840:
609:, which approved it. Together with his friends, Hürkuş started to work on building the plane at the Halkapınar Aircraft Repair Workshop. He spent at least 16 hours a day on building the plane, sometimes sleeping less than two hours. He was only not working when despatched on long-distance duties, such as in December 1923, when he was sent to study European aviation with five other aviators, and only returned after April 1924. The aircraft was assembled in 14 months. A technical committee to certify the plane was formed, but the flight request was denied due to the lack of qualified members in the committee to assess the plane. On 28 January 1925, Hürkuş flew the K-VI for the first time, and landed back after a flight of 15 minutes. This was the first ever flight made with a Turkish-produced aircraft.
905:
754:
694:
750:. Initially he wanted to start the trainings on 27 September the same year because it was the anniversary of the first flight of the Vecihi K-XIV. This had to be delayed to at least February 1933 due to more constructions taking place, but Hürkuş continued to use 27 September as it was a symbolic date. Sixteen students signed up to the school. The same year, Hürkuş also opened his own aircraft workshop, the Vecihi Faham Airplane Building Workshop. The workshop consisted of a single hangar.
466:
590:
873:. He aimed to fly to destinations not served by others, but the airline was banned from flying after sabotages and aircraft problems. One of the planes was hijacked and taken to Bulgaria in 1955. Towards the end of his life, Hürkuş was in debt due to the insurance costs of the planes that were unable to fly; even his payments from the government for his national service were confiscated.
738:, and made talks after the flights to convince the crowd to make donations to the TTaC. The TTaC received many donations and the flights were considered to be a success. However, the TTaC fired the assistant of Hürkuş because he didn't send reports to the society. Additionally, the Vecihi K-XIV was banned from flights; both reasons caused Hürkuş to resign from the TTaC.
2922:
33:
613:
to retract his resignation. When he went to the inspector's office to do so, the inspector greeted him in a "harsh, cold and derogatory way", and he said instead that he came to finalize his resignation. Hürkuş tried to get the K-VI back, but "was met with lingering." The plane, which was left outside and not in a
2144:
734:. On 23 April 1931, the plane was certified at a nearby casino. Hürkuş flew from Czechoslovakia to Turkey with the Vecihi K-XIV, and arrived on 5 May. He flew domestically with the K-XIV to introduce aviation and held several conferences. In September 1931, he flew 5,000 kilometres (3,100 mi) through
795:
to create a new aviation project with the TTaC and have Hürkuş involved in it. The aim of this project, which was named Türkkuşu, was to train young
Turkish aviatiors. Hürkuş relocated to Ankara with one of his planes. In Ankara, he worked on the construction of Türkkuşu hangars and facilities. As
741:
Hürkuş was present at the opening ceremony of the first
Turkish aero club on 28 December 1931. He gave lectures related to aviation in the club. He was elected to be one of the board of directors of the club in February 1932. After the club was closed, Hürkuş blamed the TTaC as it had not given any
612:
Later that day, Hürkuş was notified that he had received a jail sentence for flying without a permit. This led him to resign from the air force immediately. When the general inspectorship was notified of his resignation, his sentence was lifted, "but it was too late." Another director convinced him
774:
as "the government was planning to create a modern and large institution for a wider and more fundamental dissemination of civil aviation". Hürkuş went to Ankara to contest this decision, without success. During the time the flight school was operating, Hürkuş built several more aircraft. In 1933,
649:
in the sky. The same year, he joined the TTaC committee that was formed to study
European aviation. On 3 July, he went to Europe with three other committee members, and visited aviation facilities in Germany, Denmark, Sweden, France, and Italy. The group returned to Turkey on 2 September. He was
761:
The Vecihi K-XIV was used in training and a second K-XIV was also built for the same purpose. The school received several donations, including financial support and aircraft parts, mostly from official institutions. The
General Staff of the Turkish Armed Forces gifted two aircraft in June 1933.
742:
financial support to the club. During his conferences with the TTaC, he noticed the enthusiasm of young people for aviation. He received letters from people wanting to become aviators. He first made his intentions to open a public flight school in
December 1931. The idea was approved by the
2118:
395:. He was affected by pilots who died after going to Egypt and initially made model planes. Hürkuş wanted to become a pilot himself, but he was considered to be too young. Instead, he went to an airplane mechanic school, where he learned about airplanes for the first time.
264:
After the war, Hürkuş started to work on building his own aircraft, which would become Turkey's first aircraft. He was given a jail sentence for flying the plane without a permit. Although the sentence was later suspended, it caused him to leave the air force to join the
515:, reporting that they had been bombed but did not have any casualties, and requested Turkish aircraft to respond. Shocked by his mistake, Hürkuş offered to do what the Kuva-yi Seyyare had asked. They took off again the same day, and arrived at
722:, in front of the press and a crowd. He then flew the plane to Ankara to get a flight permit, but was again denied due to the lack of qualified personnel, and was instead told to get a permit abroad. It was decided to get the permit in
2992:
339:, to customs officer Faham Bey and Zeliya Nihir Hanım. His father died when he was three years old. He went to the Üsküdar Paşakapısı primary school, followed by the Tophane Art School due to his interest in the subject. During the
819:(THK), Hürkuş joined the it again and was sent to the Weimar Engineering School in Germany in 1937. On 27 February 1939, he received a diploma in aircraft engineering from the school. He then returned to Turkey, and applied to the
2812:
762:
Hürkuş also sold advertisements to generate more revenue to fund the school. The school provided training for engined and glider aircraft, though the latter form of training was never fully implemented. Six students, including
519:
after 40 minutes, where they spotted two camps: one south and one north-east of the city. He dropped two bombs before returning to Uşak. The next morning, the Kuva-yi
Seyyare attacked the weakened Greek forces around Demirci.
2622:
457:, and returned to Istanbul on 13 May 1918 via Iran. He joined the 9th Airplane Company, tasked with defending the airspace of Istanbul, after his return. He was discharged from the military following the end of the war.
