648:, and has three cusps. Similar to the aortic valve, the pulmonary valve opens in ventricular systole, when the pressure in the right ventricle rises above the pressure in the pulmonary artery. At the end of ventricular systole, when the pressure in the right ventricle falls rapidly, the pressure in the pulmonary artery will close the pulmonary valve. The closure of the pulmonary valve contributes the P2 component of the second heart sound. The right heart is a low-pressure system, so the P2 component of the second heart sound is usually softer than the A2 component of the second heart sound. However, it is physiologically normal in some young people to hear both components separated during inhalation.
576:, a normally-functioning mitral valve opens as a result of increased pressure from the left atrium as it fills with blood (preloading). As atrial pressure increases above that of the left ventricle, the mitral valve opens. Opening facilitates the passive flow of blood into the left ventricle. Diastole ends with atrial contraction, which ejects the final 30% of blood that is transferred from the left atrium to the left ventricle. This amount of blood is known as the end diastolic volume (EDV), and the mitral valve closes at the end of atrial contraction to prevent a reversal of blood flow.
2761:
1778:
1462:
115:
1747:
633:, pressure rises in the left ventricle and when it is greater than the pressure in the aorta, the aortic valve opens, allowing blood to exit the left ventricle into the aorta. When ventricular systole ends, pressure in the left ventricle rapidly drops and the pressure in the aorta forces the aortic valve to close. The closure of the aortic valve contributes the A2 component of the second heart sound.
236:
710:
1812:
1734:. Tricuspid atresia is the complete absence of the tricuspid valve which can lead to an underdeveloped or absent right ventricle. Pulmonary atresia is the complete closure of the pulmonary valve. Ebstein's anomaly is the displacement of the septal leaflet of the tricuspid valve causing a larger atrium and a smaller ventricle than normal.
476:
40:
706:, using boundary conditions of the blood pressures, pericardial fluid, and external loading as the constraints. The motion of the heart valves is used as a boundary condition in the Navier–Stokes equation in determining the fluid dynamics of blood ejection from the left and right ventricles into the aorta and the lung.
609:
respectively. These are also called the "semilunar valves". These two arteries receive blood from the ventricles and their semilunar valves permit blood to be forced into the arteries, and prevent backflow from the arteries into the ventricles. These valves do not have chordae tendineae, and are more
522:
that cause tension to better hold the valve. Together, the papillary muscles and the chordae tendineae are known as the subvalvular apparatus. The function of the subvalvular apparatus is to keep the valves from prolapsing into the atria when they close. The subvalvular apparatus has no effect on the
482:
of a heart viewed from the apex, with the apical part of the ventricles removed and the mitral valve clearly visible. Due to missing data, the leaflets of the tricuspid and aortic valves are not clearly visible, but the openings are; the pulmonary valve is not visible. On the left are two standard 2D
728:
This is further explanation of the echocardiogram above. MV: Mitral valve, TV: Tricuspid valve, AV: Aortic valve, Septum: Interventricular septum. Continuous lines demarcate septum and free wall seen in echocardiogram, dotted line is a suggestion of where the free wall of the right ventricle should
693:
begins to form between what will later become the ascending aorta and pulmonary tract. As the septum forms, the two lateral thickenings are split, so that the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk have three thickenings each (an anterior or posterior, and half of each of the lateral thickenings). The
2781:
990:
666:. The upward extension of the bases of the ventricles causes the canal to become invaginated into the ventricle cavities. The invaginated margins form the rudiments of the lateral cusps of the AV valves. The middle and septal cusps develop from the downward extension of the
523:
opening and closure of the valves, however, which is caused entirely by the pressure gradient across the valve. The peculiar insertion of chords on the leaflet free margin, however, provides systolic stress sharing between chords according to their different thickness.
862:
Usually, the aortic and mitral valves are incorporated in valve studies within a single degree of freedom. These relationships are based on the idea of the valve being a structure with a single degree of freedom. These relationships are based on the
694:
thickenings are the origins of the three cusps of the semilunar valves. The valves are visible as unique structures by the ninth week. As they mature, they rotate slightly as the outward vessels spiral, and move slightly closer to the heart.
