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blackish patch from the costal vein across end of cell, a partly confluent recurved discal band, a submarginal row of lunules, and then a marginal row of somewhat scutiform spots; between the discal band and submarginal lunules is a row of five round black spots, which in some examples show a pale and dark outer ring. Underside. Forewing brighter reddish-ochreous, the apical area and outer margin much paler, the apex being olivescent ochreous-brown; discal irregular band as above, subapical white streak, row of spots and marginal lunules distinct; base of wing and interspace before end of cell white. Hindwing transversely-marbled with olivescent ochreous-brown and speckled with black scales; crossed by basal and discal sinuous whitish or pale fascia and intersected by white veins; an outer-discal row of five ocelli, the upper one smallest and usually imperfect, the second and fifth the largest, the fourth with black centre speckled with blue and ringed with yellow, and the second and fifth also with an outer black ring; submarginal lunules purpurescent-grey, bordered by a whitish fascia; outer margin ochreous. Body olivescent ochreous-brown, abdomen with ochreous bands; palpi blackish above, white beneath; body beneath and legs greyish-white; antennae black above, tip and beneath reddish.
292:
716:; this may be because they migrate to warmer locations to survive and reproduce. Female painted lady butterflies may suspend their flight temporarily when they are "ready to oviposit"; this allows them the opportunity to continually reproduce throughout their migrations. Because these butterflies are constantly migrating, male butterflies are thought to lack consistent territory. Instead of requiring territory to mate with females and developing evolutionary behaviour to defend this territory, the mating butterflies appear to establish a particular "time and place" in certain locations that they find to be suitable for reproduction. More specifically, they locate certain perches, hilltops, forest-meadow edges, or other landmarks where they will stay until, presumably, a female arrives to mate.
732:
scientists have observed is that these butterflies like to fly towards rain. Further studies have suggested that the large amounts of rainfall may somehow "activate more eggs or induce better larval development". Inhabited locations begin to observe a large influx of new generations of painted lady butterflies in the fall, particularly in
September and October. Their reproductive success declines relatively throughout the winter, primarily through November. However, they still continue to reproduce—an aspect of butterfly behaviour that is quite unique. Scientists hypothesize that these extensive migratory patterns help the painted lady butterflies find suitable conditions for breeding, thus offering a possible reason as to why these butterflies mate continuously.
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Mediterranean in the spring, starting in late May. In the United States, painted lady butterflies migrating towards the north experience poor mating conditions, and many butterflies have limited breeding capabilities. The "local adult generation" develops during this time, roughly from the middle of May through early June in conjunction with the butterfly progression throughout their flight.
648:
strong wind patterns. Laboratory-raised autumn-generation painted lady butterflies were able to distinguish a southern orientation for a return migration path. According to the same laboratory-based study, when butterflies were isolated from the sun, they were unable to orient themselves in a specific direction, opposed to those that did have access to the sun. This suggests that
644:, may affect the migratory behaviour of the painted lady butterflies, causing large-scale migrations. The first noticeable wave of migration in eastern Ukraine was noted in the 20s of April 2019. From May 15, numbers began to grow and it was possible to observe hundreds of this species in the Kharkiv region of Ukraine, including in the city streets of Kharkiv.
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defend their territories, adult males perch in the late afternoon in areas where females are most likely to appear. Once the male spots a female of the same species, he begins pursuit of her. If the foreign butterfly is a male, the original male will give chase, flying vertically for a few feet before returning to his perch.
