667:, an insect organ that stores glycogen and triglycerides with tissue abundant under epidermis and the surrounding internal body cavity. As the fat body is crucial for many bodily functions such as hormone and energy regulation, immunity, and pesticide detoxification, the mite's consumption of the fat body weakens both the adult bee and the larva. Feeding on fat body cells significantly decreases the weight of both the immature and adult bee. Infested adult worker bees have a shorter lifespan than ordinary worker bees, and they furthermore tend to be absent from the colony far more than ordinary bees, which could be due to their reduced ability to navigate or regulate their energy for flight. Infested bees are more likely to wander into other hives and further increase spread. Bees will occasionally drift into other nearby hives, but this rate is higher for Varroa infested bees.
608:
34:
43:
593:
563:
552:
cell activation for a foundress mite while she emerges to feed on the larva. She will lay a single unfertilized egg after feeding to produce a male mite. After laying this egg, fertilized eggs to produce females are laid approximately once a day. Both the mother and nymphs will feed on the developing pupa. Unless multiple foundress mites are present in a cell, mating occurs between siblings when they reach the adult stage. Once females mate, they are unable to receive additional sperm. Varroa mite's
578:
656:
648:
64:
632:
548:(i.e., male bees) rather than the worker brood, many more drones are infected with the mites. These phoretic females can also be transmitted to other hives through bee contact or hive equipment transfer. The phoretic stage can last for 4.5–11 days during brood production periods or up to five to six months when no brood is present in winter months. Female mites have a life expectancy of 27 days when brood is present.
620:
720:
910:
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such as garlic, oregano, and neem oil have had some efficacy in field trials, though most essential oils that have been tested have little to no effect. Essential oil use is widespread in hives with many of those uses being off-label or in violation of pesticide regulations in various countries. Hop beta acids are
1182:
treatments. The efficacy of this behavior can vary between bee lines in comparison studies with
Minnesota hygienic bees removing 66% of infested pupae, while Varroa sensitive hygiene bees removed 85% of infested pupae. There are minimal trade-off costs to hives that have this hygienic behavior, so it
1162:
Hygienic behaviors include workers removing pupae heavily infested with mites, which kills both the developing bee and immature mites, and grooming or removal from the brood cell, which increases adult mite mortality. Mites removed from host pupae are at an incorrect life stage to re-infest another
816:
Beekeepers use several methods for monitoring levels of Varroa mites in a colony. They involve either estimating the total number of mites in a hive by using a sticky board under a screen bottom board to capture mites falling from the hive or estimating the number of mites per bee with powdered sugar
522:
was confirmed to be present throughout North
America excluding Greenland, South America, most of Europe and Asia, and portions of Africa. The species was not present in Australia as well as Oman, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, and Malawi. It was suspected to not be present in Sudan and Somalia.
279:
The adult female mite is reddish-brown in color, while the male is white. Varroa mites are flat, having a button shape. They are 1–1.8 mm long and 1.5–2 mm wide, and have eight legs. Varroa mites lack eyes. These mites have curved bodies that allow them to fit between the abdominal segments
211:
and is one of the most damaging honey bee pests in the world. A significant mite infestation leads to the death of a honey bee colony, usually in the late autumn through early spring. Without management for Varroa mite, honey bee colonies typically collapse within 2 to 3 years in temperate climates.
1122:
Varroa infest drone cells at a higher rate than worker brood cells, so drone cells can be used as a trap for mite removal. Beekeepers can also introduce a frame with drone foundation cells that encourage bees to construct more drone cells. When the drone cells are capped, the frame can be removed to
1126:
Heat is also sometimes used as a control method. The mites cannot survive temperatures near 40 °C (104 °F), but brief exposure to these temperatures do not harm honey bees. Devices are marketed intended to heat brood to these temperatures, though the efficacy of many of these products has
896:
are instead often used to determine mite severity. Mites are dislodged from a sample of bees using non-lethal or lethal means. The bees are shaken in a container of either powdered sugar, alcohol, or soapy water to dislodge and count mites. Powdered sugar is generally considered non-lethal to honey
551:
After the phoretic stage, female mites leave the adult bee and enter brood cells with bee larvae. Drone cells are preferred over workers. These females are called foundress mites, and they bury themselves in brood food provided by worker bees before the cell is capped. Brood cell capping begins egg
536:
cannot be completed during broodless periods. Protonymphs molt into deuteronymphs that more closely resemble the curved body of adults before they molt into adults. Development time from egg to adult is 6–7 days. Males will not leave brood cells and only mate with females present in the brood cell.
270:
are available, though some are difficult to time correctly while avoiding harm to the hive, and resistance has occurred for others. Screened bottom boards on hives can be used for both monitoring and mite removal, and drone comb that mites prefer can be used as a trap to remove mites from the hive.
976:
are used because a concentration that will kill mites has relatively low toxicity to honey bees. Compounds derived from plants have also been assessed for mite management. Thymol is one essential oil with efficacy against mites, but can be harmful to bees at high temperatures. Other essential oils
738:
Prior to the widespread introduction of Varroa mite, honey bee viruses were typically considered a minor issue. Virus particles are directly injected into the bee's body cavity and mites can also cause immunosuppression that increases infection in host bees. Varroa mites can transmit the following
535:
to lay eggs on the comb wall after the cell is capped. Eggs are approximately 0.2 to 0.3 mm in diameter and cannot be seen without magnification. These eggs hatch into male and female protonymphs that are both transparent white. Immature mites can only feed on capped brood, so the life cycle
498:
Varroa mite has two distinct genetic strains from when it switched hosts from the Asian honey bee to the western honey bee: Korean and
Japanese. The Korean strain that occurred in 1952 is now found worldwide in high frequencies, while the Japanese strain that started around 1957 occurs in similar
2879:
Zotti, Moises; dos Santos, Ericmar Avila; Cagliari, Deise; Christiaens, Olivier; Taning, Clauvis Nji Tizi; Smagghe, Guy (June 2018). "RNA interference technology in crop protection against arthropod pests, pathogens and nematodes: RNA interference technology in crop protection against arthropod
803:
hive can multiply by roughly 12. Mites often invade colonies in the summer, leading to high mite populations in autumn. High mite populations in the autumn can cause a crisis when drone rearing ceases and the mites switch to worker larvae, causing a quick population crash and often hive death.
