1668:
2189:
62:
3154:
3366:
were also fashioned similarly to the Roman model. Power and wealth in the Vandal state were led by a military landowning aristocracy, and the political elite replaced and expropriated the largely absentee senatorial aristocracy. Other main sources of income included its takeover of the major grain and oil export region of the Romans, which had hitherto been the source of food for the major city of Rome. The wealth that the Vandal leaders accumulated was spent on luxurious town houses and religious buildings, according to literary sources and archeology.
2041:
80:
744:
2797:
2109:
843:
636:
1667:
355:
394:
2831:, while a simultaneous assault, commanded by Marcellinus, would retake Sicily. The Emperor assembled his fleet in 460, but Gaiseric learned of the impending assault and "put a scorched earth policy into effect in Mauretania – scouring the land and poisoning the wells in advance of the planned imperial offensive." In addition, Gaiseric led his own fleet against Majorian's force and
2724:
369:
4803:
2052:
3303:
intense when it was in proximity to his Arian followers. Heather suggests that
Arianism was a means for Gaiseric to keep his followers united and under control; wherever his people interacted with Nicenes, this strategy was threatened. However, Heather also notes that "personal belief must have also played a substantial role in Gaiseric's decision making."
2152:. Diplomacy between Rome and the Vandal Kingdom broke down. Eudoxia wrote a letter to Gaiseric, begging him to come to her aid. Claiming that the broken betrothal between Huneric and Eudocia invalidated his peace treaty with Valentinian, Gaiseric sacked Rome, rescuing Eudoxia, Eudocia, and Eudoxia's younger daughter
684:
outside the city lay dormant and unharvested. After 14 months, hunger and disease were ravaging both the city's inhabitants and the
Vandals outside the walls. The city eventually fell to the Vandals, who made it their first capital. Peace was made between the Romans and the Vandals in 435 through a treaty between
3341:
While primary sources reveal little about
Gunthamund's religious policies, existing evidence does suggest that the new king was "generally better disposed towards the Chalcedonian faith than his predecessor had been" and maintained a period of tolerance. Gunthamund ended the desert exile of a bishop
2093:
The Roman need for grain from North Africa may have declined by the 5th century because the population of the city of Rome had fallen, and the number of Roman soldiers had decreased. The treaty in 442 between Rome and the
Vandals seems to have ensured that grain shipments continued. However, in terms
683:
and his priests prayed for relief from the Arian
Christian invaders, knowing that the fall of the city would spell conversion or death for many Nicene Christians. On 28 August 430, three months into the siege, the 75-year-old St. Augustine died — perhaps from starvation or stress, as the wheat fields
3365:
The administration of the Vandal
Kingdom bears a close resemblance to the Roman provincial administration of Africa. While it was staffed by local Africans, the currency and taxation system were a creative adaptation of Roman models and were similar to those administered by the Romans. Vandal troops
3349:
Thrasamund ended his late brother's policies of tolerance when he ascended to the throne in 496. He reintroduced "harsh measures against the
Catholic ecclesiastical hierarchy" but "worked to maintain positive relations with the Romano-African lay elite," his intention being to split the loyalties of
1630:
have seen the capture of North Africa by the
Vandals and Alans as the "deathblow" and "the greatest single blow" to the Western Roman Empire in its struggle to survive. Prior to the Vandals, northern Africa was prosperous and peaceful, requiring only a small percentage of the Roman Empire's military
3302:
Heather argues that
Gaiseric's promotion of the Arian church, with the accompanying persecution of the Nicene church, had political motivations. He notes a "key distinction" between "the anti-Nicene character" of Gaiseric's actions in Proconsularis and the rest of his kingdom; persecution was most
3298:
as the new Bishop of
Carthage, a position that had been left empty since Quodvultdeus's departure. Heather argues that this accession was intended to improve Vandal–Roman relations as Gaiseric negotiated the marriage of his son Huneric to the Princess Eudocia. However, after Valentinian was killed
3286:
of three of the most intransigent bishops and expelling them from their cities." Similar policies continued with the capture of Carthage in 439 as the Vandal king made efforts to simultaneously advance the Arian church and oppress Nicene practices. Heather notes that four major churches within the
2838:
In 468, both the Western and Eastern Empires attempted to conquer Africa again with the "most ambitious campaign ever launched against the Vandal state." Primary sources suggest that the fleet numbered 1,113 ships and carried 100,000 men, but this figure has been rejected by modern historiography,
3306:
Huneric, Gaiseric's son and successor, continued and intensified the repression of the Nicene church and attempted to make Arianism the primary religion in North Africa; indeed, much of Victor of Vita's narrative focuses on the atrocities and persecutions committed during Huneric's reign. Priests
3137:
Christians. He granted religious freedom, and consequently Chalcedonian synods were once more held in North Africa. However, he had little interest in war and left it to his nephew Hoamer. When the Vandals and the Berber kingdom of Dorsale came into conflict yet again, Hoamer suffered a decisive
553:
in the western Mediterranean. In the 460s, the Romans launched two unsuccessful military expeditions by sea in an attempt to overthrow the Vandals and reclaim North Africa. The conquest of North Africa by the Vandals was a blow to the beleaguered Western Roman Empire, as North Africa was a major
3274:
and noble priests" in the first years of the conquest; similarly, Bishop Honoratus writes that "before our eyes men are murdered, women raped and we ourselves collapse under torture." Citing these and other corroborating sources, Merrills has argued that there is "little doubt" that the initial
3382:
The state of the economy overall is hard to assess. The Vandals did not create any gold coins, but taxes were increased to primarily pay for expanding the army. Trade did continue with pottery being exported but at lower levels. Whether grain shipments to Rome continued is unknown. In the 5th
3291:, Bishop of Carthage, and many of his clergy exiled from Africa and refused "to allow replacements to be ordained… so that the total number of Nicene bishops within the Vandal kingdom suffered a decline." Laymen were excluded from office and frequently suffered confiscation of their property.
2839:
with Heather suggesting 30,000 troops and 50,000 soldiers and sailors combined, based on 16,000 Roman soldiers conveyed on 500 ships in 532. Andy Merrills and Richard Miles have asserted that the operation was undoubtedly extensive and "deserves admiration for its logistical brilliance." At a
2886:
reached a treaty with the Vandals, and in 476 Gaiseric was able to conclude a "perpetual peace" with Constantinople. Relations between the two states assumed a veneer of normality. From 477 onward, the Vandals produced their own coinage, although it was restricted to bronze and silver
780:
discovered across the Mediterranean that date from the Vandal period of North Africa to challenge the assumption that the Vandal rule of North Africa was a time of economic instability. When the Vandals raided Sicily in 440, the Western Roman Empire was too preoccupied with war in
671:, the military ruler of the region. However, it has been suggested that the Vandals migrated to Africa in search of safety; they had been attacked by a Roman army in 422 and had failed to seal a treaty with them. Advancing eastward along the African coast, the Vandals
2903:
of North Africa who were kept in line during Gaiseric's rule soon began revolts and invasions against the Vandals following Gaiseric's death and Huneric's strict religious laws. The Vandals started rapidly losing territory in modern-day western Algeria to the
3386:
When arriving in Africa, the Vandals confiscated land held by senators and gave the land to themselves. Those who had their land confiscated ended up keeping their rights. Those who lived in the territory prior and were wealthy kept their wealth and power.
2871:
3266:. This persecution began with the unfettered violence inflicted against the church during Gaiseric's invasion, but, with the legitimization of the Vandal Kingdom, the oppression became entrenched in "more coherent religious policies." Victor of Vita's
775:
was destroyed, the street grid remained the same, and some public buildings were renovated. The political centre of Carthage was Byrsa Hill. New industrial centres emerged in towns during this period. Historian Andy Merrills uses the large amounts of
2094:
of halting hostilities between Rome and the Vandals, that treaty was honored more in the breach than in the observance, and the Romans placed a high priority on recovering North Africa and regaining their control of grain from the Vandal Kingdom.
3325:
by sword and fire." In 483, Huneric issued a royal edict commanding all Chalcedonian bishops in Africa to attend a debate with Arian representatives. In the aftermath of this conference, he forbade Nicene clergy from assembling or carrying out
3250:: "The remaining Vandals were then shipped back to Constantinople to be absorbed into the imperial army," As a distinct ethnic unit they disappeared, either by fleeing to Spain or by being absorbed into the population of North Africa.
2926:(484–496), his cousin and successor, sought internal peace with the Nicenes and ceased persecution once more. Externally, Vandal power had been declining since Gaiseric's death; Gunthamund lost large parts of Sicily to
4243:
4236:"Théâtre de tous les peuples et nations de la terre avec leurs habits et ornemens divers, tant anciens que modernes, diligemment depeints au naturel par Luc Dheere peintre et sculpteur Gantois[manuscript]"
2188:
2890:
Gaiseric died on 25 January 477, 88 years of age. According to the law of succession which he had promulgated, the oldest male member of the royal house was to succeed. Thus he was succeeded by his son
2120:
The peace treaty of 442 did not halt Vandal raids in the western Mediterranean. Over the next 35 years, Gaiseric used his large naval fleet to loot the coasts of both the Eastern and Western Empires. After
61:
2944:(496–523) was a religious fanatic and hostile to Nicenes, but he contented himself with bloodless persecutions. In 510 the Frexenses Berber tribe under king Guenfan seized a portion of territory south of
3200:. The Vandals were prevailing until Gelimer's brother Ammatas and nephew Gibamund fell in battle. Gelimer then lost heart and fled. Belisarius quickly took Carthage as the surviving Vandals fought on.
2887:
low-denomination coins. Although the low-denomination imperial money was replaced, the high-denomination was not, demonstrating in the words of Merrills "reluctance to usurp the imperial prerogative".