1074:
1329:
244:
835:
876:
1487:
Heart sounds of a 16 year old girl diagnosed with mitral valve prolapse and mitral regurgitation. Auscultating her heart, a systolic murmur and click is heard. Recorded with the stethoscope over the mitral
2027:
S Nazari et al.: Patterns Of
Systolic Stress Distribution On Mitral Valve Anterior Leaflet Chordal Apparatus. A Structural Mechanical Theoretical Analysis. J Cardiovasc Surg (Turin) 2000 Apr;41(2):193–202
1186:
1439:
1479:
1527:
Regurgitation occurs when a valve becomes insufficient and malfunctions, allowing some blood to flow in the wrong direction. This insufficiency can affect any of the valves as in
132:
761:
2199:
998:
87:
1610:. The symptoms of the disease will depend on the affected valve, the type of disease, and the severity of the disease. For example, valvular disease of the
1480:
133:
1194:
2611:
1571:, usually a bacterial infection but can sometimes be caused by other organisms. Bacteria can more readily attach to damaged valves. Another type of
2226:
2140:
2112:
2055:
985:{\displaystyle {\rho }\left({{\partial }u \over {\partial }t}+{u{\partial }u \over {\partial }x}\right)+{{\partial }p \over {\partial }x}=0}
1576:
729:
be. The red line represents where the upper left loop in the echocardiogram transects the 3D-loop, the blue line represents the lower loop.
725:
662:
In the developing heart, the valves between the atria and ventricles, the bicuspid and the tricuspid valves, develop on either side of the
769:
2287:
1082:
2282:
864:
1547:, a narrowing of the valve. This is a result of the valve becoming thickened and any of the heart valves can be affected, as in
1865:
1471:
610:
similar to the valves in veins than they are to the atrioventricular valves. The closure of the semilunar valves causes the
681:. The truncus arteriosus is originally a single outflow tract from the embryonic heart that will later split to become the
1371:
124:
82:
2751:
2689:
2466:
2219:
504:
703:
299:
has two cusps, whereas the others have three. There are nodules at the tips of the cusps that make the seal tighter.
1603:
1481:
673:
The semilunar valves (the pulmonary and aortic valves) are formed from four thickenings at the cardiac end of the
2490:
2159:
Nano-analytical electron microscopy reveals fundamental insights into human cardiovascular tissue calcification.
2029:
1715:
forming a bicuspid valve instead of a tricuspid valve. This condition is often undiagnosed until calcific aortic
134:
2786:
1794:
1587:
of the valve. This sees the displacement of a thickened mitral valve cusp into the left atrium during systole.
1556:
1552:
224:
70:
196:
in the right heart. The other two valves are at the entrance to the arteries leaving the heart. These are the
689:. Before it has split, four thickenings occur. There are anterior, posterior, and two lateral thickenings. A
2470:
2383:
2351:
2339:
1979:
Krawczyk-Ożóg, A; Hołda, MK; Bolechała, F; Siudak, Z; Sorysz, D; Dudek, D; Klimek-Piotrowska, W (May 2018).
1704:
1698:
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295:, which are pushed open to allow blood flow and which then close together to seal and prevent backflow. The
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1799:
1777:
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2458:
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2212:
1789:
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1599:
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1568:
1505:
1453:
663:
185:
140:
Sound of the heart valves closing in a healthy 16 year old girl. The stethoscope is at the tricuspid area.
94:
579:
The tricuspid valve has three leaflets or cusps and is on the right side of the heart. It is between the
2791:
2631:
2536:
2504:
2378:
2297:
1708:
1580:
1560:
1548:
483:
views (taken from the 3D dataset) showing tricuspid and mitral valves (above) and aortal valve (below).
314:
has anterior, posterior, and septal cusps; and the mitral valve has just anterior and posterior cusps.
