482:
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2026:(1738). "Philosophical experiments: containing useful, and necessary instructions for such as undertake long voyages at sea. Shewing how sea-water may be made fresh and wholsome: and how fresh water may be preserv'd sweet. How biscuit, corn, &c. may be secured from the weevel, meggots, and other insects. And flesh preserv'd in hot climates, by salting animals whole. To which is added, an account of several experiments and observations on chalybeate or steel-waters ... which were read before the Royal-society, at several of their meetings", London: W. Innys and R. Manby
960:(1578–1657), the first precise definition of the capacity of a heart. He bled a sheep to death and then led a gun-barrel from the neck vessels into the still-beating heart. Through this, he filled the hollow chambers with molten wax and then measured from the resultant cast the volume of the heartbeat and the minute-volume of the heart, which he calculated from the pulse-beat. Besides this, Stephen Hales was also the first, in 1727, to determine arterial blood pressure, when he measured the rise in a column of blood in a glass tube bound into an artery."
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390:, Pope reportedly said of Hales: "He commits most of these barbarities with the thought of its being of use to man. But how do we know that we have a right to kill creatures that we are so little above as dogs, for our curiosity, or even for some use to us?". Pope, however was also a close friend of Hales and considered him the model of the man who loves his God.
497:. He selected his favorite topic – "The Wisdom and Goodness of God in the formation of Man". Hales died in his 84th year at Teddington on 4 January 1761 after a short illness. At his own request he was buried under the tower of the church where he had worked for so many years. A monument to Hales was raised by Princess Augusta in the south transept of
348:
in 1711. Hales remained in
Teddington for the rest of his life, except for occasional visits to his other parishes. He was an assiduous minister – in addition to parish duties he enlarged and repaired the church and commissioned a new water supply for the village – and well regarded although there is
605:
Hales also described experiments that showed that "... air freely enters plants, not only with the principal fund of nourishment by the roots, but also thro' the surface of their trunks and leaves". While Hales' work on the chemistry of air appears primitive by modern standards, its importance was
658:
of animals and accompanying measurement of blood pressure. In a horse he observed that as death approached "the Mare fell into cold and clammy sweats". In addition, Hales took wax casts of the ventricle of the heart and estimated how much blood was pumped by the heart; correctly described the
920:, most notably 'A Friendly Admonition to the Drinker of Brandy and other Distilled Spirituous Liquors'. and also lobbied Parliament. Hales was not opposed to all alcoholic beverages but felt strongly that spirits, and gin in particular, were as he termed it 'The Bane of the Nation'.
589:
theory of water movement in plants, although his ideas were not understood at the time, so he did not influence the debate on water transport in plants in the 19th century. He also speculated that plants might use light as a source of energy for growth (i.e.
952:"The credit for carrying out the first catheterization of the heart of a living animal for a definite experimental purpose is due to an English parson, the Reverend Stephen Hales. This scientifically interested layman undertook in Tordington (
2075:(Twickenham: Borough of Twickenham Local History Society, 2004). This work contains reconstructions of the enlargement of St Mary's Church, Hale's copyhold parsonage house and a map of his drainage scheme (Map by Ken Howe).
835:. In 1723 Bray became ill and appointed trustees, including Hales, to administer a bequest from Abel Tassin, Sieur d’Allone for 'The Conversion of Negroes Slaves in the West Indies'. Subsequently, Hales was also appointed a
766:
was thought to be a cause of ill-health and death in the 18th century. Death and disease were common in overcrowded ships and prisons. Hales was one of several people in the early 18th century (other notable inventors being
798:
Hales also experimented with ways of distilling fresh water from sea water; preserving water and meat on sea-voyages; measuring depths at sea; measuring high temperatures; and wrote on a range of subjects including
897:
581:. This allowed Hales to compare the calculated influx of water into the plant with the amount of water leaving the plant by transpiration through the leaves. He also measured 'the force of the sap' or
2215:
650:
of dogs using molten lead and measuring the water lost due to breathing. Most famously, Hales made measurements of blood pressure in several animal species by inserting fine tubes into
423:
Hales's fame as a scientist grew from 1718 onwards, and by the mid part of the 18th century he had achieved an international reputation. He was one of the eight
Foreign Members of the
675:; explained the pulsations of arteries in terms of their elasticity and attributed the resistance to blood flow to friction due to the passage of blood through small blood vessels.
