: 6146: 5342: 4625: 3641: 655: 6243: 4315: 3664:) ecology group. Action for the Swans attracted the attention of the national newspapers and succeeded in temporarily closing down 3653: 2512: 2495: 2252: 587: 4915: 2553:

that, together with the numerous rivers that circle the city, have heightened the residents' awareness of living close to nature.

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Otero, Luis, La Huella del Fuego: Historia de los bosques y cambios en el paisaje del sur de Chile (Valdivia, Editorial Pehuen)

2536: 1663:. The Dutch did not find the gold mines they expected and the hostility of the natives forced them to leave on 28 October 1643. 7197: 4777: 2156: 1581: 71:: Valdivia waterfront; town square; Hotel Naguilán (top); Sciences Building of Austral University (bottom); Los Canelos tower; 5158:– Crónica y relación copiosa y verdadera de los reynos de Chile – Ended in 1558. Transcription of Irving Leonard published by 1304:

seemed to have been an important trade center; it was a port on the sea and had access to the interior via the network of the

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research center, Valdivia is now considered a major research center in Chile, particularly in areas related to nature such a

1998:) began the same year. The city evolved as an early tourist center in Chile, while popular songs that named Valdivia and the 1223: 5275: 4848: 4751: 4450: 2102: 5403: 1483:

and site for populate a city and riverside of such good river, and having such good harbour he founded a city and named it

7202: 5696: 5656:"Fossil leaves from the last interglacial in Central-Southern Chile: Inferences regarding the vegetation and paleoclimate" 4483: 4393: 4042:(connecting Las Animas with Isla Teja) was destroyed, while all other bridges were repaired and are still in use. In 1987 2144:

and several earthquakes, Puerto Montt was a relatively new city founded only in 1853 (three hundred and one years later).

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On February 20, 1835, Valdivia was affected by the worst earthquake in the area in several decades, an event witnessed by

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Pedro de Valdivia later travelled by land to the river described by Pastene, and founded the city of Valdivia in 1552 as

5134: 4465: 4429: 4094:. Fishing boats also travel inland from the coast to the River Market. Today, just one ferry is still in operation, the 3882: 3850: 3830: 3804: 3578: 3574: 3567: 2487: 2248: 1711: 1614: 1393: 916: 648: 4352: 127: 6880: 2836: 2427: 2105:

and the military's actions that followed brought dozens of detainees to Valdivia and saw the imposing of a nationwide

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Until 1575, the Huilliche of Valdivia did not organize any notable resistance against the Spanish. They had fought as

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company, founded by German nationals, but since bought out by the largest beer and beverages company in Chile (CCU).

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were severely damaged, while soil subsidence destroyed buildings, deepened local rivers, and created wetlands of the

1341: 5849: 4423: 7182: 5994: 5557:"El terremoto chileno del 27 de febrero de 2010: Análisis preliminar de las consecuencias en la ciudad de Valdivia" 3854: 3618: 2021:

by railroad to central Chile which meant that Valdivia lost the quality of being the port that connected Osorno to

1588:. Valdivia was re-established but it was a Spanish enclave surrounded by native Huilliche territory. Together with 812: 788: 102: 5904: 5692:"Sedimentologic development of a Late Oligocene–Miocene forearc embayment, Valdivia Basin Complex, southern Chile" 6547: 6345: 6321: 5561: 5464: 5185: 4640: 2128:

By 1974, the military junta reorganized the political divisions of Chile and declared Valdivia a province of the

1839: 1365: 90: 28: 5434: 2163:, but also created new jobs for people with limited education. Valdivia also benefitted from the development of 2017:

The commercial and human flux Valdivia suffered two setbacks in the early 20th century, first the connection of

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country that adopts us as its children, reason to repent of such illustrated, human and generous proceeding,...

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south of Valdivia in 1821, to secure the way to Osorno, a city that had been repopulated in 1796 by his father

1804: 1763: 1512: 1508: 1110: 968: 950: 882: 617: 456: 214: 7052: 5605: 4381: 1886: 1453:". Many of Chile's most influential conquistadors and future governors were granted land in Valdivia, such as 6308: 6115: 5984:

INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTADÍSTICAS DIRECCIÓN REGIONAL DE LOS RÍOS. October 2010. Retrieved February 22, 2014.

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Historic Earthquakes – Chile – 1960 May 22 19:11:14 UTC – Magnitude 9.5: The Largest Earthquake in the World.

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where it won the 2001 season. In 1977 and 2001 Valdivia hosted South Americas Men's Basketball Championship.

4399: 4230: 4065: 3980: 3941: 3846: 3681: 2800: 2692: 2498:(CECS) is now housed in the recently modernized, German-style hotel Schuster located by the Valdivia River. 2206: 2110: 1882: 1454: 516: 72: 50: 2239: 6802: 6747: 6064: 5691: 5337: 2471: 2068: 1655: 1227: 531: 4716: 2792: 2611:, the geography of the Valdivia area consists of wetlands and alluvial terraces. Several rivers, such as 2305: 1916: 7093: 3874: 3684:

and other forestry-related activities (the harvesting and processing of wood from nearby plantations of

3563: 2863: 2820: 2745: 2676: 2202: 2080: 1719: 1700: 1462: 1423: 1403: 606: 570:), of whom 150,048 were living in the city. The main economic activities of Valdivia include tourism, 303: 7072: 6961: 6896: 6809: 6686: 6667: 5319: 4408: 4168: 4131: 2787:

of the Valdivia basin. About 23.5 million years ago this stable period was interrupted by a major

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which contrasted with the description made by early Spaniards of large fields and extensive croplands.

1859: 1851: 594: 5776:"Científicos proyectan en 80 años la llegada de mar a toma de agua en Valdivia para buscar soluciones" 4303: 3927: 2518: 2326: 2155:

in Mariquina (50 km northeast of Valdivia). This led to deforestation and substitution of native

6774: 6673: 5705: 5155: 4344: 4127: 4126:, lying 32 km northeast of the city via the north entrance road that connects the city with the 4047: 4012: 4008: 3898: 3886: 3788: 2714: 1952:

were the largest recorded private investment in Chile at the time, and were the first steel mills in

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The city is surrounded by many nature reserves and large areas of forest plantations, wetlands and

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and the German-style wood houses. The governments of Spain and Germany currently maintain honorary

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just some 15 km west of Valdivia. This river network made Valdivia a trade center even since

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exported. In 1895 the city's population was 8,062 inhabitants and was estimated at 9,704 in 1902.

1585: 1203:(less than 200 km south of Valdivia), which would place it about a thousand years before the 6608: 6020:

El Indicador de Actividad Económica Regional (INACER) presentó alza de 3,4% respecto a doce meses

5651: 5601: 4985: 4225: 4004: 3709: 3665: 3606: 2722: 2288: 1570: 1551: 1458: 1211:. Researchers speculate that the first inhabitants of Valdivia and Chile travelled to America by 1072: 826: 621: 238: 6526: 6440: 6180: 4062:

accessible by road. Calle-Calle Bridge, the main access to the city, was enlarged in the 1990s.