670:
Adult mites live and feed under the abdominal plates of adult bees primarily on the underside of the abdominal region on the left side of the bee. Adult mites are more often identified as present in the hive when on top of the adult bee on the thorax, but mites in this location are likely not
787:(CCD). While the exact causes of CCD are not known, infection of colonies from multiple pathogens and interaction of those pathogens with environmental stresses is considered by entomologists to be one of the likely causes of CCD. Most scientists agree there is not a single cause of CCD.
543:
stage where mites attach to adult bees in order to disperse. Mites will feed on adult bees at this time and can be transmitted from bee to bee during this stage. Nurse bees are preferred hosts in order to be moved to new brood cells. Because the nurse bee spends more time around the
1946:
Boncristiani, Humberto; Ellis, James D.; Bustamante, Tomas; Graham, Jason; Jack, Cameron; Kimmel, Chase B.; Mortensen, Ashley; Schmehl, Daniel R. (2 January 2021). "World Honey Bee Health: The Global
Distribution of Western Honey Bee ( Apis mellifera L.) Pests and Pathogens".
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freeze out mites. This labor-intensive process can reduce mite levels by about 50–93%, but if trap cells are not removed early enough before mites emerge, mite populations can spike. This method is only viable in spring and early summer when drones are produced.
1118:
Screened bottom boards are used both for monitoring and can modestly reduce mite populations by 11–14%. Mites which fall from the comb or bees can land outside the hive instead landing on a solid bottom board that would allow them to easily return to the nest.
2702:
Mitton, Giulia A.; Meroi
Arcerito, Facundo; Cooley, Hazel; Fernández de Landa, Gregorio; Eguaras, Martín J.; Ruffinengo, Sergio R.; Maggi, Matías D. (1 July 2022). "More than sixty years living with Varroa destructor : a review of acaricide resistance".
674:
Varroa mites have been found on flowers visited by worker bees, which may be a means by which phoretic mites spread short distances when other bees, including from other hives, visit. They have also been found on larvae of some wasp species, such as
1130:
Powdered sugar used for estimating mite counts in hives has also been considered for mite management as it or other inert dusts were believed to initiate grooming responses. Long-term studies do not show any efficacy for reducing mite populations.
331:
and resulted in some mislabeling in the scientific literature. The two species cannot be easily distinguished with physical traits and have 99.7% similar genomes, so DNA analysis is required instead. Because the more virulent and damaging species
1150:
The Asian honey bee, is more hygienic with respect to Varroa mite than western honey bees, which is in part why mite infestations are more pronounced in western honey bee colonies. Efforts also have been made to breed hygienic honey bees
1106:
Resistance to pyrethroids has occurred in the Czech
Republic and the UK due to a single amino acid substitution on Varroa mite's genome. Underlying mechanisms for resistance in other pesticides, such as coumaphos, are still unknown.
969:). Many of these products whether synthetic or naturally produced can negatively affect honey bee brood or queens. These products often are applied through impregnated plastic strips or as powders spread between brood frames.
1558:
711:. There have not been any indications Varroa mites are able to complete their life cycle on these insects, but instead they become distributed to other areas while a mite is still alive on these insects.
769:
Deformed wing virus is one of the most prominent and damaging honey bee viruses transmitted by Varroa mites. It causes crumpled deformed wings that resemble sticks and also causes shortened abdomens.
2757:
Leclercq, Gil; Pannebakker, Bart; Gengler, Nicolas; Nguyen, Bach Kim; Francis, Frédéric (8 August 2017). "Drawbacks and benefits of hygienic behavior in honey bees ( Apis mellifera L.): a review".
2144:
Kralj, Jasna; Brockmann, Axel; Fuchs, Stefan; Tautz, Jürgen (19 February 2007). "The parasitic mite Varroa destructor affects non-associative learning in honey bee foragers, Apis mellifera L.".
243:. The Varroa mite can reproduce only in a honey bee colony. It attaches to the body of the bee and weakens the bee. The species is a vector for at least five debilitating bee viruses, including
1178:, but the efficacy of this behavior against mites is not well-quantified; colonies with this behavior alone do not necessarily result in Varroa mite resistant colonies that can survive without
1115:
Varroa mites can also be controlled through nonchemical means. Most of these controls are intended to reduce the mite population to a manageable level, not to eliminate the mites completely.
2327:
876:
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characteristics, though each of the four species within the Varroa genus have similar physical characteristics. If a Varroa species is found on a western honey bee, it will typically be
1438:
Ramsey, Samuel D.; Ochoa, Ronald; Bauchan, Gary; Gulbronson, Connor; Mowery, Joseph D.; Cohen, Allen; Lim, David; Joklik, Judith; Cicero, Joseph M.; Ellis, James D.; Hawthorne, David;
255:
industry and is one of multiple stress factors contributing to the higher levels of bee losses around the world. Varroa mite has also been implicated as one of the multiple causes of
2357:
Potts, Simon G.; Biesmeijer, Jacobus C.; Kremen, Claire; Neumann, Peter; Schweiger, Oliver; Kunin, William E. (June 2010). "Global pollinator declines: trends, impacts and drivers".
271:
Honey bee lines in breeding programs also show partial resistance to Varroa mite through increased hygienic behavior that is being incorporated as an additional management strategy.
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889:
is the number of estimated mites in the colony. However, the bee population in a colony also needs to be known to determine what population of mites is tolerable with this method.
607:
727:
Open wounds left by the feeding become sites for disease and virus infections. The mites are vectors for at least five and possibly up to 18 debilitating bee viruses, including
901:
damaging enough to warrant further management such as miticides, though beekeepers may use other management tactics in the 0–2% infestation range to keep mite populations low.
