185:. Lava flows emanated from cones, domes and fractures; some cones have been breached by lava flows. Lava flows reach lengths of 20 kilometres (12 mi) and thicknesses of 80 metres (260 ft); their surfaces are blocky and feature channels. The highest individual volcano is 400 metres (1,300 ft) high although the average height of cones is about 50–170 metres (160–560 ft) or 200–300 metres (660–980 ft) and their width is about 500–650 metres (1,640–2,130 ft); lava domes reach heights of 20–150 metres (66–492 ft). Most of the vents are concentrated in the Valley of the Volcanoes, a 60 kilometres (37 mi) long and 1–9 kilometres (0.62–5.59 mi) wide valley that descends to the Colca River, where they form clusters and alignments which have flooded the valley and tributary valleys with lava flows; most vents are situated on the valley floor while others lie on its flanks. Aside from the Andagua Valley proper, the volcanoes spread across the Apune Valley to the northwest and the Ayo Valley to the south. These are not
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field northeast of
Gloriahuasi with the Gloriahuasi stratovolcano - the only stratovolcano that is part of the Andagua volcanic field -, the Jaran field northwest from Lagunillas Pass which has the Marbas Grande cinder cone, the Marbas Chico cinder cones and Llajuapampa cinder cone, and finally the Uchan field south of the Lagunillas Pass with the Uchan Sur and Tururunca cinder cones, some lava domes farther south and a lava flow field that also runs south. With the exception of the Huambo volcanic field which features Holocene vents they are all of Pleistocene age.
335:
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731:. Three separate generations of volcanic activity have been defined, a Pleistocene generation, a Pleistocene-Holocene generation and a Holocene generation, with about 3-4 vents forming every ten thousand years. The eruptions of the Andagua volcanic field cones have been accompanied by the emission of slow-moving lava flows and ballistic ejecta which reached less than 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) distance from the vents; estimated
33:
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Chico. A more recent eruption was reported in 1913, but it is not clear that it actually occurred in the
Andagua volcanic field. Neither historical records nor local records such as legends mention volcanic activity although pre-Inka agricultural areas were impacted by lava flows and two towns were destroyed by volcanic activity later than the Spanish conquest. Presently,
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west–east direction. Some of the vents predate the surrounding lava flows, while others post-date them such as Cerro Mauras which formed atop an older vent; the lava flows themselves blocked the valley and formed a large lava flow field. An additional also
Pleistocene lava dome and lava flow are located farther east and fill a hanging valley.
221:, while one of the lava domes is known as Jochane. This dome is the largest dome in the Andagua valley. An additional lava flow lies in the Pallca River valley, which joins the Sora River valley from the west, just before the entry of the Sora River valley into the Andagua Valley. These are of Pleistocene to
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Ticsho was emplaced 4,060 years ago on an older dome, Mauras and Yana Mauras 2,900 years ago while the eruption of
Chilcayoc Grande occurred 1451 - 1523. The youngest eruptions occurred along the Jenchana-Ninanmama fault and the most recent event was dated to 370 years ago and took place at Chilcayoc
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cinder cone, the largest in the
Andagua volcanic field, along with a few lava domes such as Chipchane and an unnamed over 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) wide dome lie within a Pleistocene to Holocene age lava flow field that spreads northwards, westwards and southwards towards the Andagua River, covering
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Temperatures vary between parts of the volcanic field, with Ayo having a semi-warm climate with temperatures of 15–24 °C (59–75 °F) while
Chachas has 1–17 °C (34–63 °F) and Orcopampa of −10–12 °C (14–54 °F). The climate in the region is dry with a wet season that lasts
817:
with some spots already protected in some way; the area is of value from the perspectives of both geotourism and science. A concentration of such small volcanoes such as
Andagua in an easily accessible location is not common in the world. In general, aside from their role as hazards, volcanoes are
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The
Molloco River valley features several Pleistocene to Holocene lava domes such as Uchuychaca and Cerro Coropuna (not to be confused with Coropuna, a stratovolcano), which are located around the Marhuas cinder cone. Two small lava flows lie in the Colca River valley upstream of the junction with
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drainages, such as Laguna de
Chachas, Laguna Mamacocha and Laguna Pumajallo; additionally sediments from older lakes have been found at Canco. The waters of the Andagua River disappear in lava flows over a path of over 16 kilometres (9.9 mi); the Laguna Mamacocha produces the Mamacocha River
1919:
Mariño, Jersy; Cueva, Kevin; Thouret, Jean-Claude; Arias, Carla; Finizola, Antony; Antoine, Raphael; Delcher, Eric; Fauchard, Cyrille; Donnadieu, Franck; Labazuy, Philippe; Japura, Saida; Gusset, Rachel; Sanchez, Paola; Ramos, Domingo; Macedo, Luisa; Lazarte, Ivonne; Thouret, Liliane; Del Carpio,
278:
North of the
Chachas lake lies another lava flow field, with two lava domes aligned in southwest–northeast direction and a cinder cone Cerro Ticlla; the flows reached Chachas lake. This field is of Pleistocene age and bears signs of glaciation but the Cerro Pucamauras cinder cone in its middle is
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The term "Andagua volcanic field" has not been used consistently and sometimes the term "Andagua Group" or variants with "Andahua" are used, reflecting the older name of the town; the field is also known as Andagua-Orcopampa volcanic field. The term "Valley of the Volcanoes" is a reference to the
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Finally, there are volcanoes associated with the Andagua volcanic field south of the Colca River. These are from west to east the Luceria field west of Gloriahuasi with the Honda and San Cristobal cinder cones, the Gloriahuasi field north of Gloriahuasi with two branches of lava flows, the Timar