3031:
4835:
3226:
The Vandals' territory in North Africa (which is now northern Tunisia and eastern Algeria) became a Byzantine province. The best Vandal warriors were formed into five cavalry regiments, known as
2773:
received Gaiseric and implored him to abstain from murder and destruction by fire, and to be satisfied with pillage. The Vandals departed with countless valuables, including the spoils of the
2808:
The Vandal sack of Rome, piracy in the Mediterranean, and the Roman need to recover control of the grain trade made the destruction of the Vandal Kingdom a priority for the Roman Empire. The
6283:
4617:
Yet, they were the minority in their kingdom. The majority of the population in the Vandal Kingdom considered themselves Romans and looked forward to the day of restoration of the Empire.
3441:
771:
was that the Vandal takeover of Carthage and North Africa led to widespread destruction. However, recent archaeological investigations have challenged this assertion. Although Carthage's
2972:
and established a kingdom there, and began sacking Vandalic territories and destroyed various Vandalic settlements. Thrasamund attempted to crush him and retake his territory, but the
6278:
1225:
3299:
and Vandal relations with Rome and Constantinople worsened, Gaiseric renewed his oppressive religious policies, leaving the bishopric empty once again when Deogratius died in 457.
4235:
1290:
3282:
Once Gaiseric secured his hold over Numidia and Mauretania in the treaty of 435, he worked "to destroy the power of the Nicene church in his new territories by seizing the
3024:
4828:
4187:
4098:
2522:
581:, the Vandals were also patrons of learning. Grand building projects continued, schools flourished, and North Africa fostered many of the most innovative writers and
1472:
1365:
789:, emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire, dispatched an expedition to deal with the Vandals in 441, but it progressed only as far as Sicily. The Western Empire, under
4570:
3150:(530–534) became king. Hilderic, Hoamer, and their relatives were thrown into prison. In 533, Hilderic was executed when the Byzantine army approached Carthage.
3017:
2546:
1506:
3313:
books were destroyed, and almost 5,000 clergy were exiled into the desert. Violence continued with "men and women… subjected to a series of torments including
1511:
2125:'s death in 453, however, the Romans turned their attention back to the Vandals, who were now in control of some of the richest lands formerly ruled by Rome.
6103:
4821:
2534:
2080:
1613:
1572:
3374:
Most people who lived in the Vandal Kingdom prior to the Vandal arrival mostly considered themselves Roman. The Vandals were a minority of the population.
1428:
1355:
3207:, some 20 miles (32 km) from Carthage. Again, the Vandals fought well but broke, this time when Tzazo fell in battle. Belisarius quickly advanced to
533:
when it became clear that the Vandal army could not be defeated by Roman military forces. In 439, the Vandals renewed their advance eastward and captured
2752:
2695:
3153:
740:
suggests that the new Vandal rule may not have been unwelcome to the population of North Africa, as the previous landowners were generally unpopular.
2140:
when both Eudocia and Huneric were children. However, they had not yet wed when in 455, Valentinian III was murdered by accomplices of the usurper
5186:
1639:
in the 1st century AD said that North Africa fed Rome for eight months of the year, with the other four months of needed grain coming from Egypt.
1496:
936:
3589:
1385:
79:
3287:
city walls were confiscated for the Arians, and a ban was imposed on all Nicene services in areas in which Vandals settled; Gaiseric also had
4707:
4314:
4074:
3993:
3869:
3727:
3549:
3514:
2973:
2133:
667:
estimates that they could have fielded an army of around 15,000–20,000. According to Procopius, the Vandals came to Africa at the request of
6268:
6233:
5488:
5206:
2367:
2352:
1959:
6001:
5744:
5692:
4566:
Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century A.D., with an Account of the Principal Sects and Heresies
6258:
3294:
However, diplomatic considerations took precedence over religious policy. In 454, at the request of Valentinian III, Gaiseric installed
3176:
declared war, with the stated intention of restoring Hilderic to the Vandal throne. While an expedition was en route, Gelimer's brother
1360:
1283:
1417:
6273:
5883:
5554:
4770:
4540:
2700:
2406:
1467:
612:). The surviving Vandals either assimilated into the indigenous African population or were dispersed among the Byzantine territories.
6253:
5995:
5603:
4749:
4732:
4643:
4603:
4423:
4377:
4163:
4123:
3949:
3279:
that the Vandals initially targeted the Nicene Church for financial rather than religious reasons, seeking to rob it of its wealth.
2410:
656:
301:
6096:
4844:
4035:
3334:
and ordered all Nicene churches to be closed and Nicene property confiscated. These churches were then turned over for the royal
3057:
2665:
2073:
1799:
1606:
1077:
884:
852:
6013:
1525:
2567:
1764:
1491:
1022:
626:
387:
5989:
5837:
4995:
1989:
1433:
708:. The city was captured without a fight; the Vandals entered it while most of the inhabitants were attending the races at the
408:
5893:
4788:
2745:
2635:
2290:
1565:
1486:
2540:
3733:
2895:(477–484), who at first tolerated Nicene Christians, owing to his fear of Constantinople, but after 482 began to persecute
5878:
5812:
5611:
5343:
5266:
5117:
2482:
2477:
2461:
888:
1578:
4564:
3668:
2670:
2603:
1749:
1722:
1535:
1334:
6288:
6238:
6089:
6007:
5959:
5650:
5137:
2716:
2557:
2066:
1856:
1647:
1599:
1559:
822:
3246:
but refused it because he was not willing to convert from Arianism to Nicene Christianity. In the words of historian
3196:, to land unopposed 10 miles (16 km) from Carthage. Gelimer quickly assembled an army and met Belisarius at the
6137:
5953:
5947:
5898:
5888:
5318:
5303:
5166:
4415:
4369:
3097:
3087:
2650:
2609:
1324:
1278:
6065:
5348:
4807:
4672:
History of the Later Roman Empire, from the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian (A.D.395 to A.D. 565)
3426:
3276:
3102:
3077:
2832:
2738:
2680:
2645:
2640:
2168:
1999:
1979:
1969:
1950:
182:
4670:
6248:
5971:
5323:
5176:
5112:
3243:
3162:
3107:
2840:
2660:
2395:
2253:
1686:
701:
526:
374:
4053:
Roman Emperor Zeno: The Perils of Power Politics in Fifth-century Constantinople, Peter Crawford, 2019, p. 221
6081:
6243:
6228:
6177:
6172:
6059:
5734:
5626:
5588:
5083:
5013:
3072:
2917:
2824:
2553:
2425:
2342:
1727:
1585:
1481:
1307:
1295:
1070:
1006:
982:
978:
806:
530:
401:
360:
3917:, a great admirer of Leo and quite willing to adjust a date or bend a point (Steven Muhlberger, "Prosper's
537:, the most important city of North Africa. The fledgling kingdom then conquered the Roman-ruled islands of
6263:
5965:
5913:
5903:
5739:
5682:
5353:
3220:
2685:
1753:
1501:
1375:
1302:
3270:
details the "wicked ferocity" inflicted against church property and attacks against "many… distinguished
5983:
5827:
5779:
5765:
5593:
5333:
5246:
5196:
4875:
4858:
3067:
2675:
2655:
2577:
2214:
1232:
923:
777:
672:
5755:
2781:. Eudoxia and her daughters were taken to Carthage, where Eudocia married Huneric shortly thereafter.
6197:
6031:
5908:
5847:
5832:
5719:
5675:
5665:
5443:
5415:
5221:
5065:
4963:
4907:
3910:
3343:
3204:
3197:
3117:
3112:
2993:
2766:
2493:
2284:
2208:
1350:
1041:
697:
630:
605:
590:
522:
3585:
3258:
From their invasion of North Africa in 429 onward, the Vandals, who were predominantly followers of
659:. Although their numbers are unknown and some historians debate the validity of estimates, based on
6182:
6162:
6053:
5784:
5687:
5670:
5660:
5515:
5438:
5261:
5256:
5191:
5091:
5001:
3401:
3216:
2927:
2905:
2774:
2455:
2443:
2420:
2322:
2009:
1778:
1703:
1249:
1030:
998:
768:
743:
574:
175:
6207:
6112:
5977:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5842:
5807:
5802:
5760:
5724:
5583:
5478:
5400:
5373:
5313:
5216:
5201:
5039:
5019:
4181:
4092:
3827:
3416:
3396:
3322:
3231:
3082:
2416:
2356:
2149:
2144:, who sought control of the Empire. Maximus immediately married Valentinian's widow, the Empress
2103:
1656:
1554:
1462:
1445:
1261:
1217:
831:
680:
570:
487:
143:
3861:
3854:
2909:
892:
4739:
4738:
Merrills, Andy (2004). "Vandals, Romans and Berbers: Understanding Late Antique North Africa".
2949:
6192:
5822:
5817:
5750:
5709:
5703:
5544:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5251:
5231:
5181:
5171:
5152:
4784:
4766:
4745:
4728:
4703:
4639:
4599:
4536:
4419:
4373:
4310:
4304:
4169:
4159:
4129:
4119:
4080:
4070:
3955:
3945:
3919:
3914:
3865:
3723:
3545:
3263:
3092:
3062:
2561:
2371:
2203:
2148:, and he also canceled Eudocia's betrothal to Huneric and married her instead to his own son,
2141:
1885:
1875:
1838:
1818:
1808:
1256:
1173:
1165:
1085:
1014:
896:
150:
129:
4530:
6116:
6039:
5621:
5616:
5539:
5473:
5468:
5338:
5308:
5276:
5132:
5077:
5056:
5034:
4346:
3819:
3537:
3421:
3295:
3169:
2879:
2816:
2784:
The sack of Rome earned the Vandals association with senseless destruction through the noun
2177:
1712:
1454:
1380:
1197:
1109:
1051:
948:
772:
748:
733:
640:
609:
318:
2851:, the Vandals destroyed the Western fleet and part of the Eastern fleet through the use of
2796:
2108:
6147:
5562:
5530:
5525:
5505:
5368:
5328:
5298:
5281:
5241:
5226:
5211:
5142:
5127:
5044:
5024:
4897:
3431:
3411:
3219:, surrendered to the Byzantines, ending the Kingdom of the Vandals and paving the way for
2984:
ravaged the coast of southern Italy, preventing him from coming to the assistance of King
2597:
2400:
2145:
2129:
1932:
1922:
1913:
1677:
1530:
1370:
1329:
1317:
1244:
1237:
1181:
1117:
1093:
875:
790:
756:
685:
635:
582:
122:
5420:
663:'s assertion that the Vandals and Alans numbered 80,000 when they moved to North Africa,
842:
17:
6045:
5941:
5935:
5535:
5510:
5383:
5378:
5363:
5358:
5293:
5288:
5271:
5236:
5029:
4951:
4890:
4350:
3158:
2981:
2965:
2878:
In the 470s, the Romans abandoned their policy of war against the Vandals. The Western
2528:
2247:
2122:
2056:
1895:
1312:
1269:
1189:
969:
867:
737:
513:
to North Africa. They advanced eastward, conquering the coastal regions of what is now
471:
459:
157:
136:
3886:
Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome, Vol 36, The Seaborne Commerce of Ancient Rome
3529:
2863:
at Kenipolis with heavy losses. In retaliation, the Vandals took 500 hostages at
1631:
forces, and was an important source of taxes for the empire and grain for the city of
6222:
5729:
5567:
5071:
4945:
4917:
3831:
3541:
3406:
3357:) to a greater or lesser extent, banning conversion for Vandals and exiling bishops.