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In 1720 he married Mary Newce, but she died the following year, probably in childbirth; there were no children and he never remarried. In 1723 he was installed as rector of
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1830:
Boss, J M (1978). "A collection of some observations on bills of mortality & parish registers: an unpublished manuscript by
Stephen Hales, F.R.S. (1677–1761)".
2208:
585:. Hales commented that "plants very probably draw through their leaves some part of their nourishment from the air". In Vegetable Staticks Hales prefigured the
791:. They were widely installed in ships, prisons and mines and were successful in reducing disease, and aerating the lower decks of Royal Navy vessels to combat
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1189:
851:) foreigners. Hales may well have felt a personal commitment to this scheme since his brothers had been imprisoned for debt following the failure of the
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Joseph Spence, Observations, anecdotes, and characters of books and men collected from conversation, ed. James M. Osborn (Oxford, 1966), vol. 1, p. 118.
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159:(17 September 1677 – 4 January 1761) was an English clergyman who made major contributions to a range of scientific fields including
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885:, Hales learnt of the problems resulting from overcrowding of ships and this spurred him to invent a ship ventilator and undertake experiments to
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and Hales was one of the twenty one members of the Board of
Trustees. The colony of Georgia was notable for its prohibition of slavery and rum.
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and measuring the height to which the column of blood rose. Hales also described the effects of hemorrhage and hemorrhagic shock by progressive
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522:
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1942:
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Account of a useful discovery to distill double the usual quantity of sea-water, by blowing showers of air up through the distilling liquor
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1214:
231:, and his wife, Mary (née Wood), and was one of twelve or possibly thirteen children. Thomas Hales (died 1692) predeceased his father,
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2309:
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to collect gases over water is also considered a major technical advance. Modified forms of the pneumatic trough were later used by
255:
2092:
1395:"The In/visible Woman: Mariangela Ardinghelli and the Circulation of Knowledge between Paris and Naples in the Eighteenth Century"
638:
Hales began his work on animal physiology with
William Stuckeley while in Cambridge, although much of it was published only after
2436:
2114:
1056:
1128:
Archibald Edmund Clark-Kennedy. Stephen Hales, D.D., F.R.S.: an eighteenth century biography. Cambridge
University Press, 1929.
748:
412:(which he held alongside Teddington by employing a curate in Farringdon). Hales spent his summers there and became a friend of
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475:
463:
432:
31:
236:
232:
2100:
For Hales's association with the
Society of Arts see David G.C. Allan, 'Founder of the Society of Arts' group article in
1900:
819:
Stephen Hales standing on the extreme left, behind chair, and the
Trustees of the colony of Georgia receiving the Indians
278:
while in
Cambridge. Hales was admitted as a Fellow of Corpus Christi in 1703, the same year as he obtained the degree of
2406:
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317:
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2301:
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768:
490:
1203:
Dawson, P. M. The
Biography of Stephen Hales, D.D., F.R.S. The Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin, 1904; 15 (159): 1–19.
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2013:
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780:
459:
424:
176:
299:
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For a calendar of manuscript correspondence and writing of Stephen Hales see: D.G.C. Allan and R.E. Schofield,
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729:
526:
350:
1901:"Nobel Lecture, The Role of Heart Catheterization and Angiocardiography in the Development of Modern Medicine"
466:, both of whom were interested in gardening and botany. He gave Princess Augusta advice on the development of
823:
After the death of his wife, Hales became increasingly involved in philanthropic causes. In 1722 he became a
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240:
164:
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2073:
Science, Philanthropy and Religion in 18th century Teddington: Stephen Hales DD, FRS, (1677–1761)
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appeared. Hales and Stuckeley performed a wide range of studies including making casts of the
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2068:(London: Scolar Press, 1980), p. 178, and for his published writing see ibid p. 191
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libraries in the American colonies. These charities became incorporated into a scheme led by
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to establish a charitable colony for the poor, 'honest industrious debtors' and persecuted (
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295:
294:. He continued his theological and other studies in Cambridge, where he became friends with
271:
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some evidence that his experimental work on animal physiology was viewed with misgivings.
