3720:, who rescues from distress, to the best of his power, his kinsmen and relatives and friends, attains to the object of the Vanaprastha mode of life. That king who on every occasion honours those that are foremost among men attains the object of the Vanaprastha mode of life. That king, O Partha, who daily makes offerings unto all living creatures including men, attains to the object of the same mode of life. That king, who grinds the kingdoms of others for protecting the righteous, attains to the object of the Vanaprastha mode of life. That king who engages in battle with the resolve of protecting his kingdom or meeting with death, attains to the object of the Vanaprastha mode of life.
33:
3556:
without one's partner. While some literally gave up their property and possessions to move into distant lands, most stayed with their families and communities but assumed a transitioning role and gracefully accept an evolving role with age. Dhavamony identifies Vānaprastha stage as one of "detachment and increasing seclusion" but usually serving as a counselor, peace-maker, judge, teacher to young and advisor to the middle-aged.
3537:(married householder) and lasted through about 50 year age. Vānaprastha represented the third stage and typically marked with birth of grandchildren, gradual transition of householder responsibilities to the next generation, increasingly hermit-like lifestyle, and greater emphasis on community services and spiritual pursuit. The Vānaprastha stage ultimately transitioned into
3449:
131:
3555:
was, in practice, a metaphor and guideline. It encouraged gradual transition of social responsibility, economic roles, personal focus towards spirituality, from being center of the action to a more advisory peripheral role, without actually requiring someone to actually moving into a forest with or
3733:
suggests that a householder, after he has taken care of his progeny, his parents, his traditions and cleansed his mind is ready to enter the third stage of life, or Vānaprastha. He must lead a frugal life during this stage, sleeping on floor, eating only fruits and bulbs. The more he gives up the
3703:
Numerous ancient and medieval texts of India discuss the four stages of a human being. Each offers different perspective. Some are strict and literal, while others discuss the concept in contextual and metaphorical terms. For example, Manusmriti offers elaborate prescriptions for drastic kind of
3613:(अन्तिगृह, like a neighbor) in hymn 10.95.4, where the context and content suggests the elders did not go into forest, but continued to live as part of extended family, with outwardly role, in ancient India. In later Vedic era and over time,
4110:
JF Sprockhoff (1981), Aranyaka und
Vanaprastha in der vedischen Literatur, Neue Erwägungen zu einer alten Legende und ihren Problemen. Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde Südasiens und Archiv für Indische Philosophie Wien, 25, pages
3782:
Nigal states Vānaprastha stage to be a gradual evolution of a "family man" to a "society man", from one seeking "personal gain" to one seeking a "better world, welfare of his community, agapistic altruism".
3571:
may, if he or she wants, skip householder and retirement stage, go straight to
Sannyasa stage of life, thereby renouncing worldly and materialistic pursuits and dedicating their lives to spiritual pursuits.
3734:
worldly delights, the closer he gets to the knowledge of his spirit, and more ready he is for the last stage – the
Sannyasa asrama, where he renounces everything and focuses entirely on spiritual pursuits.
3756:) revolves around hermit lifestyle in a forest. Many of the legendary forest hermitages, mentioned in various Sanskrit works, later became sites for major temples and Hindu pilgrimage.
79:, which starts when a person hands over household responsibilities to the next generation, takes an advisory role, and gradually withdraws from the world. This stage typically follows
3708:
suggests Vānaprastha is a symbolic metaphor and declares that a king may achieve the "object of Vānaprastha" by certain actions, without retiring into the forest. For example,
53:) literally meaning 'way of the forest' or 'forest road', is the third stage in the 'Chaturasrama' system of Hinduism. It represents the third of the four
179:
3998:
2356:
942:
3986:
3691:
as four alternative ways of life and options available, but not as sequential stage that any individual must follow. Olivelle also states that
3529:, which identified four stages of a human life, with distinct differences based on natural human needs and drives. The first stage of life was
4254:
3974:
2235:
3112:
4309:
4194:
4178:
4082:
3906:
3878:
3861:
3479:
4234:
4146:
4040:
3959:
3930:
4120:
JF Sprockhoff (1976), Sannyāsa, Quellenstudien zur Askese im
Hinduismus I: Untersuchungen über die Sannyåsa-Upanishads, Wiesbaden,
32:
4315:
Patrick
Olivelle (1993), The Ashrama System: The History and Hermeneutics of a Religious Institution, Oxford University Press,
4189:
Patrick
Olivelle (1993), The Ashrama System: The History and Hermeneutics of a Religious Institution, Oxford University Press,
2265:
1096:
3749:
216:
1689:
4158:
Olivelle translates them as classes over pages 25–34, e.g. see footnote 70; while other authors translate them as castes
2245:
2185:
788:
3415:
4224:
3306:
1951:
1916:
1956:
3434:
3105:
3009:
1625:
1310:
622:
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3411:
3057:
2175:
1911:
199:
184:
4030:
3920:
3668:
system from the more modern Dharmaśāstras, because they do not limit some of their
Ashrama rituals to the three
3947:
2967:
2939:
2648:
2538:
2510:
2240:
1368:
1130:
917:
4173:(1993), The Ashrama System: The History and Hermeneutics of a Religious Institution, Oxford University Press,
3873:
Ralph Tench and
William Sun (2014), Communicating Corporate Social Responsibility: Perspectives and Practice,
3503:(प्रस्थ) meaning "going to, abiding in, journey to". The composite word literally means "retiring to forest".
