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On 6 May 1936, 150 members of the league went on trial; 143 of them were convicted and sentenced to lengthy terms of imprisonment. They were granted an amnesty and freed in 1938, by which time the league had lost most of its popular support. By 1 January 1938, a new constitution took effect and new
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The movement strongly supported constitutional reform that would enable a strong president to address national problems. Estonian patriots began advocating such a change in the mid 1920s. In
October 1933 the government was forced to allow the Vaps movement to put forward its own
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After the League won absolute majorities in local elections in the three largest cities at the beginning of 1934, but not in the most rural self-governments nor small towns and boroughs, the recently elected constitutional "State Elder" (head of government and head of state)
76:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge (XXG).
434:(who opposed the constitutional reform) under a state of emergency imposed before the referendum, but after this the organization was re-established and became more patriotic. The league spearheaded replacement of the
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declared a state of emergency in the whole country on 12 March 1934 (in certain parts, this had been in effect since 1918). The Vaps
Movement was disbanded and its leading figures were arrested in December 1935.
705:
Marandi, Rein "Must-valge lipu all : Vabadussõjalaste liikumine Eestis 1929-1937. 1. Legaalne periood (1929-1934)" Stockholm : Centre for Baltic
Studies at the University of Stockholm, 1991
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on constitutional reform, after watered down centre-right proposals failed to win support. This was approved by 72.7 percent of the voters. The organization was banned by the government of
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reportedly submitted a formal application to restore the original Vaps
Movement. The application was not successful, and the Vaps Movement has not been legalised in Estonia.
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parliament was elected in
February 1938. The new constitution combined a strong President with a partly elected and partly appointed, officially non-partisan, Parliament.
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The Vaps
Movement was an anti-communist organisation led by former military officers, and most of its base were veterans of the 1918–1920
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing
Estonian Knowledge (XXG) article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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Andres
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Conclusions of
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and laid the groundwork for an April 1934 presidential election, which it expected to win.
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political organization. Founded in 1929, it emerged as a fascist movement from the
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The
Collapse of Liberal Democracy and the Rise of Authoritarianism in Estonia
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gradually left the organisation. The organisation issued its own newspaper,
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rise to power, even though they later tried to distance themselves from
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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As of 2019, the Vaps movement had no known active members. In 2009,
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Conditions of democracy in Europe, 1919-39: systematic case-studies
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770:"Vabadussõjalaste Keskliit jätkab tegevust ajaloolise nimega"
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848:"The radical right in interwar Estonia" By Andres Kasekamp
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Union of Participants in the Estonian War of Independence
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A History of Fascism, 1914-1945 By Stanley George Payne
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813:"Estonia: Crisis and 'Pre-Emptive Authoritarianism"
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Journal of Comparative Fascist Studies (voeventl 4)
694:"Ajaloolane: ka vapsid ise pidasid end fašistideks"
351:(formal figurehead and presidential candidate) and
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347:(1918–1920). The leaders of this association were
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331:, a single member of this movement was called
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2054:Political parties disestablished in 1934
821:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 109–128.
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143:This article includes a list of general
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1079:Social Democratic Workers' Party
758:JĂĽri Liim taastab vapsiliikumise
624:Kasekamp, Andres (3 June 2000).
537:Kasekamp, Andres (3 June 2000).
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1242:Russian Social Democratic Party
731:A history of Fascism, 1914-1945
440:presidential form of government
383:and openly criticized the Nazi
317:Eesti Vabadussõjalaste Keskliit
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2004:1929 establishments in Estonia
956:Free Party Come To Your Senses
800:. London: Palgrave Macmillan,
474:fascist movements such as the
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395:. Moderate members such as
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117:Knowledge (XXG):Translation
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1492:Declaration of sovereignty
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379:. The league rejected
272:Political position
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115:For more guidance, see
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1698:e-Residency
1688:Agriculture
977:(1905–1940)
910:Estonia 200
397:Johan Pitka
213:Vapsid logo
162:introducing
51:in Estonian
1998:Categories
1938:Television
1918:Newspapers
1885:Kalevipoeg
1872:Literature
1789:Healthcare
1605:Government
1182:Left Party
1162:Free Party
729:S. Payne,
524:References
428:referendum
419:Artur Sirk
353:Artur Sirk
229:Artur Sirk
145:references
1903:Mythology
1867:Languages
1774:Estonians
1769:Education
1733:Transport
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1653:Riigikogu
1642:President
1595:Elections
1507:Geography
892:Riigikogu
774:Postimees
754:Postimees
491:JĂĽri Liim
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297:Elections
277:far-right
110:talk page
1978:Category
1862:Internet
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1794:Religion
1718:Taxation
1632:Military
1573:Politics
1332:Timeline
1316:articles
1192:Libertas
796:. 2000.
780:14 March
643:14 March
604:Archived
586:14 March
556:14 March
497:See also
462:General
421:speaking
373:Hitler's
337:Estonian
319:, later
313:Estonian
265:Populism
252:Ideology
86:provide
1962:Outline
1943:Theatre
1913:Symbols
1842:Cuisine
1809:Culture
1747:Society
1728:Tourism
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1534:Islands
1519:Climate
1324:History
1312:Estonia
472:Finnish
438:with a
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359:History
261:Fascism
235:Founded
158:improve
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1832:Cinema
1817:Anthem
1703:Energy
1554:Rivers
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329:vapsid
243:Banned
220:Leader
147:, but
1969:Index
1933:Sport
1928:Radio
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1893:Media
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1799:Women
1759:Crime
1559:Towns
1539:Lakes
1529:Fauna
412:Pärnu
389:beret
227:and
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1908:Name
1827:Beer
1615:LGBT
823:ISBN
802:ISBN
782:2015
666:ISBN
645:2015
632:ISBN
588:2015
558:2015
545:ISBN
482:and
333:vaps
307:The
238:1929
84:must
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1878:ABD
1622:Law
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