1018:
peripheral resistance, thereby elevating blood pressure. While vasoconstriction is a normal and essential regulatory mechanism for maintaining blood pressure and redistributing blood flow during various physiological processes, its dysregulation can contribute to pathological conditions. Chronic vasoconstriction is associated with hypertension, a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases such as heart attack and stroke. Moreover, impaired blood flow resulting from abnormal vasoconstriction may contribute to tissue ischemia, which can be observed in conditions like
Raynaud's disease. Understanding the pathology of vasoconstriction is crucial for developing targeted therapeutic strategies to manage conditions associated with abnormal vascular tone.
45:
54:
71:
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the entry of extracellular Ca, since it was abolished by removal of extracellular Ca (Figure 2A). ... In the rat caudal artery, U-46619-mediated contractile responses have an absolute requirement for Ca, which enters from the extracellular pool, is independent of intracellular Ca stores and is blocked by ROK inhibition.
179:. Generalized vasoconstriction usually results in an increase in systemic blood pressure, but it may also occur in specific tissues, causing a localized reduction in blood flow. The extent of vasoconstriction may be slight or severe depending on the substance or circumstance. Many vasoconstrictors also cause
1159:
These results suggest that U-46619 elicits contraction of rat caudal arterial smooth muscle by activating Ca entry from the extracellular space, which may or may not involve Ca-induced Ca release from the SR (sarcoplasmic reticulum). ... A key step in the contractile response to U-46619 appears to be
282:
Once elevated, the intracellular calcium concentration is returned to its normal concentration through a variety of protein pumps and calcium exchangers located on the plasma membrane and sarcoplasmic reticulum. This reduction in calcium removes the stimulus necessary for contraction, allowing for a
1013:
To summarize, vasoconstriction is a physiological process that involves the narrowing of blood vessels, particularly arteries and arterioles, resulting in a reduction of blood flow to specific tissues or organs. This phenomenon is primarily regulated by the contraction of smooth muscle cells within
1017:
Additionally, sympathetic nervous system activation, triggered by stress or other stimuli, prompts the release of norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter that induces vasoconstriction by binding to alpha-adrenergic receptors on smooth muscle cells. The narrowing of blood vessels leads to an increase in
1691:
Disdier, Patrick; Granel, Brigitte; Serratrice, Jacques; Constans, Joël; Michon-Pasturel, Ulrique; Hachulla, Eric; Conri, Claude; Devulder, Bernard; Swiader, Laure; Piquet, Philippe; Branchereau, Alain; Jouglard, Jacqueline; Moulin, Guy; Weiller, Pierre-Jean (January 2001). "Cannabis
Arteritis
291:
Factors that trigger vasoconstriction can be exogenous or endogenous in origin. Ambient temperature is an example of exogenous vasoconstriction. Cutaneous vasoconstriction will occur because of the body's exposure to the severe cold. Examples of endogenous factors include the
1312:
Horak, Friedrich; Zieglmayer, Petra; Zieglmayer, René; Lemell, Patrick; Yao, Ruji; Staudinger, Heribert; Danzig, Melvyn (February 2009). "A placebo-controlled study of the nasal decongestant effect of phenylephrine and pseudoephedrine in the Vienna
Challenge Chamber".
1014:
the vessel walls. Several factors contribute to vasoconstriction, including the release of vasoconstrictor substances such as endothelin and angiotensin II, both of which play crucial roles in the modulation of vascular tone.
535:
is used as a form of energy to increase this pressure to heat the body. Once homeostasis is restored, the blood pressure and ATP production regulates. Vasoconstriction also occurs in superficial blood vessels of
1121:-induced contraction of rat caudal arterial smooth muscle involves activation of Ca entry and Casensitization: Rho-associated kinase-mediated phosphorylation of MYPT1 at Thr-855, but not Thr-697"
343:
are used to increase the duration of local anesthesia by constricting the blood vessels, thereby safely concentrating the anesthetic agent for an extended duration, as well as reducing
219:. However, the specific mechanisms for generating an increased intracellular concentration of calcium depends on the vasoconstrictor. Smooth muscle cells are capable of generating
531:
For example, vasoconstriction is a hypothermic preventative in which the blood vessels constrict and blood must move at a higher pressure to actively prevent a hypoxic reaction.