3901:
Albertina
Nugteren (2005), Belief, Bounty, And Beauty: Rituals Around Sacred Trees in India, Brill Academic,
3182:
2395:
2300:
2225:
1406:
1328:
783:
221:
189:
4141:
Barbara
Holdrege (2004), Dharma, in The Hindu World (Editors: Sushil Mittal and Gene Thursby), Routledge,
3472:
3381:
3311:
3147:
2776:
2545:
2205:
1106:
90:
Vānaprastha stage is considered as a transition phase from a householder's life with greater emphasis on
3421:
3399:
3289:
3154:
2727:
2335:
2215:
1618:
1604:
772:
87:
directly after Brahmacharya (student) stage, as a prelude to Sannyasa (ascetic) and spiritual pursuits.
4249:
M Chatterjee (1986), The Concept of Dharma, in Facts and Values (Editors: Doeser and Kraay), Springer,
2126:
767:
4210:
3740:
appears in many major literary works from ancient India. For example, many chapters of the Hindu Epic
1572:
3407:
3403:
3395:
3284:
2946:
2524:
2494:
2325:
2230:
1856:
1750:
661:
4304:
Walter Kaelber (2004), Āśrama, in The Hindu World (Eds: Sushil Mittal and Gene Thursby), Routledge,
3704:
renunciation, describing in verse 6.21 what the retiree in the forest should eat. In contrast, the
3644:, composed about mid 1st millennium BCE and later, place increasing emphasis on all four stages of
3439:
3332:
3168:
2699:
2561:
2305:
2195:
2180:
2086:
2026:
1991:
1891:
1471:
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1002:
892:
808:
762:
272:
174:
165:
145:
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3066:
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2315:
2295:
2290:
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1523:
1135:
1021:
852:
3641:
3637:
2953:
2904:
1936:
3672:– Brahmins, Kshatriyas and Vaishyas. The newer Dharmaśāstra vary widely in their discussion of
1343:
630:
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4316:
4305:
4286:
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2330:
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1861:
1557:
1491:
1086:
1081:
823:
114:
46:
2625:
4170:
3695:
along with the Ashrama system gained mainstream scholarly acceptance about 2nd century BCE.
3680:
in the context of classes (castes), with some mentioning it for three, while others such as
3247:
3209:
3189:
3140:
3089:
2988:
2783:
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2720:
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258:
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2131:
2006:
1986:
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76:
1145:
1140:
922:
828:
598:
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194:
4098:
3753:
3617:
and other new concepts emerged, while older ideas evolved and expanded. The concept of
3586:
3514:(Sanskrit: आरण्यक) in historic Indian literature discussing four stages of human life.
3366:
3175:
3023:
2674:
2568:
2517:
2320:
2146:
2066:
2016:
2001:
1966:
1921:
1818:
1590:
1451:
1333:
1282:
1267:
1247:
1211:
877:
586:
211:
3664:". The older Dharmasūtras, however, are significantly different in their treatment of
1770:
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3526:
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58:
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83:(householder), but a man or woman may choose to skip householder stage, and enter
4268:
3745:
3705:
3656:
Dharmasūtra, in verses 2.11.9 to 2.11.12, describes the four Ashramas including
3626:
3533:(bachelor student) lasting through about 25 years of life, the second stage was
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2797:
2690:
2620:
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2387:
2374:
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1946:
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1242:
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1219:
545:
459:
390:
329:
62:
3748:, build around hermit-style life in a forest (Vānaprastha). Similarly, the
3629:
left their homes and roamed around as spiritual recluses and pursued their
1026:
560:
98:(pursuits related to wealth and pleasures) to one with greater emphasis on
17:
4320:
4125:
3541:, a stage of complete renunciation and dedication to spiritual questions.