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The Andagua volcanic field is sometimes considered to include a 110 by 110 kilometres (68 mi × 68 mi) area outside of the Valley of the Volcanoes, which itself features seven separate clusters of volcanoes with 64 volcanic centres including the Valley of the Volcanoes but also the
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which includes the Andagua volcanic field. In turn, the Central Volcanic Zone is one of three main volcanic arcs in the Andes which are separated by gaps without volcanic activity. Small volcanoes such as these of the Andagua volcanic field are a subordinate part of the Peruvian Central Volcanic
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Around the town of Andagua and along the road to Viraco west of Andagua lies a Pleistocene lava flow field that propagates from interconnected lava domes/lava craters in the El Tambo River valley east-southeastwards towards Andagua. The largest of these lava domes lies east of Andagua, is called
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The volcanoes are regarded as "very low hazard" by the Peruvian geological agency, which As of 2022 is working to build a monitoring network for the Andagua volcanoes and has drawn up maps of potentially endangered infrastructure. Various towns with a total population of about 11,800 people are
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The Antapuna field is located just north of the Andagua volcanic field and is centered on the heavily glacially eroded Antapuna volcano. Several lava domes and lava flows occur in this area, such as Cerro Antapuna west of Antapuna, Tanca southwest of Antapuna, Pampa Pisaca and another lava dome
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South of Misahuanca in the Andagua valley lie six vents with a surrounding Pleistocene lava flow field; these vents are the Cerro Mauras cinder cone and two lava domes forming a northern cluster, and the cinder cone Challhue Mauras, the lava dome Tororocsa and the cinder cone Panahua aligned in
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and volcanic ash, but the impact would be limited to the surroundings of the vent, probably less than 6 kilometres (3.7 mi). The volcanic field however also produced lava flows in the past, which can reach larger distances and also infrastructure such as the Mantaro-Socabaya
257:
Southeast of Andagua, the valley is mainly filled by Holocene lava flows, except around Soporo and east of Chachas where there are Pleistocene lava flows; this part of the volcanic field is known as the Chilcayoc lava field. Along with these are dispersed cinder cones such as
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farther east, along with a number of lava domes such as the cluster west of Sucna. One of the domes around Soporo is heavily eroded, the cinder cones are in part breached by lava flows. Chilcayoc Grande is the most prominent cinder cone of the Andagua volcanic
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The Andagua River flows through the Valley of the Volcanoes; it originates from the confluence of the Chilcaimarca and Orcopampa Rivers and receives several tributaries over its course in the valley. In the Valley of the Volcanoes, the Andagua River has cut a
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located at the feet of extinct vents, but usually at a distance from the youngest volcanoes although shifts in vent location during the course of an eruption could bring hazards to these towns. Explosive eruptions could result in fallout of
553:, Laguna Parihuana, Molloco Valley and Pampa Jaran; these clusters are separated from each other by geographic and geologic traits. Alternatively, some of these are considered to be a volcanic province of which Andagua is only one field of.
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the entire valley. Consequently, the Andagua River cut a gorge across the lava flow fields, which ends in a waterfall farther south. This part of the volcanic field produced the most volcanic activity; its vents were controlled by
109:
The volcanoes were first mentioned in a 1904 report but scientific investigation began by 1960; owing to the small size of Andagua volcanoes and their remote location they have not gained as much scientific interest as the large
1444:
Ruprecht, P.; Woerner, G.; Martin, A.; Kronz, A. (1 December 2003). "Feldspar Zonation in Andesites from Monogenetic Cones and Long-lived Stratovolcanos (Andagua and El Misti, S. Peru) : Constraints for Eruption Triggers".
200:
West-northwest from Orcopampa lies the wide Mauras cone with a surrounding lava flow field. Farther northwest still the Jullulluyoc and Umajala lava domes and lava flows which reach the road between Orcopampa and the Poracota
216:
In the valley of the Sora River lie a number of lava domes and three pyroclastic cones along with a lava flow field that reaches to the Andagua River. The cinder cones from north to south are Misahuana Mauras, Pabellón and
2193:
Gałaś, Andrzej; Lewińska, Paulina; Aguilar, Rigoberto; Nowak, Łukasz (June 2023). "Remote sensing data applied to the reconstruction of volcanic activity in the Valley of the Volcanoes, Central Volcanic Zone, Peru".
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northwest of the town are also part of this field. The vents here are spread across the valley, are smaller and have different ages. For example, the Pra-Ticsho lava dome is 270,000 years old while Ticsho only
96:
local watersheds in the Laguna de Chachas, Laguna Mamacocha and Laguna Pumajallo lakes and burying the course of the Andagua River. The Andahua valley segment of the larger volcanic province was declared a
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southeast of Antapuna and several unnamed cinder cones and lava flows northeast of Antapuna. The vents are glacially eroded and of Pleistocene age with the exception of Pumaranra northwest from Antapuna.
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and volcanic activity, with three distinct phases of folding known as the Mochica, Peruvian and Inca phases which gave rise to faults and folds. The volcanic activity manifested itself as a set of
189:
as some of them show evidence of multiple eruption episodes. Colours range from grey over reddish to black, with reddish colours appearing on weathered lavas. Young volcanic terrain resembles a
2281:
Ruprecht, Philipp; Wörner, Gerhard (September 2007). "Variable regimes in magma systems documented in plagioclase zoning patterns: El Misti stratovolcano and Andahua monogenetic cones".