3247:
3211:, second city of the Vandal Kingdom. In 534 Gelimer, besieged at Mount Pappua by the
2899:
and Nicenes. He also murdered many rival members of the Vandalic dynasty. The native
2809:
2690:
2241:
2220:
2113:
2045:
1865:
1627:
1440:
1149:
786:
664:
503:
2867:, hacked them to pieces, and threw the pieces overboard on the way back to Carthage.
509:
In 429 AD, the Vandals, estimated to number 80,000 people, had crossed by boat from
6019:
5102:
4957:
4937:
4813:
4213:, translated by Thomas J. Dunlap (Berkeley: University of California, 1988), p. 308
3288:
3238:
of Belisarius. Gelimer himself was honourably treated and granted large estates in
3208:
3041:
3005:
2801:
2728:
2449:
2278:
2234:
1341:
798:
764:
676:
601:
555:
499:
314:
118:
93:
4691:
The Cambridge Ancient History. Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors, A.D. 425–600
4682:
The Cambridge Ancient History. Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors, A.D. 425–600
3157:
A 16th century perception of the Vandals, illustrated in a manuscript. Painted by
2815:
began to organize an offensive in the summer of 458. A maritime force staged from
4760:
4716:
Heather, Peter (2007), 'Christianity and the Vandals in the Reign of Geiseric',
4633:
4593:
3717:
5655:
5520:
4337:
Heather, Peter (2007). "Christianity and the Vandals in the Reign of Geiseric".
3173:
3134:
2896:
2870:
2856:
2590:
2503:
2258:
1402:
1392:
1101:
4680:
Cameron, Averil (2000). "The Vandal conquest and Vandal rule (A.D. 429–534)".
4084:
3483:
3331:
3309:
3235:
3193:
2941:
2923:
2770:
2583:
961:
793:, secured peace with the Vandals in 442. Under the treaty, the Vandals gained
712:. Gaiseric made it his capital and styled himself the King of the Vandals and
709:
693:
668:
655:(also known as Genseric or Geiseric), crossed to Africa in 429, beginning the
597:
525:, then ruling North Africa, allowed the Vandals to settle in the provinces of
252:
240:
4173:
3959:
3664:
2160:). Maximus and Palladius were killed by an angry mob while fleeing the city.
6132:
6127:
4922:
4133:
3646:
3642:
3613:
3609:
3436:
3283:
2989:
2985:
2977:
2930:
2864:
2852:
2785:
2270:
2264:
1828:
1157:
1125:
943:
909:
760:
696:. Gaiseric chose to break the treaty in 439 when he invaded the province of
660:
3009:
4802:
4741:
Vandals, Romans and Berbers: New Perspectives on Late Antique North Africa
4410:
Merrills, Andy (2014). "Kingdoms of North Africa". In Michael Mass (ed.).
3823:
6187:
5640:
5122:
4927:
4870:
3913:
account of the event was followed by his continuator in the 6th century,
3354:
3314:
3259:
3181:
3143:
3130:
2980:, but despite this alliance, Thrasamund failed to aid Theoderic when the
2969:
2953:
2844:
2828:
2820:
2812:
2466:
2157:
2153:
1636:
1141:
1133:
1056:
1046:
794:
721:
705:
652:
578:
546:
538:
534:
510:
491:
264:
216:
170:
99:
3383:
century, there was a decline in trade across the Mediterranean as well.
2952:, pushing the Vandals further out of inland. Around the 510s, migrating
716:, to denote the inclusion of his Alan allies into his realm. Conquering
6167:
6142:
4902:
4863:
3327:
3318:
3239:
3147:
3139:
3045:
2934:
2913:
2908:, and by the end of Huneric's rule he completely lost control over the
2900:
2892:
2883:
2860:
2848:
2312:
2137:
2019:
953:
859:
802:
725:
689:
648:
550:
518:
514:
479:
442:
438:
276:
228:
68:
4700:
The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians
4064:
3353:
Except for Hilderic, most Vandal kings persecuted Nicenes (as well as
2976:
in 523 ended in a disastrous Vandalic defeat. He also allied with the
6152:
5410:
4153:
3271:
3212:
2957:
2945:
914:
904:
717:
542:
495:
426:
4113:
3242:, where he lived to be an old man. He was also offered the rank of
5388:
4912:
4885:
3889:
3346:
and also restored the Nicene shrine of Saint Agileus in Carthage.
3189:
3185:
3177:
3152:
3146:
faction within the royal family led a revolt, and Hoamer's cousin
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2107:
1397:
742:
729:
713:
634:
586:
559:
483:
446:
434:
430:
111:
3203:
On December 15, 533, Gelimer and Belisarius clashed again at the
6157:
4880:
3884:
Rickman, G.E. (1980), "The Grain Trade under the Roman Empire,"
3335:
3192:. This enabled the armies of the Byzantine Empire, commanded by
1632:
782:
563:
197:
6085:
4817:
4155:
The age of Justinian : the circumstances of imperial power
3275:
invasion was "brutally violent." He has also argued along with
3013:
2128:
In an effort to bring the Vandals into the fold of the Empire,
4693:. Vol. XIV. Cambridge University Press. pp. 124–126.
4684:. Vol. XIV. Cambridge University Press. pp. 553–559.
3983:
3981:
2961:
4783:
trans. John Moorhead, Liverpool: Liverpool University Press,
3719:
The Inheritance of Rome: A History of Europe from 400 to 1000
2769:
offers the only 5th-century report that on 2 June 455, Pope
4066:
Globalizing borderlands studies in Europe and North America
2855:. Following up the attack, the Vandals tried to invade the
2156:(the latter was married to the future unrecognised emperor
3992:
harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGreenhalghEliopoulos1985 (
596:
The Vandal Kingdom ended in 534, when it was conquered by
2933:
and had to withstand increasing pressure from the native
4031:
4029:
4027:
3944:. Chichester, U.K.: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 119–121.
3810:
Linn, Jason (2012). "The Roman Grain Supply, 442–455".
3133:(523–530) was the Vandal king who was most tolerant of
643:
to North Africa where the Vandals crossed into Africa.
3987:
3480:
The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Roman World
688:
and Gaiseric, giving the Vandals control of coastal
6029:
5926:
5856:
5795:
5778:
5702:
5639:
5602:
5576:
5553:
5498:
5487:
5429:
5399:
5151:
5101:
5055:
4986:
4973:
4936:
4851:
3442:
Church of the priest Félix and baptistry of Kélibia
422:
311:
298:
286:
270:
258:
246:
234:
222:
210:
196:
188:
166:
107:
89:
32:
3853:
6284:States and territories disestablished in the 530s
4689:Collins, Roger (2000). "Vandal Africa, 429–533".
3536:, Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
3138:defeat by the Berbers led by Guenfan and his son
4702:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
4200:Landuse in the Roman Empire, Volume 22, page 34
3180:led a large part of the Vandal army and navy to
2937:, who raided everything inland up to the coast.
6279:States and territories established in the 430s
4718:Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies
4339:Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies
4262:
4260:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3793:
3791:
3778:
3776:
3774:
736:, he built his kingdom into a powerful state.
84:The Kingdom of the Vandals and Alans in 526 AD
43:
6097:
4829:
4725:The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Attila.
3860:. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp.
3568:
3566:
3025:
2874:The location of Carthage, the Vandal capital.
2746:
2074:
1607:
8:
5232:Patria del Friuli (Patriarchate of Aquileia)
4412:The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Attila
4186:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4097:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3940:Merrills, Andrew H.; Miles, Richard (2010).
3528:Lawrence, Thomas Christopher (2012-10-26),
3513:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMiles2007 (
747:Routes taken by Vandal invaders during the
154:(spoken among common people in rural areas)
37:
6104:
6090:
6082:
6026:
5792:
5495:
4983:
4836:
4822:
4814:
4368:. Translated by John Moorhead. Liverpool:
3458:
3456:
3032:
3018:
3010:
2753:
2739:
2162:
2081:
2067:
1641:
1614:
1600:
816:
78:
29:
4759:Merrills, Andrew; Miles, Richard (2010).
4115:The Roman Empire and its Germanic peoples
4063:Michael., Lee, John W. I. North (2016).
4018:
3765:
3753:
3307:were forbidden to practice the liturgy,
2996:, which contributed to Alaric's defeat.
755:The impression given by sources such as
5187:Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca
4727:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
4478:
4452:
4266:
3972:
3797:
3782:
3700:
3688:
3651:
3630:
3618:
3572:
3486:(Cambridge University Press, 2001), 223
3452:
2176:
2165:
1655:
1644:
830:
819:
4179:
4090:
569:Although primarily remembered for the
4627:
4625:
4510:
4508:
4506:
4491:
4489:
4487:
4391:
4389:
4332:
4330:
4328:
4326:
4152:Steward., Evans, James Allan (1996).