168:
turn paler because less blood reaches the surface, reducing the radiation of heat. On a larger level, vasoconstriction is one mechanism by which the body regulates and maintains
1755:
1277:
Salerno, Stephen M.; Jackson, Jeffrey L.; Berbano, Elizabeth P. (8 August 2005). "Effect of Oral
Pseudoephedrine on Blood Pressure and Heart Rate: A Meta-analysis".
540:
animals when their ambient environment is cold; this process diverts the flow of heated blood to the center of the animal, preventing the loss of heat.
1978:
1063:
1748:
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and reducing acute blood loss. When blood vessels constrict, the flow of blood is restricted or decreased, thus retaining body heat or increasing
340:
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227:
or pharmacokinetic components are more physiologically relevant. Two common stimuli for eliciting smooth muscle contraction are circulating
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44:
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1741:
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Butler; Siegman (December 1998). "Control of crossâbridge cycling by myosin light chain phosphorylation in mammalian smooth muscle".
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Moodley, D. S. (May 2017). "Local anaesthetics in dentistry - Part 3: Vasoconstrictors in local anaesthetics".
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293:
108:
1348:
Halberstadt, Adam L. (2017). "Pharmacology and
Toxicology of N-Benzylphenethylamine ('NBOMe') Hallucinogens".
296:, circulating hormones, and intrinsic mechanisms inherent to the vasculature itself (also referred to as the
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1996:
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Are coronary heart disease and peripheral arterial disease associated with tobacco or cannabis consumption
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Echeverri, DarĂo; Montes, FĂ©lix R.; Cabrera, Mariana; GalĂĄn, AngĂ©lica; Prieto, AngĂ©lica (25 August 2010).
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Laccourreye, O.; Werner, A.; Giroud, J.-P.; Couloigner, V.; Bonfils, P.; Bondon-Guitton, E. (2015).
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loop in which the body tries to restore homeostasis (maintain constant internal environment).
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The mechanism that leads to vasoconstriction results from the increased concentration of
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resulting from contraction of the muscular wall of the vessels, in particular the large
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Medications causing vasoconstriction, also known as vasoconstrictors, are one type of
156:, the widening of blood vessels. The process is particularly important in controlling
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1901:
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1442:"Benefits, limits and danger of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine as nasal decongestants"
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239:) that directly innervates the muscle. These compounds interact with cell surface
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1352:. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences. Vol. 32. pp. 283â311.
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Exposure to water causes vasoconstriction near the skin, which in turn causes
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63:
Schematic depiction of relaxed vessel wall (left) and vasoconstriction (right)
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223:, but this mechanism is rarely utilized for contraction in the vasculature.
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Narrowing of blood vessels due to the constriction of smooth muscle cells
1532:
Rod Flower; Humphrey P. Rang; Maureen M. Dale; Ritter, James M. (2007).
255:-mediated calcium release, as well as enhanced calcium entry across the
126:
70:
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is topically applied to the nasal passages or eyes. Examples include:
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276:
1606:
Swenson, Erik R. (June 2013). "Hypoxic
Pulmonary Vasoconstriction".
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cascade that leads to increased intracellular calcium from the
1589:, bc, main point W.W. Norton Company, New York, London (1999)
1446:
1003:. An increase in blood flow to the penis causes an erection.
1006:
Improper vasoconstriction may also play a role in secondary
354:
vary. They may be both systemic and topical. For example,
520:
Vasoconstriction is a procedure of the body that averts
335:. Vasoconstrictors are also used clinically to increase
1489:
Medical
Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch
1350:
1559:
Medical
Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approach
195:. Severe vasoconstriction may result in symptoms of
2249:
2199:
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2152:
2132:
2069:
1971:
1915:
1867:
1780:
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263:. The rise in intracellular calcium complexes with
183:. Medications that cause vasoconstriction include:
107:
102:
32:
999:Vasoconstriction can be a contributing factor to
682:--> âMLCK activity --> âphosphorylation of
1749:
1686:Definition of Vasoconstriction on HealthScout
1209:"Vasoconstrictor agents for local anesthesia"
1115:Michael P. Walsh; et al. (2005-08-01) .