2987:
779:, he built the Vecihi K-XVI, which had a cabin, in his workshop. A boat powered by an aircraft engine, the Vecihi SK, was also constructed. The next year, Hürkuş built the Vecihi X-VI-D, a passenger seaplane.
862:, the next year, which continued for 12 issues. In 1951, he and five friends founded a company to do agricultural spraying from the air, but left it later due to a disagreement. A year later he bought a
2039:
1907:
746:. By January 1932, the location of the school was selected and construction on the hangar was almost finished. On 21 April 1932, Hürkuş officially founded Turkey's first civil aviation school, the
839:
2669:
273:
to get it certified. He used the plane to fly domestically to introduce aviation, hold conferences and collect donations for the TTaC, which he later left after his assistant was fired.
820:
2792:
2800:
422:
and crashed. Mehmet Ali had to have a leg amputated, while Hürkuş was left in critical condition and was sent to
Istanbul. After his treatment, Hürkuş attended an aviation school in
3002:
2584:
2130:
2007:
2967:
449:. Realizing that he was going to be taken as a prisoner by Russians, he burned his plane to not hand it over. He was taken to and held captive at a prisoner-of-war camp in
2957:
1351:
2293:
2972:
730:
on 6 December 1930, while his plane was still in Turkey. The plane was sent to Prague by train in
February 1931, after all the relevant documents were translated into
288:. In the 1940s, Hürkuş started writing books and publishing a magazine. He founded an airline in 1954, which was later banned from flying. He died on 16 July 1969 in
269:(TTaC), where he handed out leaflets of the TTaC after demonstration flights. In 1930, Hürkuş built his second aircraft, the Vecihi K-XIV, and had it transported to
1116:
2029:
2325:
347:. They had two daughters. He later married his childhood love İhsan Hanım, with whom he had another daughter. In 1950, he married Hadiye again. Before the
1897:
434:Şükrü Koçak are credited with shooting down a Russian aircraft in combat on 26 September 1917, which is considered the first in Turkish aviation history.
2841:
2962:
889:
743:
445:
on 8 October 1917 after making a tactical mistake by not using his altitude advantage over his opponent, causing him to make an emergency landing in
2837:
2034:
960:
547:
only had a single operational hunting aircraft, as two had been shot down and one was in need of repairs. On 19 August 1921, Hürkuş flew a captured
2893:
2639:
666:
2997:
480:, Hürkuş flew and maintained several aircraft. In June 1920, he and a few aviator friends stole a plane from occupied Istanbul to join the
955:
932:
72:
2724:
2567:
2512:
2410:
2355:
2199:
904:
2775:
2240:
2101:
1997:
237:. He was sent back to Istanbul in 1916 after suffering minor injuries in a crash. He was trained to become a pilot and, together with
2269:
2138:
935:, Turkish aviation "gained valuable experience" thanks to Hürkuş's initiatives despite the "limited resources at his disposal". The
917:
297:
2873:
677:, which were fixed on the A 35 model. Once back in Turkey, he was requested to fly passengers between Ankara and Kayseri with the
629:(TTaC) after leaving the air force. He was tasked with organizing the engineering branch of the society. In June 1925, he flew an
2952:
1946:
816:
626:
266:
191:
2217:"1925–1950 Döneminde Türk Havacılık Endüstrisi ve İkinci Dünya Savaşı Sonrası Konjonktürün Türk Havacılık Endüstrisine Etkileri"
1341:
812:. From 1935 to 1936, Hürkuş worked on building Turkey's first glider. In total, he built two: the Ankara US-4 and Ankara PS-2.
355:" throughout the 1930s. After the Surname Law, he first changed his surname to "Türküş", before altering it to Hürkuş in 1949.
2280:
2228:
925:
301:
2454:
2926:
2261:
950:
539:. The bombing runs ended on 25 March, when Hürkuş had an engine failure and was forced to return and land. Prior to the
753:
921:
869:
On 29 November 1954, Hürkuş founded his own airline named Hürkuş Hava Yolları, for which he bought former aircraft of
477:
470:
340:
254:
177:
1106:
2982:
971:) a documentary which focuses on the lives of five important Turkish people in national defense, including Hürkuş.
119:
1951:
2977:
824:
601:
By 14 June 1923, Hürkuş had finished the technical drawings of his new training and reconnaissance aircraft, the
827:
later overturned this decision and his application was approved. The THK appointed him to its branch office in
427:
2829:
896:. In his 52-year flying career, Hürkuş flew 102 types of aircraft, and stayed airborne for over 30,000 hours.