4147:
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4143:
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3709:
3508:
310:
297:
293:
269:
257:
245:
233:
221:
209:
205:
195:
7:
4635:The Roman Empire Divided: 400-700 AD
4290:
4278:
4222:
4006:
3856:How Rome Fell: Death of a Superpower
3716:Wickham, Chris (2009). "Chapter 4".
3000:Conquest by the Eastern Roman Empire
3534:The Encyclopedia of Ancient History
3495:Andrew Merrills and Richard Miles,
3462:Andrew Merrills and Richard Miles,
1579:List of people on stamps of Algeria
4573:from the original on July 14, 2014
4351:10.1111/j.2041-5370.2007.tb02384.x
4118:. University of California Press.
2132:offered the hand of his daughter,
25:
5996:United Provinces of Central Italy
4781:History of the Vandal Persecution
4535:. AFRICAN SUN MeDIA. p. 33.
4497:Merrills and Miles (2010), p. 185
4366:History of the Vandal Persecution
3466:(Blackwell Publishing, 2007), 60.
3268:History of the Vandal Persecution
657:Vandalic conquest of Roman Africa
506:for 99 years from 435 to 534 AD.
302:Vandalic conquest of Roman Africa
4845:List of historic states of Italy
4801:
4440:Merrills and Miles (2010), p.180
4069:. University of Nebraska Press.
3988:Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985
3923:: was there an edition of 443?"
3542:10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah12213
3184:to deal with a rebellion by the
2722:
2187:
2136:, in marriage to Gaiseric's son
2050:
2039:
1666:
841:
573:in 455 and their persecution of
468:Kingdom of the Vandals and Alans
406:
392:
367:
353:
60:
34:Kingdom of the Vandals and Alans
27:Germanic Kingdom in North Africa
5978:Provisional Government of Milan
4246:from the original on 2020-10-29
3736:from the original on 2014-10-11
3671:from the original on 2017-10-20
3592:from the original on 2021-05-13
805:and confirmed their control of
627:Vandal conquest of Roman Africa
388:Praetorian prefecture of Africa
5177:City of Fiume and its District
4592:Brogna, Major Anthony (2015).
2291:Praetorian prefecture of Italy
2112:The Sack of Rome, painting by
1566:List of wars involving Algeria
1:
5612:County of Apulia and Calabria
5118:Campagna e Marittima Province
4675:, vol. 2 vols, Macmillan
4595:The Generalship Of Belisarius
2800:Map of the operations of the
2401:Byzantine reconquest of Italy
476:Regnum Vandalorum et Alanorum
39:Regnum Vandalorum et Alanorum
3930:.3 (July 1986), pp 240–244).
3852:Goldsworthy, Adrian (2009).
2859:but were driven back by the
2462:Mid-16th c. to early 19th c.
161:(spoken among common people)
140:(spoken among common people)
115:(spoken by elite and clergy)
6269:Medieval history of Tunisia
6234:Countries in ancient Africa
6014:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia
6008:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
5960:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza
5138:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza
4723:Mass, Michael (ed.) (2014)
4669:Bury, John Bagnell (1923),
3338:or for Arian clerical use.
1560:Military history of Algeria
498:warlord. It ruled parts of
147:(spoken among Alanic elite)
6305:
6259:Former countries in Europe
5954:Duchy of Modena and Reggio
5948:Duchy of Massa and Carrara
5349:Prince-Bishopric of Trento
5319:Duchy of Modena and Reggio
5304:Duchy of Massa and Carrara
4744:. Ashgate. pp. 3–28.
4615:– via Google Books.
4516:Merrills and Miles, p. 196
4416:Cambridge University Press
4397:Merrills and Miles, p. 181
4370:Liverpool University Press
4309:. Routledge. p. 253.
3901:Linn, pp. 298–299, 317–321
3888:, p. 264. Downloaded from
3003:
2101:
624:
604:and incorporated into the
6274:Medieval history of Libya
6123:
6066:Free Territory of Trieste
5584:Principality of Benevento
4765:. John Wiley & Sons.
4655:– via Google Books.
4112:Herwig., Wolfram (2005).
3812:Journal of Late Antiquity
3427:Suebic Kingdom of Galicia
3053:
2835:the Romans at Cartagena.
2777:booty brought to Rome by
2305:Romano-Barbarian Kingdoms
1573:Postal history of Algeria
1512:Insurgency in the Maghreb
1335:Sétif and Guelma massacre
478:) was a confederation of
332:
328:
294:
282:
206:
183:Chalcedonian Christianity
126:(spoken by common people)
77:
57:
52:
6254:Algeria in the Roman era
5972:Italian United Provinces
5324:Principality of Piombino
5113:Patrimony of Saint Peter
4638:. Taylor & Francis.
3163:Ghent University Library
3058:Nervasos Mountains (419)
2396:Italy in the Middle Ages
2254:Roman expansion in Italy
554:source of revenue and a
375:Sicilia (Roman province)
18:Vandal kingdom of Africa
6115:established around the
6060:Italian Social Republic
5735:Principality of Taranto
5627:Principality of Taranto
5589:Principality of Salerno
5344:Bishopric of Tarantasia
5167:Bishopric of Bressanone
5084:Duchy of the Pentapolis
4698:Heather, Peter (2005).
4632:Moorhead, John (2013).
4364:Victor of Vita (1992).
3892:; Heather, pp. 275–276.
3478:, Penelope M. Allison,
3234:frontier. Some entered
3230:, and stationed on the
3129:Thrasamund's successor
2940:Gunthamund's successor
2604:European migrant crisis
2554:Italian Social Republic
2469:Italy (1801–1814)
2426:Guelphs and Ghibellines
1586:History of North Africa
1386:Independence referendum
1325:Attack on Mers-el-Kébir
651:, under their new king
361:Africa (Roman province)
44:
5966:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
5740:Terra Sancti Benedicti
5644:(from the 9th century)
5354:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
4779:Victor of Vita (1992)
4598:. Hauraki Publishing.
4532:Historia Persecutionis
3221:Byzantine North Africa
3166:
3142:. Following this, the
2916:, who established the
2875:
2805:
2287:(286 AD–476 AD)
2217:(12th–6th c. BC)
2211:(18th–3rd c. BC)
2117:
1754:Byzantine North Africa
868:Iberomaurusian Culture
752:
675:to the walled city of
644:
475:
463:
38:
5984:Republic of San Marco
5766:Crown Colony of Malta
5594:Principality of Capua
5334:Marquisate of Saluzzo
5197:County of Santa Fiora
4859:Etruscan civilization
4720:50, pp. 137–146.
4529:Swartz, Nico (2009).
4466:Heather (2010), p.141
4037:Catholic Encyclopedia
3824:10.1353/jla.2012.0015
3586:"The Vandal conquest"
3156:
2873:
2810:Western Roman Emperor
2799:
2547:Italy in World War II
2250:(509 BC–27 BC)
2244:(753 BC–509 BC)
2223:(8th–3rd c. BC)
2215:Etruscan civilization
2111:
1750:2nd Roman (Byzantine)
1492:High Council of State
1272:(19th–20th centuries)
1233:Emirate of Beni Abbas
1220:(16th–19th centuries)
924:Archeology of Algeria
778:African red slip ware
746:
638:
108:Common languages
6173:Kingdom of the Aurès
6133:Anglo-Saxon kingdoms
5780:French Revolutionary
5720:State of the Presidi
5444:Republic of Florence
5416:Domini di Terraferma
5066:Exarchate of Ravenna
4964:Western Roman Empire
4908:Nuragic civilization
4810:at Wikimedia Commons
4563:Wace, Henry (1911).
4303:Susan Raven (2012).
4211:History of the Goths
3205:Battle of Tricamarum
3198:Battle of Ad Decimum
2948:and established the
2918:kingdom of the Aurès
2767:Prosper of Aquitaine
2641:Currency and coinage
2580:(1970s–1980s)
2535:Italy in World War I
2446:(14th–16th c.)
2281:(27 BC–286 AD)
2209:Nuragic civilization
2020:Parliamentary system
1717:12th C.–146 BC
1042:Early African Church
1023:Prefecture of Africa
1007:Kingdom of the Aurès
698:Africa Proconsularis
631:Vandal War (439-442)
606:Eastern Roman Empire
591:Western Roman Empire
523:Western Roman Empire
402:Kingdom of the Aurès
133:(spoken among elite)
6183:Ostrogothic kingdom
6054:Free State of Fiume
6002:Kingdom of Sardinia
5745:Neapolitan Republic
5693:Kingdom of Sardinia
5688:Republic of Sassari
5516:Catepanate of Italy
5439:Republic of Cospaia
5262:Duchy of Montferrat
5257:March of Montferrat
5192:County of Guastalla
5092:Exarchate of Africa
3925:Classical Philology
3476:An Empire of Cities
3402:Ostrogothic Kingdom
3236:the private service
3161:. Preserved in the
2956:berbers under king
2775:Temple in Jerusalem
2444:Italian Renaissance
2421:Italian city-states
2010:Tunisian revolution
1250:Barbary Slave Trade
1031:Exarchate of Africa
999:Mauro-Roman Kingdom
769:Fulgentius of Ruspe
192:Pre-feudal Monarchy
176:Nicene Christianity
6289:Barbarian kingdoms
6239:History of Corsica
6208:Visigothic kingdom
6168:Kingdom of Odoacer
6138:Burgundian kingdom
6128:Alamannian kingdom
6113:Barbarian kingdoms
5884:Lucca and Piombino
5761:Malta Protectorate
5725:Duke of San Donato
5479:Republic of Ancona
5401:Republic of Venice
5314:Duchy of Mirandola
5202:Duchy of Guastalla
5040:Duchy of Tridentum
5020:Duchy of Benevento
4987:Barbarian kingdoms
4455:, pp. 125–126
4281:, pp. 133–135
3703:, pp. 553–554
3691:, pp. 124–125
3633:, pp. 197–198
3417:Burgundian Kingdom
3397:Visigothic Kingdom
3254:Religious policies
3228:Vandali Iustiniani
3167:
3068:Hippo Regius (430)
2950:kingdom of Dorsale
2876:
2827:and then march on
2806:
2417:Maritime republics
2403:(6th–8th c.)
