317:
About 230 people answered this question. The top reason given for choosing the
Portland–Vancouver shipyards was that "they thought it their duty to go into defense work". The second-ranked reason was a desire for a better job, and the third, higher wages. However, the situation changed when the war ended in 1945. The Housing Authority of Portland (HAP) then sought to attract World War II veterans who needed housing, a community to raise their families, and higher education through the
71:
435:
408:
55:
1929:
364:—by April 1944, HAP began placing incoming Blacks into the "white" areas of the settlement. However, word quickly spread and 63 white residents quickly signed a petition demanding a reversal of the policy. Entire buildings were free in the "Black" areas of town, they argued, and after opponents of the integration plan appeared at a HAP meeting the authority decided to resume its previous policies.
1404:
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1941:
78:
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attitudes on the part of officials, who pointedly neglected to respond appropriately to the destruction of a community that had a relatively large number of black residents. However, many dispute the role of racism, pointing to the transformation of
Vanport by the influx of World War II veterans
376:
Although some of
Portland's Black people lived in 53 of the city's 60 census tracts before the war, about half were concentrated in two tracts east of the Willamette River and north of the east–west centerline of the city. After the war, much of Portland's Black community remained centered
341:
The hastily constructed wartime development's social and cultural mores had little in common with
Portland as a whole. Vanport's immigrants imported their particular brands of racism from throughout the country. White migrants from the South were the most vocal in opposing the degree of integration
456:
At the time of the flood, the population of
Vanport was down to about 18,500 people. Because of the holiday, many residents were away from their homes for the day. These factors contributed to the low loss of life: officially, there were only 15 deaths. Nonetheless, the city was a complete
423:
A radio alert was issued the night before the flood, and some residents moved their belongings into attics and upper floors. Few imagined the possible extent to which the water levels would rise. Another contributing factor to the lack of voluntary evacuation was the fact that many residents relied
419:
is a massive area encompassing seven U.S. states and
British Columbia, Canada. The previous winter snowpack was 75 to 135% of normal. Above normal temperatures accompanied two major rainstorms May 19 to 23, 1948, and again May 26 to 29. Rainfall combined with melt water swelled the many tributaries
337:
secretary Edwin C. Berry, described
Portland as a " 'northern' city with a 'southern' exposure", arguing that the city shared with southern cities "traditions, attitudes, and things interracial in character." Berry argued that prior to the war the city exhibited remarkably unprogressive racial
316:
By 1943–44, families living in
Vanport were moving out at the rate of 100 a day. A questionnaire mailed to 1,000 former Vanport families, selected randomly from the approximately 3,000 families who had left by then, asked, among other things, why they had moved to Vanport in the first place.
359:
HAP never had any explicit policy advocating segregation; nonetheless, for various reasons de facto segregation was the norm. Whites complained when placed near "Black" areas, and segregation of
Vanport by neighborhood might as well have been enforced legally. Only in 1944 were complaints raised
312:
from all corners of the country; few residents had any long-term connections with each other and little opportunity or interest to build them. The temporary nature of the new city contributed to an overall sense of insecurity and anxiety among residents. The lack of businesses and recreation
449:
burst, sending a 10-foot (3 m) wall of water into the area of
Vanport College. According to a historical marker, the break happened at an old railroad cut that had been filled in. Because of the numerous sloughs and backwaters in the area, the progress of the flood was delayed about
281:, making it Oregon's second-largest city at the time, and the largest public housing project in the nation. After the war, Vanport lost more than half of its population, dropping to 18,500, as many wartime workers left the area. However, there was also an influx of returning
367:
The unprecedented level of integration and lack of any major racial incidents or severe tensions did not mean there were no problems. Black/white tensions were still a part of Vanport life as well as a problem in relating to Portland. A 1943–44 study published in the
486:
Vanport led Portland and Oregon in integrating Black people. "The first black teachers and policemen in the state were hired in Vanport during the war years". One of those Black teachers, Martha Jordan, later became the first Black teacher hired by
1093:
Jantzen Beach Amusement Park was heralded as Portland’s Million Dollar Playground. When it opened on May 26, 1928, Jantzen Beach was the largest amusement park in the nation. The park sprawled over 123 acres at Hayden Island at the northern tip of
502:
Vanport's destruction eased the integration of a large African-American population into North and Northeast Portland. Indeed, some Black leaders argued that the flood was ultimately beneficial for the city's Black community. Vanport, argued
388:. In both cases, public officials led the population to believe that the damage would be slight, and in both cases the government response to the disaster was harshly criticized. Critics attributed the poor response, in both cases, to
393:
and their families and official commitment to the area shown by the establishment at Vanport of the only state college in the greater Portland metropolitan area. At the time of the flood, one-third of Vanport residents were black.
