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to the southwest, in 1913. Griggs noted 1000 fumarolic plumes over 500 feet high in 1916. In 1917, diffuse steam emanations were still evident and temperatures were 97 °C just 1 m below the surface. In 1918, Jasper Sayre and Paul
Hagelbarger noted 86 vents with temperatures greater than 190 °C, the hottest being 432 °C. The steam was measured to be 99.5% water vapor with some acidic gases of
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near the ground was noted in addition to regular thunder and lightning, rare in South Alaska, while severe static disrupted wireless transmissions. Volcanic dust reached
Wisconsin on June 8, Algeria on June 19 and California on June 21. Fields of pumice were seen floating in Katmai Bay, 241 km
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in recognizing volcanic features, landforms and materials, especially fumaroles and vents. Two separate groups of astronauts trained here, the first in June–July 1965 and a second group in August 1966. Their field exercises included simulating a lunar mission. "Playing the Moon game", involved
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pairing up astronauts and placing them in a location with very little prior information. They then planned traverses and collected representative samples. They communicated with their geologist instructors via radio. Astronauts who would use this training on the Moon included
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occurred depositing layers A and B. Episode II consisted of a second
Plinian dispersal, but one consisting of dacite tephra, depositing 4.8 km of layers C and D. Episode III was also a Plinian dispersal of dacite tephra depositing 3.4 km of layers F and G.
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202:. Since the ash has cooled, most of the fumaroles are now extinct and despite its name the valley is no longer filled with 'smoke' (i.e. steam). Vegetation still does not grow in the valley. The signs of volcanic activity are still visible on nearby hills.
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in 1916, gave the valley its name, saying that "the whole valley as far as the eye could reach was full of hundreds, no thousands—literally, tens of thousands—of smokes curling up from its fissured floor."
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flow deposits, radiating outward 9 km, and which filled 11 km of the valley to a depth of 100–200 m in the upper portion and 35 m in the lower over the span of 16 hours. It is
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Time sequence of the 1912 Novarupta eruption showing three episodes of
Plinian pumice falls over the span of 60 hours, and 9 packages of ignimbrite over the span of 16 hours
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The ash-filled valley covers a 40-square-mile (100 km) area. The ash can be up to 700 feet (210 m) deep. In places deep canyons have been cut by the
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Contour lines, cm scale, showing accumulation of ash from 3 episodes of
Plinian pumice falls over 60 hours during the 1912 Novarupta eruption
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580:"Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes and the 1912 Novarupta-Katmai Eruption - Katmai National Park & Preserve (U.S. National Park Service)"
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Prior to the eruption, the area now called the Valley of Ten
Thousand Smokes was an unremarkable and unnamed portion of the
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The explosion from the eruption was heard as far away as
Fairbanks and Juneau, while earthquakes continued until mid-Aug.
220:, which is the only road in Katmai Park. The valley is a source of creative exploration by photographers and naturalists.
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The 1912 Novarupta eruption was characterized by three main episodes spanning 60 hours. Episode I included both a
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Katmai's most recent eruption was in 1927, but there have been non-eruptive events as recently as 2003. The
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The
Novarupta-Katmai eruption of 1912- largest eruption of the twentieth century; centennial perspectives
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719:"The Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes in Katmai National Park and Preserve | Alaska Historical Society"
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Sequence of 9 ignimbrite packages over the span of 16 hours during the 1912 Novarupta eruption
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Visitors to the valley most commonly arrive via bus along the 20-mile (32 km) road from
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The 1912 eruption was the largest eruption by volume in the 20th century, erupting a
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valley. Although never permanently inhabited by humans, it served as a pass for the
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in the upper valley while nonwelded in the lower. The ignimbrite is noted for its
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volume of about 13 cubic kilometers (3.1 cu mi). As many as 14 major
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The Katmai
Peninsula in general, and the valley in particular, were used by
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Griggs camp during the 1916 expedition clearly showing the numerous "smokes"
697:. United States of America: Reader's Digest Association, Inc. p. 394.
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Geologic Map of the Katmai
Volcanic Cluster, Katmai National Park, Alaska
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630:. USGS Geologic Investigations Series Pamphlet I-2778. pp. 15–16.
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Valley within Katmai National Park and Preserve, Alaska, United States
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336:. At the same time, a Plinian dispersal of 8.8 km of rhyolitic
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774:(First ed.). Staunton, VA: George F. Thompson Publishing.
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River eroding volcanic ash flow, Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes
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fallout. The ignimbrite consisted of 9 separate packages of
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Harris, Ann G.; Tuttle, Esther; Tuttle, Sherwood D. (2004).