635:
is known for its distinct migratory behaviour. In
California, they are usually seen flying from north to north-west. These migrations appear to be partially initiated by heavy winter rains in the desert where rainfall controls the growth of larval food plants. In March 2019, after heavy rain produced
731:
Female painted lady butterflies have been observed to have a relatively "high biotic potential", meaning they each produce large numbers of offspring. This perpetual influx of reproduction may be a reason why these painted lady butterflies have propagated so successfully. One interesting aspect that
744:
The availability of adult resources dictates a preference for specific areas of flowers. Flowers with more available nectar result in a larger number of eggs deposited on the plants. This reinforces the idea that the painted lady butterfly does not discriminate host plants and chooses mainly on the
305:
vein; the apical area from end of cell and the exterior border also black; before the apex is a short white outwardly-oblique streak and a curved row of four round spots, the second and third being small; a marginal pale lunular line with its upper portion most defined and whitish. Hind-wing with a
1774:
Briscoe, Adriana D.; Bernard, Gary D.; Szeto, Allan S.; Nagy, Lisa M.; White, Richard H. (2003). "Not all butterfly eyes are created equal: Rhodopsin absorption spectra, molecular identification, and localization of ultraviolet-, blue-, and green-sensitive rhodopsin-encoding mRNAs in the retina of
686:
Groups of two to eight painted lady butterflies have been observed to fly in circles around each other for about one to five seconds before separating, symbolizing courtship. Groups of butterflies usually will not fly more than 4.5 m (15 ft) away from the starting point. To establish and
647:
Based on experimental data, the painted lady's migration pattern in northern Europe apparently does not follow a strict north-west heading. The range of headings suggests that migrating butterflies may adjust their migration patterns in response to local topographical features and weather, such as
639:
Similarly, heavier than usual rain during the 2018-2019 winter seems to have been the cause of the extraordinarily large migration observed in Israel at the end of March, estimated at a billion individual butterflies. Painted lady migration patterns are highly erratic and they do not migrate every
708:
displays a unique system of continuous mating, throughout all seasons, including the winter. This may be attributed to its migratory patterns, thus significantly affecting its mating behaviour. During
European migrations, the butterflies immediately begin to mate and lay eggs upon arrival in the
593:
For decades, naturalists have debated whether the offspring of these immigrants ever make a southwards return migration. Research suggests that
British painted ladies do undertake an autumn migration, making 14,500 km (9,000 mi) round trip from tropical Africa to the Arctic Circle in a
723:
mating behaviour, in which they often mate with more than one female. This is important for painted lady butterflies because the benefits may supersede the costs of polygyny since no permanent breeding ground is used. Upon mating, which typically occurs in the afternoon, female painted lady
1589:
Stefanescu, C., Páramo, F., Åkesson, S., Alarcón, M., Ávila, A., Brereton, T., Carnicer, J., Cassar, L. F., Fox, R., Heliölä, J., Hill, J. K., Hirneisen, N., Kjellén, N., Kühn, E., Kuussaari, M., Leskinen, M., Liechti, F., Musche, M., Regan, E. C., Reynolds, D. R., Roy, D. B., Ryrholm, N.,
740:
Females oviposit on plants with nectar immediately available for the adults even if it leads to high mortality of the larvae. This lack of discrimination indicates they do not take into account volatile chemicals released from potential host plants when searching for oviposition choices.
300:
Male and female. Upperside. Ground-colour reddish-ochreous, basal areas olivescent-ochreous-brown; cilia black, alternated with white, Forewing with an outwardly-oblique black irregular-shaped broken band crossing from middle of the cell to the disc above the
1212:
Puig‐Montserrat, X., Izquierdo, R., Ubach, A., & Arrizabalaga, A. (2017, July 20). Back to Africa: autumn migration of the painted lady butterfly
Vanessa cardui is timed to coincide with an increase in resource availability. Retrieved March 6, 2020, from
1590:
Schmaljohann, H., Settele, J., Thomas, C. D., van Swaay, C. and
Chapman, J. W. (2012), Multi-generational long-distance migration of insects: studying the painted lady butterfly in the Western Palaearctic. Ecography. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0587.2012.07738.x
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conditions from Africa to South
America were "exceptionally favorable" at that time, which would have allowed the butterflies to be propelled over 2,600 miles (4,200 km)—one of the longest journeys of an insect ever recorded.
1969:
Chapman, Jason W.; Nesbit, Rebecca L.; Burgin, Laura E.; Reynolds, Don R.; Smith, Alan D.; Middleton, Douglas R.; Hill, Jane K. (2010). "Flight
Orientation Behaviors Promote Optimal Migration Trajectories in High-Flying Insects".
291:
753:
The main defence mechanisms of painted lady butterflies include flight and camouflage. The caterpillars hide in small silk nests on top of leaves from their main predators that include wasps, spiders, ants, and birds.
669:, outside the painted lady's natural habitat. Pollen grains from the butterflies' bodies matched species of West African shrubs that flowered at the same time of year. The researchers also analyzed the butterflies'
1747:
O'Neill, Bridget F., Arthur R. Zangerl, Evan H. Delucia, and May R. Berenbaum. "Olfactory
Preferences Of, AndforGrown Under Elevated CO." Environmental Entomology 39.4 (2010): 1291-1301. Print.