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at 3,500–4,000 metres (11,500–13,100 ft) elevation, precipitation increases to about 400 millimetres per year (16 in/year). There bushes, ichu grass and trees grow.
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Several lava domes with associated lava flows are found in the Colca River valley at Chivay; they are between 400,000 and 90,000 years old but thermal springs occur there.
801:
A number of paths and roads pass through the volcanic field. Andagua's surroundings are considered to be a typical expression of the volcanic field and the creation of a
299:; the total volume of volcanic rocks is about 15 ± 5 cubic kilometres (3.6 ± 1.2 cu mi) and thicknesses are about 130 metres (430 ft).
2310:
Sørensen, E.V.; Holm, P.M. (October 2008). "Petrological inferences on the evolution of magmas erupted in the Andagua Valley, Peru (Central Volcanic Zone)".
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have been reported as well. Overall, the composition of the magma is the most primitive of the magmas of southern Peru and underwent crystallization in deep
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several volcanoes are found on an upland; they are Antaymarca, Saigua, Challpo, Andallullo, Antacollo and Sani and appear to be old given their vegetation.
2126:
Gałaś, Andrzej; Paulo, Andrzej; Gaidzik, Krzysztof; Zavala, Bilberto; Kalicki, Tomasz; Churata, Danitza; Gałaś, Slávka; Mariño, Jersey (1 December 2018).
295:. Overall, in outcrops the volcanic rocks of the Andagua valley reach great thickness, forming plains of lava and occasionally accumulations or fields of
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age, although the Andagua sector also features volcanic cones with historical activity, with the last eruption about 370 years ago. Eruptions were mostly
2395:
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Cochapampa and features a lava dome nested within its crater; additionally, the cinder cones Yanamauras, Yanamauras Sur directly north of Andagua and
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belt lies between 2,300 metres (7,500 ft) and 3,500 metres (11,500 ft) elevation and has cacti, grasses and shrubs. Some of it is used for
3099:
426:
which "overflowed" in the form of an eruption once new magma entered them. In addition, the magma underwent some degree of contamination with
3064:
334:
2097:
Gałaś, Andrzej (December 2014). "Petrology and new data on the geochemistry of the Andahua volcanic group (Central Andes, southern Peru)".
541:. Faults crisscross the volcanic field, magma may have used them as ascent paths; the Valley of the Volcanoes itself is a fault-limited
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activity was reported in 2003 although other sources state that no fumarolic activity occurs; future eruptions are certainly possible.
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from November to April. Precipitation increases with altitude. Humid periods have occurred recently, including two around 600 and 1000
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1922:"Multidisciplinary Study of the Impacts of the 1600 CE Huaynaputina Eruption and a Project for Geosites and Geo-touristic Attractions"
322:
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sites of Antaymarca, Ayo and Jello Jello; economic activity includes farming and mining as well as commerce and industrial activity.
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2257:"Vulcanismo Plio-Cuaternario en el valle de volcanes de Andahua, atractivo geoturístico y proyecto de geoparque en el sur del Perú"
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The oldest activity of the Andagua volcanic field occurred between 400,000 and 64,000 years ago and has been identified close to
3079:
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3084:
3069:
2009:
Delacour, Adélie; Gerbe, Marie-Christine; Thouret, Jean-Claude; Wörner, Gerhard; Paquereau-Lebti, Perrine (1 April 2007).
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CONDITIONS OF DEVELOPMENT OF VOLCANIC ATTRACTIONS IN THE PLANNED COLCA AND ANDAGUA VOLCANOES GEOPARK IN SOUTHERN PERU
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2128:"Geosites and Geotouristic Attractions Proposed for the Project Geopark Colca and Volcanoes of Andagua, Peru"
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Del Carpio Calienes, José Alberto; Rivera, Marco; Torres, José; Tavera, Hernando; Puma, Nino (August 2022).
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Advantages and shortcomings of the proposed National Park the Colca Canyon and the Valley of the Volcanoes
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Zavala Carrión, Bilberto Luis; Vílchez Mata, Manuel Salomón; Rosado Seminario, Malena (November 2008).
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whose water ultimately originates in the Andagua River and which eventually flows into the Colca River.
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154:. The towns of Orcopampa, Andagua/Andahua, Soporo, Chachas, Sucna and Ayo lie in its area along with
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139:
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Evaluación del peligro volcánico en Perú: una herramienta para la gestión del riesgo de desastres
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2010:
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1397:"Zonas críticas por peligros geológicos en la cuenca del río Camaná-Majes-Colca. Primer reporte"
2272:. XVI Congreso Peruano de Geología & Society Economic Geology Conference. Lima – via
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The Andagua volcanic field lies in southern Peru, 135 kilometres (84 mi) from the city of
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2082:"The extent and volcanic structures of the Quaternary Andahua Group, Andes, southern Peru"
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at a rate of 9 centimetres per year (3.5 in/year). It probably commenced during the
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activity. Volcanic activity in the field has flooded the Andahua valley with lava flows,
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age and the second two developed on ridges flanking the valley; Umajala bears signs of
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2011:"Magma evolution of Quaternary minor volcanic centres in southern Peru, Central Andes"
311:, while elsewhere it disappears under the lava flows. Lava flows have formed lakes by
193:. The valley is flanked by 3,500–5,000 metres (11,500–16,400 ft) high mountains.
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Varela Travesí, Felipe; Mariño Salazar, Jersy; Zavala Carrión, Bilberto Luis (2016).