341:Vasoconstrictors mixed with local anesthetics
8:
1527:
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1485:Unless else specified in box, then ref is:
2163:
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1395:International Journal of Vascular Medicine
1391:"Caffeine's Vascular Mechanisms of Action"
1315:Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology
69:
1658:
1457:
1416:
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1144:
1064:Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome
880:Antidiuretic hormone (ADH or Vasopressin)
1481:
1479:
1477:
542:
364:
1765:Physiology of the cardiovascular system
1081:
1582:Richard Milsten and Julian Slowinski,
801:On smooth muscle cells: Activation of
124:
29:
1641:Temprano, Katherine K. (March 2016).
327:. Many are used in medicine to treat
177:medicine used to raise blood pressure
7:
1608:High Altitude Medicine & Biology
1536:. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.
588:(primarily) --> âintracellular Ca
279:to stimulate cross-bridge cycling.
93:resulting in the deformation of an
1692:Revisited: Ten New Case Reports".
25:
609:activity --> âintracellular Ca
271:. This enzyme is responsible for
152:. The process is the opposite of
1186:10.1046/j.1365-201x.1998.00450.x
598:more depolarization --> open
52:
43:
1643:"A Review of Raynaud's Disease"
885:Arginine vasopressin receptor 1
564:(â = increases. â = decreases)
339:or to reduce local blood flow.
1534:Rang & Dale's pharmacology
1174:Acta Physiologica Scandinavica
574:Stretch-activated ion channels
500:Tetrahydrozoline hydrochloride
81:showing vasoconstriction of a
1:
1892:Aortic valve area calculation
1327:10.1016/s1081-1206(10)60240-2
1279:Archives of Internal Medicine
930:Arginine vasopressin receptor
1291:10.1001/archinte.165.15.1686
1250:South African Dental Journal
887:(V1) on smooth muscle cells
556:vascular smooth muscle cells
2009:Effective refractory period
1888:) / End-diastolic dimension
1459:10.1016/j.anorl.2014.11.001
865:Asymmetric dimethylarginine
243:. Such stimuli result in a
2369:
1706:10.1177/000331970105200101
558:if not otherwise specified
267:, which in turn activates
233:sympathetic nervous system
2353:Cardiovascular physiology
2294:Tubuloglomerular feedback
2241:Critical closing pressure
2061:Hexaxial reference system
1984:Cardiac electrophysiology
924:--> âintracellular Ca
878:
859:--> âintracellular Ca
787:
753:--> âintracellular Ca
718:
577:
305:water-immersion wrinkling
269:myosin light-chain kinase
197:intermittent claudication
119:
68:
37:
2269:Reninâangiotensin system
1557:Walter F. Boron (2005).
1487:Walter F. Boron (2005).
835:--> âintracellular Ca
602:--> âintracellular Ca
551:(â = opens. â = closes)
352:routes of administration
294:autonomic nervous system
140:is the narrowing of the
2299:Cerebral autoregulation
2264:Kininâkallikrein system
2231:Jugular venous pressure
1881:End-diastolic dimension
1859:Pressure volume diagram
626:ATP-sensitive K channel
524:. It is part of a body
522:orthostatic hypotension
2236:Portal venous pressure
2226:Mean arterial pressure
2140:Ventricular remodeling
1886:End-systolic dimension
1844:Cardiac function curve
1090:"Medihaler Ergotamine"
871:Reduced production of
795:Angiotensin receptor 1
686:(calcium-independent)
249:sarcoplasmic reticulum
231:and activation of the
170:mean arterial pressure
121:Anatomical terminology
1877:Fractional shortening
1620:10.1089/ham.2013.1010
1561:. Elsevier/Saunders.
1491:. Elsevier/Saunders.