511:" where "negroes lived in the same patterns as they did in the South." The flood that wiped out the district, he continued, was a benefit in that it allowed Black people to further integrate into Portland's society.
420:
feeding the Columbia in the days prior to the flood, creating high water levels not seen since the record flood of 1894. The lowest point in Vanport was about 15 feet (4.6 m) below the water level in the river.
333:, the state had a population of fewer than 1,800 Black people in 1940; by 1946 more than 15,000 lived in the Portland area, mostly in Vanport and other segregated housing districts. One prewar observer, Portland
372:
indicates that the top five complaints from Vanport residents included "negroes and whites in same neighborhood", "negroes and whites in same school", and "discrimination against Vanport people by Portlanders".
351:
imposed on any of Vanport's facilities. When police were called because Black men were dancing with white women at a local event, only the white women were detained and warned that their conduct might lead to a
431:, May 30, 1948, the Housing Authority of Portland issued the following statement: "Remember: Dikes are safe at present. You will be warned if necessary. You will have time to leave. Don't get excited."
313:
opportunities contributed to a sense of distrust, and the relative isolation of the largely male workforce meant there was little demand for community institutions such as a newspaper or high school.
2047:
832:
329:
The establishment of Vanport coincided with an unprecedented influx of African-Americans into Oregon, attracted to work in newly federally-desegregated wartime defence industries. Due to
1977:
1765:
549:
refused to close after the flood disaster and quickly reopened in downtown Portland. Dubbed by a national magazine "The College that Wouldn't Die," it became present-day
2027:
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Vanport was dramatically destroyed at 4:05 p.m. on May 30, 1948, when a 200-foot (60 m) section of a railroad berm holding back the Columbia River collapsed
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321:(G.I. Bill). The establishment of a college at Vanport in 1946 was a key part of the strategy to keep Vanport a thriving Oregon community.
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2012:
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An emergency siren began to sound shortly after the initial breach, and residents began to head up North Denver Avenue to higher ground.
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that HAP dictated for schools, buses and work sites. The Authority was largely unsympathetic to these complaints and at no time was
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Vanport was especially vulnerable to flooding, since it was built on reclaimed lowlands along the Columbia River. The
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300:, killing 15 people. The city was underwater by nightfall, leaving around 18,000 of its inhabitants homeless.
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Tim Hills, "Swept Away: Vanport and the Memorial Day Flood" Kennedy School, Portland, Oregon, May 18, 2009
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African American History in the American West: Online Encyclopedia of Significant People and Places
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Personal recollections of life in Vanport, living through the flood, and its aftermath, from
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opened a college named the Vanport Extension Center; the school would eventually be renamed
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of "Vancouver" and "Portland"—was home to 40,000 people, about 40 percent of them
266:
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996:"Harry S. Truman: 126 - Rear Platform and Other Informal Remarks in Oregon, June 11, 1948"
461:
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about the segregation situation in the city. Reacting to the criticism—and pressure from
654:
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Aerial view of the Vanport flood, looking west from North Denver Avenue on June 15, 1948
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1261:, a housing development for defense workers built in North Portland in the early 1940s
1961:
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in 1970. Several acres of the former city became "West Delta Park" which is now the
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672:(Thesis). Eugene, Oregon: University of Oregon Department of Sociology. p. 114.