2357:Carolingian Empire
2118:
2104:Sack of Rome (455)
2057:History portal
1970:Kingdom of Tunisia
1555:Outline of Algeria
1463:Algerian Civil War
1262:Second Barbary War
1218:Regency of Algiers
807:Proconsular Africa
753:
645:
583:natural scientists
579:Arian Christianity
490:established under
6216:
6215:
6193:Sub-Roman Britain
6163:Kingdom of Altava
6079:
6078:
6075:
6074:
5922:
5921:
5889:Massa and Carrara
5774:
5773:
5751:Hospitaller Malta
5710:Kingdom of Naples
5704:Kingdom of Sicily
5635:
5634:
5545:Duchy of Sorrento
5464:Republic of Genoa
5459:Republic of Siena
5454:Republic of Massa
5449:Republic of Lucca
5182:County of Gorizia
5172:Corsican Republic
5153:Holy Roman Empire
4806:Media related to
4709:978-0-19515-954-7
4316:978-1-134-89239-6
4076:978-0-8032-8562-0
3920:Epitoma Chronicon
3915:Victor of Tunnuna
3871:978-0-300-13719-4
3729:978-0-14-190853-3
3551:978-1-4443-3838-6
3264:Nicene Christians
3126:
3125:
2994:Battle of Vouillé
2906:Kingdom of Altava
2763:
2762:
2610:COVID-19 pandemic
2606:(2014–2016)
2600:(2007–2009)
2594:(1992–2001)
2586:(1986–1992)
2564:(1943–1945)
2562:Italian Civil War
2549:(1940–1945)
2543:(1922–1943)
2537:(1914–1918)
2531:(1882–1960)
2525:(1861–1946)
2497:(1815–1871)
2458:(1545–1648)
2452:(1494–1559)
2413:in southern Italy
2381:
2380:
2372:Holy Roman Empire
2204:Prehistoric Italy
2142:Petronius Maximus
2091:
2090:
2046:Africa portal
2031:
2030:
1941:
1940:
1904:
1903:
1847:
1846:
1790:
1789:
1694:
1693:
1626:Historians since
1624:
1623:
1536:COVID-19 pandemic
1257:First Barbary War
1226:Ottoman governors
1086:Umayyad Caliphate
1015:Kingdom of Altava
575:Nicene Christians
562:) to the city of
556:supplier of grain
488:barbarian kingdom
452:
451:
418:
417:
414:
413:
380:
379:
16:(Redirected from
6296:
6143:Frankish kingdom
6117:Migration Period
6106:
6099:
6092:
6083:
6040:Kingdom of Italy
6027:
5793:
5622:County of Sicily
5617:County of Aversa
5540:Byzantine Sicily
5526:Theme of Lucania
5496:
5474:Republic of Pisa
5469:Republic of Noli
5339:Duchy of Spoleto
5309:Duchy of Merania
5207:Kingdom of Italy
5133:Duchy of Ferrara
5078:Duchy of Perugia
5057:Byzantine Empire
5035:Duchy of Spoleto
5002:Ostrogothic rule
4984:
4852:Pre-Roman period
4838:
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3493:
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3467:
3460:
3422:Frankish Kingdom
3350:the two groups.
3118:Tricamarum (533)
3113:Ad Decimum (533)
3098:Garigliano (457)
3088:Agrigentum (456)
3048:
3034:
3027:
3020:
3011:
2755:
2748:
2741:
2729:Italy portal
2727:
2726:
2725:
2456:Catholic revival
2309:
2308:
2191:
2181:
2163:
2083:
2076:
2069:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2027:
1956:
1955:
1919:
1918:
1862:
1861:
1805:
1804:
1786:
1781:
1772:
1767:
1734:146 BC–435
1731:
1709:
1708:
1683:
1682:
1670:
1660:
1642:
1616:
1609:
1602:
1581:
1568:
1519:2010s to present
1434:1965 coup d'état
1418:Contemporary era
1284:French governors
1202:
1194:
1186:
1178:
1170:
1162:
1154:
1146:
1138:
1130:
1122:
1114:
1106:
1098:
1090:
1082:
1052:Fossatum Africae
1035:
1027:
1019:
1011:
1003:
995:
987:
974:
966:
958:
949:Ancient Carthage
880:
872:
864:
845:
835:
817:
751:, 5th century AD
749:Migration Period
734:Balearic Islands
679:in 430. Inside,
641:Gibraltar strait
610:Byzantine Empire
410:
409:
396:
395:
384:
383:
371:
370:
357:
356:
350:
349:
334:
333:
319:Byzantine Empire
82:
64:
47:
41:
30:
21:
6304:
6303:
6299:
6298:
6297:
6295:
6294:
6293:
6249:Ancient Tunisia
6219:
6218:
6217:
6212:
6198:Suebian kingdom
6178:Lombard kingdom
6148:Frisian kingdom
6119:
6110:
6080:
6071:
6025:
5928:
5927:Post-Napoleonic
5918:
5852:
5788:
5782:
5770:
5712:
5708:
5707:(1130–1816) and
5706:
5698:
5643:
5631:
5598:
5572:
5563:Emirate of Bari
5549:
5536:Theme of Sicily
5531:Duchy of Naples
5506:Duchy of Amalfi
5491:
5483:
5431:
5430:Other Republics
5425:
5403:
5395:
5389:County of Tenda
5369:County of Savoy
5329:Duchy of Reggio
5299:Duchy of Mantua
5227:March of Friuli
5159:
5157:
5155:
5147:
5143:Duchy of Urbino
5128:Duchy of Castro
5105:
5097:
5051:
5045:Duchy of Tuscia
5025:Duchy of Friuli
4988:
4979:
4977:
4975:
4969:
4948:(753 BC–509 BC)
4932:
4847:
4842:
4798:
4773:
4758:
4752:
4737:
4710:
4697:
4688:
4679:
4668:
4665:
4660:
4650:
4648:
4646:
4631:
4630:
4623:
4610:
4608:
4606:
4591:
4590:
4586:
4576:
4574:
4569:. p. 386.
4562:
4561:
4557:
4547:
4545:
4543:
4528:
4527:
4523:
4514:
4513:
4504:
4495:
4494:
4485:
4477:
4473:
4464:
4463:
4459:
4451:
4447:
4438:
4437:
4433:
4426:
4418:. p. 266.
4409:
4408:
4404:
4395:
4394:
4387:
4380:
4363:
4362:
4358:
4336:
4335:
4324:
4317:
4302:
4301:
4297:
4289:
4285:
4277:
4273:
4265:
4258:
4249:
4247:
4234:
4233:
4229:
4221:
4217:
4208:
4204:
4199:
4195:
4178:
4166:
4151:
4150:
4141:
4126:
4111:
4110:
4106:
4089:
4077:
4062:
4061:
4057:
4052:
4045:
4034:
4025:
4017:
4013:
4005:
4001:
3991:
3986:
3979:
3971:
3967:
3952:
3939:
3938:
3934:
3909:
3905:
3900:
3896:
3883:
3879:
3872:
3851:
3850:
3839:
3809:
3808:
3804:
3796:
3789:
3781:
3772:
3764:
3760:
3752:
3748:
3739:
3737:
3730:
3715:
3714:
3707:
3699:
3695:
3687:
3683:
3674:
3672:
3665:"Newadvent.org"
3663:
3662:
3658:
3641:
3637:
3629:
3625:
3608:
3604:
3595:
3593:
3584:
3583:
3579:
3571:
3564:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3527:
3526:
3522:
3512:
3507:
3503:
3494:
3490:
3474:
3470:
3461:
3454:
3450:
3432:Vandal Sardinia
3412:Lombard Kingdom
3393:
3380:
3372:
3363:
3256:
3127:
3122:
3103:Cartagena (461)
3049:
3040:
3038:
3008:
3002:
2910:Aurès Mountains
2794:
2765:The chronicler
2759:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2666:Historic states
2630:
2622:
2621:
2598:Great Recession
2529:Colonial Empire
2518:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2489:
2439:
2431:
2430:
2391:
2383:
2382:
2306:
2298:
2297:
2237:
2227:
2226:
2199:
2179:
2172:
2146:Licinia Eudoxia
2130:Valentinian III
2116:from the 1830s.
