1280:, variants of populism, such as left-wing and right-wing populism and even centrist populism since the 2000s, have been discussed and distinguished. In regard to Europe, Zulianello noted that other political scientists viewed that populist parties "primarily engage in positional competition" on the economic and socio-cultural axes. Zulianello disagreed with the approach that all populist parties can be positioned on the political spectrum. Parties that cannot be identified as either left or right were sometimes attributed as centrist populist or were placed in the "residual category". Zulianello and another political scientist, Erik Gahner Larsen, have discussed the exception to positioning populist parties. He has said that their approach has been largely theoretical. Valence populism has usually been found in political parties in
1268:
populism, he considers it misleading because valence issues lack a clear positioning and thus cannot be located in the political centre. Zulianello built off the definition from political scientist
Kenneth M. Roberts, who said in 2018 that "some parties offer little more than … valence considerations" and thus cannot be defined as either left-wing or right-wing. Political scientist Eliška Drápalová has argued that valence populism is "well suited" for local politics due to local politics being "more direct, personalised, and unmediated". Political scientists Vladimír Naxera, Ondřej Stulík, and Vojtěch Kaše criticised the creation of new subdivisons of populism, including valence populism, due to the categories creating ambiguity in academic literature.
1516:
1596:
3601:
1042:
1414:
1752:
1688:
1790:
1769:
1550:
1807:
1731:
1575:
1533:
1713:
1670:
1635:
1617:
1653:
1442:
Academic Gilda
Sensales noted in 2024 that while M5S has been also described as left-wing populist, the research of Pellegrini and political scientists Núria Font, Paolo Garziano, and Myrto Tsakatika had M5S "in the middle of ... the classic left-right continuum of political orientation", and thus Sensales categorised M5S as a valence populist party instead.
1425:
Zulianello and Larsen have compiled a list of valence populist parties using their dataset of varieties of populism from 1979 to 2019 and the 2019 Chapel Hill Expert Survey on political parties. Out of all listed political parties, the ŽZ had the highest rate of blurry positions on socio-cultural and
1180:
defined the core populist concepts with "the people" being presented as a morally good force, while "the elite" are often portrayed as corrupt and self-serving. There are several definitions of "the people", meaning that the group can be based on ethnic, national, or class lines. According to Mudde's
1256:. "Their policy stances are primarily informed by an unadulterated conception of populism … and are therefore flexible, free-floating and, often, inconsistent", Zulianello has said. Together with political scientist Petra Guasti, Zulianello said that valence populists lack a "thick ideology" such as
1441:
Regarding M5S, Zulianello has described it as "perhaps the best example" of valence populism; M5S cannot be positioned on the left–right political spectrum and is very ideologically flexible and eclectic. Pellegrini also said that M5S is valence populist due to their focus on non-ideological isues.
1299:) due to not being clearly identified with either the left or right sides of the political spectrum. Social psychologist Valerio Pellegrini described valence populism as an "innovative category". Researcher Frederik Henriksen has identified anti-systemic populism, a form of populism that combines
1267:
Zulianello has argued for the adoption of the term valence populism, considering that centrist populism "directly or indirectly refers to the ideological or geometric centre of the party system". He has also said that while issues such as anti-corruption are typically affiliated with centrist
1264:, which is not the case for ideological populism. Valence populism also "rejects consistent ideologies". Because of this, the ideology of valence populists is solely populism. This has led valence populism to being described as a "purer form of populism".
1236:
is a variant of valence populism. It promotes apolitical experts who seek to directly connect with "the people". Despite the concentration on valence issues, some valence populists may adopt stances on a limited range of ideological issues.
1434:(M5S), and ŽZ. GERB is listed on the bottom with regard to valence populist parties. Zulianello and Larsen have also both argued that the term valence populism fits better than centrist populism for OĽaNO, M5S, and Czech
1478:'s LREM as valence populist due to focusing on technocratic issues and rejecting being positioned on either the left, right, or centre of the political spectrum. Political scientist Dragoș Dragoman described the
1473:
and concluded that SN is a valence populist party due to its focus on valence issues and blurry socio-cultural and economic issues. Sociologists and researchers Michel
Perottino and Petra Guasti also identified
1346:, another valence populist party, join the European Parliament. By 2014, valence populist parties had 28 seats in the European Parliament. Valence populist parties achieved their best result yet in the
1957:
Zulianello, Mattia (24 July 2019). "Varieties of
Populist Parties and Party Systems in Europe: From State-of-the-Art to the Application of a Novel Classification Scheme to 66 Parties in 33 Countries".
1438:. In a 2023 article, Zulianello and Guasti listed ANO 2011, M5S, and OĽaNO as examples of valence populist parties. In a separate article, they named Jacqui Lambie Network as a valence populist party.
1322:
Considering that valence populism is more prevalent in
Central and Eastern Europe, whose countries were not members of the European Union until the 1990s, valence populism was not present in the
2471:
Yanchenko, Kostiantyn; Zulianello, Mattia (20 April 2023). "'Not fighting corruption, but defeating it': the populism of
Zelensky's Servant of the People in comparative perspective".
1362:, the former prime minister of Pakistan, has also been viewed as a valence populist due to his focus on issues such as corruption, transparency, governance reform, integrity, and
2690:
2157:
Zulianello, Mattia; Larsen, Erik Gahner (June 2021). "Populist parties in
European Parliament elections: A new dataset on left, right and valence populism from 1979 to 2019".
2504:"'The more populism types you know, the better political scientist you are?' Machine-learning based meta-analysis of populism types in the political science literature"
2618:
1252:; they cannot be positioned on the political spectrum. They also purposely avoid showing clear positions regarding socio-cultural and economic issues and are often
1861:, in 2020. His previous project in 2019 was There Is no Such State, but was unregistered, thus Trifonov was listed instead in Zulianello's and Larsen's research.
2263:(7 June 2021). "Populism in Europe: An Illiberal Democratic Response to Undemocratic Liberalism (The Government and Opposition/Leonard Schapiro Lecture 2019)".
1196:
Political scientist Mattia
Zulianello defines valence populism as a variant of populism that is attributed to parties that have an unclear positioning on the
2748:
1559:
2806:
2802:
2773:
2744:
2715:
1070:
1350:, when six parties gained representation. During this period, valence populism also spread to Western Europe, particularly Italy and France, where the
4496:
2508:
890:
2323:
Bruno, Valerio
Alfonso (2022). "A Comparative Analysis of Populisms in Europe: exploring populist parties' ideological flexibility and ambiguity".