745:
availability of adult food sources even if it increases the mortality rate of the offspring. The data also suggest that the painted lady butterfly favors quantity of offspring over quality.
697:
tend to inhabit sunny, brightly lit, open environments and are often attracted to open areas of flowers and clovers. Adults spend time in small depressions in the ground on overcast days.
2015:
Nesbit, R.L.; Hill, J.K.; Woiwod, I.P.; Sivell, D.; Bensusan, K.J.; Chapman, J.W. (2009). "Seasonally adaptive migratory headings mediated by a sun compass in the painted lady butterfly,
1371:
Nesbit, R.L., J.K. Hill, I.P. Woiwod, D. Sivell, K.J. Bensusan, and J.W. Chapman (2009). "Seasonally
Adaptive Migratory Headings Mediated By A Sun Compass In The Painted Lady Butterfly,
712:
During its migratory process, these painted lady butterflies start breeding, and reproduce entirely throughout their migration. Scientists have not been able to find evidence of their
562:
occurs in any temperate zone, including mountains in the tropics. The species is resident only in warmer areas, but migrates in spring, and sometimes again in autumn. It migrates from
598:
provided evidence that autumn migrations take place at high altitude, which explains why these migrations are seldom witnessed. In recent years, thanks to the activity of
218:
1272:
Orsak, L.J. (1977). The Butterflies of Orange County, California. Center for Pathobiology Miscellaneous Publication #3. University of California Press, New York. 349 pp.
340:
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328:
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906:
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2054:
Bolotov I.N. 2004. Long-Term Changes in the Fauna of Diurnal Lepidopterans (Lepidoptera, Diurna) in the Northern Taiga Subzone of the Western Russian Plain.
1828:"Eyeshine and spectral tuning of long wavelength-sensitive rhodopsins: no evidence for red-sensitive photoreceptors among five Nymphalini butterfly species"
1362:
Annual report of the Department of Science and nature monitoring, National nature park "Gomil`shans`ky Lisy" (Ukraine, Kharkiv region). 2018 and 2019 years.
1028:
998:
2584:
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butterflies, painted ladies lack red receptors, which means that they are not sensitive to red light. Behavioral studies on the related species,
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article provided the first evidence that the painted lady, or any insect, had traveled across an ocean. Specimens were captured on a beach in
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1959:
886:
2569:
1756:
Janz, Niklas. "The Relationship Between Habitat Selection And Preference For Adult And Larval Food Resources In The Polyphagous Butterfly
1389:
Suchan, Tomasz; Bataille, Clément P.; Reich, Megan S.; Toro-Delgado, Eric; Vila, Roger; Pierce, Naomi E.; Talavera, Gerard (2024-06-25).
1283:
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Davies, N., Krebs, J., & West, S. (2012). An introduction to behavioural ecology. (4th ed.). West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.
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species are bred in schools for educational purposes and used for butterfly releases at hospices, memorial events, and weddings.
636:
an abundance of vegetation in the deserts, Southern California saw these butterflies migrating by the millions across the state.
400:
2047:
Bolotov I.N. 2012. The Fauna and Ecology of Butterflies (Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera) of the Kanin Peninsula and Kolguev Island. -
2544:
1551:"Behaviors to Watch." University of Minnesota Extension. Regents of the University of Minnesota, n.d. Web. 16 Sept. 2013. <
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and used isotope tracing to confirm that they were born in Europe or Africa. Finally, the study found that the
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455:, sometimes considered a subspecies) ranges over half the continent. Other closely related species are the
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1395:
1336:
Larsen, T.B. 1984. Butterflies of Saudi Arabia and Its Neighbours. Stacey International, London, 160 pp.
1072:
Robinson, Gaden S.; Ackery, Phillip R.; Kitching, Ian; Beccaloni, George W.; Hernández, Luis M. (2023).
1057:
661:
456:
197:
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1979:
621:), the huge range of migration has begun to be revealed. For example, some butterflies migrated from
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is likely for the inspection of resource changes; it consists of a round trip from Europe to Africa.
