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non-Muslims, as Muslim taxpayers faced milder consequences. Despite the law exempting those over fifty-five from labor service, even elderly and sick individuals found themselves dispatched. Twenty-one people died in these camps, and their wealth was confiscated by the
Turkish government and sold at significantly reduced prices to Turkish Muslims, laying the groundwork for some contemporary Turkish conglomerates. The state also seized property from close relatives – parents, parents-in-law, children, and siblings – selling it to settle tax amounts, even if the individual had been consigned to forced labor.
2050:"The Varlık Vergisi brought about a permanent demographic change within the minority population. Many (especially the Greek minority) felt that there was no future for them in Turkey, and they left their ancestral homes and became refugees in Greece. On the other hand, some, especially within the Jewish community had managed to secrete assets abroad and they were able to re-start a reduced and hesitant life in Turkey, being careful to abstain from displaying any sign of affluence."
358:, the director of finance for the province of Istanbul at the time during the Varlık Vergisi, TL 289,256,246 was collected from non-Muslim minorities, TL 34,226,764 from converts, and TL 25,600,409 from Muslims. Despite the government's rigid enforcement of this discriminatory law, it failed to achieve the intended results. Companies, compelled to offset losses, sharply increased product prices, triggering an inflationary spiral that adversely impacted low-income consumers.
340:). Foreign-passport residents in Turkey who gave in a tax return or owned a business were forced to pay a huge capital levy on supposed wealth too, although none of them were ruined or committed suicide. Devoid of any factual basis, the tax seemed to arise solely from the authorities' whims, prompting foreign embassies and consulates to intervene on behalf of their nationals. During the period, the Turkish press allegedly published "anti-minority" articles and reports.
36:
1153:"The first visible attempt in order to remove minorities from economic life was the implementation of 'Wealth Tax' in 1942 which was accepted in the National Assembly with the claim of balancing and distributing properties of minorities. The actual aim behind the scenes was to impoverish the non-Muslim minorities and eliminate them from the competition in the national economy. Instead, the RPP government tried to create a new wealthy Turkish Muslim bourgeoisie."
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to rebuild a more cautious life in Turkey. The tax precipitated the closure or sale of small businesses to larger entities, consolidating control in the hands of major business interests. It also facilitated state confiscation of significant minority property in
Istanbul, not only reshaping the economy but altering the urban landscape as well. The 1935 Census recorded non-Muslims as 1.98% of the population; by 1945, this had fallen to 1.54%.
1844:"One or two weeks after the Wealth Tax lists were displayed, the attitude of the press began to harden further. The "anti-minority" attitude of the news reporting and leading articles that appeared to the press became more pronounced. In particular, during the process of levying distress and sending taxpayers to Askale, anti-minority sentiment reached its zenith."
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citizens of the country, end their prominence in the country's economy and transfer the assets of non-Muslims to the Muslim bourgeoisie. It was a discriminatory measure which taxed non-Muslims up to ten times more heavily and resulted in a significant amount of wealth and property being transferred
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The enduring impact of these taxes manifested in a lasting demographic shift within minority populations. Many, particularly the Greek minority, perceived an uncertain future in Turkey and sought refuge in Greece. Conversely, some from the Jewish community, having safeguarded assets abroad, managed
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The tax could not be challenged neither by legal nor administrative means, except if there was a duplication. Non-Muslims were given a 15-day window to pay their dues in cash. Those unable to meet the obligation resorted to borrowing from friends or family, selling properties at public auctions, or
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in eastern
Anatolia. Though workers received wages, half was deducted to offset their debts. Elderly individuals, unable to endure the rigorous labor, collaborated with younger villagers from Aşkale, paying them daily wages to work in their stead. All five thousand sent to the labor camps were
208:
While the tax was supposedly meant for all
Turkish citizens, it disproportionately burdened non-Muslims with exorbitant and arbitrary rates. The consequences were severe—the remaining non-Muslim merchant class was decimated, and many non-Muslim families faced financial ruin. The taxes reached
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staggering levels, at times surpassing an individual's entire wealth. The law applied even to impoverished non-Muslims like drivers, workers, and beggars, while their Muslim counterparts enjoyed exemption. The Varlık
Vergisi led to a number of suicides among ethnic minority citizens in
217:
1788:"No foreign-passport residents in Turkey were ruined or committed suicide. However, every foreigner who gave in a tax-return, or owned a business, was forced to pay a huge capital levy on supposed wealth. The tax was not based on any reality, but just on a whim of the Authorities."