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won the first place in Men's Lightweight Coxless Pair-Oared Shells at the world championship in

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in Valdivia. The city is commonly seen as a tourist magnet in Chile, and sometimes described as

2191: 2050: 1855: 1703:, with 17 forts. During this time it was several times proposed to move the city of Valdivia to 1691:

to finance the army of Chile. The Valdivia enclave was placed directly under the control of the

1166: 559: 231: 6019: 2435: 7167: 6710: 6614: 6531: 6513: 6451: 6358: 6142: 5056: 4778:"Censo 2017: Primera entrega de resultados definitivos - Cantidad de personas por sexo y edad" 4000: 3992: 3952: 3701: 3637: 3551: 3469: 3421: 2885: 2788: 2616: 2187: 2067:

On May 22, 1960, Chile suffered the most powerful earthquake ever recorded, rating 9.5 on the

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stood where present-day downtown Valdivia has been developed. The Huilliche called the river,

833: 575: 566:. The national census of 2017 recorded the commune of Valdivia as having 166,080 inhabitants ( 563: 539: 535: 520: 271: 243: 54: 3697: 2783:

allowed erosion to create deep valleys in the Coast Range and peat swamps at what is now the

2346: 6716: 6654: 6479: 6469: 6443: 5749: 5713: 5619: 5580: 5570: 5225: 4620: 4568: 4519: 4043: 3918: 3629: 2847: 2842: 2726: 2596: 2268: 2137: 2129: 1933: 1899: 1863: 1808: 1731: 1651: 1593: 1563: 1450: 1407: 1344:, an agricultural zone northeast of Valdivia. A remnant of this ancient trade is the modern 1250: 1129: 512: 507: 226: 95: 5814:"El mar se acerca a principal toma de agua dulce en Valdivia y amenaza calidad del recurso" 4803: 6755: 6659: 6349: 6312: 6206: 6187: 6168: 6122: 6048: 6026: 5978: 5756: 5662: 5315: 4996: 4880: 3733: 3602: 2816: 2698: 2499: 2362: 2358: 1983: 1961: 1777: 1627: 478: 6697: 6629: 6602: 6255: 6199: 4939:"Reconocen como humedales urbanos a Angachilla y el sector de Isla Teja en Valdivia]" 1746:, Spanish authorities pushed for connecting the city of Valdivia with the settlements at 6094: 5709: 5309:

Investigación aplicada sobre Geografía Urbana: Un caso práctico en la ciudad de Valdivia

1558:. In Lima and the rest of Chile, people referred to all the gold from these sources as " 7134: 6736: 6504: 5667: 5610: 5088: 5004: 4903: 4457: 4123: 4111: 4087: 3988: 3910: 3906: 2897: 2881: 2871: 2855: 2624: 2439: 2357:

lived isolated from the city, where it was common that children first learned to speak

1870: 1747: 1704: 1540: 1380: 1204: 598: 543: 524: 6161: 5717: 3736:

are lesser but also important industries that contribute to the region's economy. The

2375:'s oldest German schools. German descendants also form Valdivia's oldest fire station 1398: 434: 413: 7161: 7082: 7001: 6830: 6823: 6766: 6692: 6459: 6209:

www.livingatlaschile.com released on February 18, 2014 retrieved on February 23, 2014

5207: 4969: 4665: 4660: 4590: 4544: 4203: 4099: 4095: 4051: 4020: 3748:

industry, a symbol of the area and another important part of the local economy, with

3598: 3559: 3300: 2875: 2661: 2646: 2632: 2612: 2466:. Between the 1992 and 2002 censuses, the population grew by 15.1% (18,391 persons). 2372: 2338: 2148: 2022: 2018: 2011: 1953: 1949: 1824: 1735: 1723: 1696: 1643: 1635: 1589: 1555: 1520: 1373: 1305: 1216: 1196: 579: 555: 551: 547: 438: 417: 299: 5230: 1830: 7103: 7031: 6781: 6464: 6330: 5018: 3972: 3931: 3792: 3717: 3677: 3614: 3586: 3585:) and Roberto Delmastro (RN) as part of the 53rd electoral district, together with 2741: 2669: 2636: 2620: 2387: 2273: 2171: 2133: 2118: 2071:, with Valdivia being the most affected city. The earthquake generated devastating 2026: 1847: 1812: 1785: 1684: 1601: 1492: 1266: 819: 286: 2095: 2090:

Large sections of the city flooded after the earthquake, and a landslide near the

2046: 5258: 4840: 1994:) was celebrated. Chile's oldest beauty contest, "Queen of The Rivers" (Spanish: 1707:. Valdivia's original site, downtown of modern Valdivia was repopulated in 1684. 6991: 6981: 6951: 6926: 6729: 6644: 6597: 6489: 5903:(in Spanish). Dirección General de Aeronáutica Civil. March 2001. Archived from 4193: 4188: 3799: 3729: 3721: 3689: 2867: 2804: 2737: 2706: 2641: 2406: 2167: 1903: 1743: 1624: 1620: 1527: 1200: 76: 6849: 2736:. This volcanic sandstone is known as "cancagua" and deposited during the late 2506: 1650:

at the mouth of the Valdivia River. Hendrik Brouwer died the 7th of August in

17: 6837: 6702: 6678: 6649: 6624: 6393: 5216: 4475: 3922: 3826: 3705: 2796: 2710: 2628: 2463: 2459: 2284: 2256: 2234: 2233:. In recent years Valdivians have showed an increasing interest in nature and 2182: 2160: 2141: 2091: 1965: 1945: 1923:(created in 1853) as consequence of German immigration to the Llaquihue area. 1647: 1504: 1415: 1369: 1274: 1212: 1005: 380: 365: 354: 5934:

World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020)

5624: 5575: 5556: 5130: 197: 184: 7113: 6639: 4630: 4336: 4322: 4239: 4163: 4031: 3996: 3838: 3749: 3737: 3725: 2776: 2759: 2608: 2410: 2354: 2342: 2330: 1941: 1912: 1768: 1639: 1325: 1270: 1235: 1231: 571: 530:, administered by the Municipality of Valdivia. The city is named after its 408: 294: 161:

The City of Rivers, The Pearl of the South of Chile, Chile's Brewery Capital

7124: 6916: 3833:(UACh) that was founded by decree in 1954 as one of Chile's seven original 1688: 1944:, the Rudloff shoe factory, the Anwandter beer company and many more. The 550:

Rivers, approximately 15 km (9 mi) east of the coastal towns of

6941: 6931: 6721: 6634: 6591: 6484: 6474: 4635: 4595: 4524: 4340: 4249: 4213: 4091: 4059: 4055: 4016: 4003:, are connected to it by bridges. The main access points to the city are 3842: 3841:

but it has other minor campus and properties spread through the city and

3761: 3757: 3594: 2772: 2768: 2152: 1793: 1781: 1349: 1337: 1289:. Their main language was a variant of Mapudungun, the Mapuche language. 266: 4678:. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 844. 3869:

Like in the rest of Chile, most of Valdivia's best schools are private.

2524: 1226:, southern Chile was populated by indigenous groups who shared a common 7145: 6906: 6761: 6521: 6200:

Valdivia’s River neighbourhood Short documentary with English subtitles

5585: 5184:(in Spanish). Servicio Nacional del Patrimonio Cultural. Archived from 4415: 4263: 4258: 4183: 4135: 3944:

is Valdivia's main basketball team and plays in Chiles first division,

3935: 3745: 3546: 2859: 2784: 2780: 2730: 2665: 2280: 2260: 2122: 2072: 1908: 1890: 1727: 1500: 1488: 1480: 1361: 1282: 1254: 1195:

The area around Valdivia may have been populated since 12,000 – 11,800

375: 5374:"Todo lo que necesitas saber sobre la 29° Feria del Libro de Valdivia" 2858:

that cross the zone, which produce cloudiness and few clear days. The

1940:

Valdivia prospered with industries, including shipyards, the Hoffmann

1666: 7041: 6742: 6342: 4285: 4244: 4083: 3902: 3822: 3713: 2795:

caused an uplift of the landscape and renewed erosion. However basin

2753: 2729:. The city itself is chiefly built upon terraces made up of hardened 2542: 2451: 2190:'s visit to Valdivia in 2007, in which she confirmed the creation of 2164: 2106: 2076: 1866:

and was in 1826 incorporated as one of the eight provinces of Chile.

1695:

that administered Valdivia from its repopulation in 1645 until 1740.

1631: 1426:, who took possession of it in 1544 in the name of the Spanish king, 1357: 1333: 1317: 5872:"Temperatura Histórica de la Estación Pichoy, Valdivia Ad. (390006)" 5846:"Datos Normales y Promedios Históricos Promedios de 30 años o menos" 5496:""La escritura le aportó sentido, coherencia e identidad a mi vida"" 5079:, Imprenta del Ferrocarril, 1865. Available in www.memoriachilena.cl 5050: 5046: 4007:

from the north and a southern route. Both connect the city with the

6297: 6280: 6271: 624:

within the urbanised area of Valdivia as well as in its outskirts.