2106:
2100:
2087:
2051:
2049:
2040:
2038:
2033:
2032:
2025:
2004:1987–2011
1984:1957–1987
1974:1956–1957
1964:1881–1956
1953:
1943:
1942:
1937:1705–1881
1927:1574–1705
1916:
1906:
1905:
1900:1229–1574
1890:1160–1229
1880:1148–1160
1859:
1849:
1848:
1802:
1792:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1770:
1763:
1725:
1706:
1696:
1695:
1680:
1658:
1651:
1620:
1591:
1590:
1577:
1575:
1564:
1562:
1550:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1516:
1450:
1420:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1330:Operation Torch
1318:Cheikh Bouamama
1303:Emir Abdelkader
1279:French conquest
1266:
1245:Barbary pirates
1238:Emirate of Kuku
1214:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1192:
1184:
1176:
1168:
1160:
1152:
1144:
1136:
1128:
1120:
1112:
1104:
1096:
1088:
1080:
1073:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1033:
1025:
1017:
1009:
1001:
993:
986:(146 BC–590 AD)
985:
972:
964:
956:
939:
929:
928:
919:
878:
876:Capsian culture
870:
862:
860:Aterian Culture
855:
833:
826:
815:
813:The grain trade
791:Valentinian III
686:Valentinian III
681:Saint Augustine
633:
625:Main articles:
623:
618:
464:Regnum Vandalum
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
407:
393:
368:
354:
321:
304:
273:
272:• 530–534
261:
260:• 523–530
249:
248:• 496–523
237:
236:• 484–496
225:
224:• 477–484
213:
212:• 435–477
178:
174:
156:
149:
142:
135:
128:
123:African Romance
117:
102:
98:
96:
85:
73:
72:
67:Coin depicting
65:
48:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6302:
6300:
6292:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6244:Ancient Sicily
6241:
6236:
6231:
6229:Vandal Kingdom
6221:
6220:
6214:
6213:
6211:
6210:
6205:
6203:Vandal kingdom
6200:
6195:
6190:
6188:Rugian kingdom
6185:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6124:
6121:
6120:
6111:
6109:
6108:
6101:
6094:
6086:
6077:
6076:
6073:
6072:
6070:
6069:
6063:
6057:
6051:
6050:
6049:
6046:Italian Empire
6036:
6034:
6024:
6023:
6017:
6011:
6005:
5999:
5993:
5990:Roman Republic
5987:
5981:
5975:
5969:
5963:
5957:
5951:
5945:
5942:Duchy of Lucca
5939:
5936:Duchy of Genoa
5932:
5930:
5924:
5923:
5920:
5919:
5917:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5860:
5858:
5854:
5853:
5851:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5799:
5797:
5790:
5776:
5775:
5772:
5771:
5769:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5716:
5714:
5700:
5699:
5697:
5696:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5679:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5647:
5645:
5637:
5636:
5633:
5632:
5630:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5608:
5606:
5600:
5599:
5597:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5580:
5578:
5574:
5573:
5571:
5570:
5565:
5559:
5557:
5551:
5550:
5548:
5547:
5542:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5511:Duchy of Gaeta
5508:
5502:
5500:
5493:
5489:Southern Italy
5485:
5484:
5482:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5435:
5433:
5432:(c. 1000–1797)
5427:
5426:
5424:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5407:
5405:
5397:
5396:
5394:
5393:
5392:
5391:
5386:
5384:County of Nice
5381:
5379:Duchy of Aosta
5376:
5371:
5366:
5359:Savoyard state
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5294:Duchy of Milan
5291:
5289:Duchy of Ivrea
5286:
5285:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5163:
5161:
5149:
5148:
5146:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5109:
5107:
5099:
5098:
5096:
5095:
5089:
5088:
5087:
5081:
5075:
5062:
5060:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5049:
5048:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5030:Duchy of Ivrea
5027:
5022:
5011:
5005:
4999:
4996:Odoacer's rule
4992:
4990:
4981:
4971:
4970:
4968:
4967:
4961:
4960:(27 BC–395 AD)
4955:
4954:(509 BC–27 BC)
4952:Roman Republic
4949:
4942:
4940:
4934:
4933:
4931:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4894:
4893:
4891:Cisalpine Gaul
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4867:
4866:
4855:
4853:
4849:
4848:
4843:
4841:
4840:
4833:
4826:
4818:
4812:
4811:
4808:Vandal Kingdom
4797:
4796:External links
4794:
4793:
4792:
4777:
4772:978-1405160681
4771:
4756:
4750:
4735:
4721:
4714:
4708:
4695:
4686:
4677:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4658:
4644:
4621:
4604:
4584:
4555:
4542:978-1920383008
4541:
4521:
4502:
4483:
4471:
4457:
4445:
4431:
4424:
4402:
4385:
4378:
4356:
4322:
4315:
4306:Rome in Africa
4295:
4293:, pp. 139
4283:
4271:
4256:
4227:
4215:
4202:
4193:
4164:
4139:
4124:
4104:
4075:
4055:
4043:
4023:
4011:
3999:
3977:
3975:, p. 268.
3965:
3950:
3932:
3903:
3894:
3877:
3870:
3837:
3818:(2): 298–321.
3802:
3787:
3770:
3758:
3746:
3728:
3722:. Penguin UK.
3705:
3693:
3681:
3656:
3635:
3623:
3602:
3577:
3562:
3550:
3520:
3501:
3488:
3468:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3392:
3389:
3379:
3376:
3371:
3368:
3362:
3361:Administration
3359:
3255:
3252:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3108:Cape Bon (468)
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3078:Carthage (439)
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3029:
3022:
3014:
3004:Main article:
3001:
2998:
2982:Byzantine Navy
2793:
2790:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2750:
2743:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2712:
2711:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2607:
2601:
2595:
2587:
2575:
2565:
2550:
2544:
2538:
2532:
2526:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2464:
2459:
2453:
2447:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2414:
2404:
2398:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2378:
2377:962–1801
2375:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2349:
2348:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2285:Western Empire
2282:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2261:
2256:
2245:
2238:
2233:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2184:
2183:
2174:
2173:
2166:
2123:Attila the Hun
2102:Main article:
2099:
2096:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2085:
2078:
2071:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2028:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1980:Bourguiba rule
1976:
1975:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1960:French Tunisia
1954:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1917:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1870:973–1148
1868:
1860:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1803:
1798:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1787:
1782:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1760:
1759:
1756:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1707:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1681:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1663:
1662:
1653:
1652:
1645:
1635:. The scholar
1622:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1611:
1604:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1570:
1557:
1551:
1549:Related topics
1548:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1531:Hirak Movement
1528:
1522:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1459:
1449:
1448:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1431:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1347:
1338:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1313:Mokrani Revolt
1310:
1308:Fatma N'Soumer
1305:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1275:
1270:French Algeria
1265:
1264:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1222:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1201:(1235–1556 AD)
1195:
1193:(1229–1574 AD)
1187:
1185:(1215–1465 AD)
1179:
1177:(1121–1269 AD)
1171:
1169:(1040–1147 AD)
1163:
1161:(1014–1152 AD)
1155:
1147:
1139:
1131:
1123:
1115:
1107:
1099:
1091:
1083:
1074:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1028:
1020:
1012:
1004:
996:
991:Vandal Kingdom
988:
975:
970:Jugurthine War
967:
959:
951:
946:
940:
935:
934:
931:
930:
927:
926:
918:
917:
912:
907:
901:
900:
899:
881:
873:
865:
856:
851:
850:
847:
846:
838:
837:
828:
827:
820:
814:
811:
801:, and part of
757:Victor of Vita
738:Averil Cameron
639:View from the
622:
619:
617:
614:
521:. In 435, the
486:, which was a
456:Vandal Kingdom
450:
449:
424:
420:
419:
416:
415:
412:
411:
404:
398:
397:
390:
381:
378:
377:
372:
364:
363:
358:
346:
345:
340:
330:
329:
326:
325:
322:
312:
309:
308:
305:
299:
296:
295:
292:
291:
288:
284:
283:
280:
279:
274:
271:
268:
267:
262:
259:
256:
255:
250:
247:
244:
243:
238:
235:
232:
231:
226:
223:
220:
219:
214:
211:
208:
207:
204:
203:
200:
194:
193:
190:
186:
185:
168:
164:
163:
158:Medieval Greek
109:
105:
104:
91:
87:
86:
83:
75:
74:
66:
59:
58:
55:
54:
50:
49:
36:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6301:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6264:Ancient Libya
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6226:
6224:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6158:Hunnic empire
6156:
6154:
6153:Gepid kingdom
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6125:
6122:
6118:
6114:
6107:
6102:
6100:
6095:
6093:
6088:
6087:
6084:
6067:
6064:
6061:
6058:
6055:
6052:
6047:
6044:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6037:
6035:
6033:
6028:
6021:
6018:
6015:
6012:
6009:
6006:
6003:
6000:
5997:
5994:
5991:
5988:
5985:
5982:
5979:
5976:
5973:
5970:
5967:
5964:
5961:
5958:
5955:
5952:
5949:
5946:
5943:
5940:
5937:
5934:
5933:
5931:
5925:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5861:
5859:
5855:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5800:
5798:
5794:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5777:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5730:Duchy of Sora
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5717:
5715:
5711:
5705:
5701:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5653:
5652:
5649:
5648:
5646:
5642:
5638:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5609:
5607:
5605:
5601:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5581:
5579:
5575:
5569:
5568:Muslim Sicily
5566:
5564:
5561:
5560:
5558:
5556:
5552:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5503:
5501:
5497:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5436:
5434:
5428:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5408:
5406:
5402:
5398:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5361:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5209:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5164:
5162:
5154:
5150:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5110:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5093:
5090:
5085:
5082:
5079:
5076:
5073:
5072:Duchy of Rome
5070:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5054:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5009:
5006:
5003:
5000:
4997:
4994:
4993:
4991:
4985:
4982:
4972:
4965:
4962:
4959:
4956:
4953:
4950:
4947:
4946:Roman Kingdom
4944:
4943:
4941:
4939:
4935:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4918:Magna Graecia
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4892:
4889:
4888:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4865:
4862:
4861:
4860:
4857:
4856:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4839:
4834:
4832:
4827:
4825:
4820:
4819:
4816:
4809:
4804:
4800:
4799:
4795:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4768:
4764:
4763:
4757:
4753:
4751:0-7546-4145-7
4747:
4743:
4742:
4736:
4734:
4733:9781139128964
4730:
4726:
4722:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4705:
4701:
4696:
4692:
4687:
4683:
4678:
4674:
4673:
4667:
4666:
4662:
4647:
4645:9781317861430
4641:
4637:
4636:
4628:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4607:
4605:9781786256058
4601:
4597:
4596:
4588:
4585:
4572:
4568:
4567:
4559:
4556:
4544:
4538:
4534:
4533:
4525:
4522:
4517:
4511:
4509:
4507:
4503:
4498:
4492:
4490:
4488:
4484:
4481:, p. 555
4480:
4475:
4472:
4467:
4461:
4458:
4454:
4449:
4446:
4441:
4435:
4432:
4427:
4425:9781139128964
4421:
4417:
4414:. Cambridge:
4413:
4406:
4403:
4398:
4392:
4390:
4386:
4381:
4379:0-85323-127-3
4375:
4372:. p. 4.