1760:"Taxpayers were classified into two separate lists, the M list, for Muslims, the G, for non-Muslims (Gayrimuslim). Later, two other categories were added, E, for Foreigners (Ecnebi) and the D for converts (Dönme), i.e., members of the Sabetaist sect of Jewish converts to Islam."
309:. However, the primary motive behind the tax was to assert national control over the Turkish economy. By diminishing the influence and control of minority populations in trade, finance, and industries, the government aimed to create a new Turkish Muslim bourgeoisie.
1269:"Varlik Vergisi is commonly translated as "Capital Tax" or "Wealth Tax" we might, however, consider an alternate translation of varlik as "presence" which focuses attention on the devaluation- both financial and political of minority presence during this time"
631:
Nitekim 1942 yılında yürürlüğe giren Varlık
Vergisi, Ermenilerin, Rumların ve Yahudilerin ekonomideki liderliğine son vermeyi hedeflemiştir...Seçim dönemleri CHP ve DP'nin Varlık Vergisi'nin geri ödeneceği yönündeki vaatleri ise seçim propagandasından
1732:"The law empowered the state to confiscate the property of the taxed person's closed relatives (including parents, parents-in-law, children, and siblings) and to sell it to settle the tax amount, even if the person had been forced into labor service."
400:
In addition, the Varlık
Vergisi underscored that being Muslim held substantial implications for Turkish citizenship. Its treatment by the Turkish press highlighted the close ties between the Executive and the Press in the country.
184:
on
November 11, 1942. This tax targeted fixed assets, including landed estates, buildings, businesses, and industrial enterprises owned by all citizens but disproportionately affected minorities. Non-Muslim communities, such as
1181:"With the introduction of the Varlik Vergisi (capital tax) in 1942, which aimed to confiscate the property and assets of non-Muslims, an attempt was made to bring the national economy also under the control of Muslim citizens."
71:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
1564:"Yaşlılar, Kop geçidinde kar temizleme işinin ağırlığından dolayı Aşkaleli köylülerden bazıları ile anlaşarak kendi yerlerine gençleri çalışmaya göndermişler, bunun karşılığında da onlara günlük ödeme yapmışlardır."
1900:"Although the smear campaign was directed against non-Muslim minorities in general, it was mostly Jews who were specifically targeted by articles and caricatures, which employed stereotypical anti-Semitic tropes.
722:"But in its application it differentiated between Muslim and non-Muslim taxpayers, and levied far heavier taxes on non-Muslims, leading to the destruction of the remaining non-Muslim merchant class in Turkey."
1297:"... We will use it to eliminate the foreigners who control the market and hand the Turkish market over the Turks." "The foreigners to be eliminated" referred primarily to the non-Muslims citizens of Turkey."
404:
In 1951, Faik Ökte, in his memoirs, admitted to the discriminatory application of the tax against non-Muslims. The
Turkish press condemned him as a "traitor to the homeland" for publishing such revelations.
1648:"Although the law stipulated that people over fifty-five years old were exempt from labor service, seventy-five and eighty year old men and even sick people were dragged to the train station and deported."
945:"The Varlık resulted in a number of suicides of ethnic minority citizens in Istanbul, indeed, I saw one myself. One evening while on a ferryboat I saw a man jump off the stern into the Bosphorus current."
374:. Following its abolition, minority citizens detained in labor camps were released, and though the Turkish government pledged to refund paid taxes to non-Muslims, this promise went unfulfilled.
81:
2154:"The Capital Tax in the way it was dealt with by the Turkish Press exemplifies exactly the close relations between these two Powers, the Executive and the Press, in World War II Turkey."
917:"The law was also applied to the many poor non-Muslims (numbering 26,000) such as drivers, workers and even beggars, whereas their Muslim counterparts were not obliged to pay any tax."
421:), written by Turkish author Yilmaz Karakoyunlu, recounts stories and witnesses of the non-Muslims during the Varlık Vergisi. The same novel was turned into a film of the same name,
347: 324 million (when 1 US dollar equaled 1.20 Turkish lira) through the confiscation of non-Muslim assets – an amount surpassing $ 4 billion in 2022. According to
1213:"The aim was to destroy the economic and cultural base of these minorities, loot their properties and means of livelihood, and, at the same time "turkify" the economy of Turkey."
1436:"..., and those unable to pay were packed off to a camp at Askale, near Erzerum – an area cooler than Moscow in the winter – where they were put to work breaking stones."