488: 7011: 6971: 6795: 6788: 6578: 6305: 5404:"Invitan a nueva tertulia literaria Tren de letras bajo la lluvia" 4659:

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

4280: 4275: 4103: 4064: 4015:

runs from Valdivia southeast connecting the city with the town of

3971: 3798: 3693: 3633: 3541: 2758: 2657: 2605: 2325: 2181: 2075:

that affected Japan, the Philippines, Australia, New Zealand, and

2054: 1829: 1789: 1767: 1526: 1419: 1397: 1353: 527: 219: 5972:

INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTADÍSTICAS DIRECCIÓN REGIONAL DE LOS RÍOS

3712:

and repairs are also important industries, with the companies of

3621:) as part of the 16th senatorial constituency (Los Ríos Region). 2382:

German immigrants and their descendants formed their social club

1372:, wrote that there were half a million Indians living within ten 6366: 6288: 5323: 4372: 3959:

and as of 2013, will play in the Primera B (or Second Division)

3914: 3753: 3652:

In response to the alleged contamination of Cruces River by the

3521: 3515:

Source 1: Dirección Meteorológica de Chile (humidity 1970–2000)

2733: 2414: 2279:

Valdivia's varied influences are reflected by its multicultural

1543: 1329: 6853: 6551: 6409: 5077:

Crónica del reino de Chile, Colección de historiadores de Chile

4479: 4069:

The New Cau Cau bridge in Valdivia has been restored and fixed.

5874:(in Spanish). Dirección Meteorológica de Chile. Archived from 5848:(in Spanish). Dirección Meteorológica de Chile. Archived from 4720: 2170:

in the 1990s, but to a much lesser extent than places such as

1811:

remained loyal to the Spanish King. By 1820 the newly created

631: 6399: 2442:, Aldo Astete Cuadra, Efraín Miranda Cárdenas, among others. 2405:, a celebration that could be described as a small, regional 1960:

according to a law that created such subdivisions. After the

5318:

Víctor Figueroa, Jorge Gayoso, Edgardo Oyarzun, Lenia Planas

4034:, where many German immigrants once lived. During the Great 1803:

Even after several defeats of the Spanish troops during the

6387: 2717:. Topographically Valdivia lies in a depression amidst the 1654:

while waiting for better winds to sail north to Valdivia.

1238:

located some 35 km north of Valdivia along the coast.

3704:

have established wood processing factories near Valdivia.

1919:. The Osorno department of Valdivia Province was moved to 6298:

Geology and geomorphology of Valdivia and Los Ríos Region

5095:(Editorial Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 2001) 5019:"Was Jōmon the origin of the Valdivia culture? • Neperos" 4694: 2588:

and Valdivia referring to the rainy climate of the city.

2037:

Great Chilean earthquake and Los Lagos Region (1960–2006)

1889:

as government agents. Through this program, thousands of

1596:, it was one of the southernmost colonies of the Empire. 6402:, an introductory guide for moving to Valdivia and Chile 6374: 5526:"Aldo Astete Cuadra – El Ser que acecha entre la Lluvia" 4937:

Vallejos, Gabriel; Salgado, Daniela (10 December 2021).

2823:

influences. The natural vegetation of the region is the

2394:. German workers once had their own club simply called 601:. From 1645 to 1740, the city depended directly on the 558:. Since October 2007, Valdivia has been the capital of 6581:

cities with a population of over 150,000 (2017 census)

3744:) contributes to the image of the region, as does the 2791:

and 23 mya ago an increase in convergence rate at the

2322:

German colonization of Valdivia, Osorno and Llanquihue

1760:

German colonization of Valdivia, Osorno and Llanquihue

3656:

cellulose pulp mill, a group of citizens formed the

3566:

party. The prior mayor was Omar Sabat Guzmán of the

2002:

made it better known in Chilean popular culture. The

6382: 5774:

Jara, Yonatan; Stuardo, Manuel (21 September 2020).

1978:, large shoe-factories, and, of course, breweries... 1699:, located on the river entrance to Valdivia, became 6512: 6450: 6405: 6171:

Solaresdevaldivia.cl retrieved on February 17, 2014

5160:

Fondo Histórico y Bibliográfico José Toribio Medina

4809:(in Spanish). National Statistics Institute. 2019. 4780:(in Spanish). National Statistics Institute. 2019. 3877:and Colegio San Luis de Alba. Among public schools 2725:that crops out in the hills around the city are of 484: 472: 455: 445: 424: 407: 399: 391: 386: 374: 363: 352: 344: 336: 331: 323: 315: 310: 292: 282: 277: 265: 257: 249: 237: 225: 213: 117:

Location of the Valdivia commune in Los Ríos Region

41: 5555:Rojas Hoppe, Carlos; Díez Lorente, Silvia (2013). 5338:"Aspectos diacrónicos en la toponimia de Valdivia" 4974:Monteverde: A Late Pleistocene Settlement in Chile 3987:Most of Valdivia lies on the southern side of the 1730:meant many soldiers were bilingual in Spanish and 1609:Ruins of Valdivia and Dutch occupation (1604–1645) 1499:After Pedro de Valdivia's death, the war with the 1209:"Clovis First" model of migration to the New World 79:; Mapuche's Rewe; and Botanical Garden of Valdivia 6390:, Valdivian designer/builder of custom catamarans 6032:. February 18, 2014. Retrieved February 22, 2014. 5600:Vega, Rodrgo; Mella, Mauricio; Nielsen, Sven N.; 4976:(Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1989) 4904:"Ley de Humedales Urbanos 21.202 y su Reglamento" 3676:The city and commune of Valdivia rely heavily on 2109:. In October a group of 12 young men, among them 1475:, a chronicler who witnessed the founding wrote: 1430:. He named the river after the Governor of Chile 5807: 5805: 5803: 5685: 5683: 5681: 4616:Ecotourism in the Valdivian Temperate Rainforest 3774:Ecotourism in the Valdivian Temperate Rainforest 6245:Diccionario geográfico de la República de Chile 6054:. munivaldivia.cl. Retrieved February 18, 2014. 5938:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 4990:"Geoarqueología del sitio arcaico Chan-Chan 18" 4102:line, as it is much quicker to reach Corral by 3821:Valdivia is home to several public and private 2201:. Both eras left visible landmarks such as the 1971: 1925: 1535:, conquistador of Chile and founder of Valdivia 1477: 597:were once the two southernmost outliers of the 5172: 5170: 5168: 2267:and the national government's creation of the 1875:"there is not much cleared land near Valdivia" 1714:, authorities sent convicts from all-over the 1445:in Valdivia, more buildings were constructed. 616:In 1960, Valdivia was severely damaged by the 6865: 6563: 6421: 6383:Anime related internet forum made in Valdivia 6181:Barrio Flotante en Valdivia ya está en marcha 4491: 4444:A German-styled house on General Lagos Street 4134:is used primarily by small aircraft, with no 4030:was built in 1954 and connects the city with 4011:and run through forested areas and wetlands. 2752:— this interglacial is known in Chile as the 1199:, according to archaeological discoveries in 656: 8: 6242:Francisco Solano Asta-Buruaga y Cienfuegos, 6223:South Pacific Continental Report Annual 1998 5769: 5767: 4868: 4866: 2494:became the most important in Chile, and the 5930:"Pichoy Valdivia Climate Normals 1991–2020" 4804:"Ciudades, pueblos, aldeas y caceríos 2019" 3829:. The largest and oldest university is the 2866:is minimal due to its low height (715 m at 2117:in the Andes to be executed in Valdivia by 1915:either sold their land or were pushed into 1738:had a strong presence in the area by then. 6872: 6858: 6850: 6570: 6556: 6548: 6428: 6414: 6406: 4498: 4484: 4476: 3955:, founded in 2003, plays currently in the 2892: 2237:. An example of this was the formation of 1410:'s "Histórica relación del Reyno de Chile" 1312:rivers, both tributaries of the Valdivia. 1285:were both referred to by the Spaniards as 1265:By the time of the arrival of the Spanish 663: 649: 538:, and is located at the confluence of the 38: 7213:1552 establishments in the Spanish Empire 5623: 5584: 5574: 5433:Marimón, Guido Macari (27 October 2020). 5229: 5071: 5069: 5067: 5038: 5036: 5034: 5032: 4872:U.S. Geological Survey (March 7, 2006). 3536:The commune of Valdivia is a third-level 1784:occupied Spain and held the Spanish king 1701:one of the most fortified bay at the time 611:settled in the city and surrounding areas 6221:, AGSO - Marine And Petroleum Division, 5133:. Editorial Francisco de Aguirre. 1971. 4835: 4833: 4831: 4145: 2623:, join near the city forming the larger 2595: 2584:is a mix of the Spanish word for rain – 2115:Complejo Forestal y Maderero Panguipulli 2087:– a new aquatic park north of the city. 1772:A painting of the assault on Corral fort 1665: 1469:, apart from Pedro de Valdivia himself. 1449:described it as "the second city in the 5745: 5743: 5741: 5739: 5530:comunidadcreativalosrios.cultura.gob.cl 5469:comunidadcreativalosrios.cultura.gob.cl 5125: 5123: 5121: 4691:"Asociación Chilena de Municipalidades" 4682: 4299: 1734:. A 1749 census in Valdivia shows that 1234:, named for the archaeological site of 483: 444: 406: 385: 373: 330: 322: 319:1,015.6 km (392.1 sq mi) 309: 276: 248: 212: 177: 157: 83: 60: 5119: 5117: 5115: 5113: 5111: 5109: 5107: 5105: 5103: 5101: 2884:has caused the city's water supply in 2349:suburban areas. Until the building of 1862:. Valdivia had been a province of the 1710:Once Spanish presence in Valdivia was 1316:may be described as "a kind of little 1207:in North America. This challenges the 934:City relocated to its current location 7173:Populated places in Valdivia Province 6352:, biggest bookstore in south of Chile 5690:le Roux, J.P.; Elgueta, Sara (2000). 5354:from the original on 24 February 2017 5281:from the original on 20 December 2016 5137:from the original on 18 February 2007 4851:from the original on 27 December 2022 4746: 4744: 4742: 4740: 4738: 3995:but other areas of the city, such as 3752:the most famous brewery in Valdivia. 1573:in 1598, in which the Mapuche killed 1191:Pre-Hispanic times (12,000 BC – 1543) 605:, which financed the building of the 506: 471: 454: 423: 398: 390: 362: 351: 343: 335: 314: 291: 281: 264: 256: 236: 224: 165: 7: 7193:Populated places established in 1552 6262:, Instituto Geográfico Militar 1950. 6162:Rutas de Los Solares Transportes TFS 6141:. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 475. 6001:from the original on 7 February 2012 5384:from the original on 3 December 2022 4513: 3783:economy. "Valdivian Week" (Spanish: 3601:. The commune is represented in the 2740:. As terraces took shape during the 2627:. Valdivia River in turn empties to 2600:Map of Valdivia and its surroundings 2434:also stand out in the city, such as 2121:due to alleged participation in the 1479:"Having the governor seen such good 1215:and not across a land-bridge in the 1156: 1137: 1118: 1100: 1081: 1062: 1046: 1030: 1014: 994: 976: 958: 940: 924: 906: 890: 872: 856: 840: 6260:Fundamentos de la geología de Chile 5898:"Estadistica Climatologica Tomo II" 5475:from the original on 18 August 2022 5435:"Muere la poeta y actriz Maha Vial" 5257:Couyoumdjian, Juan Ricardo (2009). 4841:"The Defensive Complex of Valdivia" 4784:from the original on 2 January 2018 4758:from the original on 6 January 2019 3807:situated just above the Niebla fort 2900:) 1991–2020, extremes 1966–present 2640:with exotic forest species such as 2513:Biophysics and molecular physiology 2025:. Later on 1911 the opening of the 1838:, born in Valdivia, was one of the 1792:in 1810 the Valdivian governor, an 1754:Independence and growth (1810–1959) 1687:, an annual payment of silver from 1511:. It has since been likened to the 1300:(now known as the Valdivia River). 582:. The city is also the home of the 36:City and Commune in Los Ríos, Chile 6071:from the original on 25 April 2014 5812:Lara, Emilio (16 September 2020). 5632:from the original on 7 August 2018 4845:Entry on the UNESCO Tentative List 3883:Liceo Rector Armando Robles Rivera 2896:Climate data for Valdivia, Chile ( 2486:The Southern University of Chile ( 1776:Self-governing juntas appeared in 1722:. The convicts, many of whom were 25: 6306:Museo de Arte Contemporanea (MAC) 6281:Ilustre Municipalidad de Valdivia 5826:from the original on 8 March 2022 5788:from the original on 8 March 2022 5724:from the original on 8 March 2022 5536:from the original on 16 June 2022 5445:from the original on 16 June 2022 5343:Anales de la Universidad de Chile 5182:Museo de Sitio Castillo de Niebla 4951:from the original on 2 March 2022 4918:from the original on 2 March 2021 4816:from the original on 13 July 2019 4626:Iglesia San Francisco de Valdivia 3871:Instituto Alemán Carlos Anwandter 3716:and Alwoplast based in the area. 3642:Carlos Anwandter Nature Sanctuary 3577:, Valdivia is represented in the 2668:are common in residential areas. 