2099:
The fat body is a relatively large organ distributed throughout the insect body, preferentially underneath the integument and surrounding the gut and reproductive organs
2584:
262:
Management of this pest focuses on reducing mite numbers through monitoring to avoid significant hive losses or death. 3% of bees infested in a hive is considered an
3670:
2954:
3735:
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that might be consumed by humans. The four most common synthetic pesticides used for mite treatments with formulations specific for honey bee colony use are
2800:
2632:"Integrated Pest Management Control of Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae), the Most Damaging Pest of ( Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae)) Colonies"
972:
Synthetic compounds often have high efficacy against Varroa mites, but resistance has occurred for all of these products in different areas of the world.
1155:
behavior traits, such as those with resistance to Varroa mites. Honey bee lines with resistance include
Minnesota Hygienic Bees, Russian Honey Bees, and
499:
areas at much lower frequencies. Varroa mite has low genetic diversity, which is typical for an invasive species undergoing a range or host expansion.
3631:
592:
511:, but this species has been introduced to many other countries on several continents, resulting in disastrous infestations of European honey bees.
3696:
2335:
33:
562:
2822:
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Adult females can be found feeding both on brood and adult bees. After reaching the adult stage, females will leave the brood cell and enter a
42:
1690:"Understanding the Enemy: A Review of the Genetics, Behavior and Chemical Ecology of Varroa destructor , the Parasitic Mite of Apis mellifera"
1768:
1359:
1983:
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Efficacy varies based on temperature, brood population, and proximity to the chemical within the hive; can cause brood or queen mortality
820:
Monitoring for mites with a sticky board can be used to estimate the total number of mites in a colony over 72 hours using the equation:
577:
2008:
Nekoei, Shahin; Rezvan, Mahsa; Khamesipour, Faham; Mayack, Christopher; Molento, Marcelo Beltrão; Revainera, Pablo Damián (July 2023).
783:
There is some evidence that harm from both Varroa mite and associated viruses they transmit may be a contributing factor that leads to
3834:
2947:
1269:
1207:. This can reduce infestation to 50% without harm to honey bees and is being pursued as an additional control method for Varroa mite.
1315:
Zakar, E.; Jávor, A.; Kusza, Sz. (August 2014). "Genetic bases of tolerance to Varroa destructor in honey bees (Apis mellifera L.)".
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bees, but lethal methods such as alcohol can be more effective at dislodging mites. 3% of the colony being infested is considered an
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when bee broods are available, and exponential decline when no brood is available. In 12 weeks, the number of mites in a
3408:
224:, the Asian honey bee. Due to very similar physical characteristics, this species was thought to be the closely related
2472:(Mesostigmata: Varroidae) into honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) colonies and the resulting increase in mite populations"
3683:
3566:
3436:
3168:
2113:"Parasitic Varroa destructor mites influence flight duration and homing ability of infested Apis mellifera foragers"
3819:
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1509:
805:
310:
826:
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2010:"A systematic review of honey bee ( Apis mellifera , Linnaeus , 1758) infections and available treatment options"
1386:
Rosenkranz, Peter; Aumeier, Pia; Ziegelmann, Bettina (January 2010). "Biology and control of Varroa destructor".
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63:
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3112:
3557:
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3571:
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3446:
1267:
Anderson, D.L.; Trueman, J.W.H. (2000). "Varroa jacobsoni (Acari: Varroidae) is more than one species".
168:
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Scanning electron microscope image of Varroa mite wedged between bee segments indicated by white arrow.
2734:
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could not be distinguished at the time, most pre-2000 research on western honey bees that refers to
3809:
3714:
3487:
3451:
3441:
3387:
3278:
3126:
3060:
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763:
732:
248:
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In the autumn though, brood rearing declines and the number of multiple-infested cells increases.
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1964:
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Used during broodless periods only and increases grooming behavior; no known cases of resistance
898:
796:
553:
459:
263:
58:
2520:
655:
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251:(DWV). The Varroa mite is the parasite with possibly the most pronounced economic impact on the
3675:
1984:"Emergency orders in place across NSW to protect bee industry from deadly varroa mite parasite"
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3592:
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349:
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2080:
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1956:
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Chantawannakul, Panuwan; de Guzman, Lilia I.; Li, Jilian; Williams, Geoffrey R. (May 2016).
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2009:
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1510:"Bee declines driven by combined stress from parasites, pesticides, and lack of flowers"
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1921:
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1225:
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659:
Close-up scanning electron microscope image of Varroa mite wedged between bee segments.
489:
315:
214:
2932:
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2720:
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1968:
1544:
1505:
1336:
2821:
Hunt, Greg; Given, J. Krispn; Tsuruda, Jennifer M.; Andino, Gladys K. (April 2016).
2786:
2560:
2505:
2419:
1667:
1298:
305:, the Asian honey bee, but the closely related mite species originally described as
3597:
3497:
3050:
2313:
2296:
Peter G. Kevan; Terence M. Laverty & Harold A. Denmark (1990). "Association of
2173:
1659:
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obtained from hop plants and have been used in products marketed for mite control.
719:
692:
201:
125:
3649:
2778:
2712:
2435:"Varroa mites and honey bee health: can Varroa explain part of the colony losses?"
1960:
1646:
Delaplane, Keith S (January 2001). "Varroa destructor: revolution in the making".
230:
prior to 2000, but they were found to be two separate species after DNA analysis.
2263:
1760:
3727:
3709:
3657:
3551:
3309:
3253:
3147:
3070:
2993:
2239:"Varroa destructor Mites Can Nimbly Climb from Flowers onto Foraging Honey Bees"
1232:
1087:
Similar temperature-based issues to formic acid, not effective under 15 °C
1066:
1053:
973:
954:
950:
938:
914:
723:
Healthy nurse bee (top) and infected bee with deformed wing virus (DWV) (bottom)
545:
387:
301:
220:
105:
2370:
1882:
1857:
3344:
3329:
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1805:
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252:
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1841:
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267:
244:
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95:
75:
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2801:"A Sustainable Approach to Controlling Honey Bee Diseases and Varroa Mites"
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1725:
1587:
1536:
1491:
1415:
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3763:
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with organisms other than honey bees and implications for its dispersal".