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The Columbia River - Vanport, the 1948 Vanport Flood, and the Vanport Wetlands
915:"USGS Real-Time Water Data for USGS 14105700 Columbia River at the Dalles, OR"
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Vanport construction began in August 1942 to house the workers at the wartime
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flew to Portland to examine the damage. The recovery effort was assisted by
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The loss of Vanport is considered a factor in the eventual closing of the
1264:
833:"Troubled Waters in Ecotopia: Environmental Racism in Portland, Oregon"
769:
715:
670:
The Effect of Living in Vanport City on the Behavior of Its Inhabitants
344:
889:
Speers, Douglas D.; Barcellos, Daniel J.; Wortman, Randal T. (1990).
508:
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Vanport College plaque near Lincoln Hall at Portland State University
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has been held annually to commemorate the city and its history.
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44:
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veterans. In order to attract veterans and their families, the
1234:
Vanport City, the 1948 Vanport Flood, and the Vanport Wetlands
1023:
Portland State University: The First 25 Years: 1955–1980
1132:"Oregon's lost city comes to life in Vanport Mosaic Festival"
934:
932:
690:
Kilbourn, Charlotte & Lantis, Margaret (February 1946).
411:
Overturned cars in the aftermath of the Vanport flood, 1948
1236:
with photos of gauge comparing 1894, 1948, and 1996 floods
963:
Freeman, Harry D; Jaeger, Harry D; Taylor, Roy W (1948).
692:"Elements of Tenant Instability in a War Housing Project"
249:
and not rebuilt. It sat on what is currently the site of
748:
Berry, Edwin C. (November 1945). "Profiles: Portland".
450:
30 minutes, giving residents more time to escape.
29:
Former city destroyed by flood in Oregon, United States
1182:
Taylor, George H.; Hatton, Raymond R. Hatton (1999).
1276:"How Oregon's Second-Largest City Vanished in a Day"
1186:. Corvallis, Oregon: Oregon State University Press.
588:. United States Geological Survey. November 28, 1980
1902:
1879:
1843:
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1349:
879:
Portland State University Library Archives, Box 49.
205:
188:
175:
167:
155:
143:
133:
34:
1021:Epler, Stephen E. (1980). John Eliot Allen (ed.).
514:To prevent future incidents, Congress enacted the
507:director Lester Granger, was a "nasty, segregated
2048:Populated places established by African Americans
1304:The Voices of Vanport: Radio and the Flood of ‘48
756:(3). American Sociological Association: 158–165.
380:The 1948 Vanport Flood parallels the more recent
723:(reprinted by Center for Columbia River History)
1224:http://www.vanportmosaic.org/#a-forgotten-city
1759:
1325:
8:
1978:African-American history in Portland, Oregon
1184:The Oregon Weather Book: A State of Extremes
938:
59:Vanport in 1943, five years before the flood
1766:
1752:
1744:
1332:
1318:
1310:
994:Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T. (eds.).
685:
683:
681:
679:
655:"History | Portland State University"
237:, United States, between the contemporary
31:
1002:. University of California Santa Barbara
627:
625:
2028:Populated places disestablished in 1948
1804:Portland Metropolitan Exposition Center
568:
174:
166:
132:
97:
77:
63:
51:
1274:Geiling, Natasha (February 18, 2015).
891:"The 1948 Flood on the Columbia River"
576:
574:
572:
522:. The flood also resulted in the 1961
965:Report on Vanport City flood disaster
950:
818:
806:
794:
782:
735:
444:Spokane, Portland and Seattle Railway
204:
187:
154:
142:
7:
2023:Populated places established in 1943
1940:
1809:Thomas M. and Alla M. Paterson House
846:(74). New York, N.Y.: MARHO: 65–95.
1856:Kenton Commercial Historic District
1130:Vondersmith, Jason (May 16, 2022).
635:. Center for Columbia River History
586:Geographic Names Information System
518:which spawned projects such as the
377:in northeastern parts of the city.
90:Location within the state of Oregon
2043:African-American history of Oregon
1915:Kenton/North Denver Avenue station
1265:Memories of the 1948 Vanport Flood
1044:Pearson, Rudy (January 22, 2007).