979:Various receptors on
912:--> activation of
823:--> activation of
741:--> activation of
333:topical decongestants
18:Vascular constriction
1817:End-diastolic volume
1358:10.1007/7854_2016_64
1001:erectile dysfunction
765:thromboxane receptor
358:is taken orally and
283:return to baseline.
241:adrenergic receptors
235:(through release of
2181:Vascular resistance
2019:Electrocardiography
2014:Pacemaker potential
1944:Conduction velocity
1849:Venous return curve
1822:End-systolic volume
1408:10.1155/2010/834060
1207:Yagiela JA (1995).
947:platelet activation
778:endothelin receptor
715:adrenergic receptor
692:adrenergic agonists
275:the light chain of
245:signal transduction
217:smooth muscle cells
162:vascular resistance
79:electron micrograph
2289:Myogenic mechanism
1907:Left atrial volume
1839:FrankâStarling law
1137:10.1042/BJ20050237
215:) within vascular
164:. This makes the
2335:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2148:
2147:
1988:Action potential
1979:Conduction system
1925:Cardiac pacemaker
1897:Ejection fraction
1647:Missouri Medicine
1543:978-0-443-06911-6
1367:978-3-319-52442-9
1285:(15): 1686â1694.
1029:Addison's disease
992:
991:
901:activity --> â
812:activity --> â
730:activity --> â
674:activity --> â
526:negative feedback
513:
512:
368:Vasoconstrictors
315:Examples include
221:action potentials
203:General mechanism
135:
134:
130:
91:endothelial cells
16:(Redirected from
2360:
2348:Vasoconstrictors
2274:Vasoconstrictors
2251:Regulation of BP
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2097:pulmonary artery
2070:Chamber pressure
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261:calcium channels
138:Vasoconstriction
127:edit on Wikidata
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635:(extracellular)
621:(intracellular)
607:Na-Ca exchanger
591:âVoltage-gated
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502:(in eye drops)
486:Pseudoephedrine
479:Propylhexedrine
444:Methylphenidate
356:pseudoephedrine
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1680:External links
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1653:(2): 123â126.
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1321:(2): 116â120.
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1256:(4): 176â178.
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1180:(4): 389â400.
1164:
1131:(3): 763â774.
1118:
1117:"Thromboxane A
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890:Activation of
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789:angiotensin II
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719:Activation of
717:
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701:norepinephrine
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659:Activation of
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579:depolarization
576:
570:
566:
565:
560:
547:
517:
514:
511:
510:
508:Xylometazoline
504:
503:
496:
495:
489:
488:
482:
481:
475:
474:
468:
467:
461:
460:
454:
453:
447:
446:
440:
439:
433:
432:
426:
425:
419:
418:
412:
411:
405:
404:
398:
397:
395:Antihistamines
391:
390:
384:
383:
377:
376:
370:
369:
337:blood pressure
325:antihistamines
312:
309:
288:
285:
237:norepinephrine
204:
201:
185:antihistamines
181:pupil dilation
133:
132:
123:
117:
116:
111:
105:
104:
100:
99:
74:
66:
65:
62:
51:
50:
42:
41:
40:
39:
38:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2365:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2304:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2155:
2151:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2062:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1902:Cardiac index
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1812:Stroke volume
1810:
1806:
1805:Stroke volume
1803:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1790:Cardiac cycle
1788:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1759:
1754:
1752:
1747:
1745:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1730:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1637:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1595:0-393-04740-7
1592:
1588:
1587:
1579:
1576:
1570:
1568:1-4160-2328-3
1564:
1560:
1553:
1550:
1545:
1539:
1535:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1500:
1498:1-4160-2328-3
1494:
1490:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1436:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1385:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1344:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1308:
1305:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1273:
1270:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1244:
1241:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1203:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1111:
1108:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1085:
1082:
1075:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1009:
1004:
1002:
994:
987:
984:
982:
978:
974:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
944:
943:
942:
941:
937:
934:
931:
928:
927:
923:
919:
911:
907:
900:
896:
889:
886:
883:
881:
877:
874:
870:
868:
866:
863:
862:
858:
854:
852:
851:
845:
841:
837:
834:
830:
822:
818:
811:
807:
800:
799:
798:
796:
792:
790:
786:
779:
775:
773:
770:
769:
766:
762:
760:
757:
756:
752:
748:
740:
736:
729:
725:
716:
708:
706:
702:
698:
693:
690:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
647:
643:
641:
637:
634:
631:
630:
627:
623:
620:
617:
616:
608:
604:
601:
597:
596:
594:
590:
587:
583:
582:
580:
575:
571:
568:
567:
562:Transduction
561:
557:
548:
545:
544:
541:
539:
534:
529:
527:
523:
515:
509:
506:
505:
501:
498:
497:
494:
491:
490:
487:
484:
483:
480:
477:
476:
473:
472:Phenylephrine
470:
469:
466:
465:Oxymetazoline
463:
462:
459:
456:
455:
452:
449:
448:
445:
442:
441:
438:
435:
434:
431:
428:
427:
424:
421:
420:
417:
414:
413:
410:
407:
406:
403:
400:
399:
396:
393:
392:
389:
386:
385:
382:
379:
378:
375:
372:
371:
367:
366:
363:
361:
360:phenylephrine
357:
353:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
310:
308:
306:
301:
299:
295:
286:
284:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
202:
200:
198:
194:
190:
189:decongestants
186:
182:
178:
173:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
142:blood vessels
139:
128:
122:
118:
115:
112:
110:
106:
101:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
77:
72:
67:
55:
46:
36:
31:
19:
2316:Carotid body
2279:Vasodilators
2273:
2159:hemodynamics
1964:(Relaxation)
1956:Bathmotropic
1930:Chronotropic
1697:
1693:
1650:
1646:
1636:
1611:
1607:
1601:
1583:
1578:
1558:
1552:
1533:
1488:
1452:(1): 31â34.
1449:
1445:
1435:
1398:
1394:
1384:
1349:
1343:
1318:
1314:
1307:
1282:
1278:
1272:
1253:
1249:
1243:
1216:
1212:
1202:
1177:
1173:
1167:
1158:
1128:
1124:
1110:
1099:. Retrieved
1093:
1084:
1059:Vasodilation
1044:Nitric oxide
1039:Hypertension
1016:
1012:
1008:hypertension
1005:
998:
973:shear stress
945:Products of
873:nitric oxide
655:NPY receptor
640:P2X receptor
538:warm-blooded
530:
519:
381:Amphetamines
349:
321:amphetamines
314:
302:
290:
281:
206:
174:
154:vasodilation
137:
136:
76:Transmission
2321:Glomus cell
2311:Aortic body
2306:Paraganglia
2117:ventricular
2090:ventricular
2039:QT interval
2034:QRS complex
2029:PR interval
2002:ventricular
1940:Dromotropic
1584:The sexual
1213:Anesth Prog
988:production
981:endothelium
938:production
840:endothelium
759:thromboxane
697:epinephrine
593:Na channels
458:Naphazoline
423:Ergometrine
329:hypotension
300:response).
229:epinephrine
103:Identifiers
95:erythrocyte
83:microvessel
2342:Categories
2259:Baroreflex
2176:Compliance
2168:Blood flow
2044:ST segment
1972:Conduction
1962:Lusitropic
1934:Heart rate
1917:Heart rate
1869:Ultrasound
1800:Heart rate
1700:(1): 1â5.
1263:10566/3893
1101:2016-05-20
1076:References
1069:Hemostasis
986:Endothelin
936:Endothelin
844:endothelin
772:endothelin
516:Endogenous
493:Stimulants
451:Mephedrone
345:hemorrhage
317:stimulants
265:calmodulin
257:sarcolemma
193:stimulants
158:hemorrhage
150:arterioles
148:and small
2219:Diastolic
2191:Perfusion
1950:Inotropic
1829:Afterload
1694:Angiology
1125:Biochem J
1095:drugs.com
995:Pathology
952:Endotoxin
846:synthesis
549:Receptor
374:25I-NBOMe
87:pericytes
2214:Systolic
1992:cardiac
1722:26030253
1714:11205926
1669:27311222
1628:23795729
1573:Page 771
1503:Page 479
1468:25532441
1427:21188209
1401:: 1â10.
1376:28097528
1335:19230461
1299:16087815
1155:15823093
1034:Inotrope
1022:See also
957:Thrombin
918:receptor
897:--> â
829:receptor
808:--> â
747:receptor
726:--> â
705:dopamine
670:--> â
666:--> â
402:Caffeine
311:Examples
298:myogenic
259:through
251:through
225:Hormonal
146:arteries
1834:Preload
1660:6139949
1418:3003984
1235:8934977
1226:2148913
1194:9887963
1146:1180727
967:Hypoxia
962:insulin
595:-->
581:-->
569:Stretch
409:Cocaine
331:and as
209:calcium
114:D014661
2124:Aortic
2112:atrial
2085:atrial
2081:Right
2054:U wave
2049:T wave
2024:P wave
1997:atrial
1720:
1712:
1667:
1657:
1626:
1593:
1565:
1540:
1495:
1466:
1425:
1415:
1374:
1364:
1333:
1297:
1233:
1223:
1192:
1153:
1143:
703:, and
695:e.g.,
323:, and
287:Causes
277:myosin
191:, and
2186:Pulse
2133:Other
2108:Left
2102:wedge
1773:Heart
1718:S2CID
1054:Shock
857:VDCCs
855:open
600:VDCCs
586:VDCCs
584:open
125:[
1710:PMID
1665:PMID
1624:PMID
1591:ISBN
1586:male
1563:ISBN
1538:ISBN
1493:ISBN
1464:PMID
1423:PMID
1399:2010
1372:PMID
1362:ISBN
1331:PMID
1295:PMID
1231:PMID
1190:PMID
1151:PMID
971:Low
908:and
819:and
737:and
680:MLCK
668:cAMP
644:âCa
350:The
213:ions
211:(Ca
166:skin
109:MeSH
89:and
1879:= (
1702:doi
1655:PMC
1651:113
1616:doi
1454:doi
1450:132
1413:PMC
1403:doi
1354:doi
1323:doi
1319:102
1287:doi
1283:165
1258:hdl
1221:PMC
1182:doi
1178:164
1141:PMC
1133:doi
1129:389
920:in
910:DAG
899:PLC
838:On
831:in
821:DAG
810:PLC
749:in
739:DAG
728:PLC
684:MLC
678:of
672:PKA
650:NPY
633:ATP
619:ATP
554:On
533:ATP
437:LSD
430:LSA
416:DOM
388:AMT
253:IP3
97:(E)
85:by
2344::
1716:.
1708:.
1698:52
1696:.
1663:.
1649:.
1645:.
1622:.
1612:14
1610:.
1508:^
1476:^
1462:.
1448:.
1444:.
1421:.
1411:.
1397:.
1393:.
1370:.
1360:.
1329:.
1317:.
1293:.
1281:.
1254:72
1252:.
1229:.
1217:42
1215:.
1211:.
1188:.
1176:.
1157:.
1149:.
1139:.
1127:.
1123:.
1092:.
1010:.
922:SR
914:IP
903:IP
842::
833:SR
825:IP
814:IP
780:ET
751:SR
743:IP
732:IP
699:,
347:.
319:,
307:.
199:.
187:,
172:.
2156:/
1946:)
1942:(
1936:)
1932:(
1757:e
1750:t
1743:v
1724:.
1704::
1671:.
1630:.
1618::
1571:.
1546:.
1501:.
1470:.
1456::
1429:.
1405::
1378:.
1356::
1337:.
1325::
1301:.
1289::
1266:.
1260::
1237:.
1196:.
1184::
1135::
1119:2
1104:.
916:3
905:3
894:q
892:G
827:3
816:3
805:q
803:G
793:â
782:A
776:â
763:â
745:3
734:3
723:q
721:G
713:1
711:α
709:â
663:i
661:G
638:â
624:â
605:â
572:â
129:]
20:)
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