2733:
2626:
2562:
2482:
2454:
2401:
2302:
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220:
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because it contains two leaflets or cusps. The mitral valve gets its name from the resemblance to a
2684:
2267:
1931:
1919:
678:
173:. Four valves are usually present in a mammalian heart and together they determine the pathway of
2728:
2696:
2356:
2329:
2277:
2010:
1674:
674:
667:
611:
543:
2195:
3D, animated, rotatable heart valves (Rich media including
Javascript and Flash player required)
2071:
1508:
is a general term referring to dysfunction of the valves, and is primarily in two forms, either
741:
1839:
1719:
has developed, and this usually happens around ten years earlier than would otherwise develop.
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2666:
2616:
2462:
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2346:
2334:
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2136:
2108:
2051:
2002:
1961:
1822:
1727:
1723:
1678:
657:
533:
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264:
2500:
2396:
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1992:
1953:
1666:
645:
519:
479:
276:
272:
213:
1579:. This is commonly found on previously undamaged valves. A major valvular heart disease is
561:(a type of hat). It is on the left side of the heart and allows the blood to flow from the
2782:
Knowledge (XXG) articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray's
Anatomy (1918)
2646:
2641:
2621:
2494:
2478:
2474:
2272:
2194:
2103:
Colledge, Nicki R.; Walker, Brian R.; Ralston, Stuart H.; Davidson, Stanley, eds. (2011).
1643:
1623:
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713:
686:
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606:
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349:
328:
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209:
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1895:
1069:{\displaystyle {{\partial }A \over {\partial }t}+{{\partial } \over {\partial }x}(Au)=0}
2765:
2603:
2544:
2526:
2440:
2324:
622:
566:
496:
288:
260:
178:
2107:(21st ed.). Edinburgh New York: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. pp. 612–28.
1746:
2775:
2636:
1817:
1712:
1659:
717:
292:
252:
2189:
1873:
720:, with closures and openings of the aortic and mitral marked in the pressure curves.
44:
Valves of the heart in motion, the front wall of the heart is removed in this image.
2552:
2548:
2540:
2446:
2014:
1934:
at the SUNY Downstate
Medical Center – "Heart: The Aortic Valve and Aortic Sinuses"
1611:
1607:
1572:
618:
596:
580:
488:
466:
355:
334:
307:
296:
268:
201:
189:
55:
17:
724:
2046:
Schoenwolf, Gary C.; et al. (2009). "Development of the
Urogenital system".
1478:
1324:{\displaystyle \int _{0}^{L}p(x,t){{\partial }A \over {\partial }x}\,dx=\,p(L,t)}
131:
75:
2676:
2658:
2585:
2532:
2436:
2426:
1997:
1980:
1647:
562:
256:
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2050:(4th ed.). Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. pp. 177–79.
235:
2701:
2516:
1686:
1670:
1651:
1497:
709:
174:
166:
149:
1965:
763:, across an open heart valve relates to the flow rate, Q, through the valve:
605:
The aortic and pulmonary valves are located at the base of the aorta and the
331:
or right atrioventricular valve, between the right atrium and right ventricle
1957:
1781:
Illustration of the valves of the heart when the ventricles are contracting.
1654:. A particularly feared complication of valvular disease is the creation of
352:, located at the opening between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk
2006:
177:
through the heart. A heart valve opens or closes according to differential
1716:
1627:
1544:
1520:) where a dysfunctional valve lets blood flow in the wrong direction, or
573:
2190:
Mitral Valve Repair at The Mount Sinai
Hospital – "Mitral Valve Anatomy"
1844:
American Heart
Association, Inc – 10000056 Heart and Stroke Encyclopedia
2204:
630:
508:
1630:. When valvular heart disease results from infectious causes, such as
100:
1655:
690:
554:
830:{\displaystyle a{{\partial }Q \over {\partial }t}+bQ^{2}={\Delta }p}
475:
39:
1944:
702:
In general, the motion of the heart valves is determined using the
439:
at the opening between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk
243:
2558:
2236:
1922:
at the SUNY Downstate
Medical Center – "Heart: The Pulmonic Valve"
1776:
1635:
626:
558:
474:
358:, located at the opening between the left ventricle and the aorta.
242:
234:
205:
170:
325:
to prevent backflow of blood from the ventricles into the atria:
27:
A flap of tissue that prevent backflow of blood around the heart
2208:
2172:
Miller, J. D. Cardiovascular calcification: Orbicular origins.