4290:
4068:, Family Life and Monastic Life, Chapter 10 with page 101, in particular,
3807:
3741:
3622:
3605:
which can be distinguished. The earliest mention of a related concept in
3538:
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638:
540:
484:
469:
415:
395:
308:
303:
140:
99:
3828:"Chaturasrama — A Composite Feature of Life in Pre-Buddhist India"
3759:
Narada Parivrajaka Upanishad identifies four characteristics of a
3589:
state early Vedic texts make no mention of life in retirement, or
3567:
stages of life were recommended, they were not a requirement. Any
3256:
3126:
2891:
2848:
2403:
1941:
1805:
1715:
1562:
1516:
1496:
1176:
1161:
1101:
1091:
1076:
1061:
1036:
887:
857:
743:
643:
474:
439:
410:
405:
400:
385:
313:
91:
31:
1725:
1506:
1476:
1419:
1166:
1153:
1046:
648:
489:
479:
454:
420:
370:
352:
95:
3625:, emerged about or after 7th century BCE, when sages such as
4285:
KN Aiyar (1914), Thirty Minor Upanishad, Madras, page 135,
4276:, W Newman & Co, pages 2, 7, 9, 15, 18, 20, 30, 52, etc
3856:
RK Sharma (1999), Indian Society, Institutions and Change,
593:
130:
4269:
The Geographical Dictionary of Ancient and Medieval India
3687:
Olivelle posits that the older Dharmasūtras present the
4077:Mariasusai Dhavamony (1982), Classical Hinduism,
4014:, International Journal of Ethics, 40(2): 232–245
36:Vānaprastha, a painting by Niharranjan Sen Gupta
4058:What is Hinduism? (Editors of Hinduism Today),
3714:
3712:(the Book of Peace) of the Hindu Epic, states,
3495:(वानप्रस्थ) is a composite word with the roots
3948:"5. Grihastha Ashrama, Vanprastha and Sanyasa"
57:(stages) of human life, the other three being
3525:is part of the ancient Indian concept called
3473:
8:
4213:The Mahabharata, Section LXVI, pages 211–214
3952:Social and cultural history of ancient India
3725:The Mahabharata, Shanti Parva, Section LXVI
4093:
4091:
4035:. Northern Book Centre. pp. 110–114.
3954:. Concept Publishing Company. p. 68.
3832:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
3480:
3466:
109:
3499:(वन) meaning "forest, distant land", and
4137:
4135:
4133:
3548:, lasted between the ages of 50 and 74.
4166:
4164:
3818:
2357:Sources and classification of scripture
121:
4205:
4203:
4101:, Harvard University Archives, page 47
4054:
4052:
4024:
4022:
4020:
3897:
3895:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3887:
3925:. Northern Book Centre. p. 112.
979:Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation)
974:Arthāpatti (postulation, presumption)
65:(married householder, 2nd stage) and
7:
4229:. Diamond Pocket Books. p. 55.
69:(renunciation ascetic, 4th stage).
3826:Sanjib K. Ghosh Chaudhury (1965).
25:
4032:Axiological approach to the Vedas
3922:Axiological approach to the Vedas
3447:
129:
61:(bachelor student, 1st stage),
4012:The Principles of Hindu Ethics
217:Epic-Puranic royal genealogies
1:
3767:(threshold of house, woods),
3278:Other society-related topics:
969:Upamāṇa (comparison, analogy)
4029:Sahebrao Genu Nigal (1986).
3919:Sahebrao Genu Nigal (1986).
3389:Hinduism and other religions
2186:Chandrashekarendra Saraswati
4097:Jamison and Witzel (1992),
3660:as "a fourfold division of
3134:Kamba Ramayanam/Ramavataram
3106:Naalayira Divya Prabandham
834:Arishadvargas (six enemies)
778:Antaḥkaraṇa (mental organs)
773:Sūkṣma śarīra (subtle body)
4364:
3544:Vānaprastha, according to
3010:Naalayira Divya Prabandham
1690:Gurus, sants, philosophers
1626:Akshar Purushottam Darshan
814:Uparati (self-settledness)
4209:KM Ganguli (Translator),
4061:Two noble paths of Dharma
4010:Alban G. Widgery (1930),
4001:Koeln University, Germany
3989:Koeln University, Germany
3977:Koeln University, Germany
3597:, unlike the concepts of
2176:Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati
829:Samadhana (concentration)
693:Three paths to liberation
200:Tribal religions in India
185:Historical Vedic religion
180:Indus Valley Civilisation
50:
4223:B.K. Chaturvedi (2004).
3775:(cleansing rituals) and
1005:, sacrifice, and charity
102:(spiritual liberation).
3183:Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam
2396:Timeline of Hindu texts
2301:Siddharameshwar Maharaj
1329:Pumsavana Simantonayana
984:Śabda (word, testimony)
222:Epic-Puranic chronology
190:Dravidian folk religion
3728:
3682:Vaikhānasa Dharmasūtra
3633:(homeless) lifestyle.