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2354:"Guía geoturística : Valle de los volcanes de Andahua - [Boletín I 6]"
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358:, with composition varying from one individual volcano to the other but dominantly
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1998:"1 Simposio de Geoparques, Arequipa, 14 al 17 de julio 2015: Libro de resúmenes"
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and the morphology of the resulting vents as younger structures are steeper.
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in 2019, some volcanoes of the Andagua volcanic field are considered to be
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2180:. Public recreation and landscape protection - with nature hand in hand.
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518:. Additional volcanoes of this volcanic zone occur in Bolivia and Chile.
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and continues to the present day. The subduction has been accompanied by
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2341:"Valle de los volcanes de Andahua, Castilla, Arequipa - Nota científica"
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691:. Crops cultivated in the area, especially at Ayo and Andagua, include
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south of Andagua, Ninamama east of Andagua, Pampalquita, Ucuja, Chico,
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2217:"Idea de protección del Cañón del Colca y del Valle de los Volcanes"
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630:. The exact vegetation type varies with elevation, defining four
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The Laguna Mamacocha and Chachas are populated by fish and form
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and could also bury the ground for perhaps thousands of years.
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2255:
Mariño Salazar, Jersy; Zavala Carrión, Bilberto Luis (2010).
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Geologia 2008: Expedición Científica Polaca – Cañón del Colca
2224:
Geologia 2008: Expedición Científica Polaca – Cañón del Colca
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which have filled the Andagua Valley (which is also known as
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Older volcanic landforms are vegetated and have developed a
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Note: volcanoes are ordered by latitude from north to south
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covering parts of the volcanic field has been proposed. A
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José; Jaime, Lourdes; Saintenoy, Thibault (5 July 2021).
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in the region. Eruptions have been dated on the basis of
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for this reason). The volcanic field is part of a larger
1703:
Varela Travesí, Mariño Salazar & Zavala Carrión 2016
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Varela Travesí, Mariño Salazar & Zavala Carrión 2016
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are 0-2 and the volcanic activity has been described as
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below 2,300 metres (7,500 ft) elevation is a dry
88:. Future eruptions are possible, and there is ongoing
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Above 4,000 metres (13,000 ft) elevation is the
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ratio. Generally, the rocks fall into the categories
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Instituto Geológico, Minero y Metalúrgico - INGEMMET
2261:
Instituto Geológico, Minero y Metalúrgico - INGEMMET
2237:"Alcance y formaciones volcánicas del grupo Andahua"
2002:
Instituto Geológico, Minero y Metalúrgico – INGEMMET
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Instituto Geológico, Minero y Metalúrgico – INGEMMET
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The terrain surrounding the volcanic field features
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759:emanates from the Ninamama flow and has generated
751:and Strombolian eruptions generated scoria cones.
470:Zone; most volcanoes are large and among these is
350:The volcanic field has erupted rocks ranging from
2268:Paulo, Andrzej; Gałaś, Andrzej (September 2012).
241:. Puca Mauras is the largest cone and features
2312:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
2283:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
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1345:
461:, such as the Tacaza arc with mineral-bearing
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525:of Pleistocene to Holocene age, the volcanic
287:cover, and sometimes are altered by river or
8:
2250:. pp. 107–137 – via ResearchGate.
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675:belt, where vegetation cover declines again.
545:and some faults offset Quaternary deposits.
438:Off the western coast of South America, the
52:in southern Peru which includes a number of
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1333:
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2230:. pp. 19–35 – via ResearchGate.
2171:Gałaś, Andrzej; Gałaś, Slávka (May 2017).
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1200:
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2143:
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1978:
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84:, generating lava flows, cones and small
2099:Journal of South American Earth Sciences
1996:Carrión, Zavala; Luis, Bilberto (2015).
1793:Mariño Salazar & Zavala Carrión 2010
1037:Mariño Salazar & Zavala Carrión 2010
967:Mariño Salazar & Zavala Carrión 2010
831:
362:although it has also been described as
318:
2235:Goicochea, Zaniel Novoa, ed. (2008b).
2086:Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae
328:Volcanoes seen from Mirador Antaymarca
126:volcanoes that fill the valley floor.
2215:Goicochea, Zaniel Novoa, ed. (2008).
1819:
1635:
1623:
1611:
1596:
1569:
1557:
1515:
1498:
1416:
1321:
1297:
1282:
1270:
1253:
1221:
1176:
1161:
1132:
1115:
1094:
1082:
1070:
993:
954:
872:
845:
36:Cinder cones surrounded by lava flows
7:
537:sediments of the Yura Group and the
307:into the lava fields and has formed
291:erosion or have been converted into
232:The Santa Rosa cinder cones and the
2345:Instituto del Mar del Perú - IMARPE
600:Vegetation in the region includes
498:north and west from Coropuna, and
25:
340:A lava flow in the volcanic field
2332:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.05.021
2303:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2007.06.002
797:Access and national park project
333:
321:
1856:Del Carpio Calienes et al. 2022
1844:Del Carpio Calienes et al. 2022
1832:Del Carpio Calienes et al. 2022
165:The volcanic field consists of
1:
3100:Four-thousanders of the Andes
775:Hazards from future eruptions
3065:Landforms of Arequipa Region
2339:Teves Rivas, Nestor (2017).
2119:10.1016/j.jsames.2014.09.012
733:volcanic explosivity indexes
270:clockwise around Soporo and
2248:Sociedad Geográfica de Lima
2228:Sociedad Geográfica de Lima
809:was created in 2015 and by
3116:
1938:10.1007/s12371-021-00577-5
1754:Ruprecht & Wörner 2007
1447:AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts
1346:Ruprecht & Wörner 2007
474:with historical activity,
3090:Pleistocene South America
3038:
2208:10.1016/j.jog.2023.101972
2145:10.1007/s12371-018-0307-y
2038:10.1007/s00445-006-0096-z
743:and accompanied by small
465:and the presently active
130:Geology and geomorphology
72:that clusters around the
3095:Quaternary South America
1528:Sørensen & Holm 2008
1432:Sørensen & Holm 2008
549:Antapuna, Colca Valley,
2080:Gałaś, Andrzej (2011).
2018:Bulletin of Volcanology
1883:Carrión & Luis 2015
1871:Carrión & Luis 2015
1769:Carrión & Luis 2015
1543:Carrión & Luis 2015
1054:Carrión & Luis 2015
205:mine. All three are of
66:Valley of the Volcanoes
18:Valley of the Volcanoes
2818:Southern Volcanic Zone
2604:Andagua volcanic field
2412:Northern Volcanic Zone
2196:Journal of Geodynamics
1691:Paulo & Gałaś 2012
1310:Gałaś & Gałaś 2017
1201:Gałaś & Gałaś 2017
1189:Paulo & Gałaś 2012
626:shrubs, pillow-shaped
584:Climate and vegetation
366:owing to the poassium-
120:potassium-argon dating
42:Andagua volcanic field
37:
29:Volcanic field in Peru
3080:Pleistocene volcanoes
2996:Austral Volcanic Zone
2922:Puyehue-Cordón Caulle
2594:Huambo volcanic field
2545:Central Volcanic Zone
818:important sources of
737:Strombolian eruptions
689:agricultural terraces
467:Central Volcanic Zone
196:Among the vents are:
187:monogenetic volcanoes
35:
3085:Quaternary volcanoes
3070:Andean Volcanic Belt
2531:Licto volcanic field
2186:Brno, Czech Republic
1472:Delacour et al. 2007
1145:Delacour et al. 2007
905:Delacour et al. 2007
447:South American Plate
2324:2008JVGR..177..378S
2295:2007JVGR..165..142R
2111:2014JSAES..56..301G
2030:2007BVol...69..581D
1897:, pp. 713–714.
1459:2003AGUFM.V11F..07R
1008:, pp. 717–718.
140:Arequipa Department
2917:Carrán-Los Venados
2862:Nevados de Chillán
2847:Descabezado Grande
2047:20.500.11850/67949
749:Hawaiian eruptions
650:plants grow there.
565:the Molloco River.
551:Huambo-Cabanaconde
539:Socosani Formation
533:Barroso Group and
410:and less commonly
142:and its provinces
116:radiocarbon dating
38:
3060:Volcanoes of Peru
3047:
3046:
2857:Nevado de Longaví
2799:Cueros de Purulla
2779:Cordón del Azufre
2441:Nevado del Tolima
2246:(Lima ed.).
2226:(Lima ed.).
2155:20.500.12128/7354
1967:Gałaś et al. 2018
1907:Gałaś et al. 2018
1895:Gałaś et al. 2018
1674:Gałaś et al. 2023
1638:, pp. 13–14.
1626:, pp. 12–13.
1582:Gałaś et al. 2023
1484:Gałaś et al. 2023
1237:Gałaś et al. 2023
1006:Gałaś et al. 2018
979:Gałaś et al. 2018
928:Gałaś et al. 2018
888:Gałaś et al. 2023
556:Among these are:
352:basaltic andesite
234:Cerro Puca Mauras
179:pyroclastic cones
76:and is mostly of
70:volcanic province
16:(Redirected from
3107:
3042:
2912:Mocho-Choshuenco
2446:Nevado del Huila
2405:Andean volcanoes
2398:
2391:
2384:
2375:
2369:
2348:
2335:
2306:
2289:(3–4): 142–162.
2277:
2264:
2251:
2241:
2231:
2221:
2211:
2189:
2179:
2167:
2157:
2147:
2122:
2093:
2076:
2067:
2049:
2015:
2005:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1916:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1874:
1868:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1841:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1808:
1805:Teves Rivas 2017
1802:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1766:
1757:
1751:
1745:
1739:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1715:Teves Rivas 2017
1712:
1706:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1677:
1671:
1656:
1650:
1639:
1633:
1627:
1621:
1615:
1609:
1600:
1594:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1546:
1540:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1502:
1496:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1441:
1435:
1429:
1420:
1414:
1405:
1404:
1392:
1383:
1377:
1366:
1363:Teves Rivas 2017
1360:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1334:Teves Rivas 2017
1331:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1286:
1285:, pp. 6, 9.
1280:
1274:
1268:
1257:
1256:, pp. 6, 8.
1251:
1240:
1234:
1225:
1219:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1165:
1159:
1148:
1142:
1136:
1130:
1119:
1113:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1068:
1057:
1051:
1040:
1034:
1021:
1015:
1009:
1003:
997:
991:
982:
976:
970:
964:
958:
952:
931:
925:
908:
902:
891:
885:
876:
870:
849:
843:
757:hydrogen sulfide
745:eruption columns
719:Eruption history
683:. There is also
661:and agriculture.
434:Geologic context
337:
325:
272:Chilcayoc Grande
105:History and name
86:eruption columns
21:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3075:Volcanic fields
3050:
3049:
3048:
3043:
3040:
3034:
2997:
2991:
2819:
2813:
2809:Ojos del Salado
2739:Aguas Calientes
2546:
2540:
2436:Nevado del Ruiz
2413:
2407:
2402:
2372:
2351:
2338:
2309:
2280:
2267:
2254:
2239:
2234:
2219:
2214:
2192:
2177:
2170:
2125:
2096:
2079:
2070:
2013:
2008:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1985:
1977:
1973:
1965:
1961:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1905:
1901:
1893:
1889:
1881:
1877:
1869:
1862:
1854:
1850:
1842:
1838:
1830:
1826:
1818:
1811:
1803:
1799:
1791:
1787:
1781:Goicochea 2008b
1779:
1775:
1767:
1760:
1752:
1748:
1742:Goicochea 2008b
1740:
1733:
1725:
1721:
1713:
1709:
1701:
1697:
1689:
1680:
1672:
1659:
1653:Goicochea 2008b
1651:
1642:
1634:
1630:
1622:
1618:
1610:
1603:
1595:
1588:
1580:
1576:
1568:
1564:
1556:
1549:
1541:
1534:
1526:
1522:
1514:
1505:
1497:
1490:
1482:
1478:
1470:
1466:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1430:
1423:
1415:
1408:
1394:
1393:
1386:
1378:
1369:
1361:
1352:
1344:
1340:
1332:
1328:
1324:, pp. 7–9.
1320:
1316:
1308:
1304:
1296:
1289:
1281:
1277:
1269:
1260:
1252:
1243:
1235:
1228:
1220:
1207:
1199:
1195:
1187:
1183:
1175:
1168:
1160:
1151:
1143:
1139:
1131:
1122:
1114:
1101:
1093:
1089:
1085:, pp. 5–6.
1081:
1077:
1069:
1060:
1052:
1043:
1035:
1024:
1016:
1012:
1004:
1000:
992:
985:
977:
973:
965:
961:
953:
934:
926:
911:
903:
894:
886:
879:
871:
852:
844:
833:
828:
822:-based income.
799:
777:
741:phreatomagmatic
721:
586:
436:
412:alkali feldspar
348:
341:
338:
329:
326:
138:and within the
132:
112:stratovolcanoes
107:
44:(also known as
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3113:
3111:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3052:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3001:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2823:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2729:Purico complex
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2550:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2417:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2393:
2386:
2378:
2371:
2370:
2349:
2336:
2318:(2): 378–396.
2307:
2278:
2265:
2252:
2232:
2212:
2190:
2168:
2138:(4): 707–729.
2123:
2094:
2077:
2068:
2024:(6): 581–608.
2006:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1979:Goicochea 2008
1971:
1969:, p. 721.
1959:
1911:
1909:, p. 714.
1899:
1887:
1875:
1860:
1848:
1836:
1824:
1809:
1807:, p. 451.
1797:
1795:, p. 288.
1785:
1773:
1758:
1756:, p. 144.
1746:
1731:
1727:Goicochea 2008
1719:
1717:, p. 452.
1707:
1695:
1678:
1657:
1640:
1628:
1616:
1601:
1586:
1574:
1572:, p. 301.
1562:
1547:
1532:
1530:, p. 378.
1520:
1518:, p. 302.
1503:
1488:
1476:
1474:, p. 605.
1464:
1436:
1434:, p. 382.
1421:
1419:, p. 312.
1406:
1384:
1367:
1365:, p. 449.
1350:
1348:, p. 145.
1338:
1336:, p. 450.
1326:
1314:
1302:
1287:
1275:
1258:
1241:
1226:
1205:
1193:
1181:
1179:, p. 307.
1166:
1149:
1147:, p. 584.
1137:
1135:, p. 303.
1120:
1099:
1087:
1075:
1058:
1041:
1039:, p. 287.
1022:
1018:Goicochea 2008
1010:
998:
996:, p. 6-7.
983:
981:, p. 708.
971:
969:, p. 286.
959:
932:
930:, p. 713.
909:
907:, p. 582.
892:
877:
850:
830:
829:
827:
824:
798:
795:
776:
773:
767:deposits, and
720:
717:
677:
676:
669:
662:
651:
585:
582:
581:
580:
576:
569:
566:
562:
435:
432:
424:magma chambers
347:
344:
343:
342:
339:
332:
330:
327:
320:
281:
280:
276:
255:
246:
230:
226:
214:
131:
128:
106:
103:
50:volcanic field
28:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3112:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3037:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2994:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2952:Michinmahuida
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2816:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2794:San Francisco
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2704:Aucanquilcha
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2584:Hualca Hualca
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2543:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2414:(6° N – 3° S)
2410:
2406:
2399:
2394:
2392:
2387:
2385:
2380:
2379:
2376:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2176:
2175:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2012:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1980:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1888:
1885:, p. 47.
1884:
1879:
1876:
1873:, p. 46.
1872:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1858:, p. 52.
1857:
1852:
1849:
1846:, p. 14.
1845:
1840:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1825:
1822:, p. 17.
1821:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1798:
1794:
1789:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1774:
1771:, p. 45.
1770:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1747:
1744:, p. 32.
1743:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1729:, p. 21.
1728:
1723:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1708:
1705:, p. 80.
1704:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1617:
1614:, p. 12.
1613:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1599:, p. 11.
1598:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1545:, p. 43.
1544:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1501:, p. 14.
1500:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1440:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1382:, p. 23.
1381:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1315:
1312:, p. 65.
1311:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1224:, p. 10.
1223:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1203:, p. 64.