4371:
4367:
4360:
4357:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4333:
4331:
4329:
4327:
4323:
4318:
4312:
4308:
4307:
4299:
4296:
4292:
4287:
4284:
4280:
4275:
4272:
4269:, p. 126
4268:
4263:
4261:
4257:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4231:
4228:
4225:, p. 131
4224:
4219:
4216:
4212:
4206:
4203:
4197:
4194:
4189:
4183:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4165:0-415-02209-6
4161:
4158:. Routledge.
4157:
4156:
4148:
4146:
4144:
4140:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4125:0-520-24490-7
4121:
4117:
4116:
4108:
4105:
4100:
4094:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4072:
4068:
4067:
4059:
4056:
4050:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4038:
4032:
4030:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4019:Merrills 2004
4015:
4012:
4009:, p. 125
4008:
4003:
4000:
3995:
3989:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3969:
3966:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3951:9781405160681
3947:
3943:
3936:
3933:
3929:
3926:
3922:
3921:
3916:
3912:
3907:
3904:
3898:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3881:
3878:
3873:
3867:
3863:
3858:
3857:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3838:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3806:
3803:
3800:, p. 553
3799:
3794:
3792:
3788:
3785:, p. 125
3784:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3766:Merrills 2004
3762:
3759:
3755:
3754:Merrills 2004
3750:
3747:
3735:
3731:
3725:
3721:
3720:
3712:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3697:
3694:
3690:
3685:
3682:
3670:
3666:
3660:
3657:
3654:, p. 124
3653:
3650:3.5.23–24 in
3649:
3648:
3644:
3639:
3636:
3632:
3627:
3624:
3621:, p. 512
3620:
3617:3.5.18–19 in
3616:
3615:
3611:
3606:
3603:
3591:
3587:
3581:
3578:
3575:, p. 124
3574:
3569:
3567:
3563:
3553:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3524:
3521:
3516:
3510:
3505:
3502:
3498:
3492:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3472:
3469:
3465:
3459:
3457:
3453:
3447:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3407:Gepid Kingdom
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3388:
3384:
3377:
3375:
3369:
3367:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3351:
3347:
3345:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3324:
3320:
3319:forced labour
3316:
3312:
3311:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3292:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3278:
3277:Richard Miles
3273:
3269:
3265:
3262:, persecuted
3261:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3248:Roger Collins
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3201:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3164:
3160:
3159:Lucas d'Heere
3155:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3136:
3132:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3093:Corsica (456)
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3063:Tarraco (422)
3061:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3052:
3047:
3043:
3035:
3030:
3028:
3023:
3021:
3016:
3015:
3012:
3007:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2888:
2885:
2881:
2872:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2803:
2798:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2771:Leo the Great
2768:
2756:
2751:
2749:
2744:
2742:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2730:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2713:
2707:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2626:
2625:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2578:Years of Lead
2576:
2573:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2490:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2376:
2373:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2362:774–962
2361:
2358:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2347:568–774
2346:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2337:435–534
2336:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2327:493–553
2326:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2317:476–493
2316:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2302:
2301:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2273:
2272:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2231:
2230:
2222:
2221:Magna Graecia
2219:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2182:
2175:
2170:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2126:
2124:
2115:
2114:Karl Briullov
2110:
2105:
2097:
2095:
2084:
2079:
2077:
2072:
2070:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2058:
2047:
2037:
2036:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1946:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1909:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1852:
1843:909–973
1842:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1833:800–909
1832:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1823:750–800
1822:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1813:698–750
1812:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1800:Early Islamic
1796:
1795:
1785:590–698
1783:
1780:
1776:
1775:
1771:534–590
1769:
1766:
1762:
1761:
1758:534–698
1757:
1755:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1744:435–534
1743:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1699:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1664:
1661:
1654:
1649:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1628:Edward Gibbon
1617:
1612:
1610:
1605:
1603:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1520:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1507:Peace Charter
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1497:Civil Concord
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1441:Berber Spring
1439:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1429:FFS rebellion
1427:
1426:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1413:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1381:Évian Accords
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1210:
1209:
1199:
1196:
1191:
1188:
1183:
1180:
1175:
1172:
1167:
1164:
1159:
1156:
1153:(973–1152 AD)
1151:
1148:
1145:(970–1068 AD)
1143:
1140:
1137:(909–1171 AD)
1135:
1132:
1127:
1124:
1119:
1116:
1111:
1108:
1103:
1100:
1097:(742–1066 AD)
1095:
1092:
1087:
1084:
1079:
1078:Arab conquest
1076:
1075:
1072:
1067:
1066:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1032:
1029:
1024:
1021:
1016:
1013:
1008:
1005:
1000:
997:
992:
989:
984:
980:
976:
971:
968:
963:
960:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
941:
938:
933:
932:
925:
921:
920:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
877:
874:
869:
866:
861:
858:
857:
854:
849:
848:
844:
840:
839:
836:
829:
824:
818:
812:
810:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
787:Theodosius II
784:
779:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
750:
745:
741:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
692:and parts of
691:
687:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
665:Peter Heather
662:
658:
654:
650:
642:
637:
632:
628:
621:Establishment
620:
615:
613:
611:
607:
603:
599:
594:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
567:
565:
561:
557:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
507:
505:
504:Mediterranean
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
425:
423:Today part of
421:
405:
403:
400:
399:
391:
389:
386:
385:
382:
376:
373:
366:
365:
362:
359:
352:
351:
348:
347:
344:
341:
339:
336:
335:
331:
327:
323:
320:
316:
306:
303:
289:
285:
281:
278:
275:
266:
263:
254:
251:
242:
239:
230:
227:
218:
215:
201:
199:
191:
187:
184:
181:
177:
173:(among elite)
172:
169:
165:
162:
159:
155:
152:
148:
145:
141:
138:
134:
131:
127:
124:
120:
116:
113:
110:
106:
101:
95:
92:
88:
81:
76:
70:
63:
56:
51:
46:
40:
31:
19:
6202:
6042:(1861–1946)
6020:Papal States
5848:Transpadania
5421:Stato da Màr
5103:Papal States
5014:Lombard rule
5007:
4978:Early Modern
4966:(395–476 AD)
4958:Roman Empire
4938:Ancient Rome
4780:
4761:
4740:
4724:
4717:
4699:
4690:
4681:
4671:
4651:December 23,
4649:. Retrieved
4634:
4616:
4611:December 23,
4609:. Retrieved
4594:
4587:
4575:. Retrieved
4565:
4558:
4546:. Retrieved
4531:
4524:
4515:
4496:
4479:Cameron 2000
4474:
4465:
4460:
4453:Collins 2000
4448:
4439:
4434:
4411:
4405:
4396:
4365:
4359:
4342:
4338:
4305:
4298:
4286:
4274:
4267:Collins 2000
4248:. Retrieved
4240:lib.ugent.be
4239:
4230:
4218:
4210:
4205:
4196:
4154:
4114:
4107:
4065:
4058:
4041:, "Vandals".
4036:
4014:
4002:
3990:, p. 21
3973:Heather 2005
3968:
3941:
3935:
3927:
3924:
3918:
3906:
3897:
3885:
3880:
3855:
3815:
3811:
3805:
3798:Cameron 2000
3783:Collins 2000
3768:, p. 11
3761:
3756:, p. 10
3749:
3738:. Retrieved
3718:
3701:Cameron 2000
3696:
3689:Collins 2000
3684:
3673:. Retrieved
3659:
3652:Collins 2000
3645:
3638:
3631:Heather 2005
3626:
3619:Heather 2005
3612:
3605:
3594:. Retrieved
3580:
3573:Collins 2000
3555:, retrieved
3533:
3523:
3504:
3496:
3491:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3463:
3385:
3381:
3373:
3364:
3352:
3348:
3340:
3308:
3305:
3301:
3293:
3289:Quodvultdeus
3281:
3267:
3257:
3227:
3225:
3202:
3168:
3128:
3073:Calama (430)
3044:against the
3006:Vandalic War
2939:
2922:
2920:in 483–484.
2889:
2877:
2841:naval battle
2837:
2807:
2802:Vandalic War
2783:
2764:
2715:
2705:
2613:
2612:(2020–
2589:
2571:
2570:(1946–
2494:Risorgimento
2492:
2450:Italian Wars
2438:Early modern
2332:
2269:
2263:
2235:Ancient Rome
2127:
2119:
2098:Sack of Rome
2092:
2000:Ben Ali rule
1990:Ben Ali coup
1914:Early modern
1739:
1625:
1518:
1517:
1502:Black Spring
1452:
1451:
1422:
1342:Algerian War
1340:
1339:
1296:Pacification
1268:
1267:
1216:
1213:Modern times
1129:(800–909 AD)
1121:(789–828 AD)
1113:(776–909 AD)
1105:(771–793 AD)
1089:(703–744 AD)
1081:(647–709 AD)
1034:(585–698 AD)
1026:(534–585 AD)
1018:(578–708 AD)
1010:(484–703 AD)
1002:(477–578 AD)
994:(435–534 AD)
990:
973:(111–106 BC)
965:(264–146 BC)
883:Rock art in
799:Tripolitania
765:Quodvultdeus
754:
677:Hippo Regius
646:
602:Vandalic War
595:
585:of the late
577:in favor of
571:sack of Rome
568:
508:
500:North Africa
467:
455:
453:
343:Succeeded by
342:
337:
179:
160:
153:
146:
139:
132:
125:
119:Vulgar Latin
114:
94:Hippo Regius
6068:(1947–1954)
6062:(1943–1945)
6056:(1920–1924)
6048:(1882–1960)
6032:unification
6022:(1814–1870)
6016:(1815–1866)
6010:(1816–1861)
6004:(1814–1860)
5998:(1859–1860)
5992:(1849–1850)
5986:(1848–1849)
5968:(1815–1859)
5962:(1814–1859)
5956:(1814–1859)
5950:(1814–1829)
5944:(1815–1847)
5938:(1815–1848)
5828:Parthenopea
5789:(1792–1815)
5747:(1647–1648)
5713:(1282–1816)
5695:(1324–1861)
5656:Agugliastra
5521:Longobardia
5158:independent
5008:Vandal rule
4762:The Vandals
4345:: 139–140.