3148:Eighteen Greater Texts
2777:Brahma Vaivarta Purana
2206:Krishnananda Saraswati
1445:Vijayadashami-Dussehra
959:Pratyakṣa (perception)
819:Titiksha (forbearance)
37:
3946:Manilal Bose (1998).
3551:Nugteren states that
3264:Varna-related topics:
3155:Eighteen Lesser Texts
2728:Devi Bhagavata Purana
1619:Svabhavika Bhedabheda
1605:Achintya Bheda Abheda
1537:Philosophical schools
839:Ahamkara (attachment)
799:Vairagya (dispassion)
727:Mokṣa-related topics:
35:
4333:Four ashrama of yoga
3752:(Shakuntala play by
3684:including all four.
3546:Vedic ashrama system
3506:Widgery states that
3396:Hinduism and Jainism
2326:Vethathiri Maharishi
2231:Nisargadatta Maharaj
794:Viveka (discernment)
169:(500/200 BCE–300 CE)
77:Vedic ashrama system
3750:Abhijñānaśākuntalam
3510:is synonymous with
3454:Hinduism portal
3333:Hinduism by country
3169:Iraiyanar Akapporul
3113:Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai
2196:Dayananda Saraswati
2181:Bhaktivinoda Thakur
2087:Sripada Srivallabha
2027:Raghunatha Siromani
1992:Narasimha Saraswati
1892:Santadas Kathiababa
964:Anumāṇa (inference)
27:One of the ashramas
3779:(contented mind).
3348:Caribbean Shaktism
3067:Kanakadhara Stotra
2316:U. G. Krishnamurti
2296:Satyadhyana Tirtha
1887:Gangesha Upadhyaya
1545:Six Astika schools
789:Ānanda (happiness)
768:Anātman (non-self)
38:
4255:978-94-010-8482-6
4226:Markandeya Purana
3864:, pages 28, 38–39
3763:stage of life as
3731:Markandeya Purana
3699:Spectrum of views
3676:system including
3490:
3489:
3341:Balinese Hinduism
2840:Markandeya Purana
2077:Satyanatha Tirtha
2032:Raghuttama Tirtha
2022:Raghavendra Swami
1862:Ramdas Kathiababa
943:Sources of dharma
809:Dama (temperance)
804:Sama (equanimity)
170:
16:(Redirected from
4355:
4293:
4283:
4277:
4264:
4258:
4247:
4241:
4240:
4220:
4214:
4207:
4198:
4187:
4181:
4171:Patrick Olivelle
4168:
4159:
4156:
4150:
4139:
4128:
4118:
4112:
4108:
4102:
4095:
4086:
4075:
4069:
4056:
4047:
4046:
4026:
4015:
4008:
4002:
3996:
3990:
3984:
3978:
3972:
3966:
3965:
3943:
3937:
3936:
3916:
3910:
3899:
3882:
3871:
3865:
3854:
3848:
3847:
3823:
3744:, just like the
3726:
3482:
3475:
3468:
3452:
3451:
3450:
3412:and Christianity
3382:Pilgrimage sites
3312:Reform movements
3190:Vinayagar Agaval
3141:Five Great Epics
3090:Tamil literature
2989:Sushruta Samhita
2784:Bhavishya Purana
2770:Brahmanda Purana
2721:Bhagavata Purana
2649:Other scriptures
2211:Mahavatar Babaji
1786:Satyakama Jabala
1457:Ganesh Chaturthi
1311:Rites of passage
824:Shraddha (faith)
242:Major traditions
168:
133:
110:
52:
21:
4363:
4362:
4358:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4353:
4352:
4338:
4337:
4329:
4301:
4299:Further reading
4296:
4284:
4280:
4265:
4261:
4257:, pages 177–187
4248:
4244:
4237:
4222:
4221:
4217:
4208:
4201:
4188:
4184:
4169:
4162:
4157:
4153:
4140:
4131:
4119:
4115:
4109:
4105:
4096:
4089:
4076:
4072:
4057:
4050:
4043:
4028:
4027:
4018:
4009:
4005:
3997:
3993:
3985:
3981:
3973:
3969:
3962:
3945:
3944:
3940:
3933:
3918:
3917:
3913:
3900:
3885:
3872:
3868:
3855:
3851:
3825:
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3793:Ashrama (stage)
3789:
3727:
3724:
3578:
3520:
3486:
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3335:
3327:
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3212:
3204:
3196:
3195:
3092:
3060:
2982:Charaka Samhita
2961:Vaiśeṣika Sūtra
2919:Shilpa Shastras
2898:
2851:
2735:Naradiya Purana
2707:
2702:
2677:
2651:
2610:
2474:
2406:
2390:
2359:
2351:
2341:
2340:
2286:Shirdi Sai Baba
2281:Sathya Sai Baba
2261:Ramana Maharshi
2165:
2132:Vadiraja Tirtha
2127:Vācaspati Miśra
2007:Srinivasacharya
1987:Narahari Tirtha
1967:Matsyendranatha
1952:Kumārila Bhaṭṭa
1917:Jagannatha Dasa
1907:Haridasa Thakur
1821:
1700:
1692:
1682:
1681:
1637:
1598:Vishishtadvaita
1547:
1539:
1529:
1528:
1482:Makar Sankranti
1462:Vasant Panchami
1425:Maha Shivaratri
1409:
1313:
1222:
1156:
1125:
1006:
997:
989:
988:
953:
847:
784:Prajña (wisdom)
780:
757:
721:
695:
664:
633:
631:Meaning of life
618:God in Hinduism
607:
571:
569:Supreme reality
546:Subtle elements
535:
516:
510:
500:
499:
355:
324:
298:
290:
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166:Hindu synthesis
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75:is part of the
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4327:External links
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4310:978-0415772273
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2511:Brihadaranyaka
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2019:
2017:Purandara Dasa
2014:
2009:
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2002:Nimbarkacharya
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1994:
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1212:Kundalini yoga
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662:Stages of life
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623:God and gender
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556:Gross elements
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4236:81-288-0577-0
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4067:
4064:, p. 101, at
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4042:81-85119-18-X
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4013:
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3961:81-7022-598-1
3957:
3953:
3949:
3942:
3939:
3934:
3932:81-85119-18-X
3928:
3924:
3923:
3915:
3912:
3909:, pages 13–21
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3791:
3790:
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3780:
3778:
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3771:(anchorite),
3770:
3766:
3762:
3757:
3755:
3751:
3747:
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3732:
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3719:
3716:That king, O
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3675:
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3647:
3643:
3642:Dharmaśāstras
3639:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
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3600:
3596:
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3557:
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3540:
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3528:
3527:Chaturashrama
3524:
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3509:
3504:
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3498:
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3386:
3383:
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3378:
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3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3355:Hindu culture
3353:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3329:
3326:
3321:
3320:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3307:Organisations