25:
1993:Former populated places in Oregon
917:. United States Geological Survey
610:. Portland Parks & Recreation
424:solely on public transportation.
1973:1948 disestablishments in Oregon
1939:
1928:
1927:
1402:
750:Journal of Educational Sociology
76:
69:
53:
1988:East Columbia, Portland, Oregon
1457:1980 eruption of Mt. St. Helens
1165:Oregon Historical Society Press
1000:The American Presidency Project
1830:Portland International Raceway
633:"Kaiserville: A Muddy Miracle"
543:Portland International Raceway
526:and later the construction of
255:Portland International Raceway
1:
1968:1943 establishments in Oregon
1467:Rajneeshee assassination plot
1025:. Portland State University.
319:Servicemen's Readjustment Act
287:Housing Authority of Portland
1254:. Oregon Historical Society.
1246:Michael N. McGregor (2003).
1242:at Oregon Historical Society
696:American Sociological Review
535:Jantzen Beach Amusement Park
460:On June 11, 1948, President
442:At about 4:17 p.m. the
370:American Sociological Review
2033:History of racism in Oregon
2013:Natural disasters in Oregon
1998:History of Portland, Oregon
1462:Rajneeshee bioterror attack
1269:Oregon Historical Quarterly
1046:"Vanport (1942–1948)"
852:10.1215/01636545-1999-74-65
582:"Vanport City (historical)"
221:, sometimes referred to as
2064:
1378:Roll On, Columbia, Roll On
1299:Oregon Public Broadcasting
1291:Oregon Public Broadcasting
1252:The Oregon History Project
1110:www.oregonencyclopedia.org
1106:"Vanport Extension Center"
668:Lunin Boyle, Hope (1946).
479:
400:
245:. It was destroyed in the
1923:
1713:
1432:Oregon land fraud scandal
1400:
1394:Direct Legislation League
1229:Aerial view of 1948 flood
1079:"Vanport Deemed Ghetto,"
551:Portland State University
516:Flood Control Act of 1950
403:1948 Columbia River flood
291:Portland State University
247:1948 Columbia River flood
98:
64:
52:
41:
2008:Multnomah County, Oregon
2003:Kenton, Portland, Oregon
1835:World Famous Kenton Club
1775:Kenton, Portland, Oregon
1447:Florence whale explosion
1297:Documentary produced by
939:Taylor & Hatton 1999
547:Vanport Extension Center
482:Kenton, Portland, Oregon
331:exclusionary racial laws
235:Multnomah County, Oregon
229:, was a city of wartime
1983:Company towns in Oregon
1480:Willamette Valley Flood
1289:Think Out Loud: Vanport
1215:The Oregon Encyclopedia
558:Vanport Mosaic Festival
556:Beginning in 2016, the
489:Portland Public Schools
2018:North Portland, Oregon
1718:Native peoples history
1427:Lewis & Clark Expo
840:Radical History Review
831:Stroud, Ellen (1999).
499:
439:
412:
308:The city was a hub of
241:city boundary and the
118:45.60194°N 122.70000°W
1893:Voices of Remembrance
1887:Statue of Paul Bunyan
1866:North Portland Harbor
1825:Cup & Saucer Cafe
1650:Abigail Scott Duniway
1389:Willamette Industries
1159:Maben, Manly (1987).
524:Columbia River Treaty
505:National Urban League
497:
437:
410:
271:Vancouver, Washington
190: • Summer (
171:23 ft (7 m)
1295:The Story of Vanport
1281:Smithsonian Magazine
979:Vanport history sign
123:45.60194; -122.70000
18:Vanport City, Oregon
1910:Expo Center station
1557:David B. Frohnmayer
1248:"The Vanport Flood"
1240:War Production page
114: /
1552:George Chamberlain
1442:Columbus Day Storm
500:
440:
427:On the morning of
413:
310:transient laborers
47:destroyed by flood
1955:
1954:
1741:
1740:
1695:Steve Prefontaine
1675:Ursula K. Le Guin
1597:Maurine Neuberger
1572:Nan Wood Honeyman
1437:Lookout Air Raids
1384:Meier & Frank
1372:Centennial Tokens
1342:history of Oregon
1306:Dan Howard (2020)
1083:, March 10, 1952.
