Coccidioidomycosis - Knowledge (XXG)

1109:

to earthquakes, windstorms and military training exercises where the ground is disturbed. Historically, an infection is more likely to occur in males than females, although this could be attributed to occupation rather than being sex-specific. Women who are pregnant and immediately postpartum are at a high risk of infection and dissemination. There is also an association between stage of pregnancy and severity of the disease, with third trimester women being more likely to develop dissemination. Presumably this is related to highly elevated hormonal levels, which stimulate growth and maturation of spherules and subsequent release of endospores. Certain ethnic populations are more susceptible to disseminated coccidioidomycosis. The risk of dissemination is 175 times greater in Filipinos and 10 times greater in African Americans than non-Hispanic whites. Individuals with a weakened immune system are also more susceptible to the disease. In particular, individuals with

1322: 1019:, and northern Mexico. The ecological niches are characterized by hot summers and mild winters with an annual rainfall of 10–50 cm. The species are found in alkaline sandy soil, typically 10–30 cm below the surface. In harmony with the mycelium life cycle, incidence increases with periods of dryness after a rainy season; this phenomenon, termed "grow and blow", refers to growth of the fungus in wet weather, producing spores which are spread by the wind during succeeding dry weather. While the majority of cases are observed in the endemic region, cases reported outside the area are generally visitors, who contact the infection and return to their native areas before becoming symptomatic. 833:

preparedness in the medical field in addition to improving diagnostics for early infections. There are no completely effective preventive measures available for people who live or travel through Valley fever-endemic areas. Recommended preventive measures include avoiding airborne dust or dirt, but this does not guarantee protection against infection. People in certain occupations may be advised to wear face masks. The use of air filtration indoors is also helpful, in addition to keeping skin injuries clean and covered to avoid skin infection.

1310: 520: 1263: 794: 531: 52: 396: 1138:. Posadas established an infectious character of the disease after being able to transfer it in laboratory conditions to lab animals. In the U.S., Dr. E. Rixford, a physician from a San Francisco hospital, and T. C. Gilchrist, a pathologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, became early pioneers of clinical studies of the infection. They decided that the causative organism was a 676: 1047:, which in 2007 had an estimated population of 3,880,181 for an incidence of approximately 1 in 1,125. In contrast, though southern New Mexico is considered an endemic region, there were 35 cases in the entire state in 2008 and 23 in 2007, in a region that had an estimated 2008 population of 1,984,356, for an incidence of approximately 1 in 56,695. 635:) which are light in weight and carried by air currents. This happens when the soil is disturbed, often by clearing trees, construction or farming. As the population grows, so do all these activities, causing a potential cascade effect. The more land that is cleared and the more arid the soil, the riper the environment for 1348:" the entire lab is exposed to coccidioidomycosis through inhalation of bone dust. Erroneously, the team is forced to quarantine in the lab on Christmas Eve to prevent the disease from spreading to the public (in real life, the disease is not contagious). The lab is later exposed to it again in the Season 2 episode " 1108:

There are several populations that have a higher risk for contracting coccidioidomycosis and developing the advanced disseminated version of the disease. Populations with exposure to the airborne arthroconidia working in agriculture and construction have a higher risk. Outbreaks have also been linked

1099:

issued an order in May 2013 requiring relocation of vulnerable populations in those prisons. The incidence rate has been increasing, with rates as high as 7% during 2006–2010. The cost of care and treatment is $ 23 million in California prisons. A lawsuit was filed against the state in 2014 on behalf

1050:

Infection rates vary greatly by county, and although population density is important, so are other factors that have not been proven yet. Greater construction activity may disturb spores in the soil. In addition, the effect of altitude on fungi growth and morphology has not been studied, and altitude

500:

A particularly severe case of meningitis caused by valley fever in 2012 initially received several incorrect diagnoses such as sinus infections and cluster headaches. The patient became unable to work during diagnosis and original search for treatments. Eventually the right treatment was found—albeit

1293:

Other species in which Valley fever has been found include livestock such as cattle and horses; llamas; marine mammals, including sea otters; zoo animals such as monkeys and apes, kangaroos, tigers, etc.; and wildlife native to the geographic area where the fungus is found, such as cougars, skunks,

857:

to diagnose the Valley fever, which however is known for producing a fair quantity of false positives. Recommended prevention measures can include type-of-exposure-based respirator protection for persons engaged in agriculture, construction and others working outdoors in endemic areas. Dust control

852:

Raising both surveillance and awareness of the disease while medical researchers are developing a human vaccine can positively contribute towards prevention efforts. Research demonstrates that patients from endemic areas who are aware of the disease are most likely to request diagnostic testing for

1182:

was considered by the United States during the 1950s and 1960s as a potential biological weapon. The strain selected for investigation was designated with the military symbol OC, and initial expectations were for its deployment as a human incapacitant. Medical research suggested that OC might have

1175:

was identified as the culprit of respiratory disorders previously called San Joaquin Valley fever, desert fever, and Valley fever, and a serum precipitin test was developed by Charles E. Smith that was able to detect an acute form of the infection. In retrospect, Smith played a major role in both

2656:

Galgiani, John N.; Ampel, Neil M.; Blair, Janis E.; Catanzaro, Antonino; Geertsma, Francesca; Hoover, Susan E.; Johnson, Royce H.; Kusne, Shimon; Lisse, Jeffrey; MacDonald, Joel D.; Meyerson, Shari L.; Raksin, Patricia B.; Siever, John; Stevens, David A.; Sunenshine, Rebecca; Theodore, Nicholas

1039:

is most prevalent in Arizona, although it can be found in a wider region spanning from Utah, New Mexico, Texas, and Nevada. An estimated 150,000 infections occur annually, with 25,000 new infections occurring every year. The incidence of coccidioidomycosis in the United States in 2011 (42.6 per

866:

Significant disease develops in fewer than 5% of those infected and typically occurs in those with a weakened immune system. Mild asymptomatic cases often do not require any treatment. Those with severe symptoms may benefit from antifungal therapy, which requires 3–6 months or more of treatment

832:

Preventing coccidioidomycosis is challenging because it is difficult to avoid breathing in the fungus should it be present; however, the public health effect of the disease is essential to understand in areas where the fungus is endemic. Enhancing surveillance of coccidioidomycosis is key to

407:

An estimated 60% of people infected with the fungi responsible for coccidioidomycosis have minimal to no symptoms, while 40% will have a range of possible clinical symptoms. Of those who do develop symptoms, the primary infection is most often respiratory, with symptoms resembling

1054:

In California from 2000 to 2007, there were 16,970 reported cases (5.9 per 100,000 people) and 752 deaths of the 8,657 people hospitalized. The highest incidence was in the San Joaquin Valley with 76% of the 16,970 cases (12,855) occurring in the area. Following the

325:, are swept into the air by disruption of the soil, such as during construction, farming, low-wind or singular dust events, or an earthquake. Windstorms may also cause epidemics far from endemic areas. In December 1977, a windstorm in an endemic area around 612:, are swept into the air by disruption of the soil, such as during construction, farming, low-wind or singular dust events, or an earthquake. Windstorms may also cause epidemics far from endemic areas. In December 1977, a windstorm in an endemic area around 359:

infection, coccidioidomycosis begins with Valley fever, which is its initial acute form. Valley fever may progress to the chronic form and then to disseminated coccidioidomycosis. Therefore, coccidioidomycosis may be divided into the following types:

848:

indicated that a potential vaccine could improve health as well as reducing total health care expenditures among infants, teens, and immigrant adults, and more modestly improve health but increase total health care expenditures in older age groups.

4144: 4129: 1231:

in 2014, 3,000 in 2021); experts said that cases could rise across the American west as the climate makes the landscape drier and hotter. The Coccidioides flourishes due to the oscillation between extreme dryness and extreme wetness. The

1254:, but efforts to develop such a vaccine are underway. As of 2021 Anivive Lifesciences and a team at the University of Arizona Medical School was developing a vaccine for use in dogs, which could eventually lead to a vaccine in humans. 453:, soft tissues, joints, and bone). Chronic infection is responsible for most of the morbidity and mortality. Chronic fibrocavitary disease is manifested by cough (sometimes productive of mucus), fevers, night sweats and weight loss. 4259: 2835: 1270:

In dogs, the most common symptom of coccidioidomycosis is a chronic cough, which can be dry or moist. Other symptoms include fever (in approximately 50% of cases), weight loss, anorexia, lethargy, and depression. The disease can

448:

A minority (3–5%) of infected individuals do not recover from the initial acute infection and develop a chronic infection. This can take the form of chronic lung infection or widespread disseminated infection (affecting the

416:

that resolve over a matter of a few weeks. In endemic regions, coccidioidomycosis is responsible for 20% of cases of community-acquired pneumonia. Notable coccidioidomycosis signs and symptoms include a profound

3284: 1321: 1309: 1117:

function. Individuals with pre-existing conditions such as diabetes are also at a higher risk. Age also affects the severity of the disease, with more than one-third of deaths being in the 65-84 age group.

687:

Coccidioidomycosis diagnosis relies on a combination of an infected person's signs and symptoms, findings on radiographic imaging, and laboratory results. The disease is commonly misdiagnosed as bacterial

4252: 897:

amphotericin B therapy is used if infection persists after fluconazole treatment. Itraconazole is used for cases that involve treatment of infected person's bones and joints. The antifungal medications

4245: 651:

within the spherule. Rupture of spherules release these endospores, which in turn repeat the cycle and spread the infection to adjacent tissues within the body of the infected individual.

3848:

Graupmann-Kuzma, Angela; Valentine, Beth A.; Shubitz, Lisa F.; Dial, Sharon M.; Watrous, Barbara; Tornquist, Susan J. (September 1, 2008). "Coccidioidomycosis in Dogs and Cats: A Review".

2515:

Das R.; McNary J.; Fitzsimmons K.; et al. (May 2012). "Occupational coccidioidomycosis in California: outbreak investigation, respirator recommendations, and surveillance findings".

2205:

Hector, Richard F.; Rutherford, George W.; Tsang, Clarisse A.; Erhart, Laura M.; McCotter, Orion; Anderson, Shoana M.; Komatsu, Kenneth; Tabnak, Farzaneh; Vugia, Duc J. (April 1, 2011).

1135: 441:. Fatigue can persist for many months after initial infection. The classic triad of coccidioidomycosis known as "desert rheumatism" includes the combination of fever, joint pains, and 655:

can form in lungs surrounding these spherules. When they rupture, they release their contents into bronchi, forming thin-walled cavities. These cavities can cause symptoms including

1176:

medical research and raising awareness about coccidioidomycosis, especially when he became dean of the School of Public Health at the University of California at Berkeley in 1951.

881:

are used in progressive or disseminated disease, or in immunocompromised individuals. Amphotericin B was originally the only available treatment, but alternatives, including

481:, and possible disseminated form, where the infection spreads throughout the body. The disseminated form of coccidioidomycosis can devastate the body, causing skin ulcers, 3527: 3292: 1279:(infection of the bone), which leads to lameness. Dissemination can cause other symptoms, depending on which organs are infected. If the fungus infects the heart or 4752: 914:, and other respiratory diseases, it is important for public health professionals to be aware of the rise of coccidioidomycosis and the specifics of diagnosis. 2432: 1196: 1159:

Dr. William Ophüls, a professor at Stanford University Hospital (San Francisco), discovered that the causative agent of the disease that was at first called

336:

in the endemic areas of the United States. Infections usually occur due to inhalation of the arthroconidial spores after soil disruption. The disease is not

3211: 1040:

100,000) was almost ten times higher than the incidence reported in 1998 (5.3 per 100,000). In area where it is most prevalent, the infection rate is 2-4%.

1200: 841: 3788: 858:

measures such as planting grass and wetting the soil, and also limiting exposure to dust storms are advisable for residential areas in endemic regions.

3626: 3134:

Pappagianis, Demosthenes; Coccidioidomycosis Serology Laboratory (September 2007). "Coccidioidomycosis in California State Correctional Institutions".

2558: 1191:

was never weaponized to the public's knowledge, and most of the military research in the mid-1960s was concentrated on developing a human vaccine.

867:

depending on the response to the treatment. There is a lack of prospective studies that examine optimal antifungal therapy for coccidioidomycosis.

6119: 5803: 3357:

Rixford E., Gilchrist T. C. Two cases of protozoan (coccidioidal) infection of the skin and other organs. Johns Hopkins Hosp Rep 1896; 10:209-268.

231:. It is commonly known as cocci, Valley fever, as well as California fever, desert rheumatism, or San Joaquin Valley fever. Coccidioidomycosis is 2086:

Galgiani J. N. Coccidioidomycosis. In: Cecil, Russell L., Lee Goldman, and D. A. Ausiello. Cecil Medicine. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier, 2007.

1620:

Malo J, Luraschi-Monjagatta C, Wolk DM, Thompson R, Hage CA, Knox KS (February 2014). "Update on the diagnosis of pulmonary coccidioidomycosis".

979:

The cost of the nephrotoxic AmB deoxycholate, in 2015, for a patient of 70 kilograms (150 lb) at 1 mg/kg/day dosage, was approximately

631:

in both horizontal and vertical directions. Over a prolonged dry period, cells within hyphae degenerate to form alternating barrel-shaped cells (

940:. Other formulations have been developed such as lipid-soluble formulations to mitigate side-effects such as direct proximal and distal tubular 5059: 1233: 72: 1062:

There was an outbreak in the summer of 2001 in Colorado, away from where the disease was considered endemic. A group of archeologists visited

3186: 2709: 2030: 1947: 1669: 1488: 1439: 1381: 889:, became available for milder disease. Fluconazole is the preferred medication for coccidioidal meningitis, due to its penetration into CSF. 701: 6510: 6034: 5774: 5770: 3083: 377: 365: 1534:"Recent advances in our understanding of the environmental, epidemiological, immunological, and clinical dimensions of coccidioidomycosis" 497:

in the endemic areas of the United States. Infections usually occur due to inhalation of the arthroconidial spores after soil disruption.

347:

in 2014, 3,000 in 2021); experts said that cases could rise across the American west as the climate makes the landscape drier and hotter.

3850: 4841: 3491: 1804:

Schneider E, Hajjeh RA, Spiegel RA, et al. (1997). "A coccidioidomycosis outbreak following the Northridge, Calif, earthquake".

5984: 5340: 4742: 2838:: ResearchGate; Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 35(9):1829-33 · October 1991 (printed from PubMed)- Retrieved January 17, 2017 202: 2979: 6019: 5798: 5793: 5500: 4851: 1901: 3534: 6505: 6124: 5765: 5490: 373: 840:. Since many U.S. states do not require reporting of coccidioidomycosis, the actual numbers may be higher. The United States' 797: 5495: 4810: 4436: 1345: 1236:

said the 9,280 new cases of Valley fever with onset dates in 2023 was the highest number the department has ever documented.

2710:"Opportunistic Fungal Infections, Part 3: Cryptococcosis, Histoplasmosis, Coccidioidomycosis, and Emerging Mould Infections" 2147: 1100:

of 58 inmates stating that the Avenal and Pleasant valley state prisons did not take necessary steps to prevent infections.

844:

called the disease a "silent epidemic" and acknowledged that there is no proven anticoccidioidal vaccine available. A 2001

722:(PCR). It can also be detected in culture by morphological identification or by using molecular probes that hybridize with 5839: 5003: 4694: 4531: 3893:

Greene, Russell T.; Troy, Gregory C. (March 1, 1995). "Coccidioidomycosis in 48 Cats: A Retrospective Study (1984–1993)".

2096:

Kolivras K., Comrie A. (2003). "Modeling valley fever (coccidioidomycosis) incidence on the basis of climate conditions".

1504: 1069:

California state prisons, beginning in 1919, have been particularly affected by coccidioidomycosis. In 2005 and 2006, the

647:

develop. This division of cells is made possible by the optimal temperature inside the body. Septations develop and form

4546: 6387: 5170: 4925: 4616: 3313:

Posadas A. Un nuevo caso de micosis fungoidea con posrospemias. Annales Cir. Med. Argent. (1892), Volume 15, p. 585-597.

2659:"2016 Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) Clinical Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Coccidioidomycosis" 2470: 1434: 1349: 1224: 1070: 928: 689: 501:

with severe side effects—requiring four pills a day and medication administered directly into the brain every 16 weeks.

494: 333: 1356: 906:

have also been used to treat coccidioidomycosis. Because the symptoms of coccidioidomycosis are similar to the common

343:

It was reported in 2022 that valley fever had been increasing in California's Central Valley for years (1,000 cases in

6500: 6459: 4920: 4451: 4406: 2799: 845: 772: 768: 3815: 2811: 2439: 1043:

Incidence varies widely across the west and southwest. In Arizona, for instance, in 2007, there were 3,450 cases in

5565: 5507: 5273: 4993: 1063: 1056: 3026: 1290:

In cats, symptoms may include skin lesions, fever, and loss of appetite, with skin lesions being the most common.

692:. The fungal infection can be demonstrated by microscopic detection of diagnostic cells in body fluids, exudates, 6295: 5195: 1370: 1163:

infection and later coccidioidomycosis was a fungal pathogen, and coccidioidomycosis was also distinguished from

918:

dogs often get coccidioidomycosis; their treatment regimen involves 6–12 months of ketoconazole taken with food.

719: 1352:" from contaminated graveyard soil but only receives a series of injections rather than be forced to quarantine. 1066:, and eight members of the crew, along with two National Park Service workers were diagnosed with Valley fever. 1059:, there was a sudden increase of cases in the areas affected by the quake, at a pace of over 10 times baseline. 6515: 6302: 5864: 5544: 5038: 4684: 4621: 4516: 4159: 1044: 945: 812:

rarely demonstrate nodules or cavities in the lungs, but these images commonly demonstrate lung opacification,

756: 6383: 6346: 6288: 6213: 6188: 6182: 5979: 5671: 5593: 5303: 4998: 4717: 4689: 4319: 1095: 4213: 3285:"Just One Breath: More People Dying from Valley Fever – Especially Those With Chronic Disease, Study Shows" 3109:"Coccidioidomycosis in Workers at an Archeologic Site ---Dinosaur National Monument, Utah, June--July 2001" 6411: 6342: 6081: 6070: 5999: 5989: 5974: 5880: 5845: 5817: 5782: 5754: 5572: 5278: 5190: 4506: 2566: 2278: 1418: 1212: 992: 740:

An indirect demonstration of fungal infection can be achieved also by serologic analysis detecting fungal

558: 514: 271: 232: 227: 6154: 5902: 5558: 5333: 5180: 5107: 4795: 4329: 4309: 102: 3936: 2823: 5932: 6328: 6318: 6132: 6029: 6024: 5888: 5811: 5750: 4526: 4324: 4299: 3143: 3001:"Number of Reported Cases of Selected Notifiable Diseases by Category for each County, Arizona, 2007" 2105: 1755: 1411: 1374: 1272: 1246: 968:, all shown to exhibit a decrease in nephrotoxicity. The latter was not as effective in one study as 932:(AmB: used since the 1950s as a primary agent) is known to be associated with increased drug-induced 776: 539: 510: 221: 4237: 4227: 6440: 6168: 6160: 5994: 5586: 5248: 5185: 5160: 5134: 4988: 4966: 4561: 4521: 4441: 4431: 4148: 1920: 1532:

Nguyen C, Barker BM, Hoover S, Nix DE, Ampel NM, Frelinger JA, Orbach MJ, Galgiani JN (July 2013).

1078: 1051:

can range from sea level to 10,000 feet or higher across California, Arizona, Utah and New Mexico.

875: 821: 764: 3435:"Epidemiology of Acute Coccidioidomycosis with Erythema Nodosum ('San Joaquin' or 'Valley Fever')" 2717: 6352: 6334: 6150: 6146: 6063: 6056: 6014: 5097: 4961: 4846: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4496: 4094: 4056: 3599: 3167: 3094: 2540: 2264: 2129: 2001: 1086: 1032: 995:

to the western hemisphere between 40°N and 40°S, including certain parts of the United States in

894: 837: 680: 640: 384: 337: 667:. The fungus can also, rarely, enter the body through a break in the skin and cause infection. 663:, and persistent cough. In individuals with a weakened immune system, the infection can spread 473:

Serious complications may occur in patients who have weakened immune systems, including severe

6479: 6464: 5615: 5551: 5480: 5155: 4861: 4737: 4732: 4611: 4585: 4511: 4501: 4339: 4314: 4232: 4188: 4086: 4048: 3918: 3910: 3875: 3867: 3823: 3745: 3727: 3686: 3607: 3464: 3384: 3340: 3246: 3159: 3065: 2935: 2881: 2770: 2752: 2690: 2638: 2532: 2497: 2414: 2373: 2355: 2246: 2228: 2121: 2069: 2026: 1993: 1943: 1877: 1859: 1821: 1783: 1721: 1665: 1637: 1565: 1484: 1476: 1365: 1340: 1262: 1131: 793: 613: 418: 326: 67: 616:

led to several hundred cases, including deaths, in non-endemic areas hundreds of miles away.

329:

led to several hundred cases, including deaths, in non-endemic areas hundreds of miles away.

6417: 6373: 6313: 6232: 6049: 5969: 5958: 5730: 5666: 5326: 5253: 5102: 5008: 4956: 4826: 4601: 4536: 4078: 4040: 3902: 3859: 3735: 3717: 3676: 3668: 3627:"Intensifying atmospheric rivers are leading to a surge in Valley fever cases in California" 3591: 3583: 3481:

Ciottone, Gregory R. Disaster Medicine. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby Elsevier, 2006, pp. 726-128.

3454: 3446: 3415: 3376: 3332: 3238: 3151: 2925: 2915: 2871: 2861: 2760: 2680: 2670: 2630: 2524: 2487: 2479: 2404: 2363: 2347: 2236: 2218: 2113: 2059: 1985: 1867: 1813: 1773: 1763: 1711: 1701: 1629: 1555: 1545: 813: 809: 749: 530: 519: 442: 136: 3502: 3265: 2954: 6274: 5629: 5522: 5517: 5458: 5421: 5238: 5165: 4836: 4551: 4396: 4334: 2596:

Acute Communicable Disease Control Annual Morbidity Reports, Los Angeles County, 2002-2010

2588: 2176: 1445: 1429: 1386: 817: 755:

produced against the fungus. The available tests include the tube-precipitin (TP) assays,

589: 302: 3706:"The Quest for a Vaccine Against Coccidioidomycosis: A Neglected Disease of the Americas" 3419: 3108: 3053: 2850:"Amphotericin B deoxycholate versus liposomal amphotericin B: effects on kidney function" 3147: 3000: 2983: 2876: 2849: 2109: 1902:"'It took everything': the disease that can be contracted by breathing California's air" 1759: 62:

changes in a case of coccidioidomycosis of the lung showing a large fibrocaseous nodule.

6402: 6219: 6076: 5926: 5915: 5894: 5788: 5453: 5371: 5353: 5298: 5288: 5205: 4747: 4575: 3906: 3740: 3705: 3681: 3652: 3459: 3434: 2930: 2903: 2634: 2492: 2465: 2368: 2331: 2241: 2206: 1872: 1843: 1778: 1743: 1560: 1533: 1164: 937: 933: 878: 573: 286: 114: 59: 5318: 2765: 2740: 1716: 1689: 461:

may occur months to years after initial infection. Severe lung disease may develop in

51: 6494: 6474: 6435: 6368: 6281: 6204: 6109: 6093: 6042: 5908: 5875: 5870: 5651: 5485: 5463: 5441: 5283: 5258: 5213: 5175: 5043: 4910: 4770: 4722: 4654: 4626: 4098: 3367:

Hirschmann, Jan (May 1, 2007). "The Early History of Coccidioidomycosis: 1892–1945".

2621:

Welsh O.; Vera-Cabrera L.; Rendon A. (November–December 2012). "Coccidioidomycosis".

1817: 1449: 1390: 1284: 1276: 1168: 644: 632: 609: 593: 486: 454: 322: 306: 4153: 4060: 3560: 3171: 2544: 2133: 2005: 619:

Rain starts the cycle of initial growth of the fungus in the soil. In soil (and in

395: 6264: 6225: 6174: 6114: 5685: 5679: 5635: 5579: 5512: 5475: 5470: 5437: 5416: 5228: 4800: 4780: 4595: 4590: 4580: 4421: 2866: 2790:: American Family Physician (2008 Sep 15;78(6):743-750)- Retrieved January 16, 2017 1633: 1404: 1204: 1127: 1126:

The first case of what was later named coccidioidomycosis was described in 1892 in

1090: 983:

63.80, compared to $ 1318.80 for 5 mg/kg/day of the less toxic liposomal AmB.

941: 903: 899: 886: 882: 118: 91: 4199: 1479:. In Spec, Andrej; Escota, Gerome V.; Chrisler, Courtney; Davies, Bethany (eds.). 836:

From 1998–2011, there were 111,117 U.S. cases of coccidioidomycosis logged in the

4164: 3323:

Hirschmann, Jan V. (2007). "The Early History of Coccidioidomycosis: 1892–1945".

2528: 2409: 2392: 2020: 1706: 824:

scans of the chest are more sensitive than chest X-rays to detect these changes.

6249: 6103: 5964: 5920: 5831: 5621: 5263: 5088: 4790: 4456: 4183: 1424: 1280: 1228: 890: 871: 787: 783: 561: 344: 274: 122: 31: 3672: 3242: 1031:

is endemic to southern and central California with the highest presence in the

477:

with respiratory failure and bronchopleural fistulas requiring resection, lung

6469: 6452: 6244: 6138: 6004: 5741: 5721: 5660: 5407: 5380: 5223: 5064: 4941: 4659: 4631: 4401: 4202: 4082: 2787: 2117: 1744:"No Consistent Link Between Dust Storms and Valley Fever (Coccidioidomycosis)" 1220:

despite their morphologic similarities and can also cause coccidioidomycosis.

1008: 1000: 853:

coccidioidomycosis. Presently, Meridian Bioscience manufactures the so-called

708: 660: 652: 620: 581: 490: 458: 438: 409: 294: 248: 240: 109: 3914: 3871: 3827: 3731: 2756: 2359: 2232: 1863: 976:(rat and mouse) morbidity rate versus zero for the AmB colloidal dispersion. 6259: 5394: 5268: 5218: 4982: 4569: 4541: 4446: 4281: 4194: 4138: 3155: 2304: 1360:, a 2022 Australian feature film, contains references to coccidioidomycosis. 915: 911: 907: 648: 547: 478: 474: 413: 17: 4090: 4052: 4044: 3879: 3749: 3690: 3611: 3468: 3388: 3344: 3250: 3163: 3069: 2939: 2885: 2774: 2694: 2642: 2536: 2501: 2483: 2418: 2377: 2351: 2250: 2125: 2073: 1997: 1989: 1787: 1725: 1641: 1569: 4228:

U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention page on coccidioidomycosis

3937:"Valley Fever Center for Excellence: Valley Fever in Other Animal Species" 3922: 3595: 3450: 2223: 2207:"The Public Health Impact of Coccidioidomycosis in Arizona and California" 1825: 1187:

started to be classified by the authorities as a threat to public health.

675: 6446: 6009: 5389: 5293: 4915: 4895: 4831: 4785: 4727: 4664: 4606: 4426: 4375: 4304: 4208: 3998: 2675: 2658: 1881: 1768: 1550: 1295: 1145: 1140: 1110: 1074: 752: 737:

cannot be distinguished on cytology or by symptoms, but only by DNA PCR.

664: 656: 569: 565: 543: 450: 426: 282: 278: 3975: 3951: 3024:

New Mexico Intercensal Population Estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau

2920: 2685: 1910:

Article gives judgement of medical director and earth system scientist.

5825: 5712: 5706: 5701: 5366: 5361: 5349: 5092: 4946: 4856: 4775: 4762: 4712: 4641: 4365: 4360: 4355: 3763: 3722: 3603: 3030: 996: 973: 741: 704:. These stains can demonstrate spherules and surrounding inflammation. 585: 482: 434: 298: 236: 216: 4121: 3559:

Fisher, M. C.; Koenig, G. L.; White, T. J. & Taylor, J. W (2002).

2466:"Enhanced surveillance of coccidioidomycosis, Arizona, USA, 2007–2008" 1089:

had the highest incidence in 2005, of at least 3,000 per 100,000. The

5446: 5385: 4704: 4649: 4416: 4411: 4385: 4294: 4133: 3115:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). November 16, 2001 1244:

As of 2023, there is no vaccine available to prevent infection with

1114: 1082: 1004: 697: 693: 485:, bone lesions, swollen joints with severe pain, heart inflammation, 244: 3863: 3587: 3565:

sp. nov., previously recognized as the non-California population of

3406:

infection (coccidioidomycosis). ii. The primary type of infection".

3212:"CDC Says Calif. Inmates Should Be Tested for Valley Fever Immunity" 580:

in certain parts of the southwestern United States, most notably in

293:

in certain parts of the southwestern United States, most notably in

4028: 3380: 3336: 2897: 2895: 2064: 2047: 1973: 1921:"Check for Complications | Valley Fever Center for Excellence" 493:, which can lead to death. Coccidioidomycosis is a common cause of 5948: 5527: 5376: 4370: 3113:

Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), 50(45), p. 1005-1008

3052:

Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC) (February 13, 2009).

2393:"A vaccine against coccidioidomycosis is justified and attainable" 2279:"Increase in Reported Coccidioidomycosis—United States, 1998–2011" 1261: 1012: 792: 760: 628: 605: 529: 422: 318: 252: 2211:

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

2019:

Johnstone, Ronald B. (2017). "25. Mycoses and Algal infections".

1660:

Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007).

1223:

It was reported in 2022 that valley fever had been increasing in

5398: 4951: 4470: 4289: 3088: 2330:

Barnato, A. E.; Sanders, G. D.; Owens, D. K. (January 1, 2001).

1016: 601: 577: 430: 314: 290: 256: 5322: 4241: 3187:"Some Prison Inmates to Be Moved Out of Valley Fever Hot Spots" 980: 639:. These spores can be easily inhaled unknowingly. On reaching 364:

Acute coccidioidomycosis, sometimes described in literature as

745: 726: 715: 462: 163: 2464:

Tsang C.A.; Anderson S.M.; Imholte S.B.; et al. (2010).

1842:

Pappagianis, Demosthenes; Einstein, Hans (December 1, 1978).

588:. It is also commonly found in northern Mexico, and parts of 301:. It is also commonly found in northern Mexico, and parts of 3499:

Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Title 42 - Public Health

1938:

James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006).

387:. In some cases the infection may recur or become chronic. 340:. In some cases the infection may recur or become chronic. 184: 175: 169: 160: 1452:

which uses the fungus and illness as a central plot point.

142: 3439:

American Journal of Public Health and the Nation's Health

190: 154: 3789:"Study Shows Vaccine Protects Dogs Against Valley Fever" 2565:. California Department of Public Health. Archived from 2048:"Coccidioidomycosis in persons infected with HIV type 1" 1505:"ICD-11 - ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics" 838:

National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS)

4069:

Stockamp NW, Thompson GR (2016). "Coccidioidomycosis".

3816:"A Vaccine Against Valley Fever Finally Works—for Dogs" 3054:"Increase in Coccidioidomycosis: California, 2000-2007" 1327:

Mature spherule with endospores of Coccidioides immitis

643:

they enlarge in size to become spherules, and internal

1972:

Twarog, Meryl; Thompson, George (September 23, 2015).

1393:, uses the fungus and illness as a central plot point. 600:

is dormant during long dry spells, then develops as a

313:

is dormant during long dry spells, then develops as a

2391:

Cole G.T.; Xue J.M.; Okeke C.N.; at al. (June 2004).

1690:"Coccidioidomycosis—A Fungal Disease of the Americas" 771:

and is used as a confirmatory test, whereas ELISA is

203: 193: 187: 181: 151: 148: 145: 139: 4111: 2739:

Rubensohn, Mark; Stack, Suzanne (February 1, 2003).

1315:

Spherule and endospore forms of Coccidioides immitis

166: 157: 6428: 6401: 6367: 6312: 6258: 6243: 6203: 6092: 5947: 5856: 5740: 5729: 5720: 5700: 5650: 5607: 5536: 5430: 5415: 5406: 5360: 5237: 5204: 5148: 5133: 5124: 5081: 5052: 5031: 5022: 4975: 4934: 4903: 4892: 4885: 4874: 4819: 4761: 4703: 4640: 4560: 4489: 4478: 4469: 4384: 4348: 4280: 4273: 4174: 4115: 3851:

Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association

2980:"U.S. Census Bureau, State & County QuickFacts" 2200: 2198: 1940:

Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology

178: 172: 108: 98: 86: 78: 66: 44: 4033:Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2517:Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1978:Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 4268:Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology 1373:", a 17-year-old patient who has been exposed to 1275:throughout the dog's body, most commonly causing 786:, an increased level of protein, and lymphocytic 604:with long filaments that break off into airborne 317:with long filaments that break off into airborne 3501:. Office of the Federal Register. Archived from 842:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 2332:"Cost-effectiveness of a potential vaccine for 964:(Generic; Amphotericin B Cholesteryl Sul), and 3402:Dickson, EC; Gifford, MA (November 1, 1938). " 3229:Shehab, Ziad M. (2010). "Coccidioidomycosis". 5334: 4753:Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta 4253: 3027:"New Mexico Intercensal Population Estimates" 2563:Health Information: Diseases & Conditions 1683: 1681: 1183:had some lethal effects on the populace, and 8: 4407:Dermatofibroma (benign fibrous histiocytoma) 2995: 2993: 2708:Barron MA, Madinger NE (November 18, 2008). 2311:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2285:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2283:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) 1527: 1525: 1216:was identified as genetically distinct from 1201:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's 1197:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 782:If the meninges are affected, CSF will show 4071:Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 3185:Rachel Cook; Rebecca Plevin (May 7, 2013). 1895: 1893: 1891: 1615: 1613: 1611: 1609: 1607: 1605: 1603: 1601: 1599: 1481:Comprehensive Review of Infectious Diseases 1470: 1468: 1466: 6255: 5737: 5726: 5717: 5427: 5412: 5403: 5341: 5327: 5319: 5130: 5028: 4900: 4889: 4882: 4486: 4475: 4277: 4260: 4246: 4238: 4112: 3136:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1967: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1959: 1655: 1653: 1651: 1597: 1595: 1593: 1591: 1589: 1587: 1585: 1583: 1581: 1579: 457:, including involvement of the spine, and 50: 41: 5566:Trichophyton interdigitale/mentagrophytes 4233:Medline Plus Entry for coccidioidomycosis 3739: 3721: 3680: 3561:"Molecular and phenotypic description of 3458: 2929: 2919: 2875: 2865: 2764: 2684: 2674: 2491: 2408: 2367: 2240: 2222: 2063: 1871: 1777: 1767: 1715: 1705: 1559: 1549: 1136:Hospital de Clínicas "José de San Martín" 235:in certain parts of the United States in 2616: 2614: 2612: 1377:exhibits symptoms of coccidioidomycosis. 674: 518: 394: 332:Coccidioidomycosis is a common cause of 6120:Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis 5804:Progressive disseminated histoplasmosis 3895:Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 3533:. CDC. December 4, 2012. Archived from 3006:. Arizona Department of Health Services 2854:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2098:International Journal of Biometeorology 2025:(2nd ed.). Elsevier. p. 450. 1622:Annals of the American Thoracic Society 1462: 1305: 800:stain of a coccidioidomycosis spherule. 790:. Rarely, CSF eosinophilia is present. 5060:Disseminated intravascular coagulation 2802:: Medscape- Retrieved January 16, 2017 2171: 2169: 1844:"Tempest From Tehachapi Takes Toll or 1234:California Department of Public Health 3764:"Valley Fever | Anivive Lifesciences" 3625:Teirstein, Zoya (February 12, 2024). 3264:Hospenthal, Duane (January 4, 2019). 3058:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2836:AmB colloidal versus AmB deoxycholate 2267:. Valley Fever Center for Excellence. 702:Grocott's methenamine silver staining 700:tissue by methods of Papanicolaou or 608:when it rains. The spores, known as 321:when it rains. The spores, known as 7: 6035:Erosio interdigitalis blastomycetica 5775:Primary pulmonary coccidioidomycosis 5771:Primary cutaneous coccidioidomycosis 4029:"Coccidioidomycosis: Recent Updates" 3950:Yaitanes, Greg (December 13, 2005), 3814:McKenna, Maryn (November 11, 2021). 3704:Kirkland, Theo (December 16, 2016). 3420:10.1001/archinte.1938.00180160132011 2814:: WebMD - Retrieved January 16, 2017 1974:"Coccidioidomycosis: Recent Updates" 1837: 1835: 1799: 1797: 1737: 1735: 1688:Hector R, Laniado-Laborin R (2005). 378:primary cutaneous coccidioidomycosis 366:primary pulmonary coccidioidomycosis 3999:"'Everything in Between' Storyline" 3661:Korean Journal of Internal Medicine 2826:: WebMD -Retrieved January 16, 2017 2800:amphotericin B phospholipid complex 2559:"Coccidioidomycosis (Valley Fever)" 966:amphotericin B colloidal dispersion 954:amphotericin B phospholipid complex 4842:Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation 3974:Lautanen, Scott (March 28, 2007), 3907:10.1111/j.1939-1676.1995.tb03277.x 2904:"Coccidioidomycosis: epidemiology" 2848:Juan Pablo Botero Aguirre (2015). 2635:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2012.01.003 2022:Weedon's Skin Pathology Essentials 1900:Anguiano, Dani (August 29, 2022). 491:inflammation of the brain's lining 25: 4743:Transient acantholytic dermatosis 3651:Yoon HJ, Clemons KV (July 2013). 627:exist in filament form. It forms 6020:Congenital cutaneous candidiasis 5799:Primary pulmonary histoplasmosis 5794:Primary cutaneous histoplasmosis 5501:Proximal subungual onychomycosis 4852:Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis 2589:"Coccidioidomycosis: Prevention" 2305:"Valley Fever: Awareness is Key" 1818:10.1001/jama.1997.03540350054033 1320: 1308: 135: 6125:Primary cutaneous aspergillosis 5766:Disseminated coccidioidomycosis 5491:White superficial onychomycosis 4862:Hypopigmented mycosis fungoides 3528:"Select Agents and Toxins List" 374:Disseminated coccidioidomycosis 5496:Distal subungual onychomycosis 5103:Lichen sclerosis et atrophicus 4811:Subcorneal pustular dermatosis 4437:Infantile digital fibromatosis 4027:Twarog M, Thompson GR (2015). 3953:The Man in the Fallout Shelter 3492:"HHS select agents and toxins" 2867:10.1002/14651858.CD010481.pub2 2433:"Valley Fever Vaccine Project" 1634:10.1513/AnnalsATS.201308-286FR 1483:. Elsevier. pp. 418–419. 1346:The Man in the Fallout Shelter 763:. TP antibody is not found in 1: 5840:Paracoccidioides brasiliensis 4695:Epidermolysis bullosa simplex 4532:Langerhans cell histiocytosis 3408:Archives of Internal Medicine 2741:"Coccidioidomycosis in a dog" 2181:Fungal diseases: valley fever 1266:A dog with coccidioidomycosis 784:abnormally low glucose levels 6388:Encephalitozoon intestinalis 5881:South American blastomycosis 5876:North American blastomycosis 5481:Tinea pedis (athlete's foot) 5171:Systemic lupus erythematosus 4926:Systemic lupus erythematosus 4617:Systemic lupus erythematosus 3977:The Priest in the Churchyard 3369:Clinical Infectious Diseases 3325:Clinical Infectious Diseases 3084:"Coccidioidmycosis Outbreak" 2663:Clinical Infectious Diseases 2529:10.1097/JOM.0b013e3182480556 2471:Emerging Infectious Diseases 2410:10.1080/13693780410001687349 2340:Emerging Infectious Diseases 1707:10.1371/journal.pmed.0020002 1435:List of cutaneous conditions 1350:The Priest in the Churchyard 1225:Central Valley of California 1071:Pleasant Valley State Prison 970:amphotericin B desoxycholate 950:amphotericin B lipid complex 929:amphotericin B desoxycholate 690:community-acquired pneumonia 683:caused by coccidioidomycosis 576:organism. It resides in the 495:community-acquired pneumonia 334:community-acquired pneumonia 289:organism. It resides in the 6511:Neglected American diseases 6460:Granuloma gluteale infantum 5486:Tinea unguium/onychomycosis 4452:Lymphangioma circumscriptum 2788:Drug-Induced Nephrotoxicity 2745:Canadian Veterinary Journal 2154:. Mayo Clinic. May 27, 2015 1852:Western Journal of Medicine 1477:"28. The dimorphic mycoses" 1338:In the Season 1 episode of 1085:on the western side of the 846:cost-effectiveness analysis 820:associated with the lungs. 568:in the soil and produces a 421:, loss of smell and taste, 281:in the soil and produces a 6532: 5508:Tinea corporis gladiatorum 5274:Mucous membrane pemphigoid 3673:10.3904/kjim.2013.28.4.403 3243:10.1016/j.yapd.2010.08.008 1742:Comrie, Andrew C. (2021). 1227:for years (1,000 cases in 1134:, a medical intern at the 1064:Dinosaur National Monument 1057:1994 Northridge earthquake 818:enlargement of lymph nodes 757:complement fixation assays 508: 370:Chronic coccidioidomycosis 29: 6296:Syncephalastrum racemosum 4083:10.1016/j.idc.2015.10.008 3091:Landslide Hazards Program 2118:10.1007/s00484-002-0155-x 1662:Dermatology: 2-Volume Set 1113:and diseases that impair 720:polymerase chain reaction 657:characteristic chest pain 58: 49: 6303:Apophysomyces variabilis 5865:Blastomyces dermatitidis 5580:Trichophyton schoenleini 5545:Epidermophyton floccosum 5039:Thrombocytopenic purpura 4685:Dermatitis herpetiformis 4670:Acute contact dermatitis 4622:Pityriasis rubra pilaris 4547:Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome 4517:Lichen simplex chronicus 4397:Epidermal inclusion cyst 3939:. University of Arizona. 3793:UArizona Health Sciences 2902:Brown, Jennifer (2013). 1848:Conveyed Aloft and Afar" 952:such as Abelcet (brand) 946:liposomal amphotericin B 451:tissues lining the brain 30:Not to be confused with 6384:Enterocytozoon bieneusi 6347:Conidiobolus incongruus 6289:Lichtheimia corymbifera 6214:Cryptococcus neoformans 6183:Pseudallescheria boydii 5672:Malassezia folliculitis 5594:Trichophyton verrucosum 5304:Squamous-cell carcinoma 5299:Systemic histoplasmosis 4690:Porphyria cutanea tarda 4320:Squamous-cell carcinoma 3433:Smith, CE (June 1940). 3156:10.1196/annals.1406.011 1104:Population risk factors 1096:Plata v. Schwarzenegger 564:fungus that grows as a 550:(on right) life stages. 538:species share the same 277:fungus that grows as a 259:, and northern Mexico. 6506:Animal fungal diseases 6412:Rhinosporidium seeberi 6343:Conidiobolus coronatus 6082:Pneumocystis pneumonia 6071:Pneumocystis jirovecii 6000:Candidal onychomycosis 5990:Antibiotic candidiasis 5846:Paracoccidioidomycosis 5818:African histoplasmosis 5783:Histoplasma capsulatum 5755:Coccidioides posadasii 5573:Trichophyton tonsurans 5279:Cicatricial pemphigoid 5196:Acne keloidalis nuchae 5191:Folliculitis decalvans 4045:10.1055/s-0035-1562900 3563:Coccidioides posadasii 3231:Advances in Pediatrics 2714:Infections in Medicine 2657:(September 15, 2016). 2623:Clinics in Dermatology 2484:10.3201/eid1611.100475 2352:10.3201/eid0705.010005 1990:10.1055/s-0035-1562900 1475:Proia, Laurie (2020). 1419:Coccidioides posadasii 1267: 1252:Coccidioides posadasii 1213:Coccidioides posadasii 1027:In the United States, 991:Coccidioidomycosis is 801: 767:(CSF). TP antibody is 684: 551: 527: 515:Coccidioides posadasii 404: 383:Valley fever is not a 228:Coccidioides posadasii 6155:Phialophora verrucosa 5985:Chronic mucocutaneous 5903:Talaromyces marneffei 5559:Microsporum audouinii 5181:Loose anagen syndrome 5108:Necrobiosis lipoidica 5044:Actinic/solar purpura 4718:Insect bite reactions 4507:Seborrheic dermatitis 4330:Merkel-cell carcinoma 4310:Molluscum contagiosum 3451:10.2105/AJPH.30.6.600 3216:California HealthLine 2986:on February 26, 2016. 2224:10.3390/ijerph8041150 1942:. Saunders Elsevier. 1754:(12): e2021GH000504. 1369:Season 3 Episode 4, " 1357:Everything in Between 1265: 796: 678: 533: 522: 399:A skin lesion due to 398: 103:Antifungal medication 6329:Basidiobolus ranarum 6319:Entomophthoramycosis 6133:Exophiala jeanselmei 6030:Systemic candidiasis 6025:Perianal candidiasis 5889:Sporothrix schenckii 5812:Histoplasma duboisii 5751:Coccidioides immitis 5004:Annulare centrifugum 4527:Glucagonoma syndrome 4325:Basal-cell carcinoma 4300:Seborrheic keratosis 3567:Coccidioides immitis 3540:on February 28, 2013 3266:"Coccidioidomycosis" 3097:on February 2, 2014. 3033:on February 22, 2012 2955:"Coccidioidomycosis" 2824:Amphotec Intravenous 2812:AmBisome Intravenous 2334:Coccidioides immitis 2183:. CDC. July 20, 2015 1769:10.1029/2021gh000504 1664:. St. Louis: Mosby. 1551:10.1128/CMR.00005-13 1412:Coccidioides immitis 1375:Coccidioides immitis 1247:Coccidioides immitis 1218:Coccidioides immitis 1193:Coccidioides immitis 1189:Coccidioides immitis 1185:Coccidioides immitis 1180:Coccidioides immitis 1173:Coccidioides immitis 1150:Coccidioides immitis 962:Amphotec Intravenous 958:AmBisome Intravenous 718:can be amplified by 542:, switching between 511:Coccidioides immitis 419:feeling of tiredness 222:Coccidioides immitis 6441:Fungal folliculitis 6169:Geotrichum candidum 6161:Chromoblastomycosis 6005:Candidal paronychia 5995:Candidal intertrigo 5587:Trichophyton rubrum 5249:Aphthous stomatitis 5186:Lichen planopilaris 5161:Androgenic alopecia 4967:Fixed drug eruption 4542:Pemphigus foliaceus 4442:Granular cell tumor 3508:on October 20, 2013 3289:Reporting on Health 3148:2007NYASA1111..103P 2953:Hospenthal, Duane. 2921:10.2147/CLEP.S34434 2445:on February 1, 2014 2110:2003IJBm...47...87K 1760:2021GHeal...5..504C 1079:Avenal State Prison 870:On the whole, oral 822:Computed tomography 765:cerebrospinal fluid 761:enzyme immunoassays 465:-infected persons. 6501:Biological weapons 6353:Conidiobolomycosis 6335:Basidiobolomycosis 6151:Fonsecaea compacta 6147:Fonsecaea pedrosoi 6015:Diaper candidiasis 5761:Coccidioidomycosis 5269:Pemphigus vulgaris 5098:Granuloma annulare 4962:Carcinoid syndrome 4847:Tuberous sclerosis 4806:Coccidioidomycosis 4680:Bullous pemphigoid 4675:Pemphigus vulgaris 4607:Secondary syphilis 4497:Contact dermatitis 4175:External resources 3795:. October 25, 2021 3723:10.3390/jof2040034 3653:"Vaccines against 2676:10.1093/cid/ciw360 1538:Clin Microbiol Rev 1444:, a 1999 novel by 1385:, a 1999 novel by 1333:In popular culture 1268: 1087:San Joaquin Valley 1033:San Joaquin Valley 802: 775:and thus used for 685: 681:pulmonary fibrosis 552: 540:asexual life cycle 528: 405: 391:Signs and symptoms 385:contagious disease 215:), is a mammalian 131:Coccidioidomycosis 73:Infectious disease 45:Coccidioidomycosis 6488: 6487: 6480:Phaeohyphomycosis 6465:Hyalohyphomycosis 6397: 6396: 6363: 6362: 6199: 6198: 5943: 5942: 5696: 5695: 5661:Malassezia furfur 5646: 5645: 5616:Hortaea werneckii 5603: 5602: 5552:Microsporum canis 5316: 5315: 5312: 5311: 5156:Telogen effluvium 5120: 5119: 5116: 5115: 5077: 5076: 5073: 5072: 5018: 5017: 4870: 4869: 4738:Lichen spinulosus 4733:Keratosis pilaris 4612:Mycosis fungoides 4512:Stasis dermatitis 4502:Atopic dermatitis 4465: 4464: 4340:Trichoepithelioma 4315:Actinic keratosis 4223: 4222: 2720:on March 14, 2010 2032:978-0-7020-6830-0 1949:978-0-7216-2921-6 1671:978-1-4160-2999-1 1490:978-0-323-56866-1 1371:Lines in the Sand 1302:Additional images 1132:Alejandro Posadas 814:pleural effusions 665:through the blood 661:coughing up blood 614:Arvin, California 376:, which includes 327:Arvin, California 128: 127: 60:Histopathological 39:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 6523: 6418:Rhinosporidiosis 6374:Microsporidiosis 6314:Entomophthorales 6256: 6233:Trichosporonosis 5959:Candida albicans 5933:Adiaspiromycosis 5738: 5727: 5718: 5667:Tinea versicolor 5428: 5413: 5404: 5350:Fungal infection 5343: 5336: 5329: 5320: 5254:Oral candidiasis 5131: 5029: 4957:Erythema nodosum 4901: 4890: 4883: 4827:Tinea versicolor 4665:Bullous impetigo 4602:Pityriasis rosea 4537:Lichen sclerosus 4522:Darier's disease 4487: 4476: 4432:Kaposi's sarcoma 4278: 4262: 4255: 4248: 4239: 4113: 4102: 4064: 4014: 4013: 4011: 4009: 3995: 3989: 3988: 3987: 3985: 3971: 3965: 3964: 3963: 3961: 3947: 3941: 3940: 3933: 3927: 3926: 3890: 3884: 3883: 3845: 3839: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3811: 3805: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3785: 3779: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3760: 3754: 3753: 3743: 3725: 3710:Journal of Fungi 3701: 3695: 3694: 3684: 3648: 3642: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3622: 3616: 3615: 3573: 3556: 3550: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3539: 3532: 3524: 3518: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3507: 3496: 3488: 3482: 3479: 3473: 3472: 3462: 3430: 3424: 3423: 3399: 3393: 3392: 3364: 3358: 3355: 3349: 3348: 3331:(9): 1202–1207. 3320: 3314: 3311: 3305: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3295:on July 12, 2015 3291:. Archived from 3280: 3274: 3273: 3261: 3255: 3254: 3226: 3220: 3219: 3218:. July 28, 2014. 3208: 3202: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3182: 3176: 3175: 3131: 3125: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3105: 3099: 3098: 3093:. Archived from 3080: 3074: 3073: 3049: 3043: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3029:. Archived from 3022: 3016: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3005: 2997: 2988: 2987: 2982:. Archived from 2976: 2970: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2950: 2944: 2943: 2933: 2923: 2899: 2890: 2889: 2879: 2869: 2860:(11): CD010481. 2845: 2839: 2833: 2827: 2821: 2815: 2809: 2803: 2797: 2791: 2785: 2779: 2778: 2768: 2736: 2730: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2716:. Archived from 2705: 2699: 2698: 2688: 2678: 2669:(6): e112–e146. 2653: 2647: 2646: 2618: 2607: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2593: 2585: 2579: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2555: 2549: 2548: 2512: 2506: 2505: 2495: 2461: 2455: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2444: 2438:. Archived from 2437: 2429: 2423: 2422: 2412: 2397:Medical Mycology 2388: 2382: 2381: 2371: 2327: 2321: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2301: 2295: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2275: 2269: 2268: 2261: 2255: 2254: 2244: 2226: 2217:(4): 1150–1173. 2202: 2193: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2173: 2164: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2144: 2138: 2137: 2093: 2087: 2084: 2078: 2077: 2067: 2046:Ampel N (2005). 2043: 2037: 2036: 2016: 2010: 2009: 1969: 1954: 1953: 1935: 1929: 1928: 1925:vfce.arizona.edu 1917: 1911: 1909: 1897: 1886: 1885: 1875: 1839: 1830: 1829: 1801: 1792: 1791: 1781: 1771: 1739: 1730: 1729: 1719: 1709: 1685: 1676: 1675: 1657: 1646: 1645: 1617: 1574: 1573: 1563: 1553: 1529: 1520: 1519: 1517: 1515: 1501: 1495: 1494: 1472: 1324: 1312: 972:which had a 50% 944:. These include 895:intraventricular 443:erythema nodosum 211: 207: 200: 199: 196: 195: 192: 189: 186: 183: 180: 177: 174: 171: 168: 165: 162: 159: 156: 153: 150: 147: 144: 141: 54: 42: 27:Fungal infection 21: 6531: 6530: 6526: 6525: 6524: 6522: 6521: 6520: 6516:Fungal diseases 6491: 6490: 6489: 6484: 6424: 6393: 6371: 6359: 6316: 6308: 6275:Rhizopus oryzae 6262: 6247: 6239: 6195: 6088: 5939: 5852: 5733: 5710: 5705: 5692: 5642: 5630:Piedraia hortae 5599: 5532: 5523:Tinea incognito 5518:Tinea imbricata 5422:Dermatophytosis 5419: 5393: 5384: 5375: 5369: 5365: 5356: 5347: 5317: 5308: 5240: 5233: 5200: 5166:Alopecia areata 5144: 5126: 5112: 5069: 5048: 5024: 5014: 4971: 4930: 4916:Viral exanthems 4894: 4878: 4876: 4866: 4837:Pityriasis alba 4815: 4757: 4699: 4636: 4556: 4552:Zinc deficiency 4482: 4480: 4461: 4389: 4380: 4344: 4335:Nevus sebaceous 4269: 4266: 4224: 4219: 4218: 4170: 4169: 4124: 4110: 4068: 4026: 4023: 4021:Further reading 4018: 4017: 4007: 4005: 3997: 3996: 3992: 3983: 3981: 3973: 3972: 3968: 3959: 3957: 3949: 3948: 3944: 3935: 3934: 3930: 3892: 3891: 3887: 3864:10.5326/0440226 3847: 3846: 3842: 3832: 3830: 3813: 3812: 3808: 3798: 3796: 3787: 3786: 3782: 3772: 3770: 3768:www.anivive.com 3762: 3761: 3757: 3703: 3702: 3698: 3650: 3649: 3645: 3635: 3633: 3624: 3623: 3619: 3588:10.2307/3761847 3571: 3558: 3557: 3553: 3543: 3541: 3537: 3530: 3526: 3525: 3521: 3511: 3509: 3505: 3494: 3490: 3489: 3485: 3480: 3476: 3432: 3431: 3427: 3401: 3400: 3396: 3366: 3365: 3361: 3356: 3352: 3322: 3321: 3317: 3312: 3308: 3298: 3296: 3282: 3281: 3277: 3263: 3262: 3258: 3228: 3227: 3223: 3210: 3209: 3205: 3195: 3193: 3184: 3183: 3179: 3133: 3132: 3128: 3118: 3116: 3107: 3106: 3102: 3082: 3081: 3077: 3051: 3050: 3046: 3036: 3034: 3025: 3023: 3019: 3009: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2998: 2991: 2978: 2977: 2973: 2963: 2961: 2952: 2951: 2947: 2901: 2900: 2893: 2847: 2846: 2842: 2834: 2830: 2822: 2818: 2810: 2806: 2798: 2794: 2786: 2782: 2738: 2737: 2733: 2723: 2721: 2707: 2706: 2702: 2655: 2654: 2650: 2620: 2619: 2610: 2600: 2598: 2591: 2587: 2586: 2582: 2572: 2570: 2569:on July 8, 2013 2557: 2556: 2552: 2514: 2513: 2509: 2478:(11): 1738–44. 2463: 2462: 2458: 2448: 2446: 2442: 2435: 2431: 2430: 2426: 2390: 2389: 2385: 2329: 2328: 2324: 2314: 2312: 2303: 2302: 2298: 2288: 2286: 2277: 2276: 2272: 2263: 2262: 2258: 2204: 2203: 2196: 2186: 2184: 2175: 2174: 2167: 2157: 2155: 2146: 2145: 2141: 2095: 2094: 2090: 2085: 2081: 2052:Clin Infect Dis 2045: 2044: 2040: 2033: 2018: 2017: 2013: 1971: 1970: 1957: 1950: 1937: 1936: 1932: 1919: 1918: 1914: 1899: 1898: 1889: 1841: 1840: 1833: 1803: 1802: 1795: 1741: 1740: 1733: 1687: 1686: 1679: 1672: 1659: 1658: 1649: 1619: 1618: 1577: 1531: 1530: 1523: 1513: 1511: 1503: 1502: 1498: 1491: 1474: 1473: 1464: 1459: 1446:Douglas Preston 1430:Medical geology 1400: 1387:Douglas Preston 1335: 1328: 1325: 1316: 1313: 1304: 1283:, it can cause 1260: 1242: 1124: 1106: 1045:Maricopa County 1025: 989: 938:kidney function 924: 864: 830: 807: 777:initial testing 673: 517: 509:Main articles: 507: 471: 393: 353: 265: 209: 205: 138: 134: 40: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6529: 6527: 6519: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6493: 6492: 6486: 6485: 6483: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6456: 6455: 6443: 6438: 6432: 6430: 6426: 6425: 6423: 6422: 6421: 6420: 6407: 6405: 6403:Mesomycetozoea 6399: 6398: 6395: 6394: 6392: 6391: 6379: 6377: 6365: 6364: 6361: 6360: 6358: 6357: 6356: 6355: 6339: 6338: 6337: 6324: 6322: 6310: 6309: 6307: 6306: 6299: 6292: 6285: 6278: 6270: 6268: 6253: 6241: 6240: 6238: 6237: 6236: 6235: 6230: 6222: 6220:Cryptococcosis 6209: 6207: 6201: 6200: 6197: 6196: 6194: 6193: 6192: 6191: 6189:Allescheriasis 6179: 6178: 6177: 6165: 6164: 6163: 6143: 6142: 6141: 6129: 6128: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6099: 6097: 6090: 6089: 6087: 6086: 6085: 6084: 6079: 6077:Pneumocystosis 6067: 6060: 6053: 6046: 6039: 6038: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5954: 5952: 5945: 5944: 5941: 5940: 5938: 5937: 5936: 5935: 5927:Emmonsia parva 5923: 5918: 5916:Scedosporiosis 5913: 5912: 5911: 5899: 5898: 5897: 5895:Sporotrichosis 5885: 5884: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5860: 5858: 5854: 5853: 5851: 5850: 5849: 5848: 5836: 5835: 5834: 5822: 5821: 5820: 5808: 5807: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5789:Histoplasmosis 5779: 5778: 5777: 5768: 5763: 5746: 5744: 5735: 5724: 5715: 5698: 5697: 5694: 5693: 5691: 5690: 5689: 5688: 5676: 5675: 5674: 5669: 5656: 5654: 5648: 5647: 5644: 5643: 5641: 5640: 5639: 5638: 5626: 5625: 5624: 5611: 5609: 5605: 5604: 5601: 5600: 5598: 5597: 5590: 5583: 5576: 5569: 5562: 5555: 5548: 5540: 5538: 5534: 5533: 5531: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5504: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5467: 5466: 5464:Dermatophytids 5461: 5454:Tinea corporis 5451: 5450: 5449: 5434: 5432: 5425: 5410: 5401: 5372:dermatomycosis 5358: 5357: 5354:mesomycetozoea 5348: 5346: 5345: 5338: 5331: 5323: 5314: 5313: 5310: 5309: 5307: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5289:Coxsackievirus 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5245: 5243: 5235: 5234: 5232: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5210: 5208: 5202: 5201: 5199: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5152: 5150: 5146: 5145: 5143: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5128: 5122: 5121: 5118: 5117: 5114: 5113: 5111: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5085: 5083: 5079: 5078: 5075: 5074: 5071: 5070: 5068: 5067: 5062: 5056: 5054: 5050: 5049: 5047: 5046: 5041: 5035: 5033: 5026: 5020: 5019: 5016: 5015: 5013: 5012: 5006: 5001: 4999:Gyratum repens 4996: 4991: 4985: 4979: 4977: 4973: 4972: 4970: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4938: 4936: 4932: 4931: 4929: 4928: 4923: 4921:Toxic erythema 4918: 4913: 4911:Drug eruptions 4907: 4905: 4898: 4887: 4880: 4872: 4871: 4868: 4867: 4865: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4823: 4821: 4817: 4816: 4814: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4767: 4765: 4759: 4758: 4756: 4755: 4750: 4748:Lichen nitidus 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4709: 4707: 4701: 4700: 4698: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4650:Herpes simplex 4646: 4644: 4638: 4637: 4635: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4572: 4566: 4564: 4558: 4557: 4555: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4493: 4491: 4484: 4473: 4467: 4466: 4463: 4462: 4460: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4393: 4391: 4382: 4381: 4379: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4352: 4350: 4346: 4345: 4343: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4286: 4284: 4275: 4271: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4264: 4257: 4250: 4242: 4236: 4235: 4230: 4221: 4220: 4217: 4216: 4205: 4191: 4179: 4178: 4176: 4172: 4171: 4168: 4167: 4156: 4141: 4125: 4120: 4119: 4117: 4116:Classification 4109: 4108:External links 4106: 4105: 4104: 4077:(1): 229–246. 4066: 4039:(5): 746–755. 4022: 4019: 4016: 4015: 3990: 3966: 3942: 3928: 3885: 3858:(5): 226–235. 3840: 3806: 3780: 3755: 3696: 3643: 3617: 3551: 3519: 3483: 3474: 3425: 3394: 3381:10.1086/513202 3375:(9): 1202–07. 3359: 3350: 3337:10.1086/513202 3315: 3306: 3283:Cook, Rachel. 3275: 3256: 3237:(1): 269–286. 3221: 3203: 3177: 3126: 3100: 3075: 3064:(5): 105–109. 3044: 3017: 2989: 2971: 2945: 2908:Clin Epidemiol 2891: 2840: 2828: 2816: 2804: 2792: 2780: 2751:(2): 159–160. 2731: 2700: 2648: 2629:(6): 573–591. 2608: 2580: 2550: 2523:(5): 564–571. 2507: 2456: 2424: 2403:(3): 189–216. 2383: 2346:(5): 797–806. 2322: 2296: 2270: 2265:"Risk factors" 2256: 2194: 2165: 2139: 2088: 2079: 2065:10.1086/444502 2038: 2031: 2011: 1984:(5): 746–755. 1955: 1948: 1930: 1912: 1887: 1858:(6): 527–530. 1831: 1793: 1731: 1677: 1670: 1647: 1575: 1521: 1496: 1489: 1461: 1460: 1458: 1455: 1454: 1453: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1415: 1408: 1399: 1396: 1395: 1394: 1378: 1361: 1353: 1334: 1331: 1330: 1329: 1326: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1307: 1303: 1300: 1259: 1256: 1241: 1238: 1195:is not on the 1165:Histoplasmosis 1123: 1120: 1105: 1102: 1024: 1021: 988: 985: 934:nephrotoxicity 923: 920: 879:amphotericin B 863: 860: 829: 826: 806: 803: 707:With specific 672: 669: 546:(on left) and 523:Life cycle of 506: 503: 489:problems, and 470: 467: 392: 389: 381: 380: 371: 368: 352: 351:Classification 349: 264: 261: 217:fungal disease 208:-ee-oy-doh-my- 126: 125: 115:Amphotericin B 112: 106: 105: 100: 96: 95: 88: 84: 83: 82:Acute, chronic 80: 76: 75: 70: 64: 63: 56: 55: 47: 46: 38: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6528: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6498: 6496: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6475:Keratomycosis 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6454: 6451: 6450: 6449: 6448: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6436:Alternariosis 6434: 6433: 6431: 6427: 6419: 6416: 6415: 6414: 6413: 6409: 6408: 6406: 6404: 6400: 6390: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6370: 6369:Microsporidia 6366: 6354: 6351: 6350: 6349: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6333: 6332: 6331: 6330: 6326: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6315: 6311: 6305: 6304: 6300: 6298: 6297: 6293: 6291: 6290: 6286: 6284: 6283: 6282:Mucor indicus 6279: 6277: 6276: 6272: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6261: 6257: 6254: 6251: 6246: 6242: 6234: 6231: 6228: 6227: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6217: 6216: 6215: 6211: 6210: 6208: 6206: 6205:Basidiomycota 6202: 6190: 6187: 6186: 6185: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6173: 6172: 6171: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6159: 6158: 6157: 6156: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6137: 6136: 6135: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6110:Aspergillosis 6108: 6107: 6106: 6105: 6101: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6091: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6074: 6073: 6072: 6068: 6066: 6065: 6064:C. tropicalis 6061: 6059: 6058: 6057:C. lusitaniae 6054: 6052: 6051: 6047: 6045: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5962: 5961: 5960: 5956: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5946: 5934: 5931: 5930: 5929: 5928: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5910: 5909:Talaromycosis 5907: 5906: 5905: 5904: 5900: 5896: 5893: 5892: 5891: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5871:Blastomycosis 5869: 5868: 5867: 5866: 5862: 5861: 5859: 5855: 5847: 5844: 5843: 5842: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5830: 5829: 5828: 5827: 5826:Lacazia loboi 5823: 5819: 5816: 5815: 5814: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5786: 5785: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5758: 5757: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5747: 5745: 5743: 5739: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5713:opportunistic 5708: 5703: 5699: 5687: 5684: 5683: 5682: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5664: 5663: 5662: 5658: 5657: 5655: 5653: 5652:Basidiomycota 5649: 5637: 5634: 5633: 5632: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5620: 5619: 5618: 5617: 5613: 5612: 5610: 5606: 5596: 5595: 5591: 5589: 5588: 5584: 5582: 5581: 5577: 5575: 5574: 5570: 5568: 5567: 5563: 5561: 5560: 5556: 5554: 5553: 5549: 5547: 5546: 5542: 5541: 5539: 5535: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5488: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5456: 5455: 5452: 5448: 5445: 5444: 5443: 5442:tinea capitis 5439: 5436: 5435: 5433: 5429: 5426: 5423: 5418: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5396: 5391: 5387: 5382: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5344: 5339: 5337: 5332: 5330: 5325: 5324: 5321: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5259:Lichen planus 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5246: 5244: 5242: 5236: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5214:Onychomycosis 5212: 5211: 5209: 5207: 5203: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5176:Tinea capitis 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5153: 5151: 5147: 5141: 5140: 5138: 5136: 5132: 5129: 5125:Miscellaneous 5123: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5090: 5087: 5086: 5084: 5080: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5057: 5055: 5051: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5036: 5034: 5030: 5027: 5023:Nonblanchable 5021: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4980: 4978: 4974: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4939: 4937: 4933: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4908: 4906: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4891: 4888: 4884: 4881: 4873: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4824: 4822: 4820:Hypopigmented 4818: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4771:Acne vulgaris 4769: 4768: 4766: 4764: 4760: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4723:Lichen planus 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4710: 4708: 4706: 4702: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4655:Herpes zoster 4653: 4651: 4648: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4639: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4627:Parapsoriasis 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4567: 4565: 4563: 4559: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4494: 4492: 4488: 4485: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4468: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4394: 4392: 4387: 4383: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4353: 4351: 4347: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4279: 4276: 4272: 4263: 4258: 4256: 4251: 4249: 4244: 4243: 4240: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4225: 4215: 4211: 4210: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4197: 4196: 4192: 4190: 4186: 4185: 4181: 4180: 4177: 4173: 4166: 4162: 4161: 4157: 4155: 4151: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4140: 4136: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4126: 4123: 4118: 4114: 4107: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4025: 4024: 4020: 4004: 4000: 3994: 3991: 3979: 3978: 3970: 3967: 3955: 3954: 3946: 3943: 3938: 3932: 3929: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3889: 3886: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3852: 3844: 3841: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3810: 3807: 3794: 3790: 3784: 3781: 3769: 3765: 3759: 3756: 3751: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3724: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3700: 3697: 3692: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3656: 3647: 3644: 3632: 3628: 3621: 3618: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3570: 3568: 3564: 3555: 3552: 3536: 3529: 3523: 3520: 3504: 3500: 3493: 3487: 3484: 3478: 3475: 3470: 3466: 3461: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3445:(6): 600–11. 3444: 3440: 3436: 3429: 3426: 3421: 3417: 3414:(5): 853–71. 3413: 3409: 3405: 3398: 3395: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3363: 3360: 3354: 3351: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3319: 3316: 3310: 3307: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3279: 3276: 3271: 3267: 3260: 3257: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3225: 3222: 3217: 3213: 3207: 3204: 3192: 3188: 3181: 3178: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3142:(1): 103–11. 3141: 3137: 3130: 3127: 3114: 3110: 3104: 3101: 3096: 3092: 3090: 3085: 3079: 3076: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3048: 3045: 3032: 3028: 3021: 3018: 3002: 2996: 2994: 2990: 2985: 2981: 2975: 2972: 2960: 2956: 2949: 2946: 2941: 2937: 2932: 2927: 2922: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2898: 2896: 2892: 2887: 2883: 2878: 2873: 2868: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2844: 2841: 2837: 2832: 2829: 2825: 2820: 2817: 2813: 2808: 2805: 2801: 2796: 2793: 2789: 2784: 2781: 2776: 2772: 2767: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2735: 2732: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2704: 2701: 2696: 2692: 2687: 2682: 2677: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2652: 2649: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2609: 2597: 2590: 2584: 2581: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2554: 2551: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2511: 2508: 2503: 2499: 2494: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2472: 2467: 2460: 2457: 2441: 2434: 2428: 2425: 2420: 2416: 2411: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2387: 2384: 2379: 2375: 2370: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2335: 2326: 2323: 2310: 2306: 2300: 2297: 2284: 2280: 2274: 2271: 2266: 2260: 2257: 2252: 2248: 2243: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2201: 2199: 2195: 2187:September 30, 2182: 2178: 2172: 2170: 2166: 2158:September 30, 2153: 2149: 2148:"Mayo Clinic" 2143: 2140: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2104:(2): 87–101. 2103: 2099: 2092: 2089: 2083: 2080: 2075: 2071: 2066: 2061: 2058:(8): 1174–8. 2057: 2053: 2049: 2042: 2039: 2034: 2028: 2024: 2023: 2015: 2012: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1956: 1951: 1945: 1941: 1934: 1931: 1926: 1922: 1916: 1913: 1907: 1903: 1896: 1894: 1892: 1888: 1883: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1847: 1838: 1836: 1832: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1812:(11): 904–8. 1811: 1807: 1800: 1798: 1794: 1789: 1785: 1780: 1775: 1770: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1738: 1736: 1732: 1727: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1684: 1682: 1678: 1673: 1667: 1663: 1656: 1654: 1652: 1648: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1628:(2): 243–53. 1627: 1623: 1616: 1614: 1612: 1610: 1608: 1606: 1604: 1602: 1600: 1598: 1596: 1594: 1592: 1590: 1588: 1586: 1584: 1582: 1580: 1576: 1571: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1544:(3): 505–25. 1543: 1539: 1535: 1528: 1526: 1522: 1510: 1506: 1500: 1497: 1492: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1471: 1469: 1467: 1463: 1456: 1451: 1450:Lincoln Child 1447: 1443: 1442: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1420: 1416: 1414: 1413: 1409: 1407: 1406: 1402: 1401: 1397: 1392: 1391:Lincoln Child 1388: 1384: 1383: 1379: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1367: 1362: 1359: 1358: 1354: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1342: 1337: 1336: 1332: 1323: 1318: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1299: 1297: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1285:heart failure 1282: 1278: 1277:osteomyelitis 1274: 1264: 1258:Other animals 1257: 1255: 1253: 1249: 1248: 1239: 1237: 1235: 1230: 1226: 1221: 1219: 1215: 1214: 1208: 1206: 1205:select agents 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1181: 1177: 1174: 1170: 1169:Blastomycosis 1166: 1162: 1157: 1156:, not mild). 1155: 1151: 1148:and named it 1147: 1143: 1142: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1112: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1097: 1093:appointed in 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1067: 1065: 1060: 1058: 1052: 1048: 1046: 1041: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1023:North America 1022: 1020: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 986: 984: 982: 977: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 930: 926:Conventional 921: 919: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 877: 873: 868: 861: 859: 856: 850: 847: 843: 839: 834: 827: 825: 823: 819: 815: 811: 804: 799: 795: 791: 789: 785: 780: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 751: 747: 743: 738: 736: 732: 728: 725: 721: 717: 714: 710: 705: 703: 699: 695: 691: 682: 677: 670: 668: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 633:arthroconidia 630: 626: 622: 617: 615: 611: 610:arthroconidia 607: 603: 599: 595: 594:South America 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 560: 556: 549: 545: 541: 537: 532: 526: 521: 516: 512: 504: 502: 498: 496: 492: 488: 487:urinary tract 484: 480: 476: 469:Complications 468: 466: 464: 460: 456: 455:Osteomyelitis 452: 446: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 415: 411: 402: 397: 390: 388: 386: 379: 375: 372: 369: 367: 363: 362: 361: 358: 350: 348: 346: 341: 339: 335: 330: 328: 324: 323:arthroconidia 320: 316: 312: 308: 307:South America 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 273: 269: 262: 260: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 229: 224: 223: 218: 214: 213: 198: 132: 124: 120: 116: 113: 111: 107: 104: 101: 97: 94: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 74: 71: 69: 65: 61: 57: 53: 48: 43: 37: 33: 19: 6445: 6410: 6382: 6341: 6327: 6301: 6294: 6287: 6280: 6273: 6265:Mucormycosis 6226:Trichosporon 6224: 6212: 6181: 6175:Geotrichosis 6167: 6145: 6131: 6115:Aspergilloma 6102: 6069: 6062: 6055: 6048: 6041: 5980:Vulvovaginal 5957: 5925: 5901: 5887: 5863: 5838: 5824: 5810: 5781: 5760: 5749: 5734:(yeast+mold) 5702:Subcutaneous 5686:White piedra 5680:Trichosporon 5678: 5659: 5636:Black piedra 5628: 5614: 5592: 5585: 5578: 5571: 5564: 5557: 5550: 5543: 5513:Tinea faciei 5476:Tinea manuum 5471:Tinea cruris 5438:Tinea barbae 5417:Dermatophyte 5229:Ingrown nail 4805: 4801:Dermatophyte 4796:Gonococcemia 4781:Folliculitis 4422:Neurofibroma 4390:subcutaneous 4207: 4193: 4182: 4158: 4143: 4128: 4074: 4070: 4036: 4032: 4008:September 1, 4006:. Retrieved 4002: 3993: 3984:December 16, 3982:, retrieved 3976: 3969: 3960:December 16, 3958:, retrieved 3952: 3945: 3931: 3901:(2): 86–91. 3898: 3894: 3888: 3855: 3849: 3843: 3831:. Retrieved 3819: 3809: 3797:. Retrieved 3792: 3783: 3771:. Retrieved 3767: 3758: 3713: 3709: 3699: 3667:(4): 403–7. 3664: 3660: 3655:Coccidioides 3654: 3646: 3636:February 14, 3634:. Retrieved 3630: 3620: 3596:10044/1/4213 3582:(1): 73–84. 3579: 3575: 3566: 3562: 3554: 3542:. Retrieved 3535:the original 3522: 3510:. Retrieved 3503:the original 3498: 3486: 3477: 3442: 3438: 3428: 3411: 3407: 3404:Coccidioides 3403: 3397: 3372: 3368: 3362: 3353: 3328: 3324: 3318: 3309: 3297:. Retrieved 3293:the original 3288: 3278: 3269: 3259: 3234: 3230: 3224: 3215: 3206: 3194:. Retrieved 3190: 3180: 3139: 3135: 3129: 3117:. Retrieved 3112: 3103: 3095:the original 3087: 3078: 3061: 3057: 3047: 3035:. Retrieved 3031:the original 3020: 3008:. Retrieved 2984:the original 2974: 2962:. Retrieved 2958: 2948: 2911: 2907: 2857: 2853: 2843: 2831: 2819: 2807: 2795: 2783: 2748: 2744: 2734: 2722:. Retrieved 2718:the original 2713: 2703: 2686:10150/621661 2666: 2662: 2651: 2626: 2622: 2599:. Retrieved 2595: 2583: 2571:. Retrieved 2567:the original 2562: 2553: 2520: 2516: 2510: 2475: 2469: 2459: 2447:. Retrieved 2440:the original 2427: 2400: 2396: 2386: 2343: 2339: 2333: 2325: 2313:. Retrieved 2309:CDC Features 2308: 2299: 2287:. Retrieved 2282: 2273: 2259: 2214: 2210: 2185:. Retrieved 2180: 2156:. Retrieved 2152:Valley Fever 2151: 2142: 2101: 2097: 2091: 2082: 2055: 2051: 2041: 2021: 2014: 1981: 1977: 1939: 1933: 1924: 1915: 1906:The Guardian 1905: 1855: 1851: 1846:Coccidioides 1845: 1809: 1805: 1751: 1747: 1697: 1693: 1661: 1625: 1621: 1541: 1537: 1512:. Retrieved 1508: 1499: 1480: 1440: 1417: 1410: 1405:Coccidioides 1403: 1380: 1364: 1355: 1339: 1292: 1289: 1269: 1251: 1245: 1243: 1222: 1217: 1211: 1209: 1207:and toxins. 1192: 1188: 1184: 1179: 1178: 1172: 1161:Coccidioides 1160: 1158: 1153: 1152:(resembling 1149: 1139: 1128:Buenos Aires 1125: 1107: 1094: 1068: 1061: 1053: 1049: 1042: 1037:C. posadassi 1036: 1028: 1026: 990: 987:Epidemiology 978: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 942:cytotoxicity 927: 925: 904:voriconazole 900:posaconazole 887:ketoconazole 883:itraconazole 869: 865: 854: 851: 835: 831: 810:Chest X-rays 808: 781: 739: 735:C. posadasii 734: 730: 723: 712: 706: 686: 637:Coccidioides 636: 625:Coccidioides 624: 618: 597: 572:form in the 554: 553: 536:Coccidioides 535: 525:Coccidioides 524: 499: 472: 447: 406: 401:Coccidioides 400: 382: 357:Coccidioides 356: 354: 342: 331: 310: 285:form in the 267: 266: 226: 220: 130: 129: 119:itraconazole 92:Coccidioides 90: 36: 18:Valley fever 6250:Zygomycosis 6104:Aspergillus 6050:C. glabrata 5965:Candidiasis 5921:Emmonsiosis 5832:Lobomycosis 5622:Tinea nigra 5537:By organism 5431:By location 5362:Superficial 5284:Herpesvirus 5264:Leukoplakia 5089:Scleroderma 4976:Specialized 4904:Generalized 4879:involvement 4791:Candidiasis 4483:involvement 4457:Myxoid cyst 4305:Acrochordon 4184:MedlinePlus 3833:February 1, 3799:February 1, 3773:February 1, 3299:October 20, 3191:Voice of OC 3037:February 7, 2964:October 18, 1509:icd.who.int 1441:Thunderhead 1425:Zygomycosis 1382:Thunderhead 1287:and death. 1281:pericardium 1273:disseminate 1229:Kern county 1171:. Further, 891:Intrathecal 876:intravenous 872:fluconazole 788:pleocytosis 562:saprophytic 435:muscle pain 345:Kern county 275:saprophytic 263:Description 123:fluconazole 32:Coccidiosis 6495:Categories 6470:Otomycosis 6453:Fusariosis 6245:Zygomycota 6139:Eumycetoma 5975:Esophageal 5742:Onygenales 5722:Ascomycota 5408:Ascomycota 5224:Paronychia 5065:Vasculitis 4989:Multiforme 4987:Erythema ( 4942:Cellulitis 4893:Blanchable 4642:Blistering 4632:Ichthyosis 4490:Eczematous 4402:Hemangioma 2914:: 185–97. 1457:References 1029:C. immitis 1009:New Mexico 1001:California 936:impairing 828:Prevention 731:C. immitis 724:C. immitis 713:C. immitis 709:nucleotide 679:A case of 649:endospores 645:septations 621:agar media 598:C. immitis 582:California 555:C. immitis 459:meningitis 439:joint pain 410:bronchitis 338:contagious 311:C. immitis 295:California 268:C. immitis 249:New Mexico 241:California 219:caused by 110:Medication 6429:Ungrouped 6260:Mucorales 5731:Dimorphic 5395:endothrix 5367:cutaneous 5219:Psoriasis 5127:disorders 5082:Indurated 4983:Urticaria 4935:Localized 4877:epidermal 4660:Varicella 4570:Psoriasis 4481:epidermal 4447:Leiomyoma 4349:Pigmented 4282:Epidermal 4195:eMedicine 4103:(Review). 4099:265802757 4065:(Review). 3915:1939-1676 3872:0587-2871 3828:1059-1028 3732:2309-608X 3716:(4): 34. 3576:Mycologia 2757:0008-5286 2360:1080-6040 2233:1661-7827 1864:0093-0415 1748:Geohealth 1700:(1): e2. 1296:javelinas 1210:In 2002, 1146:protozoan 916:Greyhound 912:pneumonia 862:Treatment 773:sensitive 711:primers, 671:Diagnosis 559:dimorphic 548:parasitic 483:abscesses 475:pneumonia 427:headaches 425:, cough, 414:pneumonia 403:infection 272:dimorphic 99:Treatment 68:Specialty 6447:Fusarium 6043:C. auris 6010:Candidid 5707:systemic 5459:Ringworm 5390:exothrix 5294:Syphilis 5241:membrane 4896:Erythema 4832:Vitiligo 4786:Impetigo 4763:Pustular 4728:Miliaria 4576:Corporis 4427:Xanthoma 4376:Melanoma 4356:Freckles 4209:Orphanet 4091:26739609 4061:36888911 4053:26398540 3880:18762558 3750:29376949 3691:23864796 3612:21156479 3544:July 11, 3512:July 11, 3469:18015234 3389:17407039 3345:17407039 3270:Medscape 3251:21056742 3172:29147634 3164:17332089 3119:July 10, 3070:19214158 3010:July 10, 2959:Medscape 2940:23843703 2886:26595825 2877:10542271 2775:12650050 2724:July 15, 2695:27470238 2643:23068145 2601:July 12, 2573:July 11, 2545:21931825 2537:22504958 2502:21029532 2449:July 11, 2419:15283234 2378:11747691 2251:21695034 2134:23498844 2126:12647095 2074:16163637 2006:36888911 1998:26398540 1788:34877441 1726:15696207 1694:PLOS Med 1642:24575994 1570:23824371 1514:June 26, 1398:See also 1344:called " 1240:Research 1203:list of 1154:Coccidia 1141:Coccidia 1091:receiver 1075:Coalinga 956:also as 922:Toxicity 855:EIA test 769:specific 753:antibody 744:or host 570:spherule 566:mycelium 544:saprobic 283:spherule 279:mycelium 5093:morphea 5053:Papular 5032:Macular 5025:Purpura 5009:Ab igne 4994:Migrans 4947:Abscess 4875:Without 4857:Leprosy 4776:Rosacea 4713:Scabies 4705:Papular 4574:Tinea ( 4562:Scaling 4366:Melasma 4361:Lentigo 4274:Growths 4203:ped/423 4200:med/103 4165:D003047 3980:, Bones 3956:, Bones 3923:7760314 3741:5715932 3682:3712146 3604:3761847 3460:1530901 3144:Bibcode 2931:3702223 2493:3294516 2369:2631863 2315:July 6, 2289:July 6, 2242:3118883 2106:Bibcode 1873:1238466 1826:9062329 1779:8628988 1756:Bibcode 1561:3719491 1122:History 997:Arizona 993:endemic 805:Imaging 742:antigen 653:Nodules 641:alveoli 590:Central 586:Arizona 479:nodules 303:Central 299:Arizona 237:Arizona 233:endemic 5447:Kerion 5386:Piedra 5239:Mucous 5135:Ulcers 4596:Faciei 4591:Manuum 4581:Cruris 4471:Rashes 4417:Lipoma 4412:Keloid 4386:Dermal 4295:Callus 4214:228123 4189:001322 4097: 4089: 4059: 4051: 3921: 3913: 3878: 3870: 3826: 3748: 3738: 3730: 3689: 3679: 3610: 3602: 3467: 3457: 3387: 3343: 3249: 3196:May 9, 3170: 3162: 3068: 2938: 2928: 2884: 2874: 2773: 2766:340059 2763: 2755: 2693: 2641: 2543: 2535: 2500: 2490: 2417: 2376: 2366: 2358: 2249: 2239: 2231: 2132: 2124: 2072: 2029: 2004: 1996: 1946: 1882:735056 1880: 1870: 1862: 1824: 1786: 1776: 1724: 1717:545195 1714: 1668: 1640: 1568: 1558: 1487: 1144:-type 1115:T-cell 1083:Avenal 1005:Nevada 974:murine 759:, and 698:biopsy 694:sputum 629:hyphae 606:spores 437:, and 355:After 319:spores 245:Nevada 87:Causes 6096:-like 5951:-like 5949:Yeast 5857:Other 5608:Other 5528:Favus 5377:Tinea 4586:Pedis 4371:Nevus 4095:S2CID 4057:S2CID 3820:Wired 3631:Grist 3600:JSTOR 3572:(PDF) 3538:(PDF) 3531:(PDF) 3506:(PDF) 3495:(PDF) 3168:S2CID 3004:(PDF) 2592:(PDF) 2541:S2CID 2443:(PDF) 2436:(PDF) 2177:"CDC" 2130:S2CID 2002:S2CID 1366:House 1341:Bones 1199:' or 1081:near 1073:near 1013:Texas 960:, or 816:, or 557:is a 534:Both 505:Cause 423:fever 270:is a 253:Texas 79:Types 6094:Mold 5970:Oral 5711:and 5399:hair 5397:) = 5381:skin 5352:and 5206:Nail 5149:Hair 4952:Boil 4479:With 4290:Wart 4160:MeSH 4149:9-CM 4087:PMID 4049:PMID 4010:2022 4003:IMDB 3986:2022 3962:2022 3919:PMID 3911:ISSN 3876:PMID 3868:ISSN 3835:2023 3824:ISSN 3801:2023 3775:2023 3746:PMID 3728:ISSN 3687:PMID 3638:2024 3608:PMID 3546:2013 3514:2013 3465:PMID 3385:PMID 3341:PMID 3301:2015 3247:PMID 3198:2013 3160:PMID 3140:1111 3121:2013 3089:USGS 3066:PMID 3039:2016 3012:2013 2966:2015 2936:PMID 2882:PMID 2858:2015 2771:PMID 2753:ISSN 2726:2009 2691:PMID 2639:PMID 2603:2013 2575:2013 2533:PMID 2498:PMID 2451:2013 2415:PMID 2374:PMID 2356:ISSN 2317:2013 2291:2013 2247:PMID 2229:ISSN 2189:2015 2160:2015 2122:PMID 2070:PMID 2027:ISBN 1994:PMID 1944:ISBN 1878:PMID 1860:ISSN 1822:PMID 1806:JAMA 1784:PMID 1722:PMID 1666:ISBN 1638:PMID 1566:PMID 1516:2021 1485:ISBN 1448:and 1389:and 1294:and 1167:and 1077:and 1017:Utah 981:US$ 902:and 885:and 874:and 733:and 696:and 602:mold 592:and 584:and 578:soil 574:host 513:and 431:rash 315:mold 305:and 297:and 291:soil 287:host 257:Utah 212:-sis 204:kok- 6229:spp 5364:and 4886:Red 4388:and 4154:114 4145:ICD 4139:B38 4130:ICD 4079:doi 4041:doi 3903:doi 3860:doi 3736:PMC 3718:doi 3677:PMC 3669:doi 3592:hdl 3584:doi 3455:PMC 3447:doi 3416:doi 3377:doi 3333:doi 3239:doi 3152:doi 2926:PMC 2916:doi 2872:PMC 2862:doi 2761:PMC 2681:hdl 2671:doi 2631:doi 2525:doi 2488:PMC 2480:doi 2405:doi 2364:PMC 2348:doi 2237:PMC 2219:doi 2114:doi 2060:doi 1986:doi 1868:PMC 1856:129 1814:doi 1810:277 1774:PMC 1764:doi 1712:PMC 1702:doi 1630:doi 1556:PMC 1546:doi 1363:In 1250:or 1130:by 1111:HIV 908:flu 893:or 798:PAS 750:IgG 748:or 746:IgM 727:RNA 716:DNA 623:), 463:HIV 412:or 225:or 210:KOH 206:SID 6497:: 5773:. 5379:= 5374:): 4212:: 4198:: 4187:: 4163:: 4152:: 4137:: 4134:10 4093:. 4085:. 4075:30 4073:. 4055:. 4047:. 4037:36 4035:. 4031:. 4001:. 3917:. 3909:. 3897:. 3874:. 3866:. 3856:44 3854:. 3822:. 3818:. 3791:. 3766:. 3744:. 3734:. 3726:. 3712:. 3708:. 3685:. 3675:. 3665:28 3663:. 3659:. 3629:. 3606:. 3598:. 3590:. 3580:94 3578:. 3574:. 3497:. 3463:. 3453:. 3443:30 3441:. 3437:. 3412:62 3410:. 3383:. 3373:44 3371:. 3339:. 3329:44 3327:. 3287:. 3268:. 3245:. 3235:57 3233:. 3214:. 3189:. 3166:. 3158:. 3150:. 3138:. 3111:. 3086:. 3062:58 3060:. 3056:. 2992:^ 2957:. 2934:. 2924:. 2910:. 2906:. 2894:^ 2880:. 2870:. 2856:. 2852:. 2769:. 2759:. 2749:44 2747:. 2743:. 2712:. 2689:. 2679:. 2667:63 2665:. 2661:. 2637:. 2627:30 2625:. 2611:^ 2594:. 2561:. 2539:. 2531:. 2521:54 2519:. 2496:. 2486:. 2476:16 2474:. 2468:. 2413:. 2401:42 2399:. 2395:. 2372:. 2362:. 2354:. 2342:. 2338:. 2307:. 2281:. 2245:. 2235:. 2227:. 2213:. 2209:. 2197:^ 2179:. 2168:^ 2150:. 2128:. 2120:. 2112:. 2102:47 2100:. 2068:. 2056:41 2054:. 2050:. 2000:. 1992:. 1982:36 1980:. 1976:. 1958:^ 1923:. 1904:. 1890:^ 1876:. 1866:. 1854:. 1850:. 1834:^ 1820:. 1808:. 1796:^ 1782:. 1772:. 1762:. 1750:. 1746:. 1734:^ 1720:. 1710:. 1696:. 1692:. 1680:^ 1650:^ 1636:. 1626:11 1624:. 1578:^ 1564:. 1554:. 1542:26 1540:. 1536:. 1524:^ 1507:. 1465:^ 1298:. 1035:. 1015:, 1011:, 1007:, 1003:, 999:, 948:, 910:, 779:. 729:. 659:, 596:. 445:. 433:, 429:, 309:. 255:, 251:, 247:, 243:, 239:, 201:, 185:oʊ 176:aɪ 170:oʊ 164:ɔɪ 121:, 117:, 6386:/ 6376:) 6372:( 6345:/ 6321:) 6317:( 6267:) 6263:( 6252:) 6248:( 6153:/ 6149:/ 5753:/ 5709:, 5704:, 5440:/ 5424:) 5420:( 5392:/ 5388:( 5383:; 5370:( 5342:e 5335:t 5328:v 5091:/ 5011:) 4598:) 4261:e 4254:t 4247:v 4147:- 4132:- 4122:D 4101:. 4081:: 4063:. 4043:: 4012:. 3925:. 3905:: 3899:9 3882:. 3862:: 3837:. 3803:. 3777:. 3752:. 3720:: 3714:2 3693:. 3671:: 3657:" 3640:. 3614:. 3594:: 3586:: 3569:" 3548:. 3516:. 3471:. 3449:: 3422:. 3418:: 3391:. 3379:: 3347:. 3335:: 3303:. 3272:. 3253:. 3241:: 3200:. 3174:. 3154:: 3146:: 3123:. 3072:. 3041:. 3014:. 2968:. 2942:. 2918:: 2912:5 2888:. 2864:: 2777:. 2728:. 2697:. 2683:: 2673:: 2645:. 2633:: 2605:. 2577:. 2547:. 2527:: 2504:. 2482:: 2453:. 2421:. 2407:: 2380:. 2350:: 2344:7 2336:" 2319:. 2293:. 2253:. 2221:: 2215:8 2191:. 2162:. 2136:. 2116:: 2108:: 2076:. 2062:: 2035:. 2008:. 1988:: 1952:. 1927:. 1908:. 1884:. 1828:. 1816:: 1790:. 1766:: 1758:: 1752:5 1728:. 1704:: 1698:2 1674:. 1644:. 1632:: 1572:. 1548:: 1518:. 1493:. 197:/ 194:s 191:ɪ 188:s 182:k 179:ˈ 173:m 167:d 161:i 158:d 155:ɪ 152:s 149:ˌ 146:k 143:ɒ 140:k 137:/ 133:( 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index