892:
Mite counts from a known quantity of bees (i.e., 300 bees) collected from
3579:
3536:
3248:
3223:
2237:
Peck, David T.; Smith, Michael L.; Seeley, Thomas D. (12 December 2016).
1243:
1179:
1164:
1092:
978:
966:
664:
540:
115:
3584:
909:
3636:
3377:
3274:
3228:
3009:
2681:"Varroa Mite Monitoring: Using a Sugar Roll to Quantify Infestation of
1048:
Efficacy lost due to resistance; reduced brood survival and queen size
1001:
930:
3662:
2026:
1825:"Identification and comparison of Varroa species infesting honey bees"
3269:
1079:
958:
663:
Adult mites feed on both adult bees and bee larvae by sucking on the
404:
285:
235:
145:
135:
85:
3513:
2893:
2488:
2467:
2410:
2393:
3623:
1749:
Trends in
Acarology. Proceedings of the 12th International Congress
3233:
926:
908:
718:
654:
646:
372:
283:
Host bee species can help differentiate mite species in the genus
514:
Introduction data prior to 2000 is unclear due to confusion with
3610:
1508:; Nicholls, E.; Botias, C.; Rotheray, E. L. (26 February 2015).
1035:
Negative effects to honey bees less severe than tau-fluvalinate
962:
204:
3517:
2936:
1448:
feeds primarily on honey bee fat body tissue and not hemolymph"
1352:
Insect resistance management: biology, economics and prediction
3294:
2585:"Varroa mites: A step-by-step guide to monitoring in New York"
1627:. University of Florida Entomology & Nematology Department
925:
that must be timed carefully to minimize the contamination of
266:
where damage is high enough to warrant additional management.
2855:"Varroa Sensitive Hygiene and Mite Reproduction – Bee Health"
1354:(1. ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier/Acad. Press. p. 157.
1199:
that target expression of several Varroa mite genes, such as
2433:
Le Conte, Yves; Ellis, Marion; Ritter, Wolfgang (May 2010).
1741:"Tracking the colonisation history of the invasive species
1262:
1260:
1258:
1022:
Use decreased over time due to low efficacy and resistance
671:
feeding, but rather attempting to transfer to another bee.
523:
Mites were found in 2022 in New South Wales in
Australia.
2735:"Czech teacher battles bee-killing disease with hot hive"
2689:
Michigan
Pollinator Initiative, Michigan State University
2394:"Colony Collapse Disorder: Many Suspects, No Smoking Gun"
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1170:
Hygienic behavior is effective against diseases such as
921:
Varroa mites can be treated with commercially available
2059:
Arrese, Estela L.; Soulages, Jose L. (1 January 2010).
53:
adult female in dorsal (top) and ventral (lower) views
1789:"Parasites, pathogens, and pests of honeybees in Asia"
2061:"Insect Fat Body: Energy, Metabolism, and Regulation"
1009:
Not very affordable; slower occurrence of resistance
885:
is the number of mites found on the sticky board and
829:
507:
Varroa mites originally only occurred in Asia on the
2630:
Jack, Cameron J; Ellis, James D (1 September 2021).
1623:
Ellis, James D.; Zettel Nalen, C.M. (October 2022).
1183:
is being actively pursued in bee breeding programs.
1167:
period in adult female mites has also been noticed.
804:
Various management methods are used for Varroa mite
3526:
3480:
3422:
3401:
3353:
3262:
3211:
3038:
3002:
2971:
556:is also likely due to its habit of sibling mating.
1982:Paulina Vidal, Alexandra Jones and Ursula Malone.
870:
1823:de Guzman, Lilia I.; Rinderer, Thomas E. (1999).
1688:Reams, Taylor; Rangel, Juliana (1 January 2022).
2519:DeGrandi-Hoffman, Gloria; Curry, Robert (2004).
386:The name "Varroa mite" is typically used as the
1782:
1780:
1452:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
394:after the species was considered separate from
2111:Kralj, Jasna; Fuchs, Stefan (September 2006).
1911:University of Columbia. Accessed 26 April 2017
1625:"Featured creatures: common name: varroa mite"
949:, while naturally occurring compounds include
2948:
2853:Harris, Jeffrey; Danka, Robert; Villa, José.
2823:"Breeding Mite-Biting Bees to Control Varroa"
1856:Evans, Jay D; Cook, Steven C (1 April 2018).
1818:
1816:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
8:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2466:Frey, Eva; Rosenkranz, Peter (May 1, 2014).
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
871:{\displaystyle p(c)={\frac {3.76-b}{-0.01}}}
2752:
2750:
2748:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2601:
1310:
1308:
3514:
2955:
2941:
2933:
985:Pesticides used for Varroa mite treatment
983:
41:
32:
20:
2655:
2487:
2450:
2409:
2272:
2262:
2128:
2084:
2035:
2025:
1881:
1858:"Genetics and physiology of Varroa mites"
1840:
1804:
1715:
1705:
1481:
1471:
845:
828:
681:, and flower-feeding insects such as the
383:is present, such as in Papua New Guinea.
371:with slight differences in body size and
233:Parasitism of bees by mites in the genus
2705:International Journal of Pest Management
2592:Pollinator Network at Cornell University
2191:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
1747:. In Maurice Sabelis; Jan Bruin (eds.).
1683:
1681:
1679:
1677:
400:
1254:
808:to monitor and manage damage to hives.
558:
2521:"A mathematical model of Varroa mite (
363:species and can be distinguished from
1203:arrangement, transfer of energy, and
7:
3751:316ec4a1-a48d-4645-bca3-2343aa9eccc2
2525:Anderson and Trueman) and honeybee (
2917:"Genetic weapon against bee killer"
2915:Gill, Victoria (22 December 2010).
2146:Journal of Comparative Physiology A
1559:"Varroa destructor : USDA ARS"
2533:International Journal of Acarology
2077:10.1146/annurev-ento-112408-085356
1270:Experimental and Applied Acarology
1195:by feeding honey bees mixtures of
1191:Researchers have been able to use
14:
3039:Subspecies, Breeds and Phenotypes
2880:pests, pathogens and nematodes".
2679:Milbrath, Meghan (January 2018).