537:
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Equally important for the reproduction of the painted lady butterflies is the males' exhibition of
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286:
174:
67:
2385:
2096:
2036:
2003:
1808:
1727:
Abbott, Charles H. (1951). "A Quantitative Study of the Migration of the Painted Lady Butterfly,
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227:
97:
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Briscoe, Adriana D.; Sison-Mangus, Marilou P.; Kelber, Almut; Zaccardi, Guillermo (2006-05-15).
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Rutowski, Ronald L. (1991). "The Evolution of Male Mate-Locating Behavior in Butterflies".
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2419:
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602:
464:
444:
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1983:
1483:"How a group of butterflies flew 2,600 miles across the Atlantic Ocean without stopping"
1425:
762:
Painted lady butterflies have a visual system that resembles that of a honey bee. Adult
53:
2269:
2256:
1231:
978:
873:. New Delhi: Butterfly Research Centre, Bhimtal & Indinov Publishing. p. 219.
311:
2163:
2508:
2334:
1877:"Color discrimination in the red range with only one long-wavelength sensitive opsin"
1641:
butterfly abundance with El Niño and Pacific Decadal Oscillation climatic variables.
1390:
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940:
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713:
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626:
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The painted lady uses over 300 recorded host plants according to the HOSTS database.
424:
263:
214:
87:
82:
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2007:
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butterflies lay eggs one by one in their desired breeding locations. The variety of
2478:
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to Britain and Europe in May and June, occasionally reaching Iceland, and from the
563:
2032:
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cannot distinguish yellow light from orange light or orange light from red light.
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series of steps by up to six successive generations. The Radar Entomology Unit at
419:
is one of the most widespread of all butterflies, found on every continent except
2398:
2380:
2295:
2143:
1284:"In the middle of a butterfly crisis, California sees a burst of painted ladies"
1120:
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164:
154:
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1109:
Scott, J. A. 1986. The butterflies of North America. Stanford University Press.
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http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/horticulture/components/DG6711d.html
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to orient its migratory direction and maintain a straight flight path.
622:
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1188:"הפרפרים נעים בכמויות: מסע הנדידה של מיליוני נמפיות חורשף הגיע לישראל"
2300:
1391:"A trans-oceanic flight of over 4,200 km by painted lady butterflies"
1253:
1089:
670:
583:
579:
575:
144:
124:
2105:
2082:
1232:"Butterfly Conservation: Secrets of Painted Lady migration unveiled"
1654:
Tilden, J. W. (1962). "General Characteristics of the Movements of
1539:" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed September 16, 2013 at
1450:"Scientists Find First Evidence That Butterflies Crossed an Ocean"
767:
640:
year. Some evidence suggests that global climatic events, such as
547:
290:
1924:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1345:
Tilden, J.W. (1962). General characteristics of the movements of
1571:". learnbutterflies.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 September 2013. <
1162:
2235:
2109:
2083:
On the fly - research into butterfly migration proves rewarding
728:
locations ultimately dictates the male painted lady behaviour.
1615:. Information Center for the Environment (ICE). Archived from
1541:
http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Vanessa_cardui/
1487:
693:
establishes territories within areas sheltered by hedgerows.
1563:
1561:
586:
in March and April. The occasional autumn migration made by
1121:"Afrykańska Rusałka osetnik (Vanessa cardui) zalewa Europę"
1215:
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/een.12442
1082:
HOSTS - A Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants
652:
requires a direct view of the sky, implying the use of a
2058:
35(2): 117–123. DOI 10.1023/B:RUSE.0000018937.44836.c6
1826:
Bernard, Gary D.; Briscoe, Adriana D. (2005-02-15).
2448:
2118:
1645:, 9: 785–790. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00621.x
1311:"בוא אליי פרפר נחמד: גל חריג של פרפרים ברחבי הארץ"
536:Adult butterflies feed on flower nectar and aphid
287:Cynthia (butterfly) § Distinguishing features
1954:. Peterson Field Guides. Boston: Holt McDougal.
987:. London: Lovell Reeve and Co. pp. 105–107.
871:A Synoptic Catalogue of the Butterflies of India
555:spring migration between North Africa and Europe
1513:Hardesty, Richard. "Roosting Behavior in Adult
1181:
1179:
298:
1254:"The worldwide painted lady migration project"
2051:92(3): 296–304. DOI 10.1134/S0013873812030062
1950:Opler, Paul A.; Wright, Amy Bartlett (1999).