823:
to get his engineering license, but was rejected because "two years was too short to become an engineer". The
788:
881:
763:
277:
504:
503:. They were returning to the base after flying low over a valley, when Hürkuş spotted a military camp near
488:. This was unsuccessful after the plane crashed due to being overweight. He joined the aircraft station in
284:. On 27 February 1939, he received a diploma in aircraft engineering from the Weimar Engineering School in
693:
431:
419:
238:
351:, Hürkuş was called "Vecihi Feham" due to the name of his father, though he signed his planes as "Vecihi
540:
363:
980:
2947:
2942:
2858:
2482:
2442:
893:
844:
407:
348:
293:
246:
234:
207:
84:
797:
426:
and became a pilot himself. He joined 7th
Airplane Company (Tayyare Bölüğü) in December 1916 as a
241:Şükrü Koçak, became one of the first two Turkish pilots to shoot down another plane. He was taken
2885:
2716:
2614:
2559:
2504:
2402:
2347:
2289:
2191:
2079:
939:
854:, about his experience in aviation from 1915 to 1925. In 1947, he founded an aviation club named
796:
part of the project, students of his former flight school, and several other students, including
567:
flights with the plane. In 1923, Hürkuş was tasked with flying an abandoned passenger plane from
411:
321:
465:
2804:
2767:
2753:
2708:
2661:
2606:
2551:
2496:
2446:
2394:
2380:
2373:"Türk Sivil Havacılık Tarihinde Unutulmuş Bir Girişim: Aero Kulüp ve Türk Basınındaki Yansısı"
2339:
2265:
2232:
2183:
2134:
2093:
924:
and is the only person to receive this many such commendations. He is also a recipient of the
801:
767:
606:
548:
544:
511:, a part of the Turkish forces, who sent a telegraph less than an hour after Hürkuş landed at
438:
415:
124:
225:
in 1912. Upon his return from the wars, he became the commander of a prisoner-of-war camp in
2877:
2757:
2698:
2686:
2651:
2596:
2541:
2529:
2486:
2474:
2384:
2372:
2329:
2313:
2173:
2161:
2083:
1030:
870:
863:
2741:
2216:
2067:
942:
909:
641:
to the city. Throughout the trip, he handed out leaflets to settlements about the TTaC. In
305:
552:
508:
507:, and decided to drop a bomb as the tents of the camp were coloured gray. The camp was of
481:
242:
172:
776:
358:
His niece, Eribe Hürkuş, was one of Turkey's first female aviators. She was killed while
326:
2162:"Atatürk Dönemi Türk Havacılık Faaliyetleri ve Havacılık Faaliyetlerinin Gelişim Süreci"
492:
as a pilot, and he made reconnaissance and assault flights from there in support of the
391:. After the war, he was assigned as the commander of a camp holding prisoners-of-war in
221:, Hürkuş graduated from the Tophane Art School and later joined the Ottoman Army in the
1902:
1346:
1111:
1011:
985:
731:
723:
589:
564:
556:
499:
On 20 August 1920, he made a reconnaissance flight together with another aircraft near
423:
270:
203:
137:
98:
2936:
2720:
2618:
2563:
2508:
2406:
2351:
2195:
990:
946:
366:
celebrations on 29 October 1936. She was the first female aviation martyr of Turkey.
332:
309:
258:
55:
866:
from the United
Kingdom, which he used to make flights to advertise several brands.
719:
711:
410:
as a mechanic. On 12 February 1916, he made a reconnaissance flight near modern-day
809:
682:
678:
674:
493:
454:
285:
536:
245:
by Russian forces in 1917 after making an emergency landing and was confined in a
1898:"Türk havacılık tarihinin önemli isimlerinden Vecihi Hürkuş kabri başında anıldı"
276:
He founded his own flight school in 1932 and trained several students, including
2427:
2002:
828:
655:
630:
602:
584:
532:
399:
384:
359:
222:
211:
167:
2881:
2221:
Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi
559:
a month prior. He concluded that the plane was still operational, and named it
1017:
792:
450:
344:
250:
2889:
2808:
2771:
2712:
2665:
2610:
2555:
2500:
2450:
2398:
2343:
2334:
2236:
2187:
2097:
710:
In 1930, he took an extended break from TTaC. After leasing a lumber shop in
2762:
2585:"30 Ağustos Zafer ve Tayyare Bayramı Kutlamaları: Amaç, Süreç ve Kazanımlar"
2389:
936:
726:
due to the good relations between the country and Turkey. Hürkuş arrived at
2546:
2428:"Cumhuriyet Dönemi Teknik Eğitim Modernleşmesinde Tayyare Makinist Mektebi"
831:, which lacked technical feasibility. This led him to resign from the THK.
718:, in three months. He flew the plane for the first time on 16 September in
2921:
2703:
2656:
2601:
2491:
1021:, claims 10 days, while Hürkuş in his own book writes that it was 15 days.
2178:
2088:
805:
735:
699:
572:
485:
442:
336:
218:
2475:"Türkiye'nin İlk Özel Uçuş Okulu: Vecihi (Hürküş) Sivil Tayyare Mektebi"
352:
2314:"Milli Mücadele Döneminde Yunanlardan Ele Geçirilen Ganimet Tayyareler"
1941:
670:
662:
654:
of the TTaC at the time, but stopped using the title at the request of
528:
523:
In late March 1921, Hürkuş was involved in bombing Greek forces around
516:
512:
446:
403:
380:
230:
343:, Hürkuş married Hadiye Hanım, the daughter of the chief of police in
877:
727:
638:
634:
614:
568:
392:
388:
289:
226:
2068:"Tayyare Cemiyeti'nin Propaganda Faaliyetleri ve Tayyare Bayramları"
2030:"Savunma sanayii alanında başarılı 5 ismin hayatı belgesel oluyor"
903:
752:
703:
daily newspaper about the 1930 flight of his second aircraft, the
692:
646:
642:
588:
524:
500:
489:
464:
32:
2742:"Havacılık, Hava Gücünün Doğuşu ve Birinci Dünya Savaşına Etkisi"
2318:
Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi
885:
2993:
Turkish military personnel of the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)
257:, he was a pilot involved in bombing Greek forces and a minor
2988:
Turkish military personnel of the Turkish War of Independence
1810:
1808:
1764:
1762:
210:
and aviation pioneer. He built Turkey's first aircraft, the
2530:"Türk Mitolojisinin Askeri Silah Adlandırmasında Kullanımı"
296:. Hürkuş was the recipient of three commendations from the
214:, and founded the first civil flight school of the nation.
1879:
1877:
1852:
1850:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1525:
1523:
563:. During the Battle of the Sakarya, he made a total of 24
2857:
Yusufoğlu, Nedime Tuğba; Kara Pilehvarian, Nuran (2017).
1717:
1705:
1502:
1136:
1134:
1061:
1059:
1057:
685:, which were the country's first civil aviation flights.
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1371:
1369:
928:
for his work as a pilot during the War of Independence.