640:(sometimes referred to as the pulmonic valve) lies between the
1741:
2131:
Mitchell RS, Kumar V, Robbins SL, Abbas AK, Fausto N (2007).
1622:, may cause breathlessness, whereas valvular diseases of the
337:
or bicuspid valve, between the left atrium and left ventricle
1460:
1181:{\displaystyle A(x,t)=A_{0}\left(1-{x \over {L}}\right)^{2}}
113:
1563:. Stenosis of the mitral valve is a common complication of
188:
separating the upper atria from the lower ventricles – the
1711:. This results from the fusing of two of the cusps during
317:
The valves of the human heart can be grouped in two sets:
1658:
because of turbulent blood flow, and the development of
452:
at the opening between the left ventricle and the aorta
1758:
1590:
Disease of the heart valves can be congenital, such as
511:. They are anchored to the walls of the ventricles by
2749:
1374:
1197:
1085:
1001:
879:
772:
744:
734:
Relationship between pressure and flow in open valves
346:
to prevent the backflow of blood into the ventricle:
2135:(8th ed.). Saunders/Elsevier. pp. 406–08.
1685:. Infectious causes may also require treatment with
1434:{\displaystyle \Lambda ^{2}(t)={A(L,t) \over A_{0}}}
2721:
2675:
2657:
2602:
2584:
2577:
2515:
2425:
2418:
2313:
2250:
2243:
1583:, which is a weakening of connective tissue called
1575:which doesn't provoke an inflammatory response, is
587:, and stops the backflow of blood between the two.
81:
69:
64:
54:
49:
32:
1985:The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery
1433:
1323:
1180:
1068:
984:
829:
755:
2200:Transcatheter mitral valve implantation: Tendyne
2098:
2096:
2094:
2092:
536:(S1). The closure of the SL valves is heard as
184:The four valves in the mammalian heart are two
2105:Davidson's principles and practice of medicine
1703:The most common form of valvular anomaly is a
1567:. Inflammation of the valves can be caused by
1543:. The other form of valvular heart disease is
400:between the right atrium and right ventricle.
2220:
2041:
2039:
2037:
1981:"Anatomy of the mitral subvalvular apparatus"
870:Equations for the aortic valve in this case:
169:in one direction through the chambers of the
8:
1673:. Damaged and defective heart valves can be
413:between the left atrium and left ventricle.
322:
2581:
2422:
2317:
2247:
2227:
2213:
2205:
2126:
2124:
621:, which has three cusps, lies between the
507:from the ventricles into the atria during
310:has left, right, and posterior cusps. The
38:
1996:
1626:may lead to dysfunction of the liver and
1423:
1397:
1379:
1373:
1302:
1272:
1255:
1244:
1234:
1231:
1207:
1202:
1196:
1172:
1160:
1155:
1138:
1111:
1084:
1037:
1031:
1029:
1015:
1005:
1002:
1000:
965:
955:
952:
933:
923:
917:
903:
893:
890:
880:
878:
819:
810:
789:
779:
776:
771:
745:
743:
526:The closure of the AV valves is heard as
306:has left, right, and anterior cusps. The
723:
708:
363:
2756:
1831:
1665:Valvular heart disease is diagnosed by
271:. Heart valves are situated around the
2487:moderator band/septomarginal trabecula
1816:This article incorporates text in the
1598:. Different forms are associated with
1495:
858:Valves with a single degree of freedom
518:The chordae tendineae are attached to
279:. The valves incorporate flaps called
147:
98:
29:
1872:. Richard E. Klabunde. Archived from
515:, which prevent them from inverting.