301:, Turkey maintained a neutral stance until February 1945. The official rationale for the tax was to bolster the state treasury in preparation for a potential invasion by
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One of the darkest events in
Turkish history was the Wealth Tax, levied discriminatory against non-Muslims in 1942, hobbling Armenians with the most punitive rates.
1097:"However, the underlying reason was the elimination of minorities from the economy, and the replacement of the non-Muslim bourgeoisie by its Turkish counterpart."
1872:"The newspapers depicted individual black marketers or suspected "usurers" as "parasites of the Turkish people"; those explicitly named were always non-Muslims."
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778:"Further, the Varlik Vergisi, an excessive tax instituted during World War II, pilfered small Jewish (and other minority) businesses to the point of bankruptcy"
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This scene insults Turkish officers and they try to show our officers as a indecent people. As Turkish nationalists, it is not possible for us to accept it,
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544:Şakir Dinçşahin, Stephen Goodwin, "Towards an Encompassing Perspective on Nationalism: The Case of Jews in Turkey during Second World War, 1939–1945"
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
1125:"... an attempt was being made by means of the Wealth Tax to eliminate the minorities who occupied an important place in Turkey's commercial life."
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Result based results provided from linked Inflation Calculator after adjusting for the rate of exchange provided (TL324,000,000 = $ 240,000,000.)
1191:Çetinoğlu, Sait (2012). "The Mechanisms for Terrorizing Minorities: The Capital Tax and Work Battalions in Turkey during the Second World War".
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2105:"The tax resulted in state confiscation of much minority property in Istanbul, Turkifying not only the city's economy but also its landscape".
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State-Nationalisms in the Ottoman Empire, Greece and Turkey: Orthodox and Muslims, 1830–1945 (SOAS/Routledge Studies on the Middle East)
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State-Nationalisms in the Ottoman Empire, Greece and Turkey: Orthodox and Muslims, 1830–1945 (SOAS/Routledge Studies on the Middle East)
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1704:"Unfortunately, 21 people died in these camps and the government usurped their wealth and sold it to Turkish Muslims at low prices."
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862:"..., by the time that tax was abolished the major Greek, Armenian and Jewish merchant figures were shaken and dislocated."
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1408:"..as a result they had to sell their businesses or property to Muslim businessmen at low prices to cover the bill."
599:"Those mainly afflicted were the Greeks, Jews, Armenians, and, to some extent, foreign-passport Levantine families."
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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Akıncılar, Nihan; Rogers, Amanda E.; Dogan, Evinc; Brindisi, Jennifer; Alexieva, Anna; Schimmang, Beatrice (2011).
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535:"In reality, the idea was to reduce the influence of the minority non-Turkish citizens to the country's affairs."
1966:"The Wealth Tax was withdrawn in March 1944, under the pressure of criticism from Britain and the United States"
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The Crescent Moon and the Magen David: Turkish-Israeli Relations Through the Lens of the Turkish Public
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Jewish Life in Twenty-First-Century Turkey: The Other Side of Tolerance (New Anthropologies of Europe)
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Jewish Life in Twenty-First-Century Turkey: The Other Side of Tolerance (New Anthropologies of Europe)
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The Politics of Turkish Democracy: Ismet Inonu And the Formation of the Multi-Party System, 1938–1950
2022:"Although the RPP government promised to give back the paid taxes to non-Muslims, it did not happen."
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Madde 12 - ...Bu fıkra hükmüne göre çalıştırılanlara verilecek yarısı borçlarına mahsup olunur.
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155:, "wealth tax" or "capital tax") was a tax mostly levied on non-Muslim citizens in
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revolves around a Jewish woman who was victimized by the tax and its aftermath.
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2367:(in Turkish) (3rd ed.). İstanbul, Turkey: Belge Uluslararası Yayıncılık.
2348:(in Turkish) (1st ed.). İstanbul, Turkey: Belge Uluslararası Yayıncılık.