775:
with the help of a financial donation by fellow aviator
770:. On 17 September 1934, the school was shut down by the
673:
to produce aircraft. He detected some problems with the
2801:
Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey
2687:"Türk İstiklal Harbinde Batı Cephesi Tayyare Bölükleri"
1342:"Baştayyareci'nin kaleminden ilk yerli uçağın hikayesi"
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1320:
1318:
1221:
1219:
858:, and started publishing a monthly aviation magazine,
2131:
Union of Chambers of Turkish Engineers and Architects
1825:
1823:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1689:
1687:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
959:
by Kudret Sabancı is based on his life. In 2022, the
969:
English:The Lonely Geniuses of the Defense Industry
645:, on the way back, he made a stunt flight and drew
186:
160:
143:
133:
110:
91:
79:
62:
42:
23:
2638:Sarıkoyuncu, Ali; Açıkgöz, Erkan (November 2017).
1868:
1237:
953:(TAI), were named after him. The 2018 drama film
633:-built plane bought with donations by people in
617:, was later destroyed in unknown circumstances.
1998:"Hürkuş: Göklerdeki Kahraman gösterime giriyor"
714:with sea access, he built his second aircraft,
783:Second stint with the Turkish Aircraft Society
621:Initial work with the Turkish Aircraft Society
3003:Ottoman military personnel of the Balkan Wars
2072:Anadolu University Journal of Social Sciences
916:Hürkuş received three commendations from the
8:
2215:Bocutoğlu, Ersan; Dinçaslan, Mehmet (2014).
1984:
320:Vecihi Hürkuş was born on 6 January 1896 in
253:, from which he escaped in 1918. During the
2119:"Ulusal Havacılık Tarihimiz: Vecihi Hürkuş"
1107:"Havacılıkta ilklerin adamı: Vecihi Hürkuş"
1015:, based on Hürkuş's interview in 1925 with
418:Mehmet Ali. During the flight, their plane
2968:World War I pilots from the Ottoman Empire
1009:Exact number differs depending on source.
280:. The school was shut down in 1934 by the
31:
20:
2958:Ottoman military personnel of World War I
2761:
2702:
2655:
2600:
2545:
2490:
2388:
2333:
2177:
2087:
1928:
1883:
1856:
1814:
1768:
1570:
1558:
1529:
1514:
1490:
1423:
1335:
1333:
1140:
1100:
1098:
1065:
945:and the supersonic light combat aircraft
744:General Staff of the Turkish Armed Forces
555:, which had made an emergency landing at
2859:"Beşiktaş Tayyare Fabrikası (1936-1943)"
2166:Uluslararası Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi
2035:Turkish Radio and Television Corporation
1841:
1454:
1210:
961:Turkish Radio and Television Corporation
838:
2973:Military aviation in the Ottoman Empire
2828:Yılmazer, İbrahim Bülent (March 2021).
2435:Cumhuriyet Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi
1972:
1053:
1002:
593:The Vecihi K-VI during its production,
2899:from the original on 17 September 2022
2299:from the original on 17 September 2022
1729:
1654:
1630:
1435:
1411:
1399:
1387:
1375:
1297:
1285:
1273:
1261:
1185:
1089:
850:In 1942, Hürkuş wrote his first book,
202:(6 January 1896 – 16 July 1969) was a
2640:"Hatıratlarda Milli Mücadelede Simav"
2243:from the original on 15 February 2022
1718:Yusufoğlu & Kara Pilehvarian 2017
1706:Yusufoğlu & Kara Pilehvarian 2017
1618:
1606:
1594:
1582:
1541:
1503:Yusufoğlu & Kara Pilehvarian 2017
1478:
1466:
1324:
1309:
1249:
1225:
1173:
1077:
931:According to Abdullah Aydoğan of the
453:, but later escaped with the help of
7:
2413:from the original on 31 January 2022
2010:from the original on 25 January 2021
1829:
1799:
1780:
1753:
1741:
1693:
1678:
1666:
1642:
1354:from the original on 1 November 2020
1152:
1119:from the original on 28 January 2021
669:, who wanted to set up a factory in
2528:Mezkit Saban, Gülperi (June 2021).
2202:from the original on 5 January 2021
2160:Aydoğan, Abdullah (December 2020).
1954:from the original on 15 August 2022
689:Aircraft workshop and flight school
2778:from the original on 25 March 2020
2515:from the original on 4 August 2022
2460:from the original on 15 March 2022
2282:Türkiye'de Uçak Üretimi: 1936-1950
2104:from the original on 25 March 2020
965:Savunma Sanayiinin Yalnız Dehaları
815:After the TTaC was renamed as the
605:. He presented the project to the
14:
2844:from the original on 16 July 2022
2815:from the original on 16 July 2022
2727:from the original on 28 July 2022
2691:Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Dergisi
2672:from the original on 18 July 2022
2625:from the original on 18 July 2022
2570:from the original on 17 July 2021
2358:from the original on 16 July 2021
2288:(Master) (in Turkish). Istanbul:
2147:from the original on 16 July 2022
1910:from the original on 17 July 2022
918:Grand National Assembly of Turkey
888:. He died on 16 July 1969 at the
383:Kemal Bey, as a volunteer in the
298:Grand National Assembly of Turkey
2963:Aviators from the Ottoman Empire
2920:
2791:Yavuz, İsmail (September 2012).
2685:Ünalp, Fatma Rezzan (May 2022).
2534:Motif Akademi Halkbilimi Dergisi
2256:Hürkuş, Vecihi (December 2000).
2042:from the original on 9 June 2022
1947:Turkish Aeronautical Association
890:Gülhane Military Medical Academy
817:Turkish Aeronautical Association
192:Turkish Aeronautical Association
73:Gülhane Military Medical Academy
2838:Ministry of Culture and Tourism
2583:Öztürk, Yücel (December 2018).
2117:Avşaroğlu, Nadir (April 2007).
1896:Fırat Taşdemir (16 July 2021).
1105:İzzet Taşkıran (16 July 2018).