343:
7:
2072:"An Overview of Heart Valve Disease"
1577:nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis
549:The mitral valve is also called the
487:The atrioventricular valves are the
389:From the ventricles into the atria
1900:Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts
1870:Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts
1376:
1366:) = single degree of freedom; when
1245:
1235:
1139:
1038:
1032:
1016:
1006:
966:
956:
934:
924:
904:
894:
820:
790:
780:
746:
716:, showing various events during a
25:
1846:. American Heart Association, Inc
495:, which are situated between the
2759:
1810:
1745:
1634:, an affected person may have a
1496:Problems playing this file? See
1476:
148:Problems playing this file? See
129:
1353:= cross sectional area of valve
847:Stagnant region behind leaflets
677:. These thickenings are called
1415:
1403:
1391:
1385:
1318:
1306:
1299:
1296:
1284:
1265:
1228:
1216:
1152:
1149:
1143:
1129:
1101:
1089:
1057:
1048:
1:
247:Blood flow through the valves
239:Structure of the heart valves
1472:Mitral Valve Prolapse murmur
259:. Heart valves separate the
2690:sternopericardial ligaments
2467:valve of inferior vena cava
1998:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2017.12.061
1894:Klabunde, RE (2007-04-05).
1864:Klabunde, RE (2009-07-02).
1604:connective tissue disorders
449:3 (half-moon shaped) flaps
436:3 (half-moon shaped) flaps
423:3 (half-moon shaped) flaps
267:, or the ventricles from a
192:in the left heart, and the
2808:
2288:posterior interventricular
1696:
1524:, when a valve is narrow.
1451:
850:Outflow momentum conserved
756:{\displaystyle {\Delta }p}
655:
594:
464:
433:Pulmonary semilunar valve
376:prevent backflow of blood
2702:epicardium/visceral layer
2491:crista supraventricularis
2392:
2320:
2283:anterior interventricular
2048:Larsen's human embryology
1785:Function of heart valves
1638:and unique signs such as
1594:or acquired, for example
407:Bicuspid or mitral valve
251:The heart valves and the
93:
37:
1932:Anatomy photo:20:29-0104
1920:Anatomy photo:20:21-0102
1820:from the 20th edition of
1795:Pericardial heart valves
1693:Congenital heart disease
1557:pulmonary valve stenosis
1553:tricuspid valve stenosis
381:Atrioventricular valves
225:inferior vena cava valve
2471:valve of coronary sinus
2384:atrioventricular septum
2352:interventricular septum
2133:Robbins Basic Pathology
1946:Cardiovascular Research
1896:"Cardiac Valve Disease"
1705:congenital heart defect
1699:Congenital heart defect
1683:artificial heart valves
1585:myxomatous degeneration
1541:tricuspid insufficiency
1537:pulmonary insufficiency
1444:Atrioventricular valve
1359:= axial length of valve
844:Inflow energy conserved
664:atrioventricular canals
461:Atrioventricular valves
446:Aortic semilunar valve
323:atrioventricular valves
186:atrioventricular valves
2709:fold of left vena cava
2459:limbus of fossa ovalis
1790:Artificial heart valve
1782:
1722:Less common CHD's are
1632:infective endocarditis
1600:cardiovascular disease
1596:infective endocarditis
1569:infective endocarditis
1506:Valvular heart disease
1465:
1454:Valvular heart disease
1435:
1325:
1182:
1070:
986:
831:
757:
730:
721:
704:Navier–Stokes equation
484:
370:Number of flaps/cusps
248:
240:
227:, not discussed here.
118:
95:Anatomical terminology
2505:pulmonary circulation
1958:10.1093/cvr/26.7.720b
1902:. Richard E. Klabunde
1780:
1713:embryonic development
1709:bicuspid aortic valve
1669:, which is a form of
1640:splinter haemorrhages
1581:mitral valve prolapse
1561:aortic valve stenosis
1549:mitral valve stenosis
1464:
1448:Clinical significance
1436:
1326:
1183:
1071:
987:
853:Flat velocity profile
832:
758:
727:
712:
629:. During ventricular
478:
246:
238:
219:The heart also has a
117:
2734:Coronary circulation
2563:systemic circulation
2402:intervenous tubercle
1866:"Pressure Gradients"
1620:aortic regurgitation
1592:aortic regurgitation
1533:mitral insufficiency
1529:aortic insufficiency
1372:
1195:
1083:
999:
877:
770:
742:
679:endocardial cushions
384:3 (right), 2 (left)
221:coronary sinus valve
2685:fibrous pericardium
1212:
738:The pressure drop,
480:3D - loop
428:into the ventricle
18:Valves of the heart
2729:Circulatory system
2697:serous pericardium
2659:Pericardial cavity
2357:trabeculae carneae
2330:interatrial septum
2176:12, 476–78 (2013).