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Citizenship and Identity in Turkey: From Atatürk's Republic to the Present Day
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Citizenship and Identity in Turkey: From Atatürk's Republic to the Present Day
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Citizenship and Identity in Turkey: From Atatürk's Republic to the Present Day
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Citizenship and Identity in Turkey: From Atatürk's Republic to the Present Day
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Citizenship and Identity in Turkey: From Atatürk's Republic to the Present Day
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Citizenship and Identity in Turkey: From Atatürk's Republic to the Present Day
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Citizenship and Identity in Turkey: From Atatürk's Republic to the Present Day
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Citizenship and Identity in Turkey: From Atatürk's Republic to the Present Day
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Citizenship and Identity in Turkey: From Atatürk's Republic to the Present Day
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Citizenship and Identity in Turkey: From Atatürk's Republic to the Present Day
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Citizenship and Identity in Turkey: From Atatürk's Republic to the Present Day
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Citizenship and Identity in Turkey: From Atatürk's Republic to the Present Day
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Citizenship and Identity in Turkey: From Atatürk's Republic to the Present Day
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Model Citizens of the State: The Jews of Turkey during the Multi-Party Period
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Streets of Memory: Landscape, Tolerance, and National Identity in Istanbul
1464:"The Askale victims were later sent south to a camp in the Tigris Valley."
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government introduced a bill for a one-off tax, which was approved by the
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2261:"Murder, intrigue and showbiz in Istanbul: 'The Club' fascinates viewers"
1620:"Muslims taxpayers who failed to pay in full received lighter sentences."
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The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism: From Sacred Texts to Solemn History.
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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1994:"Minority citizens still in the camps were sent back to their homes."
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2329:(in Turkish) (6th ed.). İstanbul, Turkey: İletişim Yayınları.
2306:(in Turkish) (1st ed.). İstanbul, Turkey: İletişim Yayınları.
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2235:"Netflix 'The Club' connects mainstream Turkey to Jewish heritage"
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Secular State and Religious Society: Two Forces in Play in Turkey
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Official figures revealed that the Turkish government collected
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Non-Muslims auctioning off their furniture to pay for the tax
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to this template: there are already 1,904 articles in the
2191:"MHP's Cakar blames Karakoyunlu for being, a 'Traitor'".
385:, which was the first democratic general election in the
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THE TURKISH CAPITAL TAX (VARLIK VERGISI): AN EVALUATION
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Constantinople and Istanbul: 72 Years of Life in Turkey
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Constantinople and Istanbul: 72 Years of Life in Turkey
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Constantinople and Istanbul: 72 Years of Life in Turkey
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Constantinople and Istanbul: 72 Years of Life in Turkey
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Constantinople and Istanbul: 72 Years of Life in Turkey
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Constantinople and Istanbul: 72 Years of Life in Turkey
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Constantinople and Istanbul: 72 Years of Life in Turkey
2066:. State University of New York Press. pp. 85–86.
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Yorgo Hacıdimitriadis'in Aşkale-Erzurum Günlüğü (1943)
480:, a similar tax targeting wealthy Jews in Nazi Germany
2170:. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 30.
1030:(in Turkish) (8. bs. ed.). İstanbul: İletişim.
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389:, thereby securing a landslide victory against the
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1226:Jews, Muslims and Mass Media: Mediating the 'Other
1023:
847:Jews, Muslims and Mass Media: Mediating the 'Other
644:Smith, Thomas W. (August 29 – September 2, 2001).
316:For those incapable of payment, they were sent to
3167:Sovereignty unconditionally belongs to the Nation
2210:"Türkiye Yahudileri, Kulüp dizisini nasıl buldu?"
672:
670:
3062:Alfortville Armenian Genocide Memorial bombings
999:Prometheus Books; Reprint edition, 2008. p. 124
27:1942 tax levied on Turkey's non-Muslim citizens
1010:Grammatology and Literary Modernity in Turkey.
106:accompanying your translation by providing an
55:Click for important translation instructions.
47:expand this article with text translated from
2397:
2325:Varlık Vergisi ve "Türkleştirme" Politikaları
1542:
1026:Varlık vergisi ve "Türkleştirme" politikaları
223:, one of the proponents of the Varlık Vergisi
8:
472:for other types of taxes imposed on the Jews
419:Mrs. Salkım's Diamonds/Pearls/Beads/Necklace
381:(DP) capitalized on its unpopularity in the
2093:. University of Georgia Press. p. 54.
1608:. Cambridge University Press. p. 182.
1480:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 179.
1368:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 179.
1340:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 179.
973:"Some people committed suicide in despair."
822:. Cambridge University Press. p. 182.
710:. Cambridge University Press. p. 182.
2528:Association for Defence of National Rights
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2010:. Istanbul Kultur University. p. 23.
1888:. Cambridge University Press. p. 72.
1860:. Cambridge University Press. p. 72.