1585:
1583:
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1226:
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8:
2078:: large format reference quality photographs
1158:"הרימו ראש: מיליוני פרפרים נודדים מעל ישראל"
1925:"Live butterfly release for special events"
2106:
1684:. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology
1573:https://learnbutterflies.com/painted-lady/
1567:Hoskins, Adrian. "Butterflies of Europe -
951:Fauna of British India. Butterflies Vol. 1
864:
862:
766:eyes contain ultraviolet, blue, and green
76:
52:
38:
27:
1892:
1843:
1424:
2069:Sri Lanka Wild Life Information Database
1637:Vandenbosch, R. (2003), Fluctuations of
1125:Motyle.info - Portal Lepidopterologiczny
1035:. Butterfly Conservation. Archived from
1005:. Butterfly Conservation. Archived from
869:Varshney, R.K.; Smetacek, Peter (2015).
770:. Unlike other butterflies, such as the
900:
898:
834:
324:
1660:Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera
1519:Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society
1448:Brouillette, Monique (June 25, 2024).
1351:Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera
19:For other uses of "Painted Lady", see
2101:in the Libyan Desert (Eastern Sahara)
1598:
1596:
915:Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
7:
2275:3c2ff44f-253a-409d-a4b9-b3b6be1d6bce
1952:A Field Guide to Western Butterflies
600:The Worldwide Painted Lady Migration
2515:IUCN Red List least concern species
1282:Netburn, Deborah (March 12, 2019).
852:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
447:. However, its close relative, the
258:species. It is commonly called the
1462:from the original on June 25, 2024
14:
1495:from the original on July 1, 2024
1234:. BirdGuides Ltd. 22 October 2012
1119:Kuczkowski, Sławek (2009-05-27).
611:Institute of Evolutionary Biology
278:For a key to the terms used, see
2585:Lepidoptera of the United States
1777:Journal of Comparative Neurology
1481:Nicioli, Taylor (July 1, 2024).
967:
934:
399:
387:
375:
363:
351:
339:
327:
101:
1881:Journal of Experimental Biology
1832:Journal of Experimental Biology
1084:. The Natural History Museum.
619:Institut de Biologia Evolutiva
254:is the most widespread of all
1:
2580:Fauna of the Coachella Valley
2565:Butterflies described in 1758
2033:10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.07.039
1927:. Cloverlawn Butterflies Farm
1760:(Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)".
21:Painted Lady (disambiguation)
2540:Butterflies of North America
1764:18.6 (2005): 767-780. Print.
1613:Art Shapiro's Butterfly Site
480:Food sources and host plants
280:Glossary of entomology terms
2570:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1156:ארליכמן, ארז (2014-04-02).
984:Lepidoptera Indica. Vol. IV
435:has a limited range around
2611:
2056:Russian Journal of Ecology
1762:Journal of Insect Behavior
1409:10.1038/s41467-024-49079-2
1186:רינת, צפריר (2019-03-21).
629:, and even further south.
284:
277:
18:
2560:Lepidoptera of Cape Verde
879:10.13140/RG.2.1.3966.2164
784:, have demonstrated that
233:
226:
203:
196:
98:Scientific classification
96:
74:
65:
60:
51:
46:
37:
30:
2550:Butterflies of Sri Lanka
2074:Painted Lady Butterfly
1992:10.1126/science.1182990
1713:The American Naturalist
1062:, Butterflies of Canada
946:Bingham, Charles Thomas
449:Australian painted lady
2545:Butterflies of Oceania
556:
323:
296:
2595:Lepidoptera of Canada
2535:Butterflies of Europe
2525:Butterflies of Africa
1643:Global Change Biology
1396:Nature Communications
1379:78: 1119-1125. Print.
662:Nature Communications
551:
457:American painted lady
294:
2590:Butterflies of Japan
2270:Fauna Europaea (new)
2049:Entomological Review
1682:Animal Diversity Web
1619:on 27 September 2013
1521:41.2 (1987): 116-117
605:project, led by the
475:Ecology and behavior
16:Species of butterfly
2530:Butterflies of Asia
2520:Vanessa (butterfly)
1984:2010Sci...327..682C
954:. pp. 365–366.