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3245:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3180:
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3177:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3152:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3110:
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3107:
3103:
3101:
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3096:
3095:
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3083:
3082:
3078:
3076:
3075:
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3059:
3055:
3051:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3031:Yoga Vasistha
3028:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3007:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2996:Natya Shastra
2993:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2963:
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2958:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2933:Brahma Sutras
2930:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2879:Sthapatyaveda
2876:
2874:
2873:
2872:Gandharvaveda
2869:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2833:Varaha Purana
2830:
2828:
2827:
2826:Skanda Purana
2823:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2793:
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2788:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2763:Brahma Purana
2760:
2758:
2757:
2756:Garuda Purana
2753:
2751:
2750:
2749:Matsya Purana
2746:
2744:
2743:
2742:Vāmana Purana
2739:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2714:Vishnu Purana
2711:
2710:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2658:Bhagavad Gita
2655:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
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2515:
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2279:
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2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
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2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2241:Radhakrishnan
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2221:Narayana Guru
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2201:Jaggi Vasudev
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2191:Chinmayananda
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
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2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
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2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2052:Ramprasad Sen
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
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1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1902:Gorakshanatha
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1842:Allama Prabhu
1840:
1838:
1837:Akka Mahadevi
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1827:Abhinavagupta
1825:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1776:Prashastapada
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
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1699:
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1678:
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1668:
1667:
1666:
1663:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1636:Other schools
1634:
1633:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1614:
1613:
1612:Shuddhadvaita
1609:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1586:
1585:
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1498:
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1446:
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1438:
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1433:
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1423:
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1418:
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1413:
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1408:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1397:
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1390:
1387:
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1377:
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1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1293:Kalaripayattu
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1228:Bharatanatyam
1226:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1151:
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1142:
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1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1107:Nritta-Nritya
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
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1023:
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1009:
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985:
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977:
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965:
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948:
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936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
850:
844:
843:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
760:
754:
753:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
731:
728:
725:
724:
720:
716:
715:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
698:
694:
690:
689:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
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667:
663:
659:
658:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
636:
632:
628:
627:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
610:
604:
603:
600:
597:
595:
592:
588:
585:
583:
580:
579:
578:
575:
574:
570:
566:
565:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
538:
532:
531:
528:
525:
523:
520:
519:
513:
512:
509:
504:
503:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
432:
429:
426:
425:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
368:
365:
363:
359:
358:
354:
350:
345:
344:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
327:
323:
319:
318:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
301:
297:
293:
292:
289:
284:
283:
275:
274:
269:
268:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
246:
240:
239:
236:
231:
230:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
209:
208:
207:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
167:
164:
163:
161:
153:
152:
147:
144:
142:
139:
138:
137:
136:
132:
128:
127:
124:
120:
116:
112:
111:
105:
103:
101:
97:
93:
88:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
68:
64:
60:
56:
48:
44:
43:
34:
30:
19:
4312:, Chapter 17
4281:
4274:Google Books
4267:
4262:
4245:
4225:
4218:
4185:
4154:
4116:
4106:
4073:
4066:Google Books
4059:
4031:
4006:
3994:
3982:
3970:
3951:
3941:
3921:
3914:
3869:
3852:
3838:: 130--133.