1720:. Cambridge University Press. p. 79.
1664:. Cambridge University Press. p. 77.
1636:. Cambridge University Press. p. 77.
1605:The Cambridge History of Turkey (Volume 4)
1285:. Cambridge University Press. p. 76.
1141:. Istanbul Kultur University. p. 23.
961:. Cambridge University Press. p. 76.
819:The Cambridge History of Turkey (Volume 4)
738:. Cambridge University Press. p. 75.
707:The Cambridge History of Turkey (Volume 4)
557:Democracy, Islam, and Secularism in Turkey
3162:How happy is the one who says I am a Turk
1310:Minorities and Nationalism in Turkish Law
875:Minorities and Nationalism in Turkish Law
560:. Columbia University Press. p. 67.
484:Confiscated Armenian properties in Turkey
2007:Young Minds Rethinking the Mediterranean
1676:"Twenty-one people died in these camps."
1257:. Indiana University Press. p. 11.
1138:Young Minds Rethinking the Mediterranean
766:. Indiana University Press. p. 11.
252:
3067:2005 Istanbul pogrom exhibition assault
986:Cambridge University Press, 2013. p. 75
607:
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554:Kuru, Ahmet T.; Stepan, Alfred (2012).
509:
313:offloading businesses to gather funds.
1531:"KANUN: Varlık Vergisi hakkında Kanun"
85:
1012:Oxford University Press, 2011. p. 141
150:
7:
3042:1995 Azerbaijani coup d'état attempt
984:Turkey, the Jews, and the Holocaust.
681:Assyrian Chaldean Syriac Association
3250:Persecution of Christians in Turkey
2365:İstanbul'da Diyarbakır'da Azalırken
1885:Turkey, the Jews, and the Holocaust
1857:Turkey, the Jews, and the Holocaust
1717:Turkey, the Jews, and the Holocaust
1661:Turkey, the Jews, and the Holocaust
1633:Turkey, the Jews, and the Holocaust
1282:Turkey, the Jews, and the Holocaust
958:Turkey, the Jews, and the Holocaust
735:Turkey, the Jews, and the Holocaust
442:), were outraged at the screening.
2713:Nationalist and Conservative Party
1169:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 43.
25:
3230:History of the Republic of Turkey
3210:Anti-Armenian sentiment in Turkey
3142:Confiscation of Armenian property
3012:Expulsion of Greeks from Istanbul
2660:Republican Villagers Nation Party
2304:Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nde Yahudiler
427:. Members of parliament, such as
241:, one of the opponents of the tax
205:bearing the heaviest tax burden.
118:{{Translated|de|Varlık Vergisi}}
34:
2639:Committee of Union and Progress
2588:Turkish Resistance Organisation
1927:. Hamilton Books. p. 129.
1562:. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
1508:. I.B. Tauris. pp. 74–75.
1396:. I.B. Tauris. pp. 74–75.
3178:Şehitler ölmez vatan bölünmez!
3047:Zirve Publishing House murders
3037:Assassination of Kemal Türkler
3002:1957 arson attack at Tahtakale
2346:Çoğunluk Aydınlarında Irkçılık
470:Taxation of the Jews in Europe
116:You may also add the template
1:
2060:Vanderlippe, John M. (2006).
2032:Nowill, Sidney E. P. (2011).
1770:Nowill, Sidney E. P. (2011).
1446:Nowill, Sidney E. P. (2011).
1418:Nowill, Sidney E. P. (2011).
927:Nowill, Sidney E. P. (2011).
581:Nowill, Sidney E. P. (2011).
517:Nowill, Sidney E. P. (2011).
3027:Political violence in Turkey
2195:. Ankara. 28 November 2001.
334:) and the "D" for converts (
330:), the "E", for Foreigners (
3057:Assassination of Hrant Dink
2962:Turkish War of Independence
2492:Turkish Cypriot nationalism
2121:. I.B. Tauris. p. 76.
1982:. I.B. Tauris. p. 76.
1954:. I.B. Tauris. p. 76.
1804:. I.B. Tauris. p. 75.
1748:. I.B. Tauris. p. 75.
1692:. I.B. Tauris. p. 75.
1580:. I.B. Tauris. p. 75.
1251:Brink-Danan, Marcy (2011).
1085:. I.B. Tauris. p. 75.
1057:. I.B. Tauris. p. 75.
905:. I.B. Tauris. p. 74.
794:. I.B. Tauris. p. 76.
760:Brink-Danan, Marcy (2011).