2392:Watanabe, Myrna E. (1 May 2008).
2359:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
1862:Current Opinion in Insect Science
1388:Journal of Invertebrate Pathology
1100:Low toxicity to humans and bees
630:
618:
606:
591:
576:
561:
319:, the western honey bee, unlike
62:
2759:Journal of Apicultural Research
2213:"Varroa mites « Bee Aware"
2014:Veterinary Medicine and Science
1905:Invasion Biology Introduction:
3025:Bee learning and communication
2476:Journal of Economic Entomology
2314:10.1080/0005772X.1990.11099048
1660:10.1080/0005772X.2001.11099522
839:
833:
1:
2828:. Bee Culture. Archived from
2779:10.1080/00218839.2017.1327938
2713:10.1080/09670874.2022.2094489
1961:10.1080/0005772X.2020.1800330
759:Israeli acute paralysis virus
218:, the western honey bee, and
2264:10.1371/journal.pone.0167798
2187:Schmid-Hempel, Paul (1998).
1761:10.1007/978-90-481-9837-5_61
613:Adult female in lateral view
184:Anderson & Trueman, 2000
3169:Apis mellifera sinisxinyuan
2328:"Varroosis : USDA ARS"
2189:Parasites in social insects
2065:Annual Review of Entomology
1588:"Varroa mites | ontario.ca"
1350:Onstad, David, ed. (2008).
3853:
2468:"Autumn invasion rates of
2371:10.1016/j.tree.2010.01.007
1883:10.1016/j.cois.2018.02.005
1739:Navajas, Maria J. (2010).
1143:
806:integrated pest management
776:
311:Anthonie Cornelis Oudemans
207:that attacks and feeds on
3835:Animals described in 2000
3503:Honeybee Discovery Center
3414:Diseases of the honey bee
3148:Apis mellifera scutellata
2966:types and characteristics
2636:Journal of Insect Science
2553:10.1080/01647950408684393
2158:10.1007/s00359-006-0192-8
1806:10.1007/s13592-015-0407-5
1694:Journal of Insect Science
1408:10.1016/j.jip.2009.07.016
1329:10.1007/s00040-014-0347-5
957:, essential oils such as
795:Mite populations undergo
754:Acute bee paralysis virus
625:Varroa mites on bee larva
340:was actually research on
174:
167:
59:Scientific classification
57:
49:
40:
31:
23:
3481:Museums and insectariums
3393:Colony collapse disorder
3368:Varroa sensitive hygiene
3155:Apis mellifera siciliana
3134:Apis mellifera monticola
3120:Apis mellifera pomonella
3106:Apis mellifera artemisia
3099:Apis mellifera adansonii
2859:bee-health.extension.org
2529:L.) population dynamics"
1157:Varroa sensitive hygiene
1146:Varroa sensitive hygiene
917:to protect it from mites
785:colony collapse disorder
779:Colony collapse disorder
773:Colony collapse disorder
313:in 1904 does not attack
275:Description and taxonomy
257:colony collapse disorder
3830:Agricultural pest mites
3815:Western honey bee pests
3287:Horizontal top-bar hive
3197:Apis mellifera unicolor
3176:Apis mellifera sossimai
3162:Apis mellifera simensis
2882:Pest Management Science
1926:worldhoneybeehealth.com
1529:10.1126/science.1255957
1473:10.1073/pnas.1818371116
1283:10.1023/a:1006456720416
212:These mites can infest
3354:Parasites and diseases
3190:Apis mellifera taurica
3183:Apis mellifera syriaca
3141:Apis mellifera remipes
3113:Apis mellifera litorea
2685:in Honey Bee Colonies"
2648:10.1093/jisesa/ieab058
1842:10.1051/apido:19990201
1707:10.1093/jisesa/ieab101
918:
913:Honey bee coated with
872:
724:
660:
652:
2452:10.1051/apido/2010017
2130:10.1051/apido:2006040
1922:"Pathogens and pests"
1440:vanEngelsdorp, Dennis
1144:Further information:
912:
873:
777:Further information:
722:
658:
650:
347:Other Varroa species
3493:Bee Museum of Rhodes
3409:Topics in beekeeping
3015:Honey bee life cycle
1755:. pp. 375–378.
961:and beta acids from
827:
817:or an ethanol wash.
688:Bombus pensylvanicus
637:Varroa mites on pupa
359:can also parasitize
3488:Malacca Bee Gallery
3388:Deformed wing virus
3279:BS National Beehive
3127:Apis mellifera meda
3061:Carniolan honey bee
2771:2017JApiR..56..366L
2545:2004IJAca..30..259D
2255:2016PLoSO..1167798P
1874:2018COIS...26..130E
1464:2019PNAS..116.1792R
1442:(29 January 2019).
1400:2010JInvP.103S..96R
1197:double-stranded RNA
1163:pupa. An extended
1127:not been reviewed.
986:
764:Deformed wing virus
733:deformed wing virus
531:Female mites enter
409:
249:deformed wing virus
3383:American foulbrood
1172:American foulbrood
1140:Honey bee genetics
1111:Mechanical control
984:
919:
899:economic threshold
868:
797:exponential growth
725:
715:Virus transmission
661:
653:
585:V. destructor
554:genetic bottleneck
520:V. destructor
460:Apis koschevnikovi
401:
327:was thought to be
264:economic threshold
202:external parasitic
160:V. destructor
3820:Parasites of bees
3805:Arachnids of Asia
3787:
3786:
3772:Open Tree of Life
3558:Varroa destructor
3528:Varroa destructor
3520:Taxon identifiers
3511:
3510:
3373:Small hive beetle
3362:Varroa destructor
3086:Western honey bee
3081:Russian honey bee
3076:Maltese honey bee
3066:European dark bee
2989:Laying worker bee
2683:Varroa destructor
2523:Varroa destructor
2470:Varroa destructor
2338:on March 12, 2023
2027:10.1002/vms3.1194
1770:978-90-481-9836-8
1743:Varroa destructor
1523:(6229): 1255957.