625:Hürkuş joined the newly formed
58:, Istanbul, Ottoman Empire
2229:Karadeniz Technical University
1869:Bocutoğlu & Dinçaslan 2014
1238:Sarıkoyuncu & Açıkgöz 2017
469:Portrait of Hürkuş during the
379:In 1912, he joined his uncle,
1:
2326:Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University
2123:Mühendislik Mimarlık Öyküleri
1340:Güç Gönel (28 January 2020).
933:Kırşehir Ahi Evran University
594:
2312:Kapucu, Davud (April 2021).
951:Turkish Aerospace Industries
912:is named after Vecihi Hürkuş
757:Hürkuş with the Vecihi K-XIV
748:Vecihi Sivil Tayyare Mektebi
661:In 1926, he was sent to the
402:started, Hürkuş was sent to
2998:Turkish Air Force personnel
2874:Yıldız Technical University
2830:"Vecihi Hürkuş (1895–1969)"
2038:(in Turkish). 7 June 2022.
2006:(in Turkish). 22 May 2018.
956:Hürkuş: Göklerdeki Kahraman
922:Turkish War of Independence
843:The grave of Hürkuş at the
478:Turkish War of Independence
471:Turkish War of Independence
461:Turkish War of Independence
375:Balkan Wars and World War I
341:Turkish War of Independence
255:Turkish War of Independence
178:Turkish War of Independence
16:Turkish aviator (1896–1969)
3019:
2882:10.5505/megaron.2017.87004
2644:Journal of History Studies
2589:Journal of History Studies
2371:Kurt, Emin (April 2021a).
2066:Aslan, Demo Ahmet (2014).
772:Müdafaa-i Milliye Vekâleti
665:factory in Germany by the
582:
441:, Hürkuş was wounded in a
282:Müdafaa-i Milliye Vekâleti
229:. In 1914, he was sent to
120:Ottoman Aviation Squadrons
2426:Kurt, Emin (June 2021b).
30:
2335:10.31463/aicusbed.871271
2258:Bir Tayyarecinin Anıları
835:Later ventures and death
821:Ministry of Public Works
627:Turkish Aircraft Society
428:non-commissioned officer
267:Turkish Aircraft Society
2953:Engineers from Istanbul
2763:10.1501/Tite_0000000455
2390:10.46955/ankuayd.943776
920:for his service in the
882:intracranial hemorrhage
316:Early and personal life
2740:Yalçın, Osman (2016).
2547:10.12981/mahder.925705
963:(TRT) started filming
913:
892:. He is buried at the
847:
758:
707:
598:
579:First Turkish airplane
535:after taking off from
531:multiple times with a
473:
292:and was buried at the
2834:Atatürk Ansiklopedisi
2704:10.33419/aamd.1114099
2657:10.9737/hist.2017.555
2602:10.9737/hist.2018.684
2492:10.33431/belgi.959050
2279:Işık, Zekiye (2016).
926:Medal of Independence
907:
884:, which put him in a
880:, Hürkuş suffered an
842:
789:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
756:
696:
592:
541:Battle of the Sakarya
468:
312:are named after him.
302:Medal of Independence
233:as a mechanic in the
2929:at Wikimedia Commons
2799:(in Turkish) (538).
2746:Atatürk Yolu Dergisi
2483:Pamukkale University
2443:Hacettepe University
2377:Atatürk Yolu Dergisi
2262:Yapı Kredi Yayınları
2179:10.47088/utad.785945
2089:10.18037/ausbd.32859
949:, both developed by
894:Cebeci Asri Cemetery
845:Cebeci Asri Cemetery
764:Bedriye Tahir Gökmen
414:with another pilot,
408:Mesopotamia campaign
294:Cebeci Asri Cemetery
278:Bedriye Tahir Gökmen
235:Mesopotamia campaign
153:9th Airplane Company
150:7th Airplane Company
85:Cebeci Asri Cemetery
2481:(in Turkish) (22).
2473:Kurt, Emin (2022).
2379:(in Turkish) (68).
1732:, pp. 318–319.
1597:, pp. 554–555.
1469:, pp. 782–783.
1390:, pp. 173–174.
1264:, pp. 113–115.
667:Ministry of Defense
37:Hürkuş in the 1930s
2290:Marmara University
2080:Anadolu University
981:Ahmet Ali Çelikten
914:
856:Kanatlılar Birliği
848:
759:
708:
599:
474:
387:, and was sent to
2983:Aviation pioneers
2925:Media related to
2754:Ankara University
2381:Ankara University
1985:Mezkit Saban 2021
1817:, pp. 45–46.
1771:, pp. 44–45.
1493:, pp. 41–42.
800:, were sent to a
607:Turkish Air Force
549:de Havilland DH.9
545:Turkish Air Force
439:Caucasus campaign
416:senior lieutenant
208:aviation engineer
197:
196:
125:Turkish Air Force
3010:
2978:Turkish aviators
2924:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2898:
2863:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2793:"İlk Türk Uçağı"
2787:
2785:
2783:
2765:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2706:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2659:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2604:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2549:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2494:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2459:
2432:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2392:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2337:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2298:
2287:
2275:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2181:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2091:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2015:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1854:
1845:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1818:
1812:
1803:
1797:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1766:
1757:
1751:
1745:
1739:
1733:
1727:
1721:
1715:
1709:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1664:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1573:, p. 53–54.
1568:
1562:
1556:
1545:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1482:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1397:
1391:
1385:
1379:
1373:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1337:
1328:
1322:
1313:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1259:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1223:
1214:
1208:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1156:
1150:
1144:
1138:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1102:
1093:
1087:
1081:
1075:
1069:
1063:
1037:
1028:
1022:
1007:
940:trainer aircraft
871:Turkish Airlines
825:Council of State
697:A news story on
596:
330:
112:
75:, Ankara, Turkey
69:
52:
50:
35:
21:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3008:
3007:
2933:
2932:
2917:
2912:
2911:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2861:
2856:
2847:
2845:
2827:
2818:
2816:
2797:Bilim ve Teknik
2790:
2781:
2779:
2739:
2730:
2728:
2697:(105): 55–100.