612:Güven, Dilek (2005-09-06).
259:Amount of taxes to be paid
88:will aid in categorization.
3281:
3245:Economic history of Turkey
3017:Turkish invasion of Cyprus
2670:Nationalist Movement Party
1832:. Routledge. p. 205.
1313:. Routledge. p. 124.
1113:. Routledge. p. 195.
465:Economic history of Turkey
63:Machine translation, like
3240:Turkish words and phrases
3152:Denial of Kurds by Turkey
2718:Rights and Equality Party
2647:Republican People's Party
2497:Turkish-Islamic synthesis
1882:Guttstadt, Corry (2013).
1854:Guttstadt, Corry (2013).
1714:Guttstadt, Corry (2013).
1658:Guttstadt, Corry (2013).
1630:Guttstadt, Corry (2013).
1279:Guttstadt, Corry (2013).
1229:. Routledge. p. 43.
955:Guttstadt, Corry (2013).
850:. Routledge. p. 43.
732:Guttstadt, Corry (2013).
417:(variously translated as
391:Republican People's Party
152:[vaɾˈɫɯkˈvɛɾɟisi]
49:the corresponding article
3220:Discrimination in Turkey
3172:Armenian genocide denial
2937:1913 Ottoman coup d'état
2698:Independent Turkey Party
2432:Atatürk personality cult
2295:Seven Ağır, Cihan Artunç
2143:ANGELETOPOULOS, GEORGE.
1201:10.1215/10474552-1587838
614:"6–7 Eylül Olayları (1)"
415:Salkım Hanım'ın Taneleri
383:general election of 1950
3137:Citizen, speak Turkish!
2578:Turkish Revenge Brigade
2427:16 Great Turkic Empires
2038:. Matador. p. 77.
1921:Valansi, Karel (2018).
1776:. Matador. p. 77.
1452:. Matador. p. 77.
1424:. Matador. p. 77.
1223:Egorova, Yulia (2013).
1193:Mediterranean Quarterly
933:. Matador. p. 78.
844:Egorova, Yulia (2013).
587:. Matador. p. 77.
523:. Matador. p. 77.
127:For more guidance, see
3215:Antisemitism in Turkey
3093:Turkish History Thesis
3072:Murder of Deniz Poyraz
2987:Racism-Turanism trials
2363:Özcan, Yeldağ (2000).
2344:Özcan, Yeldağ (1998).
1602:Kasaba, Reşat (2008).
1543:
816:Kasaba, Reşat (2008).
704:Kasaba, Reşat (2008).
424:Mrs. Salkım's Diamonds
250:
242:
224:
3120:1934 Resettlement Law
2957:Deportations of Kurds
2879:Gökçe Fırat Çulhaoğlu
2829:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
2708:People's Ascent Party
2608:Youth Union of Turkey
2603:Sultan Murad Division
2573:Peace at Home Council
2321:Aktar, Ayhan (2002).
1558:Ayhan, Aktar (2011).
1477:The Middle East Today
1365:The Middle East Today
1337:The Middle East Today
1163:Turam, Berna (2012).
1022:Aktar, Ayhan (2006).
872:Bayir, Derya (2013).
413:The historical novel
248:
230:
219:
129:Knowledge:Translation
100:copyright attribution
3265:Anti-intellectualism
2784:Mehmet Emin Yurdakul
2457:Nine Lights Doctrine
2302:Levi, Avner (1996).
2164:Bali, Rifat (2012).
2115:Ince, Basak (2012).
1976:Ince, Basak (2012).
1948:Ince, Basak (2012).
1798:Ince, Basak (2012).
1742:Ince, Basak (2012).
1686:Ince, Basak (2012).
1574:Ince, Basak (2012).
1502:Ince, Basak (2012).
1474:Peretz, Don (1994).
1390:Ince, Basak (2012).
1362:Peretz, Don (1994).
1334:Peretz, Don (1994).
1307:Derya Bayir (2016).
1079:Ince, Basak (2012).
1051:Ince, Basak (2012).
899:Ince, Basak (2012).
788:Ince, Basak (2012).
477:Judenvermögensabgabe
362:Repeal and aftermath
3115:Animal name changes
2977:1934 Thrace pogroms
2839:Mahmut Esat Bozkurt
2693:Bright Turkey Party
2675:Nation Party (1992)
2665:Nation Party (1962)
2655:Nation Party (1948)
2472:Sun Language Theory
2413:Turkish nationalism
2087:Mills, Amy (2010).