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386:, a renowned dog lover, also criticized Hales's work. In conversation with his friend,
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279:
228:
172:
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1795:
Geist, D. C. (1972). "An English clergyman and environmental health (Stephen Hales)".
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in the hulls. Hales' ventilators were also used in preserving foods and drying grain.
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573:– the loss of water from the leaves of plants. He estimated the surface area of the
553:
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1859:
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Great Scientific Experiments: Twenty Experiments that Changed Our View of the World
909:
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224:
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awards the Stephen Hales Prize annually to a scientist for work in plant biology.
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17:
1353:'The Abbey Scientists' Hall, A.R. p21: London; Roger & Robert Nicholson; 1966
690:. This aim was unsuccessful but as part of this work he developed a double lumen
439:
in 1739 and also became a public figure as a result of his campaigns against the
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Floto F. Stephen Hales and the cohesion theory. Trends Plant Sci. 1999;4(6):209.
832:
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and left Cambridge, although he retained his Fellowship until 1718. He became a
267:
208:
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1960:"Stephen Hales: Theologian, botanist, physiologist, discoverer of hemodynamics"
1699:
1434:"Stephen Hales: theologian, botanist, physiologist, discoverer of hemodynamics"
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2078:
For a general assessment see: David G.C. Allan, Hales, Stephen (1677–1761) in
2030:
Parascandola, John; Ihde, Aaron J. (1969). "History of the Pneumatic Trough".
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341:
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283:
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168:
141:
98:
1873:
Richard I. Shelling (1939). "Benjamin Franklin and the Dr. Bray Associates".
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1418:
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Felts, J. H. (1977). "Stephen Hales and the measurement of blood pressure".
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At the age of seventy Hales was chosen by the president and fellows of the
478:, following the death of Prince Frederick, a post he held until his death.
55:
1985:
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1717:
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2189:(Subscription ed.). Canterbury: Cross & Jackman. pp. 60–61.
1628:
1588:
Lewis, O. (1994). "Stephen Hales and the measurement of blood pressure".
1553:
West, J. B. (1984). "Stephen Hales: neglected respiratory physiologist".
1340:
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In the Epistle to a Lady, 1. 198: Works of Pope (Twickenham edn.) iii (2)
788:
694:
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including his attempts to find substances that could be used to dissolve
672:
647:
402:
263:
259:
2020:, London: W. and J. Innys – from the Missouri Botanical Garden's library
1886:
1193:. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 834.
2071:
For Hales's work as parish priest of Teddington see: David G.C. Allan,
1645:
Macklem PT (2010). "Stephen Hales, an unrecognized giant of medicine".
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871:
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698:
691:
598:'s suggestion that "gross bodies and light" might be interconvertible.
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1998:
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329:
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258:(or St Benedict's as it was then known) in 1696. Although he was an
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1527:
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912:. He wrote a number of anonymous tracts against the consumption of
787:, usually worked by hand, although larger versions were powered by
2180:
1999:
Awards and Funding – Awards – American Society of Plant Biologists
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814:
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739:
725:
552:
480:
428:
316:
2102:
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online supplement, 2008)
1514:
Dobbs, J.T. (1982). "Newton's Alchemy and His Theory of Matter".
1487:
1733:"Editorial: Stephen Hales, September 17, 1677 – January 4, 1761"
898:
Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce
890:
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705:
578:
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212:
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studying divinity, Hales would have received his degree in the
1481:
1479:
1477:
913:
803:; methods of preventing the spread of fires; and comparative
298:
who was studying medicine. He attended chemistry lectures by
541:
including the measurement of the "force of the blood", i.e.