596:Rothamsted Research
488:species, including
68:Conservation status
2555:Insects of Iceland
1535:Harris, M. 1999. "
1455:The New York Times
1039:on 22 October 2012
1033:A-Z of Butterflies
1009:on 22 October 2012
1003:A-Z of Butterflies
749:Defence mechanisms
557:
317:Lepidoptera Indica
297:
2502:
2501:
2112:Taxon identifiers
1961:978-0-547-35114-8
1894:10.1242/jeb.02207
1887:(10): 1944–1955.
1845:10.1242/jeb.01453
1789:10.1002/cne.10582
1775:Vanessa cardui".
1289:Los Angeles Times
911:(Linnaeus, 1758)"
888:978-81-929826-4-9
792:Human interaction
262:, or formerly in
247:
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91:
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2575:Animal migration
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2097:Observations of
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2021:Animal Behaviour
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905:Savela, Markku.
902:
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814:Vanessa atalanta
781:Vanessa atalanta
403:
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2014:
1978:(5966): 682–5.
1968:
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1944:Further reading
1941:
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1716:Vol. 138, No. 5
1710:
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1697:
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1672:Harris, Marie.
1671:
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979:Moore, Frederic
977:
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760:
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738:
703:
684:
603:citizen science
546:
484:Larvae feed on
482:
477:
465:West Coast lady
461:V. virginiensis
445:Rottnest Island
414:
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2517:
2507:
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2500:
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2470:
2454:
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2450:Papilio cardui
2446:
2445:
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2442:
2429:
2416:
2403:
2390:
2377:
2367:
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2344:
2331:
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2266:
2257:Fauna Europaea
2253:
2240:
2227:
2214:
2201:
2188:
2178:
2174:Vanessa-cardui
2168:
2164:Vanessa_cardui
2155:
2150:Vanessa cardui
2140:
2124:
2122:
2120:Vanessa cardui
2116:
2115:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2099:Vanessa cardui
2094:
2085:
2080:
2076:Vanessa cardui
2071:
2064:
2063:External links
2061:
2060:
2059:
2052:
2045:
2027:(5): 1119–25.
2017:Vanessa cardui
2012:
1966:
1960:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1916:
1867:
1838:(4): 687–696.
1818:
1783:(4): 334–349.
1766:
1758:Vanessa Cardui
1749:
1740:
1736:Vol. 32, No. 2
1729:Vanessa cardui
1720:
1704:
1695:
1676:Vanessa cardui
1664:
1656:Vanessa cardui
1647:
1639:Vanessa cardui
1630:
1607:Vanessa cardui
1603:Shapiro, Art.
1592:
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1569:Vanessa cardui
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1523:
1515:Vanessa cardui
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1338:
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1076:Vanessa cardui
1064:
1059:Vanessa cardui
1050:
1029:"Painted Lady"
1020:
999:"Painted Lady"
990:
957:
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909:Vanessa cardui
894:
887:
858:
845:Vanessa cardui
833:
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312:Frederic Moore
308:
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251:Vanessa cardui
245:
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240:Linnaeus, 1758
237:Papilio cardui
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32:Vanessa cardui
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986:
985:
981:(1899–1900).
980:
975:
974:public domain
964:
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941:public domain
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714:overwintering
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667:French Guiana
664:
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654:solar compass
651:
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627:Sahara desert
624:
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568:Mediterranean
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83:Least Concern
73:
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59:
55:
50:
45:
41:
36:
33:
29:
26:
22:
2449:
2119:
2098:
2089:
2088:HD video of
2075:
2055:
2048:
2024:
2020:
2016:
1975:
1971:
1951:
1929:. Retrieved
1919:
1884:
1880:
1870:
1835:
1831:
1821:
1780:
1776:
1769:
1761:
1757:
1752:
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1735:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1718:: 1121-1139.