264:Christian Armenians
3235:Taxation in Turkey
3132:The Twenty Classes
3098:Place name changes
3052:Gezi Park protests
2997:Battle of Tillyria
2932:Hamidian massacres
2794:Ali bey Huseynzade
2241:. 19 November 2021
2193:Turkish Daily News
995:Andrew G. Bostom:
499:The Twenty Classes
409:In popular culture
251:
243:
225:
182:Turkish parliament
108:interlanguage link
3187:
3186:
3088:Atatürk's reforms
2967:Elza Niego affair
2952:Assyrian genocide
2947:Armenian genocide
2854:Muhsin Yazıcıoğlu
2804:Zeki Velidi Togan
2779:Noman Çelebicihan
2688:Great Unity Party
2593:Turkists of Gebze
2548:Counter-Guerrilla
2523:9 September Front
2437:Idealism (Turkey)
2355:978-975-344-160-5
982:Corry Guttstadt:
567:978-0-231-53025-5
295:
294:
221:Fazıl Ahmet Aykaç
140:
139:
56:
16:(Redirected from
3272:
3260:Racism in Turkey
3225:Greeks in Turkey
3022:Beyazıt massacre
2849:Abulfaz Elchibey
2844:Alparslan Türkeş
2684:
2651:
2643:
2642:(Ottoman Empire)
2635:
2634:(Ottoman Empire)
2467:Racism in Turkey
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387:Turkish Republic
379:Democratic Party
357:
280:Christian Greeks
256:Population group
253:
240:
154:
149:
119:
113:
87:
86:|topic=
84:, and specifying
69:Google Translate
54:
38:
37:
30:
21:
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3279:
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3271:
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3269:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3110:Language reform
3076:
2992:Istanbul pogrom
2982:Dersim massacre
2919:
2913:
2894:Yusuf Halaçoğlu
2884:Kemal Kerinçsiz
2764:Kâzım Karabekir
2737:
2728:Patriotic Party
2682:
2649:
2641:
2633:
2623:
2617:
2583:Turkish Hearths
2568:Ottoman Hearths
2563:Kuva-yi Milliye
2533:Alperen Hearths
2511:
2415:
2410:
2375:
2362:
2356:
2343:
2337:
2320:
2314:
2301:
2290:
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2283:
2281:Further reading
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2233:
2232:
2228:
2219:
2217:
2214:BBC News Türkçe
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1101:
1093:
1078:
1077:
1073:
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1050:
1049:
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1038:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1008:Nergis Erturk:
1007:
1003:
994:
990:
981:
977:
969:
954:
953:
949:
941:
926:
925:
921:
913:
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871:
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843:
842:
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815:
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746:
731:
730:
726:
718:
703:
702:
695:
685:
683:
676:
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668:
660:on 2003-03-18.
657:
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579:
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568:
553:
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531:
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461:
431:
411:
377:The opposition
364:
351:
234:
178:Şükrü Saracoğlu
174:
147:
136:
135:
134:
117:
111:
57:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3278:
3276:
3268:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3255:Property taxes
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3200:1942 in Turkey
3192:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3126:Varlık Vergisi
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3032:Maraş massacre
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3007:Sivas massacre
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2972:Zilan massacre
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2942:Greek genocide
2939:
2934:
2929:
2927:Adana massacre
2923:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
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2826:
2821:
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2811:
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2801:
2796:
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2786:
2781:
2776:
2774:Ömer Seyfettin
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2723:National Party
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2703:Homeland Party
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:Workers' Party
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2644:
2636:
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2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2442:Islamokemalism
2439:
2434:
2429:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2416:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2401:
2394:
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2379:
2373:
2360:
2354:
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2318:
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2279:
2277:
2276:
2252:
2226:
2201:
2183:
2177:978-1611475364
2176:
2156:
2152:. p. 365.
2135:
2128:978-1780760261
2127:
2107:
2100:978-0820335742
2099:
2079:
2073:978-0791464366
2072:
2052:
2045:978-1848767911
2044:
2024:
2017:978-0415690560
2016:
1996:
1989:978-1780760261
1988:
1968:
1961:978-1780760261
1960:
1940:
1934:978-0761870081
1933:
1913:
1902:
1895:978-0521769914
1894:
1874:
1867:978-0521769914
1866:
1846:
1839:978-0415690560
1838:
1818:
1811:978-1780760261
1810:
1790:
1783:978-1848767911
1782:
1762:
1755:978-1780760261
1754:
1734:
1727:978-0521769914
1726:
1706:
1699:978-1780760261
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1671:978-0521769914
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1643:978-0521769914
1642:
1622:
1615:978-0521620963
1614:
1594:
1587:978-1780760261
1586:
1566:
1550:
1540:(in Turkish).
1522:
1515:978-1780760261
1514:
1494:
1487:978-0275945756
1486:
1466:
1459:978-1848767911
1458:
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1431:978-1848767911
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1403:978-1780760261
1402:
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1375:978-0275945756
1374:
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1326:
1320:978-1138278844
1319:
1299:
1292:978-0521769914
1291:
1271:
1264:978-0253223500
1263:
1243:
1236:978-0253005267
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1215:
1183:
1176:978-0230338616
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1155:
1148:978-0415690560
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1120:978-0415690560
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912:978-1780760261
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885:978-1409420071
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857:978-0253005267
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801:978-1780760261
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45:You can help
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2869:Attilâ İlhan
2814:Papa Eftim I
2789:Yusuf Akçura
2754:Talaat Pasha
2598:TurkHackTeam
2477:Turkish Left
2364:
2345:
2324:
2303:
2294:
2268:. Retrieved
2264:
2255:
2243:. Retrieved
2238:
2229:
2218:. Retrieved
2216:(in Turkish)
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684:. Retrieved
680:
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655:the original
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622:(in Turkish)
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307:Soviet Union
303:Nazi Germany
299:World War II
296:
207:
175:
168:to Muslims.
161:World War II
143:
141:
104:edit summary
95:
75:
46:
3205:1942 in law
3157:Article 301
3147:Surname Law
2859:Namık Kemal
2834:Peyami Safa
2819:Nihal Atsız
2759:Enver Pasha
2749:Ziya Gökalp
2683:(left-wing)
2650:(1923–1944)
2631:Young Turks
2558:Grey Wolves
2538:Atsız Youth
2507:Ulusalcılık
2462:Pan-Turkism
2245:20 November
616:. Türkiye.
432: [
429:Ahmet Çakar
352: [
327:Gayrimuslim
318:labor camps
235: [
3194:Categories
2918:Historical
2904:Sinan Oğan
2899:Ümit Özdağ
2733:Good Party
2553:Deep State
2543:Black Gang
2447:İttihadism
2270:2022-01-15
2239:Al Jazeera
2220:2021-11-12
1037:9754707790
686:14 October
632:ibarettir.
626:2008-10-25
505:References
199:Levantines
172:Background
165:non-Muslim
2864:Gün Sazak
2769:Ali Suavi
2622:Political
2613:Wind Unit
2265:TRT World
1209:154339814
349:Faik Ökte
203:Armenians
195:Armenians
122:talk page
74:Consider
51:in German
3104:Öztürkçe
3081:Policies
2809:Rıza Nur
2487:Turanism
2452:Kemalism
2420:Ideology
459:See also
452:The Club
370:and the
211:Istanbul
148:Turkish:
98:provide
2624:parties
619:Radikal
449:series
447:Netflix
393:(CHP).
305:or the
297:During
288:Muslims
120:to the
102:in the
2920:events
2742:People
2482:Taksim
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494:Dhimmi
332:Ecnebi
291:4.94%
197:, and
191:Greeks
157:Turkey
2291:(PDF)
2150:(PDF)
1534:(PDF)
1205:S2CID
658:(PDF)
651:(PDF)
489:Jizya
436:]
356:]
337:Dönme
283:156%
275:179%
267:232%
239:]
65:DeepL
2369:ISBN
2350:ISBN
2331:ISBN
2308:ISBN
2247:2021
2172:ISBN
2123:ISBN
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2012:ISBN
1984:ISBN
1956:ISBN
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1454:ISBN
1426:ISBN
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1342:ISBN
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1032:ISBN
963:ISBN
935:ISBN
907:ISBN
880:ISBN
852:ISBN
824:ISBN
796:ISBN
768:ISBN
740:ISBN
712:ISBN
688:2011
589:ISBN
562:ISBN
525:ISBN
445:The
272:Jews
187:Jews
176:The
142:The
96:must
94:You
1197:doi
440:MHP
67:or
53:.
3196::
2293:.
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2212:.
1536:.
1203:.
696:^
669:^
629:.
604:^
434:tr
354:tr
345:TL
237:tr
193:,
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