2163:12, 576–83 (2013).
1800:Bjork–Shiley valve
1783:
1757:. You can help by
1466:
1431:
1321:
1198:
1178:
1066:
982:
827:
753:
731:
722:
675:truncus arteriosus
668:septum intermedium
612:second heart sound
544:second heart sound
485:
249:
241:
119:
2747:
2746:
2739:Coronary arteries
2717:
2716:
2667:pericardial sinus
2627:Bachmann's bundle
2617:cardiac pacemaker
2612:Conduction system
2573:
2572:
2463:crista terminalis
2414:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2362:chordae tendineae
2335:pectinate muscles
2142:978-1-4160-2973-1
2114:978-0-7020-3085-7
2057:978-0-443-06811-9
1775:
1774:
1732:Ebstein's anomaly
1728:pulmonary atresia
1482:
1429:
1253:
1165:
1046:
1024:
974:
942:
912:
798:
658:Heart development
534:first heart sound
520:papillary muscles
513:chordae tendineae
458:
457:
420:Semilunar valves
135:
125:Emily’s heartbeat
109:
108:
104:
16:(Redirected from
2799:
2764:
2763:
2755:
2582:
2537:atrial appendage
2501:pulmonary artery
2451:atrial appendage
2423:
2397:cardiac skeleton
2367:papillary muscle
2318:
2248:
2229:
2222:
2215:
2206:
2177:
2174:Nature Materials
2170:
2164:
2161:Nature Materials
2153:
2147:
2146:
2128:
2119:
2118:
2100:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2043:
2032:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2000:
1991:(5): 2002–2010.
1976:
1970:
1969:
1941:
1935:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1836:
1814:
1813:
1770:
1767:
1749:
1742:
1707:(CHD), called a
1667:echocardiography
1484:
1483:
1463:
1440:
1438:
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277:cardiac skeleton
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161:is a biological
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595:Main articles:
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350:Pulmonary valve
329:Tricuspid valve
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2792:Heart valves
2722:Blood supply
2594:heart valves
2593:
2556:
2553:aortic sinus
2549:aortic valve
2541:mitral valve
2524:
2498:
2483:infundibulum
2455:fossa ovalis
2447:right atrium
2434:
2373:
2173:
2168:
2160:
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2132:
2104:
2079:. Retrieved
2075:
2066:
2047:
2023:
1988:
1984:
1974:
1949:
1945:
1939:
1927:
1915:
1904:. Retrieved
1899:
1889:
1878:. Retrieved
1874:the original
1869:
1859:
1848:. Retrieved
1843:
1834:
1825:
1815:
1809:
1784:
1766:October 2014
1763:
1759:adding to it
1754:
1721:
1702:
1664:
1612:aortic valve
1608:hypertension
1589:
1573:endocarditis
1526:
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1518:incompetence
1517:
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619:aortic valve
616:
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597:Aortic valve
581:right atrium
578:
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528:
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489:mitral valve
486:
467:Mitral valve
356:Aortic valve
335:Mitral valve
316:
308:aortic valve
301:
297:mitral valve
284:
280:
269:blood vessel
250:
218:
202:aortic valve
190:mitral valve
183:
165:that allows
158:
156:
2677:Pericardium
2586:Endocardium
2533:left atrium
2437:venae cavae
2427:Right heart
2278:interatrial
1952:(7): 720b.