1446:Varroa destructor
1361:978-0-12-373858-5
1104:
1103:
1097:Moderate (43–88%)
1084:Moderate (50–80%)
905:Chemical measures
866:
801:western honey bee
744:Kashmir bee virus
708:Palpada vinetorum
643:Host interactions
516:V. jacobsoni
496:
495:
475:western honey bee
469:Varroa underwoodi
427:western honey bee
422:Varroa destructor
193:Varroa destructor
189:
188:
178:Varroa destructor
51:Varroa destructor
3842:
3780:
3779:
3767:
3766:
3754:
3753:
3744:
3743:
3731:
3730:
3728:NHMSYS0020546308
3718:
3717:
3705:
3704:
3692:
3691:
3679:
3678:
3666:
3665:
3653:
3652:
3640:
3639:
3627:
3626:
3614:
3613:
3601:
3600:
3588:
3587:
3575:
3574:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3547:
3546:
3545:
3515:
3239:Honey extraction
2957:
2950:
2943:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2888:(6): 1239–1250.
2876:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2834:
2827:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2754:
2743:
2742:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2659:
2627:
2596:
2595:
2589:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2567:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2491:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2413:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2334:. Archived from
2332:www.ars.usda.gov
2324:
2318:
2317:
2298:Varroa jacobsoni
2293:
2287:
2286:
2276:
2266:
2249:(12): e0167798.
2234:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2088:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2039:
2029:
2020:(4): 1848–1860.
2005:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1918:
1912:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1885:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1820:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1784:
1775:
1774:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1719:
1709:
1685:
1672:
1671:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1620:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1574:
1569:on June 28, 2023
1565:. Archived from
1563:www.ars.usda.gov
1555:
1549:
1548:
1514:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1485:
1475:
1458:(5): 1792–1801.
1435:
1420:
1419:
1383:
1366:
1365:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1317:Insectes Sociaux
1312:
1303:
1302:
1264:
1239:Mite biting bees
1193:RNA interference
1071:High (near 100%)
987:
877:
875:
874:
869:
867:
865:
857:
846:
678:Vespula vulgaris
634:
622:
610:
595:
580:
565:
484:Apis nigrocincta
453:Varroa rindereri
439:Varroa jacobsoni
410:
296:Varroa jacobsoni
227:Varroa jacobsoni
180:
67:
66:
45:
36:
21:
3852:
3851:
3845:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3840:
3839:
3825:Parasitic acari
3790:
3789:
3788:
3783:
3775:
3770:
3762:
3759:Observation.org
3757:
3749:
3747:
3739:
3734:
3726:
3721:
3713:
3708:
3700:
3695:
3687:
3682:
3674:
3669:
3661:
3656:
3648:
3643:
3635:
3630:
3622:
3617:
3609:
3604:
3596:
3591:
3583:
3578:
3570:
3565:
3556:
3555:
3550:
3541:
3540:
3535:
3522:
3512:
3507:
3476:
3424:
3418:
3397:
3349:
3335:Honey extractor
3291:Langstroth hive
3258:
3207:
3046:Africanized bee
3034:
2998:
2967:
2961:
2931:
2921:
2919:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2894:10.1002/ps.4813
2878:
2877:
2873:
2863:
2861:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2825:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2806:
2804:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2756:
2755:
2746:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2629:
2628:
2599:
2587:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2565:
2563:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2489:10.1603/EC13381
2465:
2464:
2460:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2411:10.1641/B580503
2391:
2390:
2386:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2341:
2339:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2221:
2219:
2217:beeaware.org.au
2211:
2210:
2206:
2199:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1992:
1990:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1930:
1928:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1903:
1899:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1822:
1821:
1814:
1786:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1687:
1686:
1675:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1630:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1606:
1596:
1594:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1572:
1570:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1512:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1437:
1436:
1423:
1385:
1384:
1369:
1362:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1314:
1313:
1306:
1266:
1265:
1256:
1252:
1221:- Tracheal mite
1213:
1189:
1148:
1142:
1137:
1135:Genetic methods
1113:
1041:Tau-fluvalinate
947:tau-fluvalinate
907:
858:
847:
825:
824:
814:
793:
781:
775:
717:
698:Phanaeus vindex
645:
638:
635:
626:
623:
614:
611:
602:
596:
587:
581:
572:
566:
529:
509:Asian honey bee
505:
479:Asian honey bee
445:Asian honey bee
431:Asian honey bee
280:of adult bees.
277:
185:
182:
176:
163:
61:
17:
16:Species of mite
12:
11:
5:
3850:
3849:
3846:
3838:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3792:
3791:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3781:
3768:
3755:
3745:
3732:
3719:
3706:
3693:
3680:
3667:
3654:
3641:
3628:
3615:
3602:
3589:
3576:
3563:
3548:
3532:
3530:
3524:
3523:
3518:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3484:
3482:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3469:
3467:United Kingdom
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3428:
3426:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3411:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3357:
3355:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3340:Queen excluder
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3315:Wax foundation
3312:
3307:
3302:
3299:Stewarton hive
3272:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3203:Honey bee race
3200:
3193:
3186:
3179:
3172:
3165:
3158:
3151:
3144:
3137:
3130:
3123:
3116:
3109:
3102:
3095:
3092:Apis laboriosa
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3056:Cape honey bee
3053:
3048:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2968:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2952:
2945:
2937:
2930:
2929:
2907:
2871:
2845:
2813:
2792:
2765:(4): 366–375.
2744:
2741:. 28 May 2017.
2726:
2694:
2671:
2597:
2576:
2539:(4): 259–274.
2527:Apis mellifera
2511:
2482:(2): 508–515.
2458:
2445:(3): 353–363.
2425:
2404:(5): 384–388.
2384:
2365:(6): 345–353.
2349:
2319:
2308:(3): 119–121.
2288:
2229:
2204:
2197:
2179:
2152:(3): 363–370.
2136:
2123:(5): 577–587.
2103:
2071:(1): 207–225.
2051:
2000:
1974:
1938:
1913:
1897:
1848:
1835:(2–3): 85–95.
1812:
1799:(3): 301–324.
1776:
1769:
1731:
1673:
1654:(4): 157–159.