2368:Instituto Alemán Carlos Anwandter 2123:assault on Neltume police station 1439:Santa María la Blanca de Valdivia 253:Santa María la Blanca de Valdivia 69:From top to bottom, left to right 7218:South American sea lion colonies 6503: 6333:, a museum about the naturalist 6272:https://www.munivaldivia.cl/web/ 6190:elnaveghable.cl January 27, 2013 5962:Forbes List of Billionaires 2006 5750:Dirección Meteorológica de Chile 5506:from the original on 17 May 2022 5414:from the original on 18 May 2022 5238:from the original on 16 May 2020 4652: 4577: 4560: 4550: 4533: 4464: 4449: 4437: 4422: 4407: 4392: 4380: 4365: 4351: 4329: 4314: 4302: 3953:Club Deportivo Deportes Valdivia 3837:. Its main campus is located in 3835:Chilean Traditional Universities 3538:administrative division of Chile 2565:, Valdivia has also been called 1269:, Valdivia was inhabited by the 783:Pre-Hispanic settlement of Ainil 134: 133: 126: 111: 101: 89: 62: 6439:Communes and municipalities in 6375:Museo de las Telecomunicaciones 6359:Panorámicas de Valdivia en 360° 6065:"Mercado Municipal de Valdivia" 6042:CULTURA E IDENTIDAD DE VALDIVIA 5231:10.4067/S0718-22442017000200011 4752:"National Statistics Institute" 3879:Instituto Salesiano de Valdivia 3605:during the 2014–2022 period by 3558:). The city's current mayor is 3540:governed by a directly elected 3524:(precipitation days 1991–2020) 2689:Bahía Mansa Metamorphic Complex 2251:in 1954 and the arrival of the 2157:Valdivian temperate rainforests 2059:A street in Valdivia after the 1680:Pedro Álvarez de Toledo y Leiva 1675:Second Spanish city (1645–1810) 1582:Destruction of the Seven Cities 5336:Bernales Lillo, Mario (1984). 4130:. The smaller but much closer 2870:) and the gap in the range at 2825:Valdivian temperate rainforest 2807:, bayhead deltas and beaches. 2561:In addition to being known as 2551:Valdivian temperate rainforest 2496:Centro de Estudios Científicos 2361:before Spanish. Nowadays, the 1846:Chilean Supreme Director, and 1388:First Spanish city (1544–1604) 987:First German immigrants arrive 588:Centro de Estudios Científicos 1: 7188:Capitals of Chilean provinces 6139:Chile: The Bradt Travel Guide 5718:10.1016/S0037-0738(99)00096-2 4908:Ministerio del Medio Ambiente 4578: 4534: 4321:Libertad Walk & Valdivia 4122:The city is served mainly by 4050:, making the coastal town of 2456:National Statistics Institute 1379:Later the British naturalist 593:The city of Valdivia and the 173:("Most noble and most loyal") 6881:American Capitals of Culture 5408:Universidad Austral de Chile 5131:"Breve Historia de Valdivia" 4719:(in Spanish). Archived from 4693:(in Spanish). Archived from 4561: 4551: 4430:Universidad Austral de Chile 3831:Universidad Austral de Chile 3692:). Large businesses such as 3575:electoral divisions of Chile 2488:Universidad Austral de Chile 2482:Arts and Scientific research 2219:La ciudad mas linda de Chile 2125:and "guerrilla activities". 1956:. In 1891 Valdivia became a 1615:Dutch expedition to Valdivia 1515:of 1960 in terms of damage. 1414:The first European to visit 1394:Dutch expedition to Valdivia 1368:, an early conquistador and 1249:There was also a very early 7178:Capitals of Chilean regions 5562:Investigaciones Geográficas 4506:Places adjacent to Valdivia 3889:have reached good results. 3373:Average precipitation days 3159:Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 3019:Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 2850:for White Earthquake). The 2578:Chile's most beautiful city 2428:Austral University of Chile 2295:Spanish colonial influences 2283:that include placenames of 2223:Chile's most beautiful city 2033:or visit any Chilean port. 1092:Austral University of Chile 584:Austral University of Chile 562:and is also the capital of 7234: 7208:Destroyed populated places 6289:Diario Austral de Valdivia 5494:Fernández, Antonio Cazás. 5093:Nueva historia de Valdivia 5005:Revista Geológica de Chile 4717:"Municipality of Valdivia" 4142:Twin towns – sister cities 3771: 3560:Carla Andrea Amtmann Fecci 3519: 3514: 2895: 2763:View of Valdivia from west 2686: 2319: 2040: 1864:General Captaincy of Chile 1757: 1612: 1402:Idealized illustration of 1391: 1183: 813:General Captaincy of Chile 789:General Captaincy of Chile 586:, founded in 1954 and the 26: 6887: 6586: 6501: 5162:, Santiago de Chile, 1966 5075:Mariño de Lobera, Pedro, 5047:The Voyage of the Beagle 4641:Valdivian Coastal Reserve 4511: 3851:Universidad San Sebastián 3817:Universities and colleges 3467: 3419: 3372: 3298: 3228: 3158: 3088: 3018: 2948: 2943: 2940: 2937: 2934: 2931: 2928: 2925: 2922: 2919: 2916: 2913: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2775:stable period during the 2570:The key of the South seas 1842:of the Republic of Chile. 1178: 1024:Railroad reaches Valdivia 641: 634: 178: 166: 158: 84: 61: 48: 29:Valdivia (disambiguation) 6335:Rodolfo Armando Philippi 6091:"World Rowing Medalists" 5625:10.5027/andgeoV45n2-3030 5576:10.14198/INGEO2013.60.08 4359:Pedro de Valdivia Bridge 4036:1960 Valdivia earthquake 4028:Pedro de Valdivia Bridge 3977:Pedro de Valdivia Bridge 3859:Universidad de Los Lagos 2882:Decreasing precipitation 2803:formed deep embayments, 2574:Gibraltar of the Pacific 2438:, Iván Espinoza Riesco, 2351:Pedro de Valdivia Bridge 2333:Brewery, Valdivia, Chile 2265:Great Chilean earthquake 2245:Great Chilean earthquake 2113:, were brought from the 2103:1973 Chilean coup d'état 2085:Río Cruces y Chorocomayo 2043:Great Chilean earthquake 2010:and the main port city, 2004:Pedro de Valdivia Bridge 1805:Chilean Independence War 1764:1960 Valdivia earthquake 1636:Spanish-Portuguese crown 1513:Great Chilean earthquake 1416:Valdivia River's estuary 1342:San José de la Mariquina 1111:Great Chilean Earthquake 618:Great Chilean earthquake 489:Municipality of Valdivia 6343:La Librería de Valdivia 6311:11 October 2011 at the 5502:(in European Spanish). 5208:Urbina C., María Ximena 4883:Retrieved on 2007-01-09 4675:Encyclopædia Britannica 4456:Haverbeck Canal of the 4402:by the riverside market 3942:Club Deportivo Valdivia 3897:Facilities for playing 3855:Universidad Santo Tomás 3847:Universidad Arturo Prat 3682:pulp and paper industry 3668:through a court order. 3581:by Alfonso De Urresti ( 3532:Government and politics 2693:Santo Domingo Formation 2567:The pearl of the South, 2247:. With the founding of 2096:dammed the Riñihue Lake 1883:Bernhard Eunom Philippi 1569:After the demoralising 1340:, and other foods from 1292:A large village called 850:Discovery of Corral Bay 348:150/km (380/sq mi) 73:Rodolfo Amando Philippi 7198:1599 disestablishments 6324:, Niebla fort's museum 5997:. Gobiernodechile.cl. 5500:www.elcorreogallego.es 5465:"Iván Espinoza Riesco" 4070: 3984: 3957:Chilean third division 3808: 2764: 2697:Within the context of 2601: 2492:Valdivia Film Festival 2450:According to the 2002 2379:located in Isla Teja. 2334: 2215:The Pearl of the South 2194: 2151:and then by producing 2069:moment magnitude scale 2064: 1988: 1938: 1873:. He also stated that 1843: 1773: 1671: 1656:John Maurice of Nassau 1536: 1497: 1411: 1366:Pedro Mariño de Lobera 900:Mapuches sack the city 504:Spanish pronunciation: 7094:San Miguel de Allende 6315:, a modern art museum 6291:, Valdivian newspaper 6137:Burford, Tim (2005). 4387:Plaza de la República 4068: 3975: 3921:, indoor and outdoor 3802: 3791:. The week ends with 3658:Accion por los Cisnes 3564:Democratic Revolution 2864:Valdivian Coast Range 2762: 2754:Valdivia interglacial 2746:Llanquihue glaciation 2709:, in the Pacific, is 2701:, the city lies at a 2599: 2462:and 10,607 (7.5%) in 2329: 2240:Acción por los Cisnes 2185: 2081:forts around Valdivia 2058: 1887:Vicente Pérez Rosales 1833: 1771: 1758:Further information: 1720:Valdivian Fort System 1712:reestablished in 1645 1669: 1613:Further information: 1530: 1443:Santa María la Blanca 1424:Juan Bautista Pastene 1401: 1281:). The Huilliche and 607:Valdivian fort system 426: • Summer ( 327:5 m (16 ft) 198:39.81389°S 73.24583°W 7203:Port cities in Chile 6775:Rancagua conurbation 6348:21 July 2009 at the 4988:and Navarro, Rayen. 