725:on June 24, 2016.
608:"East Delta Park"
520:Priest Rapids Dam
382:Hurricane Katrina
362:Eleanor Roosevelt
216:
215:
16:(Redirected from
2055:
1943:
1942:
1931:
1930:
1789:David Cole House
1768:
1761:
1754:
1745:
1635:Pietro Belluschi
1562:Neil Goldschmidt
1526:Shanghai tunnels
1521:Kaiser Shipyards
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1222:Van Port Mosaic
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1136:Portland Tribune
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718:. Archived from
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279:African-American
269:in Portland and
267:Kaiser Shipyards
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2038:Henry J. Kaiser
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1871:Vanport, Oregon
1839:
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1728:Pioneer history
1723:History to 1806
1709:
1685:Brian McMenamin
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1612:James H. Weaver
1607:Barbara Roberts
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1452:1977 NBA Finals
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1052:. BlackPast.org
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466:Vanport College
462:Harry S. Truman
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84:Vanport, Oregon
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36:Vanport, Oregon
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1799:Kenton Library
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1733:Modern history
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1794:Kenton Hotel
1680:Hall S. Lusk
1655:James A. Fee
1602:Norma Paulus
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1516:Harbor Drive
1511:Fort Stevens
1501:Celilo Falls
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1163:. Portland:
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1004:. Retrieved
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720:the original
702:(1): 57–66.
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614:December 19,
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283:World War II
273:. Vanport—a
264:
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223:Vanport City
222:
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26:
1861:Kenton Park
1700:Jack Ramsay
1670:Phil Knight
1630:Terry Baker
1592:Wayne Morse
1540:Politicians
1506:Copperfield
1473:New Carissa
1367:Bottle Bill
1153:Works cited
1115:January 11,
386:New Orleans
349:segregation
338:attitudes.
304:Inhabitants
275:portmanteau
227:Kaiserville
121: /
109:122°42′00″W
1962:Categories
1880:Public art
1851:Delta Park
1690:Bill Naito
1645:Gert Boyle
1623:Oregonians
1577:Tom McCall
1357:Tax revolt
951:Maben 1987
819:Maben 1987
807:Maben 1987
795:Maben 1987
783:Maben 1987
736:Maben 1987
564:References
480:See also:
251:Delta Park
209:feature ID
106:45°36′07″N
1844:Geography
1782:Buildings
1665:Ken Kesey
1476:oil spill
1362:Governors
1210:"Vanport"
1094:Portland.
860:0163-6545
528:Libby Dam
470:Red Cross
354:race riot
201:(Pacific)
184:(Pacific)
177:Time zone
168:Elevation
162:Multnomah
1934:Category
1818:Business
1141:June 30,
1056:June 21,
1031:16732141
921:July 12,
899:July 12,
865:June 24,
639:June 21,
592:June 21,
468:and the
253:and the
239:Portland
1946:Commons
1903:Transit
1531:Vanport
1340:Modern
1161:Vanport
981:, from
770:2263420
716:2085277
545:. The
345:de jure
261:History
219:Vanport
212:1128512
135:Country
43:Former
1489:Places
1421:Oregon
1412:Events
1350:Topics
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969:, 2,3;
858:
768:
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509:ghetto
476:Legacy
457:loss.
390:racist
157:County
150:Oregon
1621:Other
894:(PDF)
836:(PDF)
766:JSTOR
712:JSTOR
397:Flood
199:UTC-7
182:UTC-8
145:State
1419:USS
1188:ISBN
1169:ISBN
1143:2022
1117:2024
1058:2014
1027:OCLC
1008:2019
923:2011
901:2017
867:2014
856:ISSN
844:1999
641:2014
616:2006
594:2014
447:berm
207:GNIS
45:city
848:doi
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537:on
233:in
225:or
192:DST
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