2138:. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
485:
Monument for Stephen Hales at St Mary's church, Teddington
1903:. Nobel Prize.org (Official website of the Nobel Prize)
908:. Hales was also active in the movement to promote the
744:
Image of a Ventilation Bellows devised by Stephen Hales
2087:
For the 2009 celebration of his life and work see The
783:
to improve air quality. Hales' ventilators were large
493:
to preach the annual Crounian Sermon in the church of
60:
Stephen Hales, aged 82, by J. McArdell after T. Hudson
1300:
1298:
405:, a post he held alongside the curacy of Teddington.
577:
of the plant and the length and surface area of the
458:
In his later years he received frequent visits from
545:. Translated and annotated by Ardinghelli in 1756.
124:
106:
87:
65:
41:
1926:
1875:The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography
1768:British Naval Administration in the Age of Walpole
1765:
999:(in French). Paris: Charles-Nicolas Poirion. 1744.
1832:Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London
1124:
678:Hales also described a diverse range of work in
521:and chemistry; it was translated into French by
353:included a verse in his poem The Boat on Hales:
219:. He was the sixth son of Thomas Hales, heir to
175:. He also invented several devices, including a
1365:. Westminster Abbey. Retrieved on 15 June 2013.
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1120:
1118:
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1114:
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1110:
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950:
517:(1727), contains an account of experiments in
191:. In addition to these achievements, he was a
2209:
2151:"Archival material relating to Stephen Hales"
807:in relationship to rural and urban parishes.
8:
2472:Burials at St Mary with St Alban, Teddington
2467:Fellows of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge
2066:Stephen Hales. Scientist and philanthropist
1060:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
2462:Alumni of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge
2118:. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
1488:"Stephen Hales and the practice of science"
1155:Stephen Hales, Scientist and philanthropist
1148:
1146:
1144:
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1140:
1138:
1136:
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704:Hales's work on the growth pattern of long
27:English clergyman and scientist (1677–1761)
2216:
2202:
2194:
2159:
1929:Science in the British Colonies of America
1640:
1638:
393:In 1718 Hales was elected a fellow of the
54:
38:
30:For other people named Stephen Hales, see
2447:Members of the French Academy of Sciences
2001:. My.aspb.org. Retrieved on 15 June 2012.
1975:
1933:. University of Illinois Press. pp.
1748:
1707:
1684:"The impact of Stephen Hales on medicine"
1449:
1330:
1233:
829:Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge
701:to enable the removal of urinary stones.
549:Plant physiology and the chemistry of air
372:And stripped the Skins from living Frogs,
1688:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
896:Hales was one of the co-founders of the
881:As a result of his involvement with the
2081:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1057:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1046:
956:) in 1710, 53 years after the death of
332:and on 10 August 1709 he was appointed
1772:. Princeton University Press. p.
1082:
1071:
889:fresh water from sea water and to use
523:Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon
397:and in the same year became rector of
369:To lingering death put Mares and Dogs,
1388:
1386:
1272:. Courier Corporation. pp. 58–.
366:Weighed moisture in a pair of scales,
171:. He was the first person to measure
7:
2059:Stephen Hales at the Galileo Project
982:American Society of Plant Biologists
314:is presumed to date from that time.
302:while at Cambridge. His interest in
839:for Bray's legacy for establishing
363:Where the good Pastor Stephen Hales
243:to the baronetcy in December 1693.
235:; therefore Sir Robert's grandson,
2061:— details on Hales's life and work
378:To search or sometimes to torment.
375:Nature, he loved, her Works intent
328:In 1709 he was ordained Priest at
25:
537:(1733), describes experiments on
533:in 1750-1752. The second volume,
357:Green Teddington's serene retreat
256:Corpus Christi College, Cambridge
2115:Dictionary of National Biography
1797:Archives of Environmental Health
893:to preserve meat on board ship.
431:and was elected a member of the
1486:Brown S and Simcock DC (2011).
1009:. Londone: Richard Manby. 1756.