3835:
3831:
3821:
3798:Brahmacharya
3781:
3776:
3773:Samprakshali
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3758:
3737:
3736:
3729:
3718:Yudhishthira
3715:
3710:Shanti Parva
3702:
3692:
3688:
3686:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3657:
3649:
3648:, including
3645:
3638:Dharmasūtras
3635:
3630:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3599:Brahmacharin
3594:
3590:
3585:Jamison and
3584:
3569:Brahmacharya
3568:
3564:
3560:
3558:
3552:
3550:
3543:
3531:Brahmacharya
3522:
3521:
3507:
3505:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3491:
3414: /
3410: /
3406: /
3402: /
3400:and Buddhism
3398: /
3362:Architecture
3325:Other topics
3263:
3246:
3218:Four varnas:
3217:
3188:
3181:
3174:
3167:
3160:
3153:
3146:
3139:
3132:
3125:
3118:
3111:
3104:
3097:
3079:
3072:
3065:
3043:
3036:
3029:
3022:
3015:
3008:
3003:Panchatantra
3001:
2994:
2987:
2980:
2973:
2966:
2959:
2954:Nyāya Sūtras
2952:
2945:
2938:
2931:
2924:
2917:
2912:Artha Śastra
2910:
2903:
2877:
2870:
2863:
2856:
2838:
2831:
2824:
2819:Kūrma Purana
2817:
2812:Linga Purana
2810:
2805:Shiva Purana
2803:
2796:
2791:Padma Purana
2789:
2782:
2775:
2768:
2761:
2754:
2747:
2740:
2733:
2726:
2719:
2712:
2689:
2682:
2667:s (Hinduism)
2664:
2656:
2597:
2590:
2583:
2577:Atharvaveda:
2576:
2567:
2560:
2553:
2544:
2537:
2530:
2523:
2516:
2509:
2502:
2493:
2486:
2479:
2441:
2432:
2425:
2418:
2411:
2291:Shraddhanand
2266:Ravi Shankar
2246:R. D. Ranade
2107:Śyāma Śastri
2102:Swaminarayan
2062:Rupa Goswami
1972:Morya Gosavi
1932:Jiva Goswami
1832:Adi Shankara
1658:Pratyabhijña
1624:
1617:
1610:
1603:
1596:
1589:
1582:
1389:Samavartanam
1369:Vidyāraṃbhaṃ
1354:Annaprashana
1278:Dandiya Raas
1253:Mohiniyattam
1146:Nididhyāsana
951:Epistemology
883:Brahmacharya
763:Ātman (self)
726:
679:
670:Brahmacharya
599:Saccidānanda
551:Panchikarana
427:
360:
351: /
347:Other major
271:
205:
204:
159:
89:
84:
80:
72:
71:
59:Brahmacharya
54:
41:
40:
39:
29:
4211:Santi Parva
3777:Purnamanasa
3761:Vānaprastha
3746:Mahabharata
3738:Vānaprastha
3706:Mahabharata
3693:Vānaprastha
3678:Vānaprastha
3658:Vānaprastha
3650:Vānaprastha
3627:Yājñavalkya
3619:Vānaprastha
3615:Vānaprastha
3591:Vānaprastha
3565:Vānaprastha
3553:Vānaprastha
3523:Vānaprastha
3508:Vānaprastha
3493:Vānaprastha
3408:and Judaism
3404:and Sikhism
3372:Iconography
3297:Nationalism
3290:Persecution
3074:Shiva Stuti
2968:Yoga Sutras
2798:Agni Purana
2700:Other texts
2691:Mahabharata
2434:Atharvaveda
2331:Vivekananda
2256:Rama Tirtha
2251:Ramakrishna
2226:Nigamananda
2216:Mahesh Yogi
2092:Sripadaraja
2082:Siddheshwar
1977:Mukundarāja
1957:Madhusūdana
1947:Kanaka Dasa
1867:Chakradhara
1811:Yajnavalkya
1801:Vishvamitra
1670:Pancharatra
1568:Vaisheshika
1524:Ratha Yatra
1472:Janmashtami
1467:Rama Navami