1687:antibiotics
1648:Osler nodes
652:Development
563:left atrium
257:endocardium
159:heart valve
65:Identifiers
33:Heart valve
2776:Categories
2604:Myocardium
2517:Left heart
2347:ventricles
1906:2010-08-06
1880:2010-08-06
1850:2010-08-05
1806:References
1671:ultrasound
1652:Roth spots
1614:, such as
1498:media help
1347:= pressure
698:Physiology
656:See also:
501:ventricles
491:, and the
265:ventricles
208:, and the
175:blood flow
150:media help
1966:0008-6363
1724:tricuspid
1377:Λ
1279:−
1246:∂
1236:∂
1200:∫
1140:Λ
1136:−
1127:−
1039:∂
1033:∂
1017:∂
1007:∂
967:∂
957:∂
935:∂
925:∂
905:∂
895:∂
882:ρ
821:Δ
791:∂
781:∂
747:Δ
565:into the
373:location
263:from the
231:Structure
2419:Chambers
2314:Internal
2294:borders
2273:coronary
2007:29397976
1717:stenosis
1679:replaced
1675:repaired
1628:jaundice
1545:stenosis
1522:stenosis
1512:, (also
644:and the
625:and the
583:and the
574:diastole
505:backflow
499:and the
281:leaflets
253:chambers
2766:Anatomy
2632:AV node
2622:SA node
2251:Surface
2244:General
2030:(video)
2015:4870179
1738:History
1334:where:
631:systole
572:During
509:systole
275:of the
223:and an
212:at the
204:at the
76:D006351
50:Details
2752:Portal
2578:Layers
2493:), →
2374:valves
2157:et al.
2139:
2111:
2054:
2013:
2005:
1964:
1826:(1918)
1730:, and
1656:emboli
1488:valve.
691:septum
555:bishop
546:(S2).
542:, the
532:, the
367:Valve
200:– the
56:System
2559:aorta
2539:) →
2379:cusps
2325:atria
2298:right
2268:sulci
2237:heart
2081:9 May
2076:WebMD
2011:S2CID
1681:with
1677:, or
1636:fever
1516:, or
627:aorta
559:mitre
497:atria
285:cusps
261:atria
206:aorta
171:heart
99:[
2561:and
2555:) →
2503:and
2473:) →
2303:left
2263:apex
2258:base
2137:ISBN
2109:ISBN
2083:2021
2052:ISBN
2003:PMID
1962:ISSN
1726:and
1650:and
1606:and
1559:and
1539:and
840:If:
685:and
636:The
617:The
599:and
469:and
342:Two
321:Two
302:The
88:7110
71:MeSH
1993:doi
1989:155
1954:doi
1761:.
1618:or
557:'s
539:dub
529:lub
291:or
283:or
83:FMA
2778::
2547:→
2543:→
2531:→
2497:→
2489:,
2485:,
2477:→
2469:,
2465:,
2461:,
2457:,
2453:,
2445:→
2439:,
2123:^
2091:^
2074:.
2036:^
2009:.
2001:.
1987:.
1983:.
1960:.
1950:26
1948:.
1898:.
1868:.
1842:.
1689:.
1662:.
1646:,
1602:,
1555:,
1551:,
1535:,
1531:,
1362:Λ(
867:.
670:.
614:.
569:.
410:2
397:3
216:.
157:A
2754::
2565:)
2557:(
2551:(
2535:(
2529:)
2525:(
2507:)
2499:(
2481:(
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2443:)
2435:(
2228:e
2221:t
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2145:.
2117:.
2085:.
2060:.
2017:.
1995::
1968:.
1956::
1909:.
1883:.
1853:.
1768:)
1764:(
1500:.
1425:0
1421:A
1416:)
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1395:=
1392:)
1389:t
1386:(
1381:2
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1345:p
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1310:L
1307:(
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1297:)
1294:t
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1288:L
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1282:A
1274:0
1270:A
1266:[
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1260:x
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1214:p
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1153:]
1150:)
1147:t
1144:(
1133:1
1130:[
1124:1
1120:(
1113:0
1109:A
1105:=
1102:)
1099:t
1096:,
1093:x
1090:(
1087:A
1064:0
1061:=
1058:)
1055:u
1052:A
1049:(
1043:x
1027:+
1021:t
1011:A
980:0
977:=
971:x
961:p
950:+
946:)
939:x
929:u
921:u
915:+
909:t
899:u
887:(
825:p
817:=
812:2
808:Q
804:b
801:+
795:t
785:Q
774:a
751:p
152:.
103:]
20:)
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