1202:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1164:, p. 15.
1163:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1056:, p. 44.
1055:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1002:
999:
995:
990:
988:
984:
980:
975:
972:
968:
963:
960:
956:
951:
949:
947:
945:
943:
941:
939:
937:
933:
929:
924:
922:
920:
918:
916:
914:
910:
906:
901:
899:
897:
893:
889:
884:
882:
878:
874:
869:
867:
865:
863:
861:
859:
857:
855:
851:
847:
842:
840:
838:
836:
832:
825:
823:
821:
816:
812:
808:
804:
803:national park
796:
794:
792:
787:
783:
774:
772:
770:
766:
762:
758:
752:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
718:
716:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
674:
670:
667:
663:
660:
656:
652:
649:
645:
641:
637:
636:
635:
633:
629:
625:
621:
620:
615:
611:
607:
603:
598:
596:
592:
583:
577:
574:
570:
567:
563:
559:
558:
557:
554:
552:
546:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
519:
517:
513:
509:
505:
504:Hualca Hualca
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
468:
464:
460:
459:volcanic arcs
456:
452:
448:
444:
441:
433:
431:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
345:
336:
331:
324:
319:
317:
314:
310:
306:
300:
298:
294:
290:
286:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
256:
252:
247:
244:
240:
235:
231:
227:
224:
220:
215:
212:
208:
204:
199:
198:
197:
194:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
163:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
129:
127:
123:
121:
117:
113:
104:
102:
100:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
34:
27:
19:
2902:Quetrupillán
2764:Llullaillaco
2629:Huaynaputina
2603:
2357:
2344:
2315:
2311:
2286:
2282:
2274:ResearchGate
2269:
2260:
2243:
2223:
2199:
2195:
2182:ResearchGate
2181:
2173:
2135:
2131:
2102:
2098:
2089:
2085:
2021:
2017:
2001:
1981:, p. 5.
1974:
1962:
1929:
1925:
1914:
1902:
1890:
1878:
1851:
1839:
1834:, p. 3.
1827:
1800:
1788:
1783:, p. 4.
1776:
1749:
1722:
1710:
1698:
1693:, p. 5.
1676:, p. 3.
1655:, p. 5.
1631:
1619:
1584:, p. 2.
1577:
1565:
1560:, p. 7.
1523:
1486:, p. 1.
1479:
1467:
1450:
1446:
1439:
1400:
1341:
1329:
1317:
1305:
1300:, p. 8.
1278:
1273:, p. 9.
1239:, p. 7.
1196:
1191:, p. 4.
1184:
1140:
1118:, p. 6.
1097:, p. 5.
1090:
1078:
1073:, p. 4.
1020:, p. 6.
1013:
1001:
974:
962:
957:, p. 3.
890:, p. 4.
875:, p. 2.
848:, p. 1.
800:
778:
753:
729:Colca Valley
722:
678:
672:
665:
664:Towards the
654:
639:
617:
599:
597:phenomena.
587:
555:
547:
520:
445:beneath the
437:
349:
301:
297:volcanic ash
282:
243:pre-Hispanic
195:
183:scoria cones
167:cinder cones
164:
133:
124:
108:
65:
54:cinder cones
45:
41:
39:
26:
2998:(49°–55° S)
2982:Mate Grande
2832:Tupungatito
2820:(33°–46° S)
2699:Olca-Paruma
2694:Irruputuncu
2684:Tata Sabaya
2624:Pichu Pichu
2554:Quimsachata
2547:(14°–27° S)
2431:Cerro Bravo
2132:Geoheritage
2105:: 301–315.
1926:Geoheritage
1453:: V11F–07.
516:Pichu Pichu
440:Nazca Plate
430:materials.
404:plagioclase
392:Phenocrysts
346:Composition
219:Yana Mauras
207:Pleistocene
78:Pleistocene
74:Colca River
3054:Categories
2942:Hornopirén
2927:Casablanca
2897:Villarrica
2892:Sollipulli
2852:Cerro Azul
2724:Licancabur
2719:Sairecabur
2679:Guallatiri
2669:Parinacota
2649:Purupuruni
2559:Auquihuato
2526:Tungurahua
2521:Chimborazo
2481:Reventador
2456:Doña Juana
2202:: 101972.
2092:(1): 1–19.
1820:Gałaś 2011
1636:Gałaś 2011
1624:Gałaś 2011
1612:Gałaś 2011
1597:Gałaś 2011
1570:Gałaś 2014
1558:Gałaś 2011
1516:Gałaś 2014
1499:Gałaś 2011
1417:Gałaś 2014
1322:Gałaś 2011
1298:Gałaś 2011
1283:Gałaś 2011
1271:Gałaś 2011
1254:Gałaś 2011
1222:Gałaś 2011
1177:Gałaś 2014
1162:Gałaś 2011
1133:Gałaś 2014
1116:Gałaś 2011
1095:Gałaś 2011
1083:Gałaś 2011
1071:Gałaś 2011
994:Gałaś 2011
955:Gałaś 2011
873:Gałaś 2011
846:Gałaś 2011
826:References
791:power line
782:lava bombs
697:broad bean
632:life zones
610:eucalyptus
593:linked to
490:activity,
482:activity,
480:solfataric
396:hornblende
382:with rare
372:benmoreite
309:waterfalls
245:buildings.
211:glaciation
171:lava domes
152:Condesuyos
62:lava flows
58:lava domes
2962:Corcovado
2882:Lonquimay
2842:Calabozos
2827:Tupungato
2804:Incahuasi
2769:Lastarria
2749:Chiliques
2589:Sabancaya
2569:Sara Sara
2486:Pichincha
2421:Paipa-Iza
2366:2415-0193
2164:1867-2485
2075:(Report).
2064:128636358
2056:1432-0819
1954:235730313
1946:1867-2485
769:fumarolic
648:succulent
619:Polylepis
571:South of
472:Sabancaya
451:Paleozoic
420:xenoliths
380:mugearite
268:Jechapita
264:Chilcayoc
191:moonscape
175:lava flow
101:in 2015.
90:fumarolic
3030:Fueguino
3015:Aguilera
2967:Mentolat
2877:Callaqui
2714:Zapaleri
2644:Yucamane
2639:Tutupaca
2609:Chachani
2579:Coropuna
2574:Solimana
2516:Quilotoa
2511:Cotopaxi
2506:Illiniza
2491:Antisana
1932:(3): 3.
815:geosites
709:potatoes
685:farmland
659:pastures
573:Caylloma
535:Mesozoic
531:Pliocene
523:alluvium
512:Chachani
496:Solimana
488:Holocene
484:Coropuna
476:El Misti
463:calderas
443:subducts
408:pyroxene
394:include
384:andesite
364:potassic
293:farmland
279:younger.
260:Jenchana
223:Holocene
177:fields,
158:and the
148:Caylloma
144:Castilla
136:Arequipa
82:effusive
3005:Lautaro
2957:Chaitén
2937:Calbuco
2872:Copahue
2789:Peinado
2774:Lazufre
2759:Socompa
2664:Taapaca
2634:Ticsani
2476:Cayambe
2466:Azufral
2461:Galeras
2426:Romeral
2320:Bibcode
2291:Bibcode
2107:Bibcode
2026:Bibcode
1989:Sources
1455:Bibcode
820:tourism
807:geopark
727:in the
705:lucerne
655:quechua
646:; only
622:trees,
616:grass,
595:El Nino
527:Neogene
455:orogeny
428:crustal
416:biotite
400:olivine
313:damming
289:glacial
99:geopark
94:damming
48:) is a
46:Andahua
3025:Burney
3020:Reclus
3010:Viedma
2987:Hudson
2947:Huequi
2932:Osorno
2887:Llaima
2867:Antuco
2754:Aracar
2744:Lascar
2734:Pacana
2709:Azufre
2689:Isluga
2659:Tacora
2654:Casiri
2619:Ubinas
2599:Ampato
2564:Firura
2536:Sangay
2471:Chiles
2451:Puracé
2364:
2162:
2062:
2054:
1952:
1944:
811:UNESCO
786:tephra
765:sulfur
761:gypsum
725:Chivay
693:barley
644:desert
640:yungas
628:yareta
543:graben
508:Ampato
492:Firura
418:, and
388:basalt
376:latite
368:silica
356:dacite
275:field.
254:4,050.
251:Ticsho
239:faults
181:, and
2907:Lanín
2837:Maipo
2784:Galán
2674:Lauca
2614:Misti
2501:Soche
2496:Aliso
2240:(PDF)
2220:(PDF)
2178:(PDF)
2060:S2CID
2014:(PDF)
1950:S2CID
681:oases
606:cacti
602:alder
500:Mismi
478:with
360:sodic
305:gorge
156:mines
2977:Macá
2362:ISSN
2160:ISSN
2052:ISSN
1942:ISSN
1403:: 3.
763:and
713:wine
711:and
701:corn
673:puna
666:suni
653:The
638:The
624:tola
614:ichu
514:and
494:and
414:and
406:and
386:and
378:and
285:soil
225:age.
203:gold
160:Inka
150:and
60:and
40:The
2972:Cay
2328:doi
2316:177
2299:doi
2287:165
2204:doi
2200:156
2150:hdl
2140:doi
2115:doi
2042:hdl
2034:doi
1934:doi
739:or
715:.
687:on
354:to
3056::
2360:.
2356:.
2343:.
2326:.
2314:.
2297:.
2285:.
2259:.
2242:.
2222:.
2198:.
2184:.
2158:.
2148:.
2136:10
2134:.
2130:.
2113:.
2103:56
2101:.
2090:81
2088:.
2084:.
2058:.
2050:.
2040:.
2032:.
2022:69
2020:.
2016:.
2000:.
1948:.
1940:.
1930:13
1928:.
1924:.
1863:^
1812:^
1761:^
1734:^
1681:^
1660:^
1643:^
1604:^
1589:^
1550:^
1535:^
1506:^
1491:^
1451:11
1449:.
1424:^
1409:^
1399:.
1387:^
1370:^
1353:^
1290:^
1261:^
1244:^
1229:^
1208:^
1169:^
1152:^
1123:^
1102:^
1061:^
1044:^
1025:^
986:^
935:^
912:^
895:^
880:^
853:^
834:^
784:,
747:.
707:,
703:,
699:,
695:,
634::
612:,
608:,
604:,
591:AD
510:,
506:,
502:,
402:,
398:,
390:.
374:,
266:,
173:,
169:,
146:,
118:,
56:,
2397:e
2390:t
2383:v
2368:.
2347:.
2334:.
2330::
2322::
2305:.
2301::
2293::
2276:.
2263:.
2210:.
2206::
2188:.
2166:.
2152::
2142::
2121:.
2117::
2109::
2066:.
2044::
2036::
2028::
2004:.
1956:.
1936::
1461:.
1457::
529:/
213:.
20:)
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