1465:
showcased technocratic populist and valence populist tendencies. Together with author
Kostiantyn Yanchenko, Zulianello also analysed the Ukrainian
1740:
3729:
2292:
2118:
126:
1457:
party, it is still a valence populist party due to not following a particular ideology. On the other hand, ANO 2011 has presented itself as a
3566:
3527:
2662:
2639:
2569:
2336:
1947:
1924:
1894:
1626:
1355:
2719:
2409:
Zulianello, Mattia; Larsen, Erik Gahner (27 February 2023). "Blurred positions: The ideological ambiguity of valence populist parties".
1386:
3633:
2682:
2552:
Alexandre, Chloé; Ivaldi, Gilles (18 December 2023). "Débats autour des partis populistes" [Debates around populist parties].
1497:
issues. FrP later began focusing on issues related to immigration and switched towards right-wing populism. They argued the same for
1197:
1091:
1934:
de la Torre, Carlos; Roberts, Kenneth M. (28 September 2018). "Left, right, and the populist structuring of political competition".
1347:
1339:
1327:
1129:
The concept of valence populism was largely built by political scientist Mattia Zulianello. It has usually been found in parties in
4256:
4171:
648:
568:
4671:
1605:
1287:
In French, political scientists Chloé Alexandre and Gilles Ivaldi have called valence populism "consensual populism" (French:
4661:
2777:
1886:
1588:
1146:
1063:
4681:
4656:
4651:
4537:
4454:
3888:
2229:
Giardiello, Matteo (2021). "Populismi digitali al tempo del Covid-19" [Digital populism in the time of Covid-19].
933:
848:
278:
3591:
2579:
Zulianello, Mattia (2023). "Populist parties in Central and Eastern Europe: Regional trends in comparative perspective".
4206:
3970:
603:
360:
4666:
3856:
2108:
1778:
1705:
246:
1542:
1331:
4387:
2533:
2265:
2000:
1446:
1281:
1130:
781:
2736:
4620:
4527:
4382:
4146:
3538:
2628:
The Making and Unmaking of the Ukrainian Working Class: Everyday Politics and Moral Economy in a Post-Soviet City
2231:
1959:
1056:
1018:
923:
776:
543:
4392:
4261:
4056:
3945:
2794:
1701:
1335:
786:
653:
448:
335:
4166:
4021:
563:
413:
2348:"Populist ideology, ideological attitudes, and anti-immigration attitudes as an integrated system of beliefs"
2072:
2035:
4532:
4106:
3553:
Caiani, Manuela; Padoan, Enrico (6 January 2023). "Populism, Populisms: A Definition (and Its Boundaries)".
1916:
1799:
1722:
1697:
1644:
1498:
1486:
1394:
1209:
1154:
1103:
928:
503:
2190:
4578:
4459:
4061:
4041:
3781:
3671:
3626:
1858:
1382:
976:
853:
453:
433:
178:
61:
2440:
Driscoll, Daniel (February 2023). "Populism and Carbon Tax Justice: The Yellow Vest Movement in France".
4501:
4186:
3545:
2612:
2473:
1838:
1820:
1525:
1466:
1450:
1402:
1233:
895:
583:
4216:
1229:
613:
1908:
4568:
4412:
4402:
4366:
3935:
3903:
3871:
3861:
3771:
2361:
1584:
1374:
966:
806:
796:
758:
325:
293:
261:
251:
168:
4423:
817:
4466:
3980:
3965:
3960:
3950:
3686:
3519:
1679:
1470:
1454:
1323:
1304:
1257:
1245:
1225:
1123:
860:
370:
355:
350:
340:
76:
4522:
4517:
4481:
4311:
4281:
4251:
4246:
4005:
3923:
3666:
1744:
1662:
1479:
1431:
1418:
1390:
1351:
1292:
1253:
1241:
1221:
1134:
1119:
1115:
918:
913:
875:
703:
673:
643:
638:
395:
313:
56:
4176:
573:
2707:
1998:
Dragoman, Dragoș (2 July 2020). ""Save Romania" Union and the Persistent Populism in Romania".
1426:
economic issues in 2019. Regarding the reduction of political corruption as a priority, Slovak
4676:
4610:
4331:
4211:
4191:
4136:
4126:
4031:
3975:
3940:
3918:
3661:
3619:
3562:
3523:
2658:
2635:
2600:
2565:
2561:
2490:
2459:
2428:
2397:
2379:
2332:
2311:
2248:
2217:
2176:
2159:
2145:
2091:
2054:
2017:
1986:
1943:
1920:
1890:
1833:
1370:
1308:
1277:
1213:
1173:
1008:
723:
608:
588:
533:
523:
423:
365:
330:
308:
51:
25:
2328:
2068:"Technocratic Populism à la Française? The Roots and Mechanisms of Emmanuel Macron's Success"
1430:
is listed as the party that holds the highest priority on the issue, followed by the Italian
4558:
4446:
4436:
4341:
4321:
4316:
4296:
4226:
3898:
2592:
2584:
2538:
2513:
2482:
2451:
2420:
2387:
2369:
2301:
2274:
2240:
2207:
2199:
2168:
2135:
2127:
2081:
2044:
2009:
1976:
1968:
956:
840:
830:
733:
713:
708:
688:
288:
1857:
Trifonov is a politician, not a political party, though he formed his own political party,
1508:
The following list includes political parties that have been labelled as valence populist.
1090:
linked to political parties or politicians whose positions cannot be clearly placed on the
4593:
4486:
4476:
4430:
4346:
4121:
4101:
4071:
3851:
3691:
3676:
3605:
3558:
2654:
2649:
Sensales, Gilda (13 April 2024). "Political Manifestations and Core Beliefs of Populism".
2442:
1475:
1205:
1158:
1107:
1099:
1046:
991:
880:
870:
824:
738:
518:
498:
463:
241:
81:
66:
4266:
1462:
658:
2365:
1319:, as a variant of populism that cannot be classified as either left-wing or right-wing.
4630:
4407:
4361:
4336:
4306:
4301:
4291:
4221:
4156:
4151:
4141:
4081:
4076:
4046:
4036:
3995:
3908:
3681:
3656:
2631:
2411:
2392:
2347:
1601:
1567:
1502:
1378:
1363:
1201:
1095:
1028:
801:
753:
728:
698:
693:
683:
618:
553:
548:
538:
478:
473:
438:
428:
385:
298:
71:
46:
3600:
2031:"Populism versus Technocracy? Populist Responses to the Technocratic Nature of the EU"
1326:
until then. The first valence populist parties entered the European Parliament in the
1041:
4645:
4356:
4351:
4286:
4271:
4236:
4196:
4161:
4091:
4086:
3990:
3985:
3876:
3866:
3734:
1816:
1398:
1316:
1190:
748:
743:
678:
663:
628:
593:
558:
488:
483:
468:
380:
375:
266:
256:
131:
2172:
2116:
Spirova, Maria (26 June 2021). "Bulgaria: Political Developments and Data in 2020".
4326:
4231:
4111:
4066:
4026:
3930:
3712:
2105:
Valence populism in Pakistan: Making sense of Imran Khan's ideological cluelessness
1494:
1458:
1300:
718:
623:
508:
458:
418:
320:
104:
3539:"Partiti politici, populismo ed euroscetticismo nei Paesi post-socialisti dell'UE"
2765:
2518:
2503:
2486:
2013:
2374:
4588:
4276:
4241:
4116:
4096:
4000:
3882:
3846:
3791:
3744:
3717:
2286:
Huber, Robert A.; Jankowski, Michael; Juen, Christina-Marie (15 November 2022).
2203:
1182:
986:
668:
633:
513:
493:
390:
272:
236:
188:
141:
109:
2588:
1176:
that defines two core groups—"the people" and "the elite". Political scientist
1137:. Other parties that have been described as valence populist include the Czech
4563:
4441:
4417:
4181:
4131:
3820:
3751:
2424:
1757:
1359:
961:
835:
811:
578:
528:
208:
148:
2604:
2494:
2463:
2455:
2432:
2383:
2315:
2252:
2221:
2180:
2149:
2095:
2058:
2021:
1990:
1311:, as being similar to valence populism. Political scientist Dani Filc listed
4625:
4605:
4573:
4553:
4471:
4397:
4201:
3893:
3810:
3761:
2306:
2287:
2260:
2188:
Manucci, Luca (2021). "Forty years of populism in the European Parliament".
2131:
1939:
1904:
1693:
1521:
1261:
1217:
1186:
1177:
1111:
1023:
1003:
971:
951:
865:
791:
598:
283:
198:
158:
114:
2401:
2086:
2067:
2049:
2030:
1413:
4615:
4600:
4583:
4051:
3955:
3830:
3825:
3815:
3797:
3786:
3766:
3756:
3723:
3642:
2352:
1981:
1795:
1782:
1774:
1761:
1609:
1555:
1490:
1435:
1427:
1312:
1249:
1169:
1150:
1138:
1087:
1013:
998:
981:
443:
345:
218:
213:
203:
183:
163:
153:
120:
32:
2543:
2528:
2278:
2140:
1972:
1489:(FrP) also began as a valence populist party, having only campaigned on
1098:
that are widely approved by voters. Such popular valence issues include
3913:
3776:
3739:
2596:
2212:
1812:
1736:
1640:
1580:
1538:
303:
173:
136:
1291:), while in Italian, political scientist Matteo Giardiello called it "
4491:
3805:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3084:
1718:
1675:
1622:
885:
193:
2244:
1658:
1412:
3333:
3331:
3047:
3045:
3043:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2502:
Naxera, Vladimír; Kaše, Vojtěch; Stulík, Ondřej (8 August 2023).
3006:
3004:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2973:
1563:
1343:
1142:
3615:
2529:"The Demand and Supply of Pandemic Populism: A Global Overview"
2119:
European Journal of Political Research Political Data Yearbook
1181:
framework, populism is often combined with ideologies such as
1461:
party. Naxera, Stulík, and Kaše said that ANO 2011's leader
1445:
Zulianello has also said that while GERB is a member of the
3611:
3408:
3406:
1373:, valence populist parties held varied positions regarding
2895:
2893:
1881:
Turner, Frederick (15 May 1983). "The Cycle of Peronism".
1397:
and opposed vaccination. On the other hand, in Australia,
1220:. Such parties place more importance on these issues than
3583:
2737:"Lost in the shuffle: local politics in populism studies"
3516:
The Populism Interviews: A Dialogue with Leading Experts
3282:
3280:
3278:
2288:"Populist parties and the two-dimensional policy space"
3133:
3131:
3129:
3127:
1172:
is often defined as an idea within the framework of a
1133:. Despite this, the best known example is the Italian
3589:
2795:"Anti-systemic populism during the Covid-19 pandemic"
2626:
Gorbach, Denys (15 March 2024). "Everyday Politics".
2527:
Zulianello, Mattia; Guasti, Petra (10 October 2023).
1505:
platform before turning towards right-wing populism.
1485:
Huber, Jankowski, and Juen noted that the Norwegian
4546:
4510:
4375:
4014:
3839:
3705:
3649:
3436:
2706:Zulianello, Mattia; Guasti, Petra (21 March 2023).
2029:Reiser, Marion; Hebenstreit, Jorg (December 2020).
3149:
3094:
2583:. Trieste: Edizioni Università di Trieste: 58–73.
1629:(formerly known as La République En Marche !)
1118:sentiment and lacks a consistent ideology, unlike
3337:
2995:
2983:
3484:
3472:
3424:
3373:
3361:
3349:
3185:
3173:
3010:
2964:
2947:
2918:
3209:
3051:
1421:is a common example of a valence populist party
1315:, an ideology built around Argentinian leader
3627:
2651:Political Psychology Perspectives on Populism
1064:
8:
2617:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2024 (
1560:National Movement for Stability and Progress
1405:was supportive of the COVID-19 vaccination.
1358:(LREM) achieved success. Outside of Europe,
1204:that are widely approved by voters, such as
2884:
2848:
2836:
3634:
3620:
3612:
3586:, a database of populist parties in Europe
3460:
3412:
3385:
3221:
3197:
3118:
3106:
2899:
2803:European Consortium for Political Research
2774:European Consortium for Political Research
2745:European Consortium for Political Research
2716:European Consortium for Political Research
1501:due to initially campaigning solely on an
1071:
1057:
20:
3233:
3161:
2542:
2517:
2391:
2373:
2305:
2211:
2139:
2085:
2066:Perottino, Michel; Guasti, Petra (2020).
2048:
1980:
1883:Juan Peron and the Reshaping of Argentina
3448:
3397:
3034:
2509:Journal of Contemporary European Studies
2325:Populism and Far-Right: Trends in Europe
3596:
3496:
3310:
3298:
3286:
3269:
3137:
3075:
3022:
2829:
2346:Pellegrini, Valerio (17 January 2023).
1850:
1334:, which won 1 seat, and the Lithuanian
31:
3322:
3245:
2683:"Populist parties as 'the new normal'"
2610:
2293:European Journal of Political Research
1114:. Valence populism is associated with
3063:
2872:
2860:
2708:"Three die-hard myths about populism"
1936:Routledge Handbook of Global Populism
1240:Valence populist parties are neither
7:
3257:
1389:, formerly affiliated with Croatian
2793:Henriksen, Frederik (8 July 2024).
2681:Manucci, Luca (23 September 2019).
1913:Populism: A Very Short Introduction
3514:Manucci, Luca (9 September 2022).
1161:is a variant of valence populism.
14:
2780:from the original on 24 June 2024
2751:from the original on 24 June 2024
2722:from the original on 24 June 2024
2693:from the original on 24 June 2024
3599:
3095:Huber, Jankowski & Juen 2022
2809:from the original on 9 July 2024
2735:Drápalová, Eliška (9 May 2023).
1805:
1788:
1767:
1750:
1729:
1711:
1686:
1668:
1651:
1633:
1615:
1594:
1573:
1548:
1531:
1514:
1040:
3437:Yanchenko & Zulianello 2023
2764:Filc, Dani (6 September 2023).
2173:10.1016/j.electstud.2021.102312
2103:Khalid, Muhammad Umair (2020).
1741:People's Party – Dan Diaconescu
3425:Naxera, Kaše & Stulík 2023
3174:Naxera, Kaše & Stulík 2023
3150:de la Torre & Roberts 2018
1887:University of Pittsburgh Press
1682:(formerly Who Owns the State?)
1356:La République En Marche !
1:
3889:Criticism of multiculturalism
3338:Zulianello & Guasti 2023b
2996:Reiser & Hebenstreit 2020
2984:Zulianello & Guasti 2023a
2519:10.1080/14782804.2023.2244911
2487:10.1080/14616696.2023.2203214
2014:10.1080/10758216.2020.1781540
1482:as a valence populist party.
1198:left–right political spectrum
1092:left–right political spectrum
279:Criticism of multiculturalism
3485:Zulianello & Larsen 2021
3473:Zulianello & Larsen 2023
3374:Zulianello & Larsen 2023
3362:Zulianello & Larsen 2023
3350:Zulianello & Larsen 2023
3186:Zulianello & Larsen 2023
3011:Zulianello & Larsen 2021
2965:Zulianello & Larsen 2023
2948:Zulianello & Larsen 2023
2919:Zulianello & Larsen 2023
2375:10.1371/journal.pone.0280285
1885:. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania:
3537:Zulianello, Mattia (2022).
3210:Alexandre & Ivaldi 2023
3052:Perottino & Guasti 2020
2534:Government & Opposition
2266:Government & Opposition
2232:Rivista di Digital Politics
2109:Central European University
1779:Alliance of the New Citizen
1706:National Resurrection Party
4698:
4388:Ukrainian national revival
2766:"Populism: left or right?"
2001:Problems of Post-Communism
1330:. These were the Austrian
1282:Central and Eastern Europe
1131:Central and Eastern Europe
782:Ukrainian national revival
4383:Anti-Administration party
2591:(inactive 25 June 2024).
2425:10.1177/13540688231161205
2204:10.52224/21845263/rev35a2
1960:Government and Opposition
1338:, which won 5 seats. The
777:Anti-Administration party
4497:Election of Donald Trump
3555:Populism and (Pop) Music
2589:10.13137/2611-2914/35183
2581:Poliarchie / Polyarchies
1543:Hans-Peter Martin's List
1449:and defines itself as a
1332:Hans-Peter Martin's List
891:Election of Donald Trump
4672:Politics and technology
2885:Mudde & Rovira 2017
2849:Mudde & Rovira 2017
2837:Mudde & Rovira 2017
2307:10.1111/1475-6765.12569
2132:10.1111/2047-8852.12317
2073:Politics and Governance
2036:Politics and Governance
1917:Oxford University Press
1698:Lithuanian Centre Party
1645:Alternative for Germany
1499:Alternative for Germany
1447:European People's Party
1342:also saw the Bulgarian
1210:government transparency
1104:government transparency
4579:Democratic backsliding
3782:Jeffersonian democracy
2456:10.1093/socpro/spab036
2087:10.17645/pag.v8i4.3412
2050:10.17645/pag.v8i4.3361
1938:(1 ed.). London:
1859:There is Such a People
1422:
1383:There is Such a People
1296:
1288:
977:Democratic backsliding
179:Jeffersonian democracy
4662:Political terminology
4502:Yellow vests protests
3546:University of Trieste
2191:População e Sociedade
1839:Single-issue politics
1821:Servant of the People
1526:Jacqui Lambie Network
1467:Servant of the People
1416:
1403:Jacqui Lambie Network
1234:Technocratic populism
896:Yellow vests protests
4682:Technocracy movement
4657:Political ideologies
4652:Comparative politics
4569:Classical radicalism
3936:Grassroots democracy
3904:Economic nationalism
3862:Anti-intellectualism
3772:Jacksonian democracy
3520:Taylor & Francis
2887:, pp. 5, 6, 19.
2107:(Thesis). Budapest:
1800:List of Marjan Šarec
1455:Christian-democratic
1295:populism" (Italian:
1289:populisme consensuel
1155:List of Marjan Šarec
967:Classical radicalism
326:Grassroots democracy
294:Economic nationalism
252:Anti-intellectualism
169:Jacksonian democracy
4467:Revolutions of 1989
4192:Le Pen (Jean-Marie)
4172:Kirchner (Cristina)
3981:Popular sovereignty
3966:Natural aristocracy
2863:, pp. 578–579.
2544:10.1017/gov.2023.35
2366:2023PLoSO..1880285P
2279:10.1017/gov.2021.15
1973:10.1017/gov.2019.21
1680:For a Humane Latvia
1471:Volodymyr Zelenskyy
1395:conspiracy theories
1324:European Parliament
1305:conspiracy theories
1124:right-wing populism
1094:and mainly promote
1047:Politics portal
861:Revolutions of 1989
589:Le Pen (Jean-Marie)
569:Kirchner (Cristina)
371:Popular sovereignty
356:Natural aristocracy
4667:Political theories
4482:Tea Party movement
4006:Welfare chauvinism
3924:Anti-establishment
3857:Anti-globalization
3463:, p. 330-332.
3188:, p. 190-191.
2851:, pp. 11, 99.
2474:European Societies
1745:Save Romania Union
1663:Five Star Movement
1480:Save Romania Union
1432:Five Star Movement
1423:
1419:Five Star Movement
1352:Five Star Movement
1254:anti-establishment
1230:centrist populists
1135:Five Star Movement
1116:anti-establishment
876:Tea Party movement
396:Welfare chauvinism
314:Anti-establishment
247:Anti-globalization
16:Political ideology
4639:
4638:
4611:Paleoconservatism
4413:Völkisch movement
4403:Farmers' Alliance
4177:Kirchner (Néstor)
3976:Popular democracy
3941:Identity politics
3919:The Establishment
3568:978-3-031-18579-3
3529:978-1-000-64199-8
3388:, p. 13, 16.
2687:Populism Observer
2664:978-3-031-44073-1
2641:978-1-80539-300-9
2571:978-2-8027-6753-4
2554:Partis politiques
2338:978-88-9335-067-9
2160:Electoral Studies
1949:978-1-315-22644-6
1926:978-0-19-023487-4
1909:Rovira, Cristóbal
1896:978-0-8229-7636-3
1834:List of populists
1409:Political parties
1371:COVID-19 pandemic
1309:vaccine hesitancy
1278:political science
1214:democratic reform
1208:ideas, increased
1200:and that promote
1174:liberal democracy
1108:democratic reform
1081:
1080:
1009:Paleoconservatism
807:Völkisch movement
797:Farmers' Alliance
574:Kirchner (Néstor)
366:Popular democracy
331:Identity politics
309:The Establishment
4689:
4621:Radical centrism
4559:Authoritarianism
4447:Share Our Wealth
4437:Great Depression
3899:Direct democracy
3636:
3629:
3622:
3613:
3604:
3603:
3595:
3572:
3549:
3543:
3533:
3500:
3494:
3488:
3487:, p. 10-12.
3482:
3476:
3470:
3464:
3458:
3452:
3446:
3440:
3434:
3428:
3422:
3416:
3410:
3401:
3395:
3389:
3383:
3377:
3371:
3365:
3359:
3353:
3347:
3341:
3335:
3326:
3320:
3314:
3308:
3302:
3296:
3290:
3284:
3273:
3267:
3261:
3255:
3249:
3243:
3237:
3231:
3225:
3219:
3213:
3207:
3201:
3195:
3189:
3183:
3177:
3171:
3165:
3159:
3153:
3147:
3141:
3135:
3122:
3116:
3110:
3104:
3098:
3092:
3079:
3073:
3067:
3061:
3055:
3049:
3038:
3032:
3026:
3020:
3014:
3008:
2999:
2993:
2987:
2981:
2968:
2962:
2951:
2945:
2922:
2916:
2903:
2897:
2888:
2882:
2876:
2870:
2864:
2858:
2852:
2846:
2840:
2839:, pp. 1, 9.
2834:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2668:
2645:
2622:
2616:
2608:
2575:
2548:
2546:
2523:
2521:
2498:
2467:
2436:
2405:
2395:
2377:
2342:
2319:
2309:
2282:
2256:
2225:
2215:
2184:
2153:
2143:
2112:
2099:
2089:
2062:
2052:
2025:
1994:
1984:
1953:
1930:
1900:
1862:
1855:
1811:
1809:
1808:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1773:
1771:
1770:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1692:
1690:
1689:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1657:
1655:
1654:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1554:
1552:
1551:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1297:populismo ibrido
1153:, and Slovenian
1084:Valence populism
1073:
1066:
1059:
1045:
1044:
1019:Radical centrism
957:Authoritarianism
841:Share Our Wealth
831:Great Depression
289:Direct democracy
21:
4697:
4696:
4692:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4687:
4686:
4642:
4641:
4640:
4635:
4542:
4506:
4487:Occupy movement
4477:Great Recession
4431:Radiosomaggismo
4371:
4197:Le Pen (Marine)
4010:
3852:Anti-corruption
3835:
3701:
3645:
3640:
3610:
3598:
3590:
3580:
3575:
3569:
3552:
3541:
3536:
3530:
3513:
3509:
3507:Further reading
3504:
3503:
3495:
3491:
3483:
3479:
3471:
3467:
3461:Zulianello 2019
3459:
3455:
3447:
3443:
3435:
3431:
3423:
3419:
3413:Zulianello 2023
3411:
3404:
3396:
3392:
3386:Pellegrini 2023
3384:
3380:
3372:
3368:
3360:
3356:
3348:
3344:
3336:
3329:
3321:
3317:
3309:
3305:
3297:
3293:
3285:
3276:
3268:
3264:
3256:
3252:
3244:
3240:
3232:
3228:
3222:Pellegrini 2023
3220:
3216:
3208:
3204:
3198:Giardiello 2021
3196:
3192:
3184:
3180:
3172:
3168:
3160:
3156:
3148:
3144:
3136:
3125:
3119:Zulianello 2019
3117:
3113:
3107:Pellegrini 2023
3105:
3101:
3097:, p. 1000.
3093:
3082:
3074:
3070:
3062:
3058:
3050:
3041:
3033:
3029:
3021:
3017:
3009:
3002:
2994:
2990:
2982:
2971:
2963:
2954:
2946:
2925:
2917:
2906:
2900:Zulianello 2023
2898:
2891:
2883:
2879:
2871:
2867:
2859:
2855:
2847:
2843:
2835:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2812:
2810:
2792:
2783:
2781:
2763:
2754:
2752:
2734:
2725:
2723:
2705:
2696:
2694:
2680:
2676:
2671:
2665:
2655:Springer Nature
2648:
2642:
2625:
2609:
2578:
2572:
2551:
2526:
2501:
2470:
2443:Social Problems
2439:
2408:
2360:(1): e0280285.
2345:
2339:
2322:
2300:(3): 989–1004.
2285:
2259:
2245:10.53227/101947
2228:
2187:
2156:
2115:
2102:
2065:
2028:
1997:
1956:
1950:
1933:
1927:
1903:
1897:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1865:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1830:
1825:
1806:
1804:
1789:
1787:
1768:
1766:
1751:
1749:
1730:
1728:
1712:
1710:
1687:
1685:
1669:
1667:
1652:
1650:
1634:
1632:
1616:
1614:
1595:
1593:
1574:
1572:
1549:
1547:
1532:
1530:
1515:
1513:
1476:Emmanuel Macron
1411:
1393:(ŽZ), promoted
1274:
1206:anti-corruption
1167:
1159:Techno-populism
1112:moral integrity
1100:anti-corruption
1077:
1039:
1034:
1033:
947:
939:
938:
909:
901:
900:
881:Occupy movement
871:Great Recession
825:Radiosomaggismo
772:
764:
763:
594:Le Pen (Marine)
409:
401:
400:
242:Anti-corruption
232:
224:
223:
100:
92:
91:
42:
26:Politics series
17:
12:
11:
5:
4695:
4693:
4685:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4644:
4643:
4637:
4636:
4634:
4633:
4631:Third Position
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4597:
4596:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4550:
4548:
4547:Related topics
4544:
4543:
4541:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4514:
4512:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4463:
4462:
4457:
4451:Radical right
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4427:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4379:
4377:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4018:
4016:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3996:Social justice
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3927:
3926:
3916:
3911:
3909:Egalitarianism
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3843:
3841:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3748:
3747:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3720:
3715:
3709:
3707:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3653:
3651:
3647:
3646:
3641:
3639:
3638:
3631:
3624:
3616:
3609:
3608:
3588:
3587:
3579:
3578:External links
3576:
3574:
3573:
3567:
3557:(1 ed.).
3550:
3544:(in Italian).
3534:
3528:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3489:
3477:
3475:, p. 193.
3465:
3453:
3451:, p. 305.
3441:
3439:, p. 253.
3429:
3417:
3402:
3400:, p. 140.
3390:
3378:
3376:, p. 197.
3366:
3364:, p. 196.
3354:
3352:, p. 194.
3342:
3327:
3315:
3303:
3291:
3274:
3262:
3250:
3238:
3234:Henriksen 2024
3226:
3214:
3202:
3200:, p. 346.
3190:
3178:
3166:
3162:Drápalová 2023
3154:
3152:, p. 252.
3142:
3123:
3121:, p. 329.
3111:
3099:
3080:
3078:, p. 275.
3068:
3066:, p. 117.
3056:
3054:, p. 547.
3039:
3037:, p. 148.
3027:
3015:
3000:
2998:, p. 569.
2988:
2969:
2967:, p. 192.
2952:
2950:, p. 191.
2923:
2921:, p. 190.
2904:
2889:
2877:
2875:, p. 579.
2865:
2853:
2841:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2790:
2761:
2732:
2703:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2663:
2646:
2640:
2632:Berghahn Books
2623:
2576:
2570:
2558:Party politics
2549:
2524:
2499:
2481:(2): 253–278.
2468:
2450:(1): 143–163.
2437:
2419:(1): 190–199.
2412:Party Politics
2406:
2343:
2337:
2320:
2283:
2273:(4): 577–597.
2257:
2239:(1): 341–362.
2235:(in Italian).
2226:
2185:
2154:
2113:
2100:
2080:(4): 545–555.
2063:
2043:(4): 568–579.
2026:
2008:(4): 303–314.
1995:
1967:(2): 327–347.
1954:
1948:
1931:
1925:
1901:
1895:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1802:
1785:
1764:
1747:
1726:
1723:Progress Party
1708:
1683:
1665:
1648:
1630:
1612:
1606:Public Affairs
1602:Czech Republic
1591:
1570:
1568:Slavi Trifonov
1545:
1528:
1510:
1487:Progress Party
1410:
1407:
1379:Slavi Trifonov
1364:social justice
1273:
1270:
1202:valence issues
1166:
1163:
1096:valence issues
1079:
1078:
1076:
1075:
1068:
1061:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1029:Third Position
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
995:
994:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
948:
946:Related topics
945:
944:
941:
940:
937:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
910:
907:
906:
903:
902:
899:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
857:
856:
851:
845:Radical right
843:
838:
833:
828:
821:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
773:
770:
769:
766:
765:
762:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
410:
407:
406:
403:
402:
399:
398:
393:
388:
386:Social justice
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
317:
316:
306:
301:
299:Egalitarianism
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
233:
230:
229:
226:
225:
222:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
145:
144:
134:
129:
124:
117:
112:
107:
101:
98:
97:
94:
93:
90:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
43:
40:
39:
36:
35:
29:
28:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4694:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4595:
4592:
4591:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4549:
4545:
4539:
4538:United States
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4528:Latin America
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4509:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4455:United States
4453:
4452:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4432:
4428:
4426:
4425:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4374:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4262:Ocasio-Cortez
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4013:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3991:Protectionism
3989:
3987:
3986:Post-politics
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3946:Law and order
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3884:
3880:
3878:
3877:Common people
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3867:Anti-politics
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3838:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3800:
3799:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3725:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3704:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3672:Macroeconomic
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3637:
3632:
3630:
3625:
3623:
3618:
3617:
3614:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3593:
3585:
3584:The Popu-List
3582:
3581:
3577:
3570:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3551:
3547:
3540:
3535:
3531:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3499:, p. 55.
3498:
3493:
3490:
3486:
3481:
3478:
3474:
3469:
3466:
3462:
3457:
3454:
3450:
3449:Dragoman 2020
3445:
3442:
3438:
3433:
3430:
3427:, p. 14.
3426:
3421:
3418:
3415:, p. 65.
3414:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3398:Sensales 2024
3394:
3391:
3387:
3382:
3379:
3375:
3370:
3367:
3363:
3358:
3355:
3351:
3346:
3343:
3339:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3325:, p. 11.
3324:
3319:
3316:
3313:, p. 37.
3312:
3307:
3304:
3301:, p. 31.
3300:
3295:
3292:
3289:, p. 30.
3288:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3272:, p. 35.
3271:
3266:
3263:
3259:
3254:
3251:
3247:
3242:
3239:
3235:
3230:
3227:
3223:
3218:
3215:
3211:
3206:
3203:
3199:
3194:
3191:
3187:
3182:
3179:
3176:, p. 13.
3175:
3170:
3167:
3163:
3158:
3155:
3151:
3146:
3143:
3139:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3115:
3112:
3109:, p. 27.
3108:
3103:
3100:
3096:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3072:
3069:
3065:
3060:
3057:
3053:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3035:Driscoll 2023
3031:
3028:
3025:, p. 28.
3024:
3019:
3016:
3012:
3007:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2992:
2989:
2985:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2902:, p. 62.
2901:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2881:
2878:
2874:
2869:
2866:
2862:
2857:
2854:
2850:
2845:
2842:
2838:
2833:
2830:
2823:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2791:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2762:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2733:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2704:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2679:
2678:
2674:News articles
2673:
2666:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2647:
2643:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2624:
2620:
2614:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2577:
2573:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2475:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2444:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2413:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2192:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2120:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
2002:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1982:11368/3001222
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1955:
1951:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1860:
1854:
1851:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1817:Batkivshchyna
1814:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1727:
1724:
1720:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1684:
1681:
1677:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1649:
1646:
1642:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1420:
1415:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1399:Jacqui Lambie
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1381:of Bulgarian
1380:
1377:. In Europe,
1376:
1372:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1348:2019 election
1345:
1341:
1340:2009 election
1337:
1333:
1329:
1328:2004 election
1325:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1192:
1191:neoliberalism
1188:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1086:is a form of
1085:
1074:
1069:
1067:
1062:
1060:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1037:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
993:
990:
989:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
949:
943:
942:
935:
934:United States
932:
930:
927:
925:
924:Latin America
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
911:
905:
904:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
855:
852:
850:
849:United States
847:
846:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
826:
822:
820:
819:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
774:
768:
767:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
654:Ocasio-Cortez
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
411:
405:
404:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
381:Protectionism
379:
377:
376:Post-politics
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
336:Law and order
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
315:
312:
311:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
274:
270:
268:
267:Common people
265:
263:
260:
258:
257:Anti-politics
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
234:
228:
227:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
143:
140:
139:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
122:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
102:
96:
95:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
73:
70:
68:
65:
63:
62:Macroeconomic
60:
58:
55:
53:
50:
48:
45:
44:
38:
37:
34:
30:
27:
23:
22:
19:
4429:
4422:
3931:General will
3881:
3796:
3722:
3713:Berlusconism
3696:
3554:
3515:
3497:Spirova 2021
3492:
3480:
3468:
3456:
3444:
3432:
3420:
3393:
3381:
3369:
3357:
3345:
3340:, p. 9.
3318:
3311:Manucci 2021
3306:
3299:Manucci 2021
3294:
3287:Manucci 2021
3270:Manucci 2021
3265:
3253:
3248:, p. 3.
3241:
3229:
3224:, p. 4.
3217:
3212:, p. 8.
3205:
3193:
3181:
3169:
3157:
3145:
3138:Manucci 2019
3114:
3102:
3076:Gorbach 2024
3071:
3059:
3030:
3023:Manucci 2021
3018:
3013:, p. 2.
2991:
2880:
2868:
2856:
2844:
2832:
2811:. Retrieved
2798:
2782:. Retrieved
2769:
2753:. Retrieved
2740:
2724:. Retrieved
2711:
2695:. Retrieved
2686:
2650:
2627:
2613:cite journal
2580:
2557:
2553:
2532:
2507:
2478:
2472:
2447:
2441:
2416:
2410:
2357:
2351:
2324:
2297:
2291:
2270:
2264:
2236:
2230:
2195:
2189:
2164:
2158:
2141:1887/3142366
2126:(1): 49–57.
2123:
2117:
2104:
2077:
2071:
2040:
2034:
2005:
1999:
1964:
1958:
1935:
1912:
1882:
1874:Bibliography
1853:
1702:Labour Party
1589:Human Shield
1507:
1495:anti-elitist
1484:
1463:Andrej Babiš
1459:technocratic
1451:centre-right
1444:
1440:
1424:
1417:The Italian
1391:Human Shield
1368:
1336:Labour Party
1321:
1301:anti-elitism
1286:
1275:
1266:
1239:
1195:
1168:
1147:Human Shield
1141:, Bulgarian
1128:
1083:
1082:
823:
816:
321:General will
271:
119:
105:Berlusconism
86:
24:Part of the
18:
4589:Nationalism
4533:New Zealand
4424:Sămănătorul
4408:Chłopomania
4367:Zhirinovsky
4187:La Follette
4015:Politicians
4001:Wedge issue
3883:Continuismo
3847:Agrarianism
3792:Kirchnerism
3718:Bonapartism
3323:Khalid 2020
3246:Turner 1983
2597:10077/35183
2213:10451/49128
1627:Renaissance
1387:Ivan Pernar
1375:vaccination
1369:During the
1183:nationalism
1145:, Croatian
987:Nationalism
929:New Zealand
818:Sămănătorul
802:Chłopomania
759:Zhirinovsky
584:La Follette
408:Politicians
391:Wedge issue
273:Continuismo
237:Agrarianism
189:Kirchnerism
110:Bonapartism
4646:Categories
4564:Chauvinism
4442:Vargas Era
4418:Gilded Age
4312:Shinawatra
4282:Papandreou
4032:Berlusconi
3821:Poporanism
3752:Fortuynism
3735:Erdoğanism
3706:Ideologies
3687:Right-wing
3064:Bruno 2022
2873:Mudde 2021
2861:Mudde 2021
2261:Mudde, Cas
1915:. Oxford:
1905:Mudde, Cas
1869:References
1758:San Marino
1725:(formerly)
1647:(formerly)
1585:The Bridge
1360:Imran Khan
1354:(M5S) and
1317:Juan Perón
1246:right-wing
1226:right-wing
1165:Definition
962:Chauvinism
836:Vargas Era
812:Gilded Age
704:Shinawatra
674:Papandreou
424:Berlusconi
209:Poporanism
149:Fortuynism
132:Erdoğanism
99:Ideologies
77:Right-wing
4626:Socialism
4606:New Right
4574:Communism
4554:Alt-right
4511:By region
4472:Pink tide
4398:Narodniks
4252:Netanyahu
4217:Mélenchon
4167:Kaczyński
4127:de Gaulle
4057:Boulanger
4052:Bonaparte
4047:Bolsonaro
3971:Pluralism
3811:Nasserism
3762:Hansonism
3730:Dutertism
3667:Left-wing
3258:Filc 2023
2824:Footnotes
2605:2611-2914
2495:1469-8307
2464:0037-7791
2433:1354-0688
2384:1932-6203
2327:. Milan:
2316:1475-6765
2253:2785-0072
2222:0873-1861
2198:: 25–42.
2181:0261-3794
2150:2047-8852
2096:2183-2463
2059:2183-2463
2022:1557-783X
1991:1477-7053
1940:Routledge
1694:Lithuania
1522:Australia
1503:anti-Euro
1262:socialism
1242:left-wing
1222:left-wing
1218:integrity
1187:socialism
1178:Cas Mudde
1149:, Slovak
1120:left-wing
1024:Socialism
1004:New Right
972:Communism
952:Alt-right
908:By region
866:Pink tide
792:Narodniks
644:Netanyahu
614:Mélenchon
564:Kaczyński
524:de Gaulle
449:Boulanger
444:Bonaparte
439:Bolsonaro
361:Pluralism
199:Nasserism
159:Hansonism
127:Dutertism
115:Caesarism
57:Left-wing
4677:Populism
4616:Putinism
4601:New Left
4584:Georgism
4322:Subianto
4227:McKinley
4147:Iglesias
4077:Castillo
4067:Buchanan
3961:Nativism
3956:Mob rule
3951:Localism
3894:Demagogy
3872:Backlash
3840:Concepts
3831:Trumpism
3826:Qasimism
3816:Peronism
3798:Relato K
3787:Kemalism
3767:Hindutva
3757:Gaullism
3724:Chavismo
3662:Judicial
3650:Variants
3643:Populism
3606:Politics
3559:Springer
2807:Archived
2799:The Loop
2778:Archived
2770:The Loop
2749:Archived
2741:The Loop
2720:Archived
2712:The Loop
2691:Archived
2562:Bruylant
2537:: 1–20.
2512:: 1–18.
2402:36649283
2353:PLoS One
1911:(2017).
1828:See also
1796:Slovenia
1775:Slovakia
1762:Civic 10
1610:ANO 2011
1556:Bulgaria
1491:anti-tax
1436:ANO 2011
1313:Peronism
1258:nativism
1250:centrist
1170:Populism
1139:ANO 2011
1088:populism
1014:Putinism
999:New Left
982:Georgism
714:Subianto
544:Iglesias
474:Castillo
459:Buchanan
351:Nativism
346:Mob rule
341:Localism
284:Demagogy
262:Backlash
231:Concepts
219:Trumpism
214:Qasimism
204:Peronism
184:Kemalism
164:Hindutva
154:Gaullism
121:Chavismo
52:Judicial
41:Variants
33:Populism
4393:Hromada
4376:History
4352:Wilders
4337:Wallace
4307:Sanders
4302:Salvini
4297:Quadros
4257:Obrador
4242:Morales
4162:Johnson
4152:Jackson
4122:Gaddafi
4117:Fortuyn
4107:Erdoğan
4102:Duterte
4042:Billing
4037:Bernier
4022:Atatürk
3914:Elitism
3777:Janismo
3740:Fascism
3697:Valence
2813:19 July
2784:24 June
2755:25 June
2726:24 June
2697:24 June
2560:].
2393:9844902
2362:Bibcode
2329:EDUCatt
1813:Ukraine
1737:Romania
1641:Germany
1581:Croatia
1539:Austria
1401:of the
1272:History
787:Hromada
771:History
744:Wilders
729:Wallace
699:Sanders
694:Salvini
689:Quadros
649:Obrador
634:Morales
559:Johnson
549:Jackson
519:Gaddafi
514:Fortuyn
504:Erdoğan
499:Duterte
434:Billing
429:Bernier
414:Atatürk
304:Elitism
174:Janismo
137:Fascism
87:Valence
4523:Europe
4518:Canada
4492:Brexit
4460:Europe
4347:Weaver
4342:Warren
4332:Vargas
4292:Peters
4272:Ortega
4247:Nasser
4222:Meloni
4212:Maduro
4142:Humala
4137:Hébert
4112:Farage
4092:Correa
4087:Corbyn
4082:Chávez
4072:Butler
4027:Bannon
3806:Lulism
3692:Techno
3677:Market
3592:Portal
3565:
3526:
2661:
2638:
2603:
2568:
2493:
2462:
2431:
2400:
2390:
2382:
2335:
2314:
2251:
2220:
2179:
2148:
2094:
2057:
2020:
1989:
1946:
1923:
1893:
1810:
1793:
1772:
1755:
1734:
1719:Norway
1716:
1691:
1676:Latvia
1673:
1656:
1638:
1623:France
1620:
1599:
1578:
1553:
1536:
1519:
1293:hybrid
1248:, nor
1110:, and
919:Europe
914:Canada
886:Brexit
854:Europe
739:Weaver
734:Warren
724:Vargas
684:Peters
664:Ortega
639:Nasser
619:Meloni
609:Maduro
539:Humala
534:Hébert
509:Farage
489:Correa
484:Corbyn
479:Chávez
469:Caesar
464:Butler
419:Bannon
194:Lulism
82:Techno
67:Market
4362:Zeman
4327:Trump
4317:Stere
4287:Perón
4277:Palin
4267:Orbán
4232:Milei
4157:Janša
4062:Bryan
3682:Penal
3657:Black
3542:(PDF)
2556:[
2167:(1).
1845:Notes
1783:OĽaNO
1659:Italy
1428:OĽaNO
1303:with
1228:, or
1189:, or
1151:OĽaNO
754:Zeman
719:Trump
709:Stere
679:Perón
669:Palin
659:Orbán
624:Milei
554:Janša
454:Bryan
72:Penal
47:Black
4357:Yoon
4237:Modi
4207:Lula
4202:Long
4182:Khan
4097:Dean
3563:ISBN
3524:ISBN
2815:2024
2786:2024
2757:2024
2728:2024
2699:2024
2659:ISBN
2636:ISBN
2619:link
2601:ISSN
2566:ISBN
2491:ISSN
2460:ISSN
2429:ISSN
2398:PMID
2380:ISSN
2333:ISBN
2312:ISSN
2249:ISSN
2218:ISSN
2177:ISSN
2146:ISSN
2092:ISSN
2055:ISSN
2018:ISSN
1987:ISSN
1944:ISBN
1921:ISBN
1891:ISBN
1564:GERB
1493:and
1453:and
1385:and
1344:GERB
1307:and
1216:and
1143:GERB
749:Yoon
629:Modi
604:Lula
599:Long
579:Khan
494:Dean
4594:Neo
4132:Han
3745:Neo
2593:hdl
2585:doi
2539:doi
2514:doi
2483:doi
2452:doi
2421:doi
2388:PMC
2370:doi
2302:doi
2275:doi
2241:doi
2208:hdl
2200:doi
2169:doi
2136:hdl
2128:doi
2082:doi
2045:doi
2010:doi
1977:hdl
1969:doi
1469:of
1276:In
1260:or
1122:or
992:Neo
529:Han
142:Neo
4648::
3561:.
3522:.
3518:.
3405:^
3330:^
3277:^
3126:^
3083:^
3042:^
3003:^
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2955:^
2926:^
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