1384:Ritushuddhi
1359:Chudakarana
1349:Nishkramana
1319:Garbhadhana
1288:Pandav Lila
1197:Bhakti yoga
1082:Prāyaścitta
853:Niti śastra
701:Bhakti yoga
680:Vānaprastha
495:Vishvakarma
428:Post-Vedic:
264:Vaishnavism
206:Traditional
85:Vānaprastha
73:Vānaprastha
42:Vānaprastha
18:Vanaprastha
4149:, page 231
4085:, page 355
3999:vanapastha
3881:, page 346
3814:References
3769:Vaikhanasa
3654:Baudhayana
3631:Pravrajika
3576:Literature
3518:Discussion
3248:Varna-less
3120:Tiruppukal
3081:Vayu Stuti
3045:Panchadasi
3038:Swara yoga
2926:Kama Sutra
2865:Dhanurveda
2525:Taittiriya
2503:Yajurveda:
2495:Kaushitaki
2472:Upanishads
2464:Upanishads
2388:Scriptures
2236:Prabhupada
2152:Vidyaranya
2037:Ram Charan
2012:Prabhākara
1927:Jayatīrtha
1877:Dadu Dayal
1872:Chāngadeva
1731:Bharadwaja
1721:Ashtavakra
1487:Kumbh Mela
1435:Durga Puja
1364:Karnavedha
1344:Nāmakaraṇa
1273:Yakshagana
1202:Karma yoga
1192:Jnana yoga
1187:Hatha yoga
1124:Meditation
1097:Tirthadana
878:Aparigraha
734:Paramātman
719:Liberation
711:Karma yoga
706:Jnana yoga
435:Dattatreya
235:Traditions
160:Historical
4321:466428084
4197:, page 94
4126:644380709
3844:2249-1937
3803:Grihastha
3765:Audumbara
3611:Antigriha
3603:Grihasthi
3561:Grihastha
3535:Grihastha
3422:Criticism
3416:and Islam
3377:Mythology
3230:Kshatriya
3162:Athichudi
3099:Tirumurai
3017:Tirumurai
2626:Vyākaraṇa
2562:Chandogya
2554:Samaveda:
2442:Divisions
2420:Yajurveda
2380:Ātmatuṣṭi
2336:Yogananda
2311:Trailanga
2306:Sivananda
2171:Aurobindo
2157:Vyasaraja
2122:Tyagaraja
2072:Sankardev
2042:Ramananda
1937:Jñāneśvar
1912:Harivansh
1897:Gaudapada
1857:Chaitanya
1796:Vashistha
1766:Patanjali
1746:Jamadagni
1665:Vaishnava
1653:Pashupata
1430:Navaratri
1407:Festivals
1374:Upanayana
1339:Jatakarma
1324:Pumsavana
1243:Kuchipudi
1238:Kathakali
1207:Rāja yoga
1141:Samādhāna
1022:Prarthana
996:Practices
923:Svādhyāya
527:Mythology
522:Cosmology
515:Worldview
460:Kartikeya
391:Prajapati
330:Saraswati
106:Etymology
81:Grihastha
63:Grihastha
51:वानप्रस्थ
4348:Ashramas
4342:Category
4291:23013613
4266:NL Dey,
3808:Sannyasa
3787:See also
3754:Kalidasa
3742:Ramayana
3723:—
3689:Ashramas
3666:Ashramas
3623:Sannyasa
3607:Rig Veda
3539:Sannyasa
3512:Aranyaka
3435:Glossary
3367:Calendar
3302:Hindutva
3225:Brahmana
2896:samhitas
2888:Shastras
2858:Ayurveda
2849:Upavedas
2684:Ramayana
2675:Itihasas
2641:Jyotisha
2608:Vedangas
2592:Mandukya
2488:Aitareya
2480:Rigveda:
2459:Aranyaka
2454:Brahmana
2427:Samaveda
2142:Valluvar
2137:Vallabha
2117:Tulsidas
2047:Ramanuja
1997:Nayanars
1982:Namadeva
1819:Medieval
1761:Kashyapa
1677:Charvaka
1648:Kapalika
1512:Puthandu
1502:Vaisakhi
1399:Antyesti
1379:Keshanta
1303:Adimurai
1298:Silambam
1263:Sattriya
1248:Manipuri
933:Mitahara
913:Santosha
873:Achourya
685:Sannyasa
675:Gṛhastha
534:Ontology