4128:Pan American Highway 4009:Pan-American Highway 3662:Action for the Swans 3636:after the deaths of 2949:Record high °C (°F) 2715:South American Plate 2401:Valdivia also hosts 2365:is preserved by the 2231:la reina de los ríos 2111:José Gregorio Liendo 1854:founded the city of 1817:Lord Thomas Cochrane 1509:a massive earthquake 1455:Jerónimo de Alderete 1222:During at least the 1056:First Valdivian Week 866:Founding of Valdivia 345: • Density 203:-39.81389; -73.24583 170:Muy Noble y Muy Leal 27:For other uses, see 6803:Chillán conurbation 6322:Museo Fuerte Niebla 5995:"Gobierno de Chile" 5710:2000SedG..130...27L 5697:Sedimentary Geology 4912:Government of Chile 3778:Black Beer Festival 3672:Economy and tourism 3579:Chamber of Deputies 3229:Record low °C (°F) 3089:Daily mean °C (°F) 2750:last glacial period 2719:Chilean Coast Range 2653:Eucalyptus globulus 2306:Torreón Los Canelos 2291:and German origin. 2249:Universidad Austral 2203:forts of Corral Bay 2199:German colonization 2159:to plant pines and 2079:. Spanish-colonial 2031:Straits of Magellan 1921:Llanquihue Province 1716:Viceroyalty of Peru 1693:Viceroyalty of Peru 1646:before arriving at 1560:gold from Valdivia. 1279:People of the South 1186:History of Valdivia 806:Viceroyalty of Peru 636:History of Valdivia 603:Viceroyalty of Peru 508:[balˈdiβja] 194: / 6687:Greater Valparaíso 6668:Greater Concepción 6396:, local beer maker 6205:2014-04-25 at the 6186:2014-04-25 at the 6167:2014-04-25 at the 6121:2011-07-07 at the 6097:on 5 December 2012 6047:2014-04-25 at the 6025:2015-02-09 at the 5977:2016-03-04 at the 5755:2008-02-29 at the 5661:2016-12-02 at the 5314:2014-10-25 at the 5025:. 5 December 2023. 4995:2012-09-26 at the 4879:2009-10-07 at the 4723:on 18 October 2000 4132:Las Marías Airport 4071: 4005:Calle-Calle Bridge 3993:Calle-Calle Rivers 3985: 3951:The football club 3809: 3710:naval construction 3666:Valdivia Pulp Mill 3638:black-necked swans 3607:Alfonso de Urresti 2874:'s outflow to the 2765: 2602: 2563:the City of Rivers 2335: 2195: 2065: 1860:Ambrosio O'Higgins 1852:Bernardo O'Higgins 1844: 1774: 1672: 1571:Battle of Curalaba 1537: 1487:, and he assigned 1485:ciudad de Valdivia 1459:Rodrigo de Quiroga 1412: 1073:Calle-Calle Bridge 827:Spanish Reconquest 622:protected wetlands 595:Chiloé Archipelago 578:, metallurgy, and 400: • Women 337: • Total 316: • Total 159:Nickname(s): 7183:Communes of Chile 7155: 7154: 6847: 6846: 6711:Greater La Serena 6545: 6544: 6394:Cerveza Kunstmann 5320:Gestion Turistica 5156:Jerónimo de Vivar 5057:Project Gutenberg 5051:by Charles Darwin 4606: 4605: 4601: 4600: 4345:Río Cruces Bridge 4343:connected by the 4293: 4292: 4138:operating there. 4048:Río Cruces Bridge 3968:Roads and bridges 3805:Niebla lighthouse 3785:Semana Valdiviana 3702:Louisiana-Pacific 3648:Ecological action 3568:Independiente UDI 3552:municipal council 3528: 3527: 3422:relative humidity 2886:Calle-Calle River 2793:Peru–Chile Trench 2789:volcanic eruption 2738:Pleistocene epoch 2703:convergent margin 2403:Bierfest Valdivia 2390:changed names to 2353:, inhabitants of 2316:German influences 2310:Torreón del Barro 2188:Michelle Bachelet 2000:Calle-Calle River 1996:Reina de Los Ríos 1992:Semana Valdiviana 1821:captured Valdivia 1718:to construct the 1592:on the island of 1533:Pedro de Valdivia 1473:Jerónimo de Bibar 1467:Pedro de Villagra 1432:Pedro de Valdivia 1232:Chan-Chan Complex 1182: 1181: 1174: 1173: 1155: 1154: 1148:Río Cruces Bridge 1136: 1135: 1117: 1116: 1099: 1098: 1080: 1079: 1061: 1060: 1045: 1044: 1029: 1028: 1013: 1012: 993: 992: 975: 974: 957: 956: 939: 938: 923: 922: 905: 904: 889: 888: 871: 870: 855: 854: 834:Republic of Chile 776:2000 — 766:1950 — 756:1900 — 746:1850 — 736:1800 — 726:1750 — 716:1700 — 706:1650 — 696:1600 — 686:1550 — 676:1500 — 564:Valdivia Province 536:Pedro de Valdivia 497: 496: 283: • Type 272:Pedro de Valdivia 147:Location in Chile 16:(Redirected from 7225: 7142: 7131: 7121: 7110: 7100: 7090: 7079: 7069: 7059: 7049: 7038: 7028: 7018: 7008: 6998: 6988: 6978: 6968: 6958: 6948: 6938: 6923: 6913: 6903: 6893: 6874: 6867: 6860: 6851: 6592:Greater Santiago 6572: 6565: 6558: 6549: 6507: 6430: 6423: 6416: 6407: 6381: 6373: 6365: 6357: 6341: 6329: 6320: 6304: 6296: 6287: 6279: 6226: 6216: 6210: 6197: 6191: 6178: 6172: 6159: 6153: 6152: 6134: 6128: 6127: 6113: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6102: 6093:. 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(1911). " 4664: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4565: 4507: 4504: 4472: 4471:Valdivia, Chile 4469: 4460: 4454: 4445: 4442: 4433: 4427: 4418: 4412: 4403: 4397: 4388: 4385: 4376: 4370: 4361: 4356: 4347: 4334: 4325: 4319: 4310: 4309:Haverbeck Canal 4307: 4298: 4155:State / Region 4144: 4120: 4079: 4038:only the minor 3979:and the city's 3970: 3965: 3895: 3887:Liceo Comercial 3867: 3819: 3814: 3780: 3770: 3734:food processing 3674: 3650: 3626:Los Ríos Region 3534: 3529: 3374: 3367: 3362: 3357: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3337: 3332: 3327: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3293: 3288: 3283: 3278: 3273: 3268: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3248: 3243: 3238: 3233: 3223: 3218: 3213: 3208: 3203: 3198: 3193: 3188: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3168: 3163: 3153: 3148: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3113: 3108: 3103: 3098: 3093: 3083: 3078: 3073: 3068: 3063: 3058: 3053: 3048: 3043: 3038: 3033: 3028: 3023: 3013: 3008: 3003: 2998: 2993: 2988: 2983: 2978: 2973: 2968: 2963: 2958: 2953: 2856:frontal systems 2833:Los Ríos Region 2817:oceanic climate 2813: 2699:plate tectonics 2695: 2685: 2604:As part of the 2594: 2580:. The nickname 2559: 2500:Claudio Bunster 2484: 2448: 2432:Los Ríos Region 2423: 2363:German language 2324: 2318: 2297: 2192:Los Ríos Region 2180: 2142:hostile natives 2053: 2051:Los Ríos Region 2039: 1987: 1984:Carl Skottsberg 1982: 1962:Malleco Viaduct 1937: 1932: 1815:, commanded by 1807:, Valdivia and 1778:Spanish America 1766: 1756: 1677: 1628:Hendrik Brouwer 1617: 1611: 1396: 1390: 1263: 1193: 1188: 1170: 1167:Los Ríos Region 1160: 1151: 1141: 1132: 1122: 1113: 1104: 1095: 1085: 1076: 1066: 1057: 1050: 1041: 1034: 1025: 1018: 1009: 998: 989: 980: 971: 962: 953: 944: 935: 928: 919: 910: 901: 894: 885: 876: 867: 860: 851: 844: 837: 836: 830: 829: 823: 822: 816: 815: 809: 808: 802: 801: 797: 796: 792: 791: 785: 784: 778: 775: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 758: 755: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 738: 735: 733: 730: 728: 725: 723: 720: 718: 715: 713: 710: 708: 705: 703: 700: 698: 695: 693: 690: 688: 685: 683: 680: 678: 675: 669: 643: 637: 630: 580:beer production 574:manufacturing, 560:Los Ríos Region 503: 491: 451: 425: 261:9 February 1552 202: 200: 196: 193: 188: 185: 183: 181: 180: 174: 172: 167:Motto(s): 162: 154: 153: 152: 151: 150: 149: 148: 145: 144: 143: 142: 138: 120: 119: 118: 109: 108: 99: 98: 80: 57: 44: 37: 32: 23: 22: 18:Valdivia (city) 15: 12: 11: 5: 7231: 7229: 7221: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7160: 7159: 7153: 7152: 7150: 7149: 7143: 7138: 7135:Aguascalientes 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7111: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6888: 6885: 6884: 6879: 6877: 6876: 6869: 6862: 6854: 6845: 6844: 6842: 6841: 6834: 6827: 6820: 6813: 6806: 6799: 6792: 6785: 6778: 6771: 6770: 6769: 6764: 6752: 6751: 6750: 6745: 6737:Greater Temuco 6733: 6726: 6725: 6724: 6719: 6707: 6706: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6683: 6682: 6681: 6676: 6664: 6663: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6605: 6600: 6587: 6584: 6583: 6577: 6575: 6574: 6567: 6560: 6552: 6543: 6542: 6540: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6518: 6516: 6510: 6509: 6502: 6500: 6498: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6456: 6454: 6448: 6447: 6435: 6433: 6432: 6425: 6418: 6410: 6404: 6403: 6400:Valdivia Guide 6397: 6391: 6385: 6377: 6369: 6361: 6353: 6337: 6331:Museo Philippi 6325: 6316: 6300: 6292: 6283: 6268: 6267:External links 6265: 6264: 6263: 6253: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6227: 6211: 6192: 6173: 6154: 6147: 6129: 6108: 6082: 6056: 6034: 6012: 5986: 5964: 5955: 5921: 5889: 5878:on 23 May 2023 5863: 5852:on 23 May 2023 5837: 5822:(in Spanish). 5799: 5784:(in Spanish). 5763: 5735: 5704:(1–2): 27–44. 5677: 5668:Geologica Acta 5643: 5618:(2): 161–185. 5611:Andean Geology 5592: 5565:(in Spanish). 5547: 5517: 5486: 5456: 5425: 5395: 5380:(in Spanish). 5378:Diario Futrono 5365: 5346:(in Spanish). 5328: 5301: 5292: 5249: 5199: 5164: 5148: 5097: 5081: 5063: 5061: 5060: 5028: 5010: 4978: 4962: 4947:(in Spanish). 4929: 4910:(in Spanish). 4895: 4885: 4862: 4827: 4795: 4769: 4754:(in Spanish). 4734: 4708: 4681: 4666:Chisholm, Hugh 4648: 4645: 4644: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4611: 4608: 4604: 4603: 4599: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4585: 4584: 4582: 4575: 4572: 4571: 4566: 4549: 4547: 4541: 4540: 4538: 4531: 4528: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4509: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4502: 4495: 4488: 4480: 4474: 4473: 4470: 4463: 4461: 4458:Valdivia River 4455: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4436: 4434: 4428: 4421: 4419: 4413: 4406: 4404: 4398: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4379: 4377: 4371: 4364: 4362: 4357: 4350: 4348: 4335: 4328: 4326: 4320: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4301: 4297: 4294: 4291: 4290: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4272: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4261: 4255: 4254: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4236: 4235: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4222:United States 4219: 4218: 4216: 4211: 4209:Mount Pleasant 4206: 4200: 4199: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4180: 4179: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4160: 4159: 4156: 4153: 4150: 4143: 4140: 4124:Pichoy Airport 4119: 4116: 4112:Valdivia River 4106:than by road. 4088:Mancera Island 4078: 4075: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3894: 3891: 3875:Windsor School 3866: 3863: 3843:southern Chile 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3769: 3766: 3673: 3670: 3649: 3646: 3533: 3530: 3526: 3525: 3517: 3516: 3512: 3511: 3508: 3505: 3502: 3499: 3496: 3493: 3490: 3487: 3484: 3481: 3478: 3475: 3472: 3470:sunshine hours 3465: 3464: 3461: 3458: 3455: 3452: 3449: 3446: 3443: 3440: 3437: 3434: 3431: 3428: 3425: 3417: 3416: 3413: 3410: 3407: 3404: 3401: 3398: 3395: 3392: 3389: 3386: 3383: 3380: 3377: 3370: 3369: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3319: 3314: 3309: 3304: 3296: 3295: 3290: 3285: 3280: 3275: 3270: 3265: 3260: 3255: 3250: 3245: 3240: 3235: 3230: 3226: 3225: 3220: 3215: 3210: 3205: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3185: 3180: 3175: 3170: 3165: 3160: 3156: 3155: 3150: 3145: 3140: 3135: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3110: 3105: 3100: 3095: 3090: 3086: 3085: 3080: 3075: 3070: 3065: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3030: 3025: 3020: 3016: 3015: 3010: 3005: 3000: 2995: 2990: 2985: 2980: 2975: 2970: 2965: 2960: 2955: 2950: 2946: 2945: 2942: 2939: 2936: 2933: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2921: 2918: 2915: 2912: 2909: 2906: 2902: 2901: 2898:Pichoy Airport 2891: 2872:Valdivia River 2862:effect of the 2812: 2809: 2744:preceding the 2723:basement rocks 2684: 2681: 2625:Valdivia River 2593: 2590: 2558: 2555: 2547: 2546: 2540: 2534: 2528: 2522: 2516: 2510: 2483: 2480: 2447: 2444: 2422: 2419: 2398:(The German). 2320:Main article: 2317: 2314: 2296: 2293: 2179: 2176: 2138:pirate attacks 2063:of 22 May 1960 2038: 2035: 1980: 1930: 1871:Charles Darwin 1755: 1752: 1748:Chacao Channel 1724:Afro-Peruvians 1705:Mancera Island 1676: 1673: 1610: 1607: 1578:Óñez de Loyola 1389: 1386: 1381:Charles Darwin 1267:conquistadores 1262: 1259: 1228:lithic culture 1224:Middle Archaic 1205:Clovis culture 1192: 1189: 1184:Main article: 1180: 1179: 1176: 1175: 1172: 1171: 1165: 1163: 1153: 1152: 1146: 1144: 1134: 1133: 1127: 1125: 1115: 1114: 1109: 1107: 1097: 1096: 1090: 1088: 1078: 1077: 1071: 1069: 1059: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1043: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1027: 1026: 1023: 1021: 1011: 1010: 1003: 1001: 991: 990: 985: 983: 973: 972: 967: 965: 955: 954: 949: 947: 937: 936: 933: 931: 921: 920: 915: 913: 903: 902: 899: 897: 887: 886: 881: 879: 869: 868: 865: 863: 853: 852: 849: 847: 838: 832: 831: 825: 824: 818: 817: 811: 810: 804: 803: 800:City abandoned 799: 798: 795:City abandoned 794: 793: 787: 786: 782: 781: 779: 774: 769: 764: 759: 754: 749: 744: 739: 734: 729: 724: 719: 714: 709: 704: 699: 694: 689: 684: 679: 674: 671: 670: 668: 667: 660: 653: 642: 639: 638: 635: 629: 626: 599:Spanish Empire 515:: Ainil) is a 495: 494: 486: 482: 481: 476: 470: 469: 459: 453: 452: 449: 447: 443: 442: 432: 422: 421: 411: 405: 404: 401: 397: 396: 393: 389: 388: 384: 383: 378: 372: 371: 368: 361: 360: 357: 350: 349: 346: 342: 341: 338: 334: 333: 329: 328: 325: 321: 320: 317: 313: 312: 308: 307: 297: 290: 289: 284: 280: 279: 275: 274: 269: 263: 262: 259: 255: 254: 251: 247: 246: 241: 235: 234: 229: 223: 222: 217: 211: 210: 176: 175: 168: 164: 163: 160: 156: 155: 146: 140: 139: 132: 131: 125: 124: 123: 122: 121: 116: 110: 106: 100: 94: 88: 87: 86: 85: 82: 81: 67: 59: 58: 49: 46: 45: 42: 35: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7230: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7165: 7163: 7147: 7144: 7139: 7136: 7133: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7118: 7115: 7112: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7087: 7084: 7081: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7046: 7043: 7040: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7005: 7003: 7002:Santo Domingo 7000: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6890: 6889: 6886: 6882: 6875: 6870: 6868: 6863: 6861: 6856: 6855: 6852: 6840: 6839: 6835: 6833: 6832: 6828: 6826: 6825: 6821: 6819: 6818: 6814: 6812: 6811: 6807: 6805: 6804: 6800: 6798: 6797: 6793: 6791: 6790: 6786: 6784: 6783: 6779: 6777: 6776: 6772: 6768: 6767:Alto Hospicio 6765: 6763: 6760: 6759: 6758: 6757: 6753: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6740: 6739: 6738: 6734: 6732: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6714: 6713: 6712: 6708: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6690: 6689: 6688: 6684: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6671: 6670: 6669: 6665: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6610: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6595: 6594: 6593: 6589: 6588: 6585: 6580: 6573: 6568: 6566: 6561: 6559: 6554: 6553: 6550: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6519: 6517: 6515: 6511: 6506: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6457: 6455: 6453: 6449: 6445: 6442: 6438: 6431: 6426: 6424: 6419: 6417: 6412: 6411: 6408: 6401: 6398: 6395: 6392: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6378: 6376: 6370: 6368: 6362: 6360: 6354: 6351: 6347: 6344: 6338: 6336: 6332: 6326: 6323: 6317: 6314: 6310: 6307: 6301: 6299: 6293: 6290: 6284: 6282: 6276: 6275: 6274: 6273: 6266: 6261: 6257: 6256:Brüggen, Juan 6254: 6252: 6250: 6246: 6241: 6240: 6236: 6231: 6224: 6220: 6215: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6201: 6196: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6182: 6177: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6163: 6158: 6155: 6150: 6148:9781841620763 6144: 6140: 6133: 6130: 6124: 6120: 6117: 6112: 6109: 6096: 6092: 6086: 6083: 6070: 6066: 6060: 6057: 6050: 6046: 6043: 6038: 6035: 6028: 6024: 6021: 6016: 6013: 6000: 5996: 5990: 5987: 5980: 5976: 5973: 5968: 5965: 5959: 5956: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5925: 5922: 5906: 5899: 5893: 5890: 5877: 5873: 5867: 5864: 5851: 5847: 5841: 5838: 5825: 5821: 5820: 5819:Radio Bío-Bío 5815: 5808: 5806: 5804: 5800: 5787: 5783: 5782: 5781:Radio Bío-Bío 5777: 5770: 5768: 5764: 5758: 5754: 5751: 5746: 5744: 5742: 5740: 5736: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5698: 5693: 5686: 5684: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5669: 5664: 5660: 5657: 5653: 5647: 5644: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5612: 5607: 5603: 5596: 5593: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5563: 5558: 5551: 5548: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5521: 5518: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5490: 5487: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5460: 5457: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5429: 5426: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5399: 5396: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5369: 5366: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5344: 5339: 5332: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5310: 5305: 5302: 5296: 5293: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5268: 5260: 5253: 5250: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5218: 5213: 5209: 5203: 5200: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5173: 5171: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5152: 5149: 5136: 5132: 5126: 5124: 5122: 5120: 5118: 5116: 5114: 5112: 5110: 5108: 5106: 5104: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5085: 5082: 5078: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5064: 5058: 5054: 5053: 5049: 5048: 5043: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5035: 5033: 5029: 5024: 5020: 5014: 5011: 5007: 5006: 4998: 4994: 4991: 4987: 4982: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4970:Dillehay, Tom 4966: 4963: 4950: 4946: 4945: 4944:Radio Bío-Bío 4940: 4933: 4930: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4899: 4896: 4889: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4875: 4869: 4867: 4863: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4836: 4834: 4832: 4828: 4812: 4805: 4799: 4796: 4783: 4779: 4773: 4770: 4757: 4753: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4739: 4735: 4722: 4718: 4712: 4709: 4696: 4692: 4686: 4683: 4680: 4677: 4676: 4671: 4667: 4662: 4661:public domain 4646: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4613: 4609: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4586: 4583: 4576: 4574: 4573: 4570: 4567: 4559: 4558: 4548: 4546: 4545:Pacific Ocean 4543: 4542: 4539: 4532: 4530: 4529: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4515: 4510: 4501: 4496: 4494: 4489: 4487: 4482: 4481: 4478: 4467: 4462: 4459: 4452: 4447: 4440: 4435: 4431: 4425: 4420: 4417: 4410: 4405: 4401: 4395: 4390: 4383: 4378: 4374: 4368: 4363: 4360: 4354: 4349: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4332: 4327: 4324: 4317: 4312: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4273: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4221: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4204:United States 4202: 4201: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4181: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4161: 4157: 4154: 4151: 4148: 4147: 4141: 4139: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4107: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4076: 4074: 4067: 4063: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4040:Caucau Bridge 4037: 4033: 4029: 4024: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3967: 3962: 3960: 3958: 3954: 3949: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3797: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3779: 3775: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3759: 3756:, along with 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3630:environmental 3627: 3622: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3571: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3548: 3543: 3539: 3531: 3523: 3518: 3513: 3509: 3506: 3503: 3500: 3497: 3494: 3491: 3488: 3485: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3468:Mean monthly 3466: 3462: 3459: 3456: 3453: 3450: 3447: 3444: 3441: 3438: 3435: 3432: 3429: 3426: 3423: 3418: 3414: 3411: 3408: 3405: 3402: 3399: 3396: 3393: 3390: 3387: 3384: 3381: 3378: 3371: 3365: 3360: 3355: 3350: 3345: 3340: 3335: 3330: 3325: 3320: 3315: 3310: 3305: 3302: 3301:precipitation 3297: 3291: 3286: 3281: 3276: 3271: 3266: 3261: 3256: 3251: 3246: 3241: 3236: 3231: 3227: 3221: 3216: 3211: 3206: 3201: 3196: 3191: 3186: 3181: 3176: 3171: 3166: 3161: 3157: 3151: 3146: 3141: 3136: 3131: 3126: 3121: 3116: 3111: 3106: 3101: 3096: 3091: 3087: 3081: 3076: 3071: 3066: 3061: 3056: 3051: 3046: 3041: 3036: 3031: 3026: 3021: 3017: 3011: 3006: 3001: 2996: 2991: 2986: 2981: 2976: 2971: 2966: 2961: 2956: 2951: 2947: 2903: 2899: 2894: 2890: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2877: 2876:Pacific Ocean 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2844: 2838: 2837:precipitation 2834: 2828: 2826: 2822: 2821:Mediterranean 2818: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2802: 2801:transgression 2799:and a marine 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2761: 2757: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2694: 2690: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2673: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2662:horsechestnut 2659: 2655: 2654: 2649: 2648: 2647:Pinus radiata 2643: 2638: 2634: 2633:Pacific Ocean 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2607: 2598: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2568: 2564: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2504: 2503: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2481: 2479: 2475: 2473: 2467: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2399: 2397: 2393: 2392:Club la Unión 2389: 2385: 2380: 2378: 2374: 2373:Latin America 2370: 2369: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2332: 2328: 2323: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2277: 2275: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2241: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2193: 2189: 2184: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2169: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2145: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2126: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2099: 2097: 2093: 2088: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2062: 2057: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2023:Central Chile 2020: 2015: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1985: 1979: 1977: 1970: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1954:South America 1951: 1947: 1943: 1935: 1929: 1924: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1905: 1901: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1878: 1876: 1872: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1841: 1837: 1832: 1828: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1801: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 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1217:Bering Strait 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1190: 1187: 1177: 1168: 1164: 1159: 1158: 1149: 1145: 1140: 1139: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1120: 1112: 1108: 1103: 1102: 1093: 1089: 1084: 1083: 1074: 1070: 1065: 1064: 1054: 1049: 1048: 1038: 1033: 1032: 1022: 1017: 1016: 1008:hits Valdivia 1007: 1002: 997: 996: 988: 984: 979: 978: 970: 966: 961: 960: 952: 948: 943: 942: 932: 927: 926: 918: 914: 909: 908: 898: 893: 892: 884: 880: 875: 874: 864: 859: 858: 848: 843: 842: 839: 835: 828: 821: 814: 807: 790: 780: 673: 672: 666: 661: 659: 654: 652: 647: 646: 640: 633: 627: 625: 623: 619: 614: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 591: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 526: 522: 518: 514: 509: 501: 490: 487: 480: 477: 475: 467: 463: 460: 458: 448: 440: 436: 433: 429: 419: 415: 412: 410: 402: 394: 382: 379: 377: 369: 367: 364: • 358: 356: 353: • 347: 339: 326: 318: 305: 301: 300:Carla Amtmann 298: 296: 293: • 288: 285: 273: 270: 268: 260: 252: 245: 242: 240: 233: 230: 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(2011). 5439:La Tercera 5285:30 January 5217:Magallania 5178:"Historia" 4820:1 November 4788:1 November 4762:7 February 4647:References 4231:Washington 4001:Las Animas 3923:basketball 3772:See also: 3742:Entrelagos 3706:Metallurgy 3686:eucalyptus 3556:consejales 3520:Source 2: 3375:(≥ 1.0 mm) 2797:subsidence 2779:and Early 2687:See also: 2629:Corral Bay 2543:Veterinary 2531:Glaciology 2421:Literature 2413:, a local 2257:glaciology 2235:ecotourism 2207:consulates 2161:eucalyptus 2061:earthquake 2041:See also: 2012:Valparaíso 1895:Llanquihue 1885:and later 1848:Libertador 1732:Mapudungun 1648:Corral Bay 1548:Villarrica 1392:See also: 1370:chronicler 1275:Mapudungun 1213:watercraft 1169:is created 1040:Major fire 1006:waterspout 332:Population 278:Government 250:Founded as 189:73°14′45″W 186:39°48′50″S 7114:Zacatecas 6717:La Serena 6655:El Bosque 6640:Quilicura 6630:Peñalolén 6537:Río Bueno 6480:Mariquina 6470:Los Lagos 6388:Alwoplast 4855:15 August 4631:Pilolcura 4569:Los Lagos 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