470:, and in 1751 he was appointed
2452:Recipients of the Copley Medal
2427:18th-century English inventors
2417:18th-century British botanists
1809:10.1080/00039896.1972.10666107
1617:North Carolina Medical Journal
1157:. Menston, Eng: Scolar Press.
732:function are also noteworthy.
464:Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha
433:Academy of Sciences of Bologna
32:Stephen Hales (disambiguation)
1:
2422:18th-century English chemists
2172:– digital facsimile from the
1590:Journal of Human Hypertension
1555:Journal of Applied Physiology
1305:Clark-Kennedy, A. E. (1977).
1153:Schofield, Robert E. (1980).
712:growth; his demonstration of
420:, whose family lived nearby.
360:For Philosophic studies meet,
237:Sir Thomas Hales, 2nd Baronet
195:and wrote a popular tract on
2442:Fellows of the Royal Society
1731:Burchell, Howard B. (1961).
1095:UK public library membership
883:Board of Trustees of Georgia
525:in 1735 and into Italian by
509:Hales is best known for his
2302:John Theophilus Desaguliers
2262:John Theophilus Desaguliers
2254:John Theophilus Desaguliers
1958:Hall, W. D. (August 1987).
1567:10.1152/jappl.1984.57.3.635
1215:"Stephen Hales (1677–1761)"
944:acceptance speech given by
769:John Theophilus Desaguliers
491:Royal College of Physicians
443:and his involvement in the
2488:
2187:Men of Kent and Kentishmen
1700:10.1177/014107689308600613
996:Description of ventilators
874:for the foundation of the
855:and one, William, died of
757:Description of ventilators
753:Description du ventilateur
724:played a role in allowing
614:. Hales' invention of the
460:Frederick, Prince of Wales
207:Stephen Hales was born in
29:
2232:
2179:Hutchinson, John (1892).
1764:Baugh, Daniel A. (1965).
1492:Medical Physiology Online
1222:Annals of Medical History
779:) who developed forms of
736:Inventions and other work
425:Royal Academy of Sciences
300:Giovanni Francisco Vigani
239:(Stephen Hales' brother)
150:
117:
53:
2457:Enlightenment scientists
1647:Osler Library Newsletter
1393:Bertucci, Paola (2013).
1307:"Stephen Hales, DD, FRS"
720:and his suggestion that
527:Maria Angela Ardinghelli
2437:People from Bekesbourne
2135:Encyclopædia Britannica
1923:Raymond Phineas Stearns
1323:10.1136/bmj.2.6103.1656
1311:British Medical Journal
1190:Encyclopædia Britannica
976:was named after him by
942:Nobel Prize in Medicine
2129:"Hales, Stephen"
2109:"Hales, Stephen"
2094:RSA History Newsletter
1977:10.1002/clc.4960100816
1844:10.1098/rsnr.1978.0012
1451:10.1002/clc.4960100816
1184:"Hales, Stephen"
1066:10.1093/ref:odnb/11915
968:
937:
820:
760:
745:
562:
486:
325:
292:Bugden, Cambridgeshire
246:Hales was educated in
197:alcoholic intemperance
2412:English physiologists
2310:Christopher Middleton
2182:"Stephen Hales"
2166:Stephen Hales (1727)
1750:10.1161/01.CIR.23.1.1
1377:Statique des végétaux
1213:G. E. Burget (1925).
931:
902:Royal Society of Arts
818:
751:
743:
556:
484:
410:Farringdon, Hampshire
342:Teddington, Middlesex
320:
2155:UK National Archives
1494:. Online (Oct): 1–9.
1432:Hall, W. D. (1987).
825:corresponding member
697:and devised special
610:, the discoverer of
513:. The first volume,
346:Bachelor of Divinity
2407:Doctors of Divinity
1964:Clinical Cardiology
1438:Clinical Cardiology
1317:(6103): 1656–1658.
1021:Pneumatic chemistry
970:The genus of trees
755:(French edition of
630:in their research.
561:, opposite page 262
472:Clerk of the Closet
187:for the removal of
165:pneumatic chemistry
2174:Linda Hall Library
2169:Vegetable staticks
2018:Vegetable Staticks
1266:Rