191:, who first met Aptekar in 1928, "Happily and self-confidently he admitted his lack of education. Guys like Aptekar, ignoramuses, would come from the villages and out of the way places, bone up on party slogans, Marxist schemes and newspaper phraseology and feel like rulers and dictators. With a clear conscience they would instruct scholars and were sincerely convinced that for the correct systematization of learning ('Methodology') knowledge itself was not necessary."
166:
He had no systematic training in archaeology, ethnology or linguistics, but as a devoted follower of Marr, he was sure that following "true" methodologies could compensate for that lack. He played an important role in destroying the old schools of archaeology and ethnology and introducing
Marrist and
274:
In 1934, Aptekar spoke against "bourgeois linguistics:" "At the present time, there is nothing that can come from its prolonged and tortured agony. It has to die along with the bourgeois sociality that gave rise to it, clearing the way for the
Marxist-Leninist theory of language that is being built
218:
In April 1929, Aptekar returned to the attack in
Leningrad, where he was opposed by philosopher P. F. Preobrazhensky, winning the debate that concluded that ethnography should move to a Marxist basis, studying only socio-economic systems with focus on social and cultural development. In the debate,
162:
In
February 1926, he was appointed an associate professor at the Moscow State University Faculty of Education. From 1928 to 1929, he was deputy chairman of the language section of the Oriental Institute. He was also scientific secretary of the material linguistics section in the Communist Academy.
258:
By 1928, Aptekar was a leading proponent of the theory. As members of the "Methodological Bureau" of Marr's institute, Aptekar and S.N. Bykovskij organized a series of linguistic debates in which they angrily attacked leading traditional linguists, whom they accused of being bourgeois, as well as
199:
On 7 May 1928, Aptekar forcibly expressed his opinions in a debate on "Marxism and ethnology" at the
Society of Marxist Historians. He argued that ethnology was not scientific, that the concepts it dealt with were vague, and that by treating the development of mankind in terms of the evolution of
200:
cultural forms, ethnographers denied the more fundamental forces of production and class struggle. He described ethnology as a "bourgeois social science that is a parasite on the body of
Marxist sociology and history." The subject could be approached only in terms of
266:
In 1929, there was a debate over switching to the Latin alphabet for
Russian and the many other languages of the Soviet Union. Proponents considered that the Latin alphabet was simple, rational, international, and easier to learn than the "Church-Slavonic"
148:, where he worked as a Special Section investigator. In 1919, he went to Moscow and entered the military engineering course for Red Army leaders, but he was soon recalled to work in the Political Department of the internal security forces.
214:
publicly disagreed. Although he accepted the need for a more scientific approach, and for the subject to be treated from a
Marxist–Leninist viewpoint, he defended the study of ethnology as dealing with realities that could not be ignored.
819:
184:
Aptekar was executed within a few weeks of
Yevgeny Polivanov, his main opponent in the debate over linguistics. His ashes were buried in the Donskoy Monastery in Moscow. He was rehabilitated in 1958.
155:
Social
Sciences Department. From October 1923 to October 1925, while still a student, he taught at the Moscow Military District Political School. In the 1920s, he also was a propagandist for the
181:. On 14 May 1937, he was arrested. On 29 July 1937, he was sentenced to death for participating in a counterrevolutionary terrorist organization; he was executed and shot the same day.
207:
He said, "If you look into the history of ethnology, you'll see that it was created by priests, missionaries, merchants, slave-owners, and travellers who founded colonies."
893:
855:
137:
gymnasium. In 1918, he became a clerk at the local labour exchange and joined the trade union member. In 1918, he joined the Communist Party. During the
888:
170:
In April 1929, Aptekar was working at the State Academy of the History of Material Culture, when he launched his most effective attack against
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117:(Russian: Валериа́н Бори́сович Апте́карь; 24 October 1899 – 29 July 1937) was a Russian linguist and a propagandist of
255:). That grew into an ideological issue, with support for Japhetism being required for professional advancement.
201:
152:
586:
The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World
122:
821:
Bibliographical Dictionary of Orientalists - victims of political terror in the Soviet period (1917-1991)
878:
873:
561:
232:
836:
133:
Aptekar was born in Warsaw in 1899, the son of a dentist. From 1910 to 1918, he studied at the
536:
Politics and the Theory of Language in the USSR 1917-1938: The Birth of Sociological Linguistics
288:
The current situation on the linguistic front, and the immediate tasks of the Marxists-linguists
177:
In 1932, Aptekar was expelled from the party for concealing his involvement with supporters of
121:'s New Theory of Language. In 1937, he was accused of anti-Soviet activity, arrested and shot.
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271:. Aptekar was among those violently opposed to the change, which failed to gain momentum.
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Aptekar said that the "old" ethnographers were "ideological opponents of the new order."
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867:
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Empire of Nations: Ethnographic Knowledge & the Making of the Soviet Union
236:
818:
Vasilkov, J. B.; Sorokin, M.Yu. (2003). "Aptekar, Valerian Borisovich".
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L'anthropologie soviétique des années 20-30. Configuration d'une rupture
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532:"Soviet Linguistics of the 1920s and 1930s and the Scholarly Heritage"
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From August 1922 to October 1925, he studied foreign relations in the
73:
43:
632:
Other People's Anthropologies: Ethnographic Practice on the Margins
290:. State Academy of the History of Material Culture. p. 47.
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Nikolay Yakovlevich Marr; Valerian Borisovich Aptekar (1936).
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Nikolai Yakovlevich Marr; Valerian Borisovich Aptekar (1934).
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562:"С.А.ТОКАРЕВ: НАЧАЛО ПУТИ [S.A.TOKAREV initial way]"
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other opponents. One of these, the leading Soviet linguist
740:
Language and Power in the Creation of the Ussr, 1917-1953
764:
Suny, Ronald Grigor; Kennedy, Michael D. (2001-07-30).
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and worked as a censor for the State Publishing House.
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Nationalism, Politics and the Practice of Archaeology
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348:
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Valerian Borisovich Aptekar; Sergei Bykovsky (1931).
299:. State Academy of the History of Material Culture.
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88:
58:
36:
29:
659:Image and Concept: Mythopoetic Roots of Literature
767:Intellectuals and the Articulation of the Nation
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263:, described them as "language-less linguists."
710:Kohl, Philip L.; Fawcett, Clare (1996-02-08).
308:. State Socioeconomic Publisher. p. 185.
8:
716:. Cambridge University Press. p. 124.
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426:
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589:. Princeton University Press. p. 97.
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306:N.Y. Marr and the new doctrine of language
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894:Academic staff of Moscow State University
794:Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics
534:. In Craig Brandist; Katya Chown (eds.).
854:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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167:Marxist theories into Soviet academia.
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614:. Presses universitaires de Bordeaux.
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317:. Power to the Soviets. p. 207.
304:Valerian Borisovich Aptekar (1934).
662:. Taylor & Francis. p. 8.
187:According to classical philologist
629:Boškovi, Aleksandar (2008-03-16).
569:ИСТОРИЯ НАУКИ (History of Science)
227:Aptekar was a believer in Marr's "
25:
144:After being wounded, he moved to
770:. University of Michigan Press.
656:Freidenberg, Olga (1997-03-01).
583:Anthony, David W. (2009-08-17).
141:, he was a political commissar.
791:Van Helden, W. Andries (1993).
889:Moscow State University alumni
1:
212:Sergei Aleksandrovich Tokarev
689:. Cornell University Press.
610:Bertrand, Frédéric. (2002).
560:Anchabadze, Yuri D. (2010).
376:Vasilkov & Sorokin 2003
115:Valerian Borisovich Aptekar
18:Valerian Borisovich Aptekar
915:
737:Smith, Michael G. (1998).
683:Hirsch, Francine (2005).
451:Suny & Kennedy 2001
415:Suny & Kennedy 2001
388:Kohl & Fawcett 1996
231:," which held that the
202:dialectical materialism
153:Moscow State University
899:20th-century linguists
884:Linguists from Russia
743:. Walter de Gruyter.
528:Alpatov, Vladimir M.
297:Language and Society
243:were related to the
233:Kartvelian languages
108:Historian, linguist
89:Cause of death
635:. Berghahn Books.
530:(1 October 2011).
315:Collected articles
804:978-90-5183-514-4
777:978-0-472-08828-7
750:978-3-11-016197-7
723:978-0-521-55839-6
696:978-0-8014-4273-5
669:978-90-5702-507-5
642:978-1-84545-398-5
596:978-0-691-14818-2
545:978-0-85728-404-4
275:in our country."
261:Yevgeny Polivanov
245:Semitic languages
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139:Russian Civil War
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16:(Redirected from
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82:Soviet Union
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62:29 July 1937
879:1937 deaths
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845:|work=
551:3 September
403:Hirsch 2005
249:Middle East
223:Linguistics
172:ethnography
135:Zolotonosha
97:Nationality
868:Categories
828:2012-09-03
810:2012-09-03
797:. Rodopi.
783:2012-09-03
756:2012-09-03
729:2012-09-03
702:2012-09-03
675:2012-09-03
648:2012-09-02
602:2012-09-03
575:2012-09-01
499:Smith 1998
355:Smith 1998
324:References
66:1937-07-30
847:ignored (
837:cite book
195:Ethnology
92:Execution
241:Georgian
237:Caucasus
520:Sources
247:of the
235:of the
146:Poltava
100:Russian
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74:Moscow
44:Warsaw
565:(PDF)
856:link
849:help
799:ISBN
772:ISBN
745:ISBN
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664:ISBN
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616:ISBN
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553:2012
540:ISBN
129:Life
59:Died
37:Born
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