814:. Anchorage: Publication Consultants. pp. 165–168.
799:. NASA SP -2015-626. pp. 63–65, 189, 192, 222, 224.
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on June 6–8, 1912. Following the eruption, thousands of
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Valley of 10,000 Smokes: Revisiting the Alaskan Sublime
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Scheffel, Richard L.; Wernet, Susan J., eds. (1980).
662:. Reston: USGS Professional Paper 1791. p. 135.
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pierce the formation. Most prevalent though are the
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169:and movement within the magmatic plumbing system.
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797:Science Training History of the Apollo Astronauts
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209:still monitors Katmai's activity as part of the
891:Volcanoes of Lake and Peninsula Borough, Alaska
449:Springtime in the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes
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524:. Notable geologist instructors included
228:Basement rocks in the area consist of the
839:Alaska Volcano Observatory page on Katmai
198:, allowing observers to see the ash flow
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626:Hildreth, Wes; Firstein, Judy (2003).
161:5, resulted from the collapse of the
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658:Hildreth, W.; Fierstein, J. (2012).
550:"Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes Tour"
606:"The Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes"
554:Katmai National Park & Preserve
437:rings and ejected welded ignimbrite
433:craters, 20–60 m in diameter, with
246:1.7–2 km thick deposited in a
89:people, as well as animals such as
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906:Katmai National Park and Preserve
47:Katmai National Park and Preserve
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254:delta environment during the
39:Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes
695:Natural Wonders of the World
154:{\displaystyle M_{\text{s}}}
125:{\displaystyle M_{\text{s}}}
723:alaskahistoricalsociety.org
75:National Geographic Society
65:vented steam from the ash.
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467:to geologically train the
207:Alaska Volcano Observatory
57:flow from the eruption of
795:Phinney, William (2015).
746:Geology of National Parks
289:Aleutian subduction zone
770:Freeburg, Gary (2012).
305:dispersal of rhyolitic
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867:58.39389°N 155.38528°W
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558:National Park Service
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73:'s aftermath for the
53:which is filled with
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872:58.39389; -155.38528
810:Bennett, Bo (2000).
287:associated with the
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896:Volcanoes of Alaska
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417:found in the valley
301:and a simultaneous
69:, who explored the
604:Bodry, Catherine.
455:Astronaut training
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901:Valleys of Alaska
781:978-1-938086-03-8
560:. August 28, 2008
469:Apollo astronauts
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33:Knife Creek Gorge
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187:cut in ash by
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587:. Retrieved
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522:Jack Schmitt
510:Charlie Duke
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285:Aleutian Arc
248:marine shelf
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167:Mount Katmai
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870: /
858:155°23′07″W
728:October 27,
611:October 27,
589:October 27,
584:www.nps.gov
564:January 14,
518:Gene Cernan
502:James Irwin
478:Buzz Aldrin
330:welded tuff
314:pyroclastic
218:Brooks Camp
196:River Lethe
189:River Lethe
102:earthquakes
885:Categories
855:58°23′38″N
536:References
429:One of 60
299:ignimbrite
283:along the
278:Quaternary
262:. Some 20
244:sandstones
237:siltstones
83:Ukak River
514:Apollo 17
506:Apollo 16
498:Apollo 15
490:Apollo 14
486:Alan Bean
482:Apollo 12
474:Apollo 11
328:craters,
322:fumaroles
318:indurated
311:pumiceous
296:rhyolitic
260:Tithonian
256:Oxfordian
63:fumaroles
59:Novarupta
677:47452498
673:Academia
463:and the
431:phreatic
415:fumarole
326:phreatic
271:Tertiary
264:dioritic
104:between
413:Funnel
303:Plinian
274:plutons
241:arkosic
224:Geology
163:caldera
87:Alutiiq
71:volcano
45:within
818:
778:
753:
701:
667:
635:
512:, and
361:S and
338:tephra
334:fiamme
307:tephra
239:, and
200:strata
185:Canyon
132:6 to 7
51:Alaska
43:valley
670:29955
638:14836
98:magma
41:is a
816:ISBN
776:ISBN
751:ISBN
730:2017
699:ISBN
664:DGGS
632:DGGS
613:2017
591:2017
566:2009
528:and
520:and
465:USGS
461:NASA
435:tuff
353:, CO
266:and
250:and
37:The
516:'s
508:'s
500:'s
492:'s
484:'s
476:'s
357:, H
351:HCl
165:at
55:ash
49:in
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685:^
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363:HF
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359:2
355:2
258:-
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118:s
114:M
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