1638:
1604:
1592:www.ontario.ca
1579:
1550:
1497:
1421:
1367:
1360:
1342:
1323:(3): 207–215.
1304:
1277:(3): 165–189.
1253:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1229:
1226:Nosema ceranae
1222:
1218:Acarapis woodi
1212:
1209:
1188:
1185:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1112:
1109:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1093:Hop beta acids
1089:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1004:
998:
997:
994:
991:
906:
903:
879:
878:
864:
861:
856:
853:
850:
844:
841:
838:
835:
832:
813:
810:
792:
789:
774:
771:
767:
766:
761:
756:
751:
749:Sacbrood virus
746:
716:
713:
644:
641:
640:
639:
636:
629:
627:
624:
617:
615:
612:
605:
603:
597:
590:
588:
583:Deutonymph of
582:
575:
573:
567:
560:
528:
525:
504:
501:
494:
493:
490:Apis nuluensis
472:
464:
463:
456:
448:
447:
442:
434:
433:
424:
418:
417:
414:
323:. Until 2000,
316:Apis mellifera
276:
273:
215:Apis mellifera
187:
186:
183:
172:
171:
165:
164:
157:
155:
151:
150:
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
73:
69:
68:
55:
54:
47:
46:
38:
37:
29:
28:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3848:
3847:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3778:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3746:
3742:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3568:
3564:
3559:
3553:
3549:
3544:
3538:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3516:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3479:
3473:
3472:United States
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3421:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3400:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3352:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3152:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3001:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2958:
2953:
2951:
2946:
2944:
2939:
2938:
2935:
2918:
2911:
2908:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2875:
2872:
2860:
2856:
2849:
2846:
2835:on 2018-02-19
2831:
2824:
2817:
2814:
2802:
2796:
2793:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2740:
2736:
2730:
2727:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2698:
2695:
2690:
2686:
2684:
2675:
2672:
2667:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2593:
2586:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2515:
2512:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2471:
2462:
2459:
2453:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2429:
2426:
2421:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2388:
2385:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2353:
2350:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2323:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2292:
2289:
2284:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2233:
2230:
2218:
2214:
2208:
2205:
2200:
2198:9780691059242
2194:
2190:
2183:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2140:
2137:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2055:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2004:
2001:
1989:
1985:
1978:
1975:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1942:
1939:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1908:
1901:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1852:
1849:
1843:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1807:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1744:
1735:
1732:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1642:
1639:
1626:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1593:
1589:
1583:
1580:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1554:
1551:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1511:
1507:
1501:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1447:
1441:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1357:
1353:
1346:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1271:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1249:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1205:transcription
1202:
1198:
1194:
1187:Mite genetics
1186:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1166:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1147:
1139:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1110:
1108:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1058:High (35–75%)
1057:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1032:High (73–97%)
1031:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1006:High (75–90%)
1005:
1003:
1000:
999:
995:
992:
989:
988:
982:
980:
975:
970:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
916:
911:
904:
902:
900:
895:
890:
888:
884:
862:
859:
854:
851:
848:
842:
836:
830:
823:
822:
821:
818:
811:
809:
807:
802:
798:
790:
788:
786:
780:
772:
770:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
741:
740:
736:
734:
730:
721:
714:
712:
710:
709:
704:
700:
699:
694:
693:scarab beetle
690:
689:
684:
680:
679:
672:
668:
666:
657:
649:
642:
633:
628:
621:
616:
609:
604:
600:
599:V. destructor
594:
589:
586:
579:
574:
570:
569:V. destructor
564:
559:
557:
555:
549:
547:
542:
537:
534:
526:
524:
521:
517:
512:
510:
502:
500:
492:
491:
486:
485:
480:
476:
473:
471:
470:
466:
465:
462:
461:
457:
455:
454:
450:
449:
446:
443:
441:
440:
436:
435:
432:
428:
425:
423:
420:
419:
415:
412:
411:
407:
406:
402:Bee hosts of
399:
397:
393:
392:V. destructor
389:
384:
382:
381:V. underwoodi
379:except where
378:
377:V. destructor
374:
370:
366:
365:V. destructor
362:
358:
357:
352:
351:
350:V. underwoodi
345:
343:
342:V. destructor
339:
335:
334:V. destructor
330:
326:
325:V. destructor
322:
321:V. destructor
318:
317:
312:
308:
304:
303:
298:
297:
292:
291:V. destructor
288:
287:
281:
274:
272:
269:
265:
260:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
237:
231:
229:
228:
223:
222:
217:
216:
210:
206:
203:
199:
195:
194:
181:
179:
173:
170:
169:Binomial name
166:
162:
161:
156:
153:
152:
149:
148:
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
130:
127:
124:
121:
120:
117:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
97:
94:
91:
90:
87:
84:
81:
80:
77:
74:
71:
70:
65:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
39:
35:
30:
26:
22:
19:
3800:Mesostigmata
3527:
3498:Honey Museum
3425:by countries
3361:
3360:
3195:
3188:
3181:
3174:
3167:
3160:
3153:
3146:
3139:
3132:
3125:
3118:
3111:
3104:
3097:
3090:
3051:Buckfast bee
2920:. Retrieved
2910:
2885:
2881:
2874:
2862:. Retrieved
2858:
2848:
2837:. Retrieved
2830:the original
2816:
2805:. Retrieved
2795:
2762:
2758:
2738:
2729:
2704:
2697:
2688:
2682:
2674:
2639:
2635:
2591:
2579:
2571:
2564:. Retrieved
2536:
2532:
2526:
2522:
2514:
2479:
2475:
2469:
2461:
2442:
2438:
2428:
2401:
2397:
2387:
2362:
2358:
2352:
2340:. Retrieved
2336:the original
2331:
2322:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2291:
2246:
2242:
2232:
2220:. Retrieved
2216:
2207:
2188:
2182:
2149:
2145:
2139:
2120:
2116:
2106:
2098:
2068:
2064:
2054:
2017:
2013:
2003:
1991:. Retrieved
1987:
1977:
1952:
1948:
1941:
1929:. Retrieved
1925:
1916:
1906:
1900:
1865:
1861:
1851:
1832:
1828:
1796:
1792:
1748:
1742:
1734:
1697:
1693:
1651:
1647:
1641:
1629:. Retrieved
1595:. Retrieved
1591:
1582:
1571:. Retrieved
1567:the original
1562:
1553:
1520:
1516:
1500:
1455:
1451:
1445:
1394:: S96–S119.