508:Concepts
296:Trimurti
259:Smartism
254:Shaktism
249:Shaivism
123:Hinduism
115:a series
113:Part of
67:Sannyasa
55:ashramas
47:Sanskrit
3987:prastha
3674:Ashrama
3581:History
3501:prastha
3440:Outline
3235:Vaishya
3203:Society
3054:Stotras
2705:Puranas
2631:Nirukta
2621:Chandas
2616:Shiksha
2599:Prashna
2585:Mundaka
2449:Samhita
2413:Rigveda
2276:Samarth
2112:Tukaram
2057:Ravidas
1791:Valmiki
1741:Jaimini
1711:Angiras
1706:Agastya
1698:Ancient
1584:Advaita
1578:Vedanta
1573:Mīmāṃsā
1553:Samkhya
1440:Ramlila
1182:Sādhanā
1072:Tarpana
1057:Kīrtana
1052:Bhajana
1003:Worship
928:Shaucha
903:Akrodha
749:Saṃsāra
613:Ishvara
582:Nirguna
577:Brahman
541:Tattvas
465:Krishna
450:Hanuman
445:Ganesha
381:Chandra
376:Ashvins
340:Parvati
335:Lakshmi
322:Tridevi
288:Deities
195:Śramaṇa
175:History
156:Origins
146:History
4319:
4308:
4289:
4253:
4233:
4193:
4177:
4145:
4124:
4081:
4039:
3958:
3929:
3905:
3877:
3860:
3842:
3670:varnas
3662:Dharma
3652:. The
3621:, and
3609:is of
3587:Witzel
3559:While
3240:Shudra
3058:stutis
2894:, and
2892:sutras
2546:Maitri
2271:Ramdas
2164:Modern
2097:Surdas
1962:Madhva
1882:Eknath
1852:Basava
1847:Alvars
1781:Raikva
1771:Pāṇini
1756:Kapila
1751:Kanada
1736:Gotama
1643:Shaiva
1591:Dvaita
1492:Pongal
1415:Diwali
1394:Vivaha
1258:Odissi
1233:Kathak
1172:Yogini
1136:Dhyana
1087:Tirtha
1042:Bhakti
1032:Temple
1027:Śrauta
908:Arjava
868:Ahimsa
863:Niyama
846:Ethics
654:Moksha
639:Dharma
587:Saguna
485:Shakti
470:Kubera
416:Varuna
396:Pushan
309:Vishnu
304:Brahma
141:Hindus
100:Moksha
4111:19–90
3593:, or
3257:Dalit
3210:Varna
3127:Kural
2665:Agama
2636:Kalpa
2532:Katha
2404:Vedas
2375:Ācāra
2370:Smṛti
2365:Śruti
2349:Texts
1942:Kabir
1806:Vyasa
1716:Aruni
1563:Nyaya
1517:Vishu
1497:Ugadi
1177:Asana
1162:Sadhu
1131:Tapas
1102:Matha
1092:Yatra
1077:Vrata
1062:Yajna
1037:Murti
918:Tapas
893:Damah
888:Satya
858:Yamas
744:Karma
644:Artha
561:Guṇas
475:Radha
440:Durga
411:Ushas
406:Surya
401:Rudra
386:Indra
362:Vedic
353:Devis
349:Devas
314:Shiva
92:Artha
4317:OCLC
4306:ISBN
4287:OCLC
4251:ISBN
4231:ISBN
4191:ISBN
4175:ISBN
4143:ISBN
4122:OCLC
4079:ISBN
4037:ISBN
3975:vana
3956:ISBN
3927:ISBN
3903:ISBN
3875:ISBN
3858:ISBN
3840:ISSN
3640:and
3636:The
3601:and
3563:and
3497:vana
3271:Jāti
3056:and
2569:Kena
2518:Isha
1726:Atri
1558:Yoga
1507:Bihu
1477:Onam
1420:Holi
1220:Arts
1167:Yogi
1154:Yoga
1117:Sevā
1112:Dāna
1067:Homa
1047:Japa
1017:Ārtī
1012:Puja
938:Dāna
898:Dayā
756:Mind
739:Maya
649:Kama
490:Sita
480:Rama
455:Kali
421:Vayu
371:Agni
273:List
96:Kama
94:and
4272:at
606:God
4344::
4202:^
4163:^
4132:^
4090:^
4051:^
4019:^
3950:.
3886:^
3836:27
3834:.
3830:.
2890:,
594:Om
117:on
49::
4239:.
4045:.
3964:.
3935:.
3846:.
3481:e
3474:t
3467:v
3250::
364::
45:(
20:)
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