2684:
2675:
2673:
2637:
2628:
2626:
2582:
2573:
2571:
2540:(34): 484–493.
2527:
2518:
2516:
2472:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2430:
2425:
2416:
2414:
2370:
2361:
2359:
2311:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2285:
2278:
2272:
2255:
2246:
2244:
2214:
2205:
2203:
2159:
2150:
2148:
2141:
2116:
2107:
2105:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2045:
2043:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2013:
2011:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1983:
1979:
1971:
1967:
1957:
1955:
1942:"Vecihi Hürküş"
1940:
1939:
1935:
1927:
1923:
1913:
1911:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1882:
1875:
1867:
1863:
1855:
1848:
1840:
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1748:
1740:
1736:
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1692:
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1605:
1601:
1593:
1589:
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1540:
1536:
1528:
1521:
1513:
1509:
1501:
1497:
1489:
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1477:
1473:
1465:
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1442:
1434:
1430:
1422:
1418:
1410:
1406:
1398:
1394:
1386:
1382:
1374:
1367:
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1323:
1316:
1308:
1304:
1296:
1292:
1284:
1280:
1272:
1268:
1260:
1256:
1248:
1244:
1236:
1232:
1224:
1217:
1209:
1192:
1184:
1180:
1172:
1159:
1151:
1147:
1139:
1132:
1122:
1120:
1104:
1103:
1096:
1088:
1084:
1076:
1072:
1064:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1040:
1029:
1025:
1008:
1004:
999:
977:
902:
837:
785:
691:
623:
587:
581:
553:Greek Air Force
509:Kuva-yi Seyyare
482:Kuva-yi Milliye
463:
398:In 1914, after
377:
372:
370:Military career
324:
318:
206:fighter pilot,
187:Other work
182:
173:First World War
156:
129:
106:
87:
71:
67:
54:
48:
46:
38:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3016:
3014:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2935:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2916:
2915:External links
2913:
2910:
2909:
2868:(in Turkish).
2854:
2836:(in Turkish).
2825:
2788:
2748:(in Turkish).
2737:
2693:(in Turkish).
2682:
2650:(4): 157–181.
2646:(in Turkish).
2635:
2595:(9): 231–244.
2591:(in Turkish).
2580:
2536:(in Turkish).
2525:
2470:
2437:(in Turkish).
2423:
2368:
2320:(in Turkish).
2309:
2276:
2270:
2260:(in Turkish).
2253:
2223:(in Turkish).
2212:
2168:(in Turkish).
2157:
2139:
2125:(in Turkish).
2114:
2074:(in Turkish).
2062:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2021:
1989:
1987:, p. 489.
1977:
1965:
1933:
1929:Avşaroğlu 2007
1921:
1903:Anadolu Agency
1888:
1884:Avşaroğlu 2007
1873:
1871:, p. 161.
1861:
1857:Avşaroğlu 2007
1846:
1834:
1819:
1815:Avşaroğlu 2007
1804:
1785:
1773:
1769:Avşaroğlu 2007
1758:
1746:
1734:
1722:
1720:, p. 258.
1710:
1708:, p. 251.
1698:
1683:
1671:
1659:
1657:, p. 316.
1647:
1635:
1633:, p. 311.
1623:
1621:, p. 563.
1611:
1609:, p. 556.
1599:
1587:
1585:, p. 548.
1575:
1571:Avşaroğlu 2007
1563:
1559:Avşaroğlu 2007
1546:
1544:, p. 145.
1534:
1530:Avşaroğlu 2007
1519:
1515:Avşaroğlu 2007
1507:
1505:, p. 256.
1495:
1491:Avşaroğlu 2007
1483:
1481:, p. 786.
1471:
1459:
1440:
1438:, p. 234.
1428:
1424:Avşaroğlu 2007
1416:
1414:, p. 302.
1404:
1402:, p. 178.
1392:
1380:
1378:, p. 173.
1365:
1347:Anadolu Agency
1329:
1314:
1302:
1300:, p. 154.
1290:
1288:, p. 143.
1278:
1276:, p. 139.
1266:
1254:
1242:
1240:, p. 170.
1230:
1215:
1190:
1188:, p. 222.
1178:
1157:
1145:
1141:Avşaroğlu 2007
1130:
1112:Anadolu Agency
1094:
1082:
1070:
1066:Avşaroğlu 2007
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1023:
1012:Anadolu Agency
1001:
1000:
998:
995:
994:
993:
988:
986:Anthony Fokker
983:
976:
973:
901:
898:
836:
833:
784:
781:
724:Czechoslovakia
690:
687:
622:
619:
583:Main article:
580:
577:
565:reconnaissance
462:
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271:Czechoslovakia
195:
194:
190:Member of the
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138:First Sergeant
135:
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107:
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104:
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99:Ottoman Empire
95:
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83:
81:
77:
76:
70:(aged 73)
64:
60:
59:
53:6 January 1896
44:
40:
39:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
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3:
2:
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2999:
2996:
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2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
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2946:
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2941:
2940:
2938:
2928:
2927:Vecihi Hürkuş
2923:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2860:
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2714:
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2535:
2531:
2526:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2479:Belgi Dergisi
2476:
2471:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2429:
2424:
2412:
2408:
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2273:
2271:9789750802195
2267:
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2259:
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2222:
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2213:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
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2171:
2167:
2163:
2158:
2146:
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2140:9789944895750
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2037:
2036:
2031:
2025:
2022:
2009:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1978:
1975:, p. 79.
1974:
1969:
1966:
1953:
1949:
1948:
1943:
1937:
1934:
1931:, p. 49.
1930:
1925:
1922:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1899:
1892:
1889:
1886:, p. 48.