1391:
1387:
1351:
1345:
1320:
1316:
1274:
1268:
1231:
1224:
1216:
1201:cytoskeleton
1190:
1169:
1161:
1149:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1105:
971:
965:resin (e.g.
920:
891:
886:
882:
880:
819:
815:
794:
782:
768:
737:
731:such as the
726:
706:
696:
686:
676:
673:
669:
662:
598:
584:
568:
550:
538:
530:
519:
515:
513:
506:
497:
488:
482:
467:
458:
451:
437:
421:
413:Mite species
403:
396:V. jacobsoni
395:
391:
385:
380:
376:
369:V. jacobsoni
368:
364:
356:V. rindereri
354:
348:
346:
341:
338:V. jacobsoni
337:
333:
329:V. jacobsoni
328:
324:
320:
314:
307:V. jacobsoni
306:
300:
294:
290:
284:
282:
278:
261:
247:such as the
234:
232:
225:
219:
213:
197:
192:
191:
190:
177:
175:
159:
158:
146:
126:Mesostigmata
50:
24:
18:
3710:NatureServe
3658:iNaturalist
3552:Wikispecies
3457:New Zealand
3423:Beekeeping
3310:Honey super
3254:Royal jelly
3212:Cultivation
3071:Italian bee
1868:: 130–135.
1506:Goulson, D.
1233:Nosema apis
1067:Oxalic acid
1054:Formic acid
974:Pyrethroids
955:oxalic acid
951:formic acid
939:pyrethroids
915:oxalic acid
729:RNA viruses
546:drone brood
533:brood cells
518:. By 2020,
388:common name
302:Apis cerana
299:parasitize
245:RNA viruses
221:Apis cerana
198:Varroa mite
106:Chelicerata
102:Subphylum:
3810:Beekeeping
3794:Categories
3345:Jenter kit
3330:Bee smoker
3325:Queen clip
3305:Hive frame
3219:Beekeeping
3010:Bee colony
3003:Life cycle
2984:Worker bee
2972:Bee castes
2922:31 October
2864:7 November
2839:2018-02-18
2807:2008-11-18
2439:Apidologie
2398:BioScience
2342:27 October
2222:27 October
2117:Apidologie
1955:(1): 2–6.
1829:Apidologie
1793:Apidologie
1631:31 October
1597:27 October
1573:2021-03-25
1250:References
1176:chalkbrood
1028:Flumethrin
943:flumethrin
937:, and two
923:acaricides
894:brood comb
812:Monitoring
791:Management
703:flower-fly
701:, and the
601:adult male
571:protonymph
527:Life cycle
253:beekeeping
239:is called
209:honey bees
96:Arthropoda
3715:2.1215635
3432:Australia
3320:Hive tool
3283:Flow Hive
3263:Equipment
3244:Honeycomb
2994:Drone bee
2979:Queen bee
2964:Honey bee
2721:250231123
2302:Bee World
1969:225298376
1949:Bee World
1931:27 August
1648:Bee World
1545:206558985
1337:253641352
1153:heritable
1015:Coumaphos
979:lupulones
935:coumaphos
860:−
852:−
739:viruses:
683:bumblebee
416:Bee host
361:honey bee
268:Miticides
241:varroosis
154:Species:
136:Varroidae
116:Arachnida
82:Kingdom:
76:Eukaryota
3676:10701480
3580:BugGuide
3537:Wikidata
3249:Propolis
3224:Apiology
3030:Swarming
2902:29194942
2787:90034078
2707:: 1–18.
2666:34536080
2642:(5): 6.
2566:1 August
2561:84974148
2506:25457602
2498:24772528
2420:85798698
2379:20188434
2283:27942015
2243:PLOS ONE
2166:17123087
2095:19725772
2046:37335585
2037:10357250
1988:ABC News
1892:29764652
1753:Springer
1726:35137134
1668:84549251
1537:25721506
1492:30647116
1416:19909970
1299:12271915
1291:11108385
1244:Thymovar
1211:See also
1180:miticide
1165:phoretic
993:Efficacy
990:Chemical
967:lupulone
665:fat body
541:phoretic
408:species
200:, is an
132:Family:
92:Phylum:
86:Animalia
72:Domain:
3702:1125198
3637:2188249
3611:3203541
3462:Ukraine
3447:Ireland
3437:Hungary
3378:Waxworm
3275:Beehive
3229:Beeswax
2767:Bibcode
2739:Reuters
2657:8449538
2541:Bibcode
2274:5152851
2251:Bibcode
2174:1247411
2086:3075550
1993:26 June
1870:Bibcode
1717:8825774
1517:Science
1483:6358713
1460:Bibcode
1396:Bibcode
1002:Amitraz
931:amitraz
289:; both
142:Genus:
122:Order:
112:Class:
3777:703157
3764:187269
3748:NZOR:
3741:109461
3689:107784
3663:194693
3624:VARRDE
3585:911468
3543:Q48564
3270:Apiary
2900:
2803:. SARE
2785:
2719:
2664:
2654:
2559:
2504:
2496:
2418:
2377:
2281:
2271:
2195:
2172:
2164:
2093:
2083:
2044:
2034:
1967:
1907:Varroa
1890:
1767:
1724:
1714:
1666:
1543:
1535:
1490:
1480:
1414:
1358:
1335:
1297:
1289:
1080:Thymol
996:Notes
959:thymol
881:where
691:, the
405:Varroa
286:Varroa
236:Varroa
196:, the
147:Varroa
25:Varroa
3671:IRMNG
3598:7X76D
3572:30313
3452:Nepal
3442:India
3402:Lists
3234:Honey
3020:Brood
2833:(PDF)
2826:(PDF)
2783:S2CID
2717:S2CID
2588:(PDF)
2557:S2CID
2502:S2CID
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