3942:The Vandals
3511:, p. 1
3497:The Vandals
3464:The Vandals
3332:ordinations
3174:Justinian I
3135:Trinitarian
2928:Theodoric's
2897:Manichaeans
2857:Peloponnese
2823:would take
2792:Later years
2636:Citizenship
2591:Mani pulite
2504:Young Italy
2323:Ostrogothic
2259:Roman Italy
2178:History of
2024:2011–
1678:Prehistoric
1657:History of
1526:Arab Spring
1403:Oujda Group
1393:Pieds-noirs
1376:1961 putsch
1371:1958 crisis
1351:Nationalism
1344:(1954–1962)
1102:Muhallabids
1071:Middle Ages
957:(202–46 BC)
879:(10,000 BC)
871:(20,000 BC)
863:(80,000 BC)
832:History of
338:Preceded by
6223:Categories
5899:Pontecorvo
5857:Monarchies
5843:Subalpinia
5808:Cispadania
5803:Cisalpinia
5785:Napoleonic
5492:(774–1139)
5404:(697–1797)
5106:(754–1870)
5068:(584–751)
5016:(568–774)
4789:0853231273
4577:August 22,
4548:August 22,
4250:2020-08-25
4085:1047893984
3740:2022-10-01
3675:2013-03-02
3596:2021-06-15
3557:2021-03-26
3509:Miles 2007
3484:Greg Woolf
3370:Population
3310:Homoousian
3296:Deogratius
3194:Belisarius
3083:Rome (455)
2974:expedition
2942:Thrasamund
2931:Ostrogoths
2924:Gunthamund
2853:fire ships
2825:Mauretania
2584:Maxi Trial
2467:Napoleonic
1765:Prefecture
1687:Prehistory
1446:1988 riots
1291:Resistance
1166:Almoravids
979:Mauretania
962:Punic Wars
853:Prehistory
785:to react.
732:, and the
710:hippodrome
702:laid siege
694:Mauretania
673:laid siege
669:Bonifacius
598:Belisarius
589:-speaking
531:Mauretania
253:Thrasamund
241:Gunthamund
189:Government
45:Vandaliric
5874:Guastalla
5864:Benevento
5796:Republics
5651:Judicates
5499:Byzantine
5156:and other
5094:(585–698)
5086:(554–752)
5080:(554–752)
5074:(533–751)
5059:(584–751)
5010:(435–534)
5004:(493–553)
4998:(476–493)
4989:(476–774)
4923:Iapygians
4291:Bury 1923
4279:Bury 1923
4223:Bury 1923
4182:cite book
4174:797873981
4093:cite book
4007:Bury 1923
3960:426065943
3911:Prosper's
3832:161127852
3643:Procopius
3610:Procopius
3530:"Vandals"
3482:, ed. by
3437:Andalusia
3355:Donatists
3323:execution
3284:basilicas
3244:patrician
3188:nobleman
3170:Byzantine
2990:Visigoths
2978:Visigoths
2960:captured
2865:Zakynthos
2817:Cartagena
2786:vandalism
2558:Partisans
2313:Odoacer's
2271:Optimates
2265:Populares
2150:Palladius
1779:Exarchate
1723:1st Roman
1473:Massacres
1423:1960s–80s
1198:Ziyyanids
1158:Hammadids
1142:Maghrawas
1126:Aghlabids
1110:Rustamids
944:Phoenicia
937:Antiquity
922:Related:
910:Madghacen
761:Possidius
661:Procopius
167:Religion
71:(530–534)
5833:Piedmont
5683:Oristano
5676:Logudoro
5666:Cagliari
5641:Sardinia
5374:Piedmont
5123:Holy See
4974:Medieval
4928:Picentes
4871:Samnites
4571:Archived
4244:Archived
4134:57751591
3734:Archived
3669:Archived
3590:Archived
3391:See also
3344:Eugenius
3328:baptisms
3315:scalping
3260:Arianism
3215:General
3213:Herulian
3182:Sardinia
3172:Emperor
3131:Hilderic
2970:Sabratha
2964:(modern
2954:Laguatan
2912:to king
2882:general
2880:Germanic
2845:Cape Bon
2833:defeated
2829:Carthage
2821:Hispania
2813:Majorian
2717:Timeline
2681:Military
2629:By topic
2568:Republic
2552:Fascist
2523:Monarchy
2478:Republic
2390:Medieval
2368:Germanic
2353:Frankish
2248:Republic
2169:a series
2167:Part of
2158:Olybrius
2154:Placidia
2048:•
1933:Husainid
1857:Medieval
1829:Aghlabid
1728:Province
1713:Carthage
1648:a series
1646:Part of
1637:Josephus
1468:Timeline
1182:Marinids
1174:Almohads
1134:Fatimids
1118:Idrisids
1094:Ifranids
1057:Gemellae
1047:Partenia
823:a series
821:Part of
795:Byzacena
722:Sardinia
706:Carthage
653:Gaiseric
558:(mostly
547:Sardinia
539:Mallorca
535:Carthage
511:Hispania
502:and the
496:Vandalic
492:Gaiseric
315:Conquest
265:Hilderic
217:Gaiseric
171:Arianism
151:Numidian
130:Vandalic
100:Carthage
5914:Corsica
5904:Tuscany
5869:Etruria
5818:Liguria
5671:Gallura
5661:Arborea
5577:Lombard
5277:Tuscany
5267:Trieste
4903:Ligures
4864:Etruria
4663:Sources
3378:Economy
3342:called
3272:bishops
3240:Galatia
3232:Persian
3148:Gelimer
3140:Antalas
3046:Vandals
2992:in the
2988:of the
2966:Tripoli
2935:Berbers
2914:Masties
2901:Berbers
2893:Huneric
2884:Ricimer
2861:Maniots
2849:Tunisia
2701:Railway
2696:Postage
2671:Judaism
2661:Genetic
2651:Fashion
2646:Economy
2614:present
2572:present
2541:Fascism
2483:Kingdom
2411:Normans
2343:Lombard
2242:Kingdom
2138:Huneric
2134:Eudocia
2026:present
1923:Ottoman
1886:Almohad
1839:Fatimid
1819:Abbasid
1809:Umayyad
1704:Ancient
1659:Tunisia
1190:Hafsids
954:Numidia
897:Ahaggar
893:Tassili
834:Algeria
803:Numidia
726:Corsica
690:Numidia
649:Vandals
616:History
600:in the
551:Corsica
527:Numidia
519:Algeria
515:Tunisia
480:Vandals
443:Tunisia
439:Algeria
317:by the
313:•
300:•
287:History
277:Gelimer
229:Huneric
103:439–534
97:435–439
90:Capital
69:Gelimer
53:435–534
5980:(1848)
5974:(1831)
5929:states
5894:Naples
5604:Norman
5411:Dogado
5282:Verona
5247:Mantua
5242:Istria
5222:Finale
5212:Ancona
5160:states
4980:states
4898:Veneti
4876:Latins
4787:
4769:
4748:
4731:
4706:
4642:
4602:
4539:
4422:
4376:
4313:
4172:
4162:
4132:
4122:
4083:
4073:
3958:
3948:
3868:
3862:358–59
3830:
3726:
3548:
3217:Pharas
3186:Gothic
2986:Alaric
2968:) and
2958:Cabaon
2946:Thugga
2517:Modern
2333:Vandal
2279:Empire
2171:on the
1951:Modern
1896:Hafsid
1876:Norman
1740:Vandal
1650:on the
1453:1990s–
1398:Harkis
1150:Zirids
983:Africa
977:Roman
915:Jedars
905:Roknia
889:Djelfa
825:on the
767:, and
718:Sicily
549:, and
543:Sicily
517:, and
427:France
290:
202:
144:Alanic
6030:Post-
5879:Italy
5823:Lucca
5813:Italy
5364:Savoy
5272:Turin
5252:Milan
5237:Ivrea
4913:Umbri
4886:Celts
3890:JSTOR
3828:S2CID
3448:Notes
3209:Hippo
3190:Godas
3178:Tzazo
3144:Arian
2779:Titus
2686:Music
2656:Flags
2407:Islam
2198:Early
2180:Italy
1866:Zirid
1455:2000s
773:odeon
730:Malta
714:Alans
587:Latin
560:wheat
484:Alans
472:Latin
466:) or
460:Latin
447:Libya
435:Spain
431:Italy
137:Punic
112:Latin
5909:Elba
5838:Rome
5787:eras
5783:and
5756:Gozo
5555:Arab
5538:and
5217:Ceva
4881:Osci
4785:ISBN
4767:ISBN
4746:ISBN
4729:ISBN
4704:ISBN
4653:2023
4640:ISBN
4613:2023
4600:ISBN
4579:2013
4550:2013
4537:ISBN
4420:ISBN
4374:ISBN
4311:ISBN
4188:link
4170:OCLC
4160:ISBN
4130:OCLC
4120:ISBN
4099:link
4081:OCLC
4071:ISBN
4039:1913
3994:help
3956:OCLC
3946:ISBN
3866:ISBN
3724:ISBN
3647:Wars
3614:Wars
3546:ISBN
3515:help
3499:, 3.
3336:fisc
3321:and
3042:Rome
2691:Name
2676:LGBT
2560:and
2419:and
2409:and
2268:and
2014:2011
1994:1987
1633:Rome
1366:GPRA
1356:RCUA
981:and
895:and
885:Oran
783:Gaul
700:and
647:The
629:and
608:(or
564:Rome
529:and
494:, a
482:and
454:The
198:King
180:then
121:and
4976:and
4347:doi
3820:doi
3538:doi
3330:or
2962:Oea
2843:in
2819:in
1487:GIA
1482:FIS
1361:FLN
704:to
324:534
307:435
6225::
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4505:^
4486:^
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