1715:
1712:
1707:
1698:
1688:25 September
1686:. Retrieved
1681:
1675:
1667:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1623:25 September
1621:. Retrieved
1617:the original
1612:
1606:
1568:
1547:
1536:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1497:. Retrieved
1486:
1476:
1464:. Retrieved
1453:
1443:
1400:
1394:
1384:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1358:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1332:
1321:. Retrieved
1319:. 2019-03-21
1314:
1305:
1293:. Retrieved
1287:
1277:
1268:
1257:. Retrieved
1248:
1236:. Retrieved
1208:
1197:. Retrieved
1191:
1167:. Retrieved
1161:
1151:
1140:
1129:. Retrieved
1124:
1114:
1105:
1093:. Retrieved
1081:
1075:
1067:
1058:
1053:
1041:. Retrieved
1037:the original
1032:
1023:
1011:. Retrieved
1007:the original
1002:
993:
983:
950:
930:
918:. Retrieved
914:
908:
870:
850:
844:
837:
820:
812:
801:painted lady
796:
795:
785:
779:
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564:North Africa
559:
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519:
513:
507:
501:
495:
489:
483:
469:V. annabella
468:
460:
452:
432:
416:
415:
412:Distribution
346:Ventral side
315:
299:
295:Wing scales.
268:cosmopolitan
267:
260:painted lady
259:
250:
249:
248:
236:
206:
204:
188:
187:
175:
31:
25:
2381:NatureServe
2373:CynthCardui
2296:iNaturalist
2144:Wikispecies
2092:butterflies
1145:Nature Spot
1127:(in Polish)
823:(butterfly)
786:V. atalanta
776:red postman
736:Oviposition
574:basin, via
453:V. kershawi
394:Inside Pupa
334:Dorsal side
274:Description
165:Nymphalidae
155:Lepidoptera
2509:Categories
2465:Q109585067
1931:15 January
1738:: 155-171.
1323:2019-04-24
1259:2019-04-24
1238:22 October
1199:2019-04-24
1169:2019-04-24
1131:2019-04-24
1095:22 October
1043:22 October
1013:22 October
829:References
799:and other
721:polygynous
675:trade wind
521:Helianthus
486:Asteraceae
463:) and the
421:Antarctica
285:See also:
135:Arthropoda
61:Underside
47:Upperside
1903:0022-0949
1854:0022-0949
1797:1096-9861
1417:2041-1723
1353:1: 43-49.
1295:March 20,
764:V. cardui
706:V. cardui
691:V. cardui
650:V. cardui
633:V. cardui
607:Barcelona
588:V. cardui
560:V. cardui
544:Migration
527:Artemisia
515:Onopordum
503:Centaurea
441:Fremantle
433:V. cardui
429:Australia
417:V. cardui
406:Emergence
320:. Vol. IV
303:submedian
256:butterfly
183:Species:
121:Kingdom:
115:Eukaryota
2459:Wikidata
2386:2.107731
2370:MaBENA:
2348:LepIndex
2314:10526928
2205:BugGuide
2181:BioLib:
2171:BAMONA:
2129:Wikidata
2041:53156739
2008:33773557
2000:20133570
1911:16651559
1862:15695761
1813:33070553
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1499:July 25,
1493:Archived
1466:July 25,
1460:Archived
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538:honeydew
309:—
228:Synonyms
215:Linnaeus
161:Family:
131:Phylum:
125:Animalia
111:Domain:
88:IUCN 3.1
2492:4535843
2288:4299368
2135:Q158603
2090:Vanessa
1980:Bibcode
1972:Science
1733:Ecology
1193:Haaretz
920:July 3,
821:Cynthia
772:monarch
671:genomes
659:A 2024
642:el Niño
625:to the
623:Iceland
615:Catalan
609:-based
572:Red Sea
509:Arctium
497:Carduus
491:Cirsium
437:Bunbury
176:Vanessa
171:Genus:
151:Order:
145:Insecta
141:Class:
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2353:157137
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2479:94CN9
2433:WoRMS
2360:LoB:
2309:IRMNG
2301:48548
2249:90992
2244:EUNIS
2223:9385D
2197:12401
2184:51581
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1809:S2CID
1662:43-49
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427:. In
370:Larva
2487:GBIF
2407:NCBI
2363:5017
2335:IUCN
2322:ITIS
2283:GBIF
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2192:BOLD
1996:PMID
1956:ISBN
1933:2016
1907:PMID
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1850:ISSN
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1731:L."
1690:2013
1625:2013
1555:>
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1297:2019
1240:2012
1163:ynet
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1015:2012
922:2018
883:ISBN
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423:and
382:Pupa
266:the
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