1885:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1862:
1859:, p. 47.
1858:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1842:Yılmazer 2021
1838:
1835:
1832:, p. 57.
1831:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1802:, p. 56.
1801:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1783:, p. 74.
1782:
1777:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1756:, p. 73.
1755:
1750:
1747:
1744:, p. 72.
1743:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1699:
1696:, p. 71.
1695:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1681:, p. 70.
1680:
1675:
1672:
1669:, p. 68.
1668:
1663:
1660:
1656:
1651:
1648:
1645:, p. 66.
1644:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1564:
1561:, p. 44.
1560:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1535:
1532:, p. 43.
1531:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1517:, p. 42.
1516:
1511:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1455:Yılmazer 2021
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1429:
1426:, p. 41.
1425:
1420:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1384:
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1377:
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1353:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1327:, p. 27.
1326:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1312:, p. 25.
1311:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1255:
1252:, p. 68.
1251:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1231:
1228:, p. 24.
1227:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1211:Yılmazer 2021
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1179:
1176:, p. 58.
1175:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1155:, p. 49.
1154:
1149:
1146:
1143:, p. 46.
1142:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1083:
1080:, p. 26.
1079:
1074:
1071:
1068:, p. 39.
1067:
1062:
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1058:
1054:
1048:
1043:
1036:
1035:Baş Tayyareci
1032:
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1024:
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991:Fesa Evrensev
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799:
798:Sabiha Gökçen
794:
790:
782:
780:
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773:
769:
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755:
751:
749:
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739:
737:
733:
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706:
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650:known as the
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259:friendly fire
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200:Vecihi Hürkuş
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57:
45:
41:
34:
29:
25:Vecihi Hürkuş
22:
19:
2903:17 September
2901:. Retrieved
2869:
2865:
2846:. Retrieved
2833:
2817:. Retrieved
2796:
2780:. Retrieved
2749:
2745:
2729:. Retrieved
2694:
2690:
2674:. Retrieved
2647:
2643:
2627:. Retrieved
2592:
2588:
2572:. Retrieved
2537:
2533:
2517:. Retrieved
2478:
2462:. Retrieved
2438:
2434:
2415:. Retrieved
2376:
2360:. Retrieved
2321:
2317:
2303:17 September
2301:. Retrieved
2281:
2257:
2245:. Retrieved
2224:
2220:
2204:. Retrieved
2172:(2): 69–81.
2169:
2165:
2149:. Retrieved
2126:
2122:
2106:. Retrieved
2075:
2071:
2058:Bibliography
2046:17 September
2044:. Retrieved
2033:
2024:
2014:17 September
2012:. Retrieved
2001:
1992:
1980:
1973:Aydoğan 2020
1968:
1958:10 September
1956:. Retrieved
1945:
1936:
1924:
1912:. Retrieved
1901:
1891:
1864:
1844:, p. 3.
1837:
1776:
1749:
1737:
1725:
1713:
1701:
1674:
1662:
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1626:
1614:
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1578:
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1510:
1498:
1486:
1474:
1462:
1457:, p. 2.
1431:
1419:
1407:
1395:
1383:
1356:. Retrieved
1345:
1305:
1293:
1281:
1269:
1257:
1245:
1233:
1213:, p. 1.
1181:
1148:
1121:. Retrieved
1110:
1092:, p. 1.
1085:
1073:
1034:
1026:
1016:
1010:
1005:
968:
964:
954:
930:
915:
875:
868:
859:
855:
851:
849:
814:
810:Soviet Union
786:
777:Nuri Demirağ
771:
760:
747:
740:
716:Vecihi K-XIV
715:
709:
705:Vecihi K-XIV
704:
698:
683:Junkers F 13
679:Junkers G 23
675:Junkers A 20
660:
652:Head Aviator
651:
624:
611:
600:
560:
522:
498:
494:Turkish Army
475:
455:Azerbaijanis
436:
397:
378:
364:Republic Day
357:
319:
281:
275:
263:
216:
199:
198:
161:Battles/wars
68:(1969-07-16)
66:16 July 1969
18:
2948:1969 deaths
2943:1896 births
2876:: 249–262.
2756:: 181–236.
2445:: 775–810.
2383:: 531–572.
2328:: 107–126.
2231:: 157–173.
2082:: 141–150.
1730:Hürkuş 2000
1655:Hürkuş 2000
1631:Hürkuş 2000
1436:Öztürk 2018
1412:Hürkuş 2000
1400:Hürkuş 2000
1388:Hürkuş 2000
1376:Hürkuş 2000
1298:Hürkuş 2000
1286:Hürkuş 2000
1274:Hürkuş 2000
1262:Kapucu 2021
1186:Yalçın 2016
1090:Hürkuş 2000
768:solo flight
656:Recep Peker
603:Vecihi K-VI
585:Vecihi K-VI
533:Pfalz D.III
505:Kelemyenice
476:During the
437:During the
406:during the
400:World War I
385:Balkan Wars
362:during the
360:parachuting
349:Surname Law
325: [
322:Akıntıburnu
223:Balkan Wars
212:Vecihi K-VI
168:Balkan Wars
2937:Categories
1619:Kurt 2021a
1607:Kurt 2021a
1595:Kurt 2021a
1583:Kurt 2021a
1542:Aslan 2014
1479:Kurt 2021b
1467:Kurt 2021b
1325:Yavuz 2012
1310:Yavuz 2012
1250:Ünalp 2022
1226:Yavuz 2012
1174:Ünalp 2022
1078:Yavuz 2012
1044:References
1018:Resimli Ay
910:TAI Hürkuş
860:Kanatlılar
804:school in
793:Fuat Bulca
333:Arnavutköy
261:incident.
92:Allegiance
56:Arnavutköy
49:1896-01-06
2890:1309-6915
2809:1300-3380
2803:: 24–27.
2772:1303-5290
2721:248682642
2713:1011-727X
2666:1309-4173
2619:188400975
2611:1309-4173
2564:236259769
2556:1308-4445
2509:250161684
2501:2146-4456
2485:: 61–91.
2451:1305-1458
2407:236355099
2399:1303-5290
2352:233645973
2344:2149-3006
2237:2146-3727
2196:234371442
2188:2618-5873
2133:: 39–49.
2098:1303-0876
1830:Işık 2016
1800:Işık 2016
1781:Kurt 2022
1754:Kurt 2022
1742:Kurt 2022
1694:Kurt 2022
1679:Kurt 2022
1667:Kurt 2022
1643:Kurt 2022
1153:Işık 2016
1049:Citations
937:turboprop
876:While in
864:Proctor V
852:Havalarda
787:In 1935,
766:, made a
720:Fikirtepe
537:Eskişehir
430:. He and
412:Palestine
2894:Archived
2842:Archived
2813:Archived
2776:Archived
2725:Archived
2670:Archived
2623:Archived
2568:Archived
2519:4 August
2513:Archived
2455:Archived
2411:Archived
2356:Archived
2294:Archived
2241:Archived
2206:4 August
2200:Archived
2145:Archived
2102:Archived
2040:Archived
2008:Archived
2003:Hürriyet
1952:Archived
1908:Archived
1352:Archived
1117:Archived
975:See also
806:Koktebel
736:Anatolia
700:Milliyet
681:and the
557:Kuşadası
486:Anatolia
443:dogfight
424:Yeşilköy
337:Istanbul
300:and the
243:prisoner
219:Istanbul
217:Born in
111:Service/
2866:Megaron
2848:16 July
2819:16 July
2782:28 July
2731:28 July
2676:18 July
2629:18 July
2574:18 July
2464:18 July
2417:28 July
2362:16 July
2247:16 July
2151:16 July
2108:18 July
1914:18 July
1358:21 July
1123:22 July
1031:Turkish
712:Kadıköy
671:Kayseri
663:Junkers
647:helixes
631:Ansaldo
551:of the
529:Bilecik
517:Demirci
447:Erzurum
432:captain
420:stalled
404:Baghdad
381:Colonel
345:Akşehir
286:Germany
239:captain
231:Baghdad
204:Turkish
2888:
2872:(10).
2807:
2770:
2752:(59).
2719:
2711:
2664:
2617:
2609:
2562:
2554:
2507:
2499:
2449:
2441:(34).
2405:
2397:
2350:
2342:
2268:
2235:
2194:
2186:
2137:
2096:
947:Hürjet
943:Hürkuş
900:Legacy
878:Ankara
802:glider
791:asked
728:Prague
639:Ankara
635:Ceyhan
615:hangar
569:Edirne
543:, the
451:Nargin
393:Beykoz
389:Edirne
353:Kartal
310:Hürjet
306:Hürkuş
290:Ankara
251:Nargin
227:Beykoz
113:branch
103:Turkey
80:Buried
2897:(PDF)
2886:eISSN
2862:(PDF)
2717:S2CID
2615:S2CID
2560:S2CID
2505:S2CID
2458:(PDF)
2431:(PDF)
2403:S2CID
2348:S2CID
2324:(1).
2297:(PDF)
2286:(PDF)
2227:(7).
2192:S2CID
2078:(3).
997:Notes
732:Czech
643:Adana
637:from
573:İzmir
561:İsmet
525:Bursa
501:Simav
490:Konya
329:]
2905:2022
2850:2022
2821:2022
2805:ISSN
2784:2022
2768:ISSN
2733:2022
2709:ISSN
2678:2022
2662:ISSN
2631:2022
2607:ISSN
2576:2022
2552:ISSN
2521:2022
2497:ISSN
2466:2022
2447:ISSN
2419:2022
2395:ISSN
2364:2022
2340:ISSN
2305:2022
2266:ISBN
2249:2022
2233:ISSN
2208:2022
2184:ISSN
2153:2022
2135:ISBN
2110:2022
2094:ISSN
2048:2022
2016:2022
1960:2022
1916:2022
1360:2022
1125:2022
908:The
886:coma
597:1924
527:and
513:Uşak
308:and
247:camp
144:Unit
134:Rank
63:Died
43:Born
2878:doi
2758:doi
2699:doi
2652:doi
2597:doi
2542:doi
2487:doi
2385:doi
2330:doi
2174:doi
2084:doi
967:, (
829:Van
571:to
484:in
249:in
2939::
2892:.
2884:.
2870:12
2864:.
2840:.
2832:.
2811:.
2795:.
2774:.
2766:.
2750:15
2744:.
2723:.
2715:.
2707:.
2695:38
2689:.
2668:.
2660:.
2642:.
2621:.
2613:.
2605:.
2593:10
2587:.
2566:.
2558:.
2550:.
2538:14
2532:.
2511:.
2503:.
2495:.
2477:.
2453:.
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2433:.
2409:.
2401:.
2393:.
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2354:.
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2316:.
2292:.
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2219:.
2198:.
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2164:.
2143:.
2129:.
2121:.
2100:.
2092:.
2076:14
2070:.
2032:.
2000:.
1950:.
1944:.
1906:.
1900:.
1876:^
1849:^
1822:^
1807:^
1788:^
1761:^
1686:^
1549:^
1522:^
1443:^
1368:^
1350:.
1344:.
1332:^
1317:^
1218:^
1193:^
1160:^
1133:^
1115:.
1109:.
1097:^
1056:^
1033::
808:,
658:.
595:c.
575:.
496:.
335:,
331:,
327:tr
304:.
2907:.
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2852:.
2823:.
2786:.
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2654::
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2599::
2578:.
2544::
2523:.
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2307:.
2274:.
2251:.
2225:4
2210:.
2176::
2170:4
2155:.
2127:3
2112:.
2086::
2050:.
2018:.
1962:.
1918:.
1362:.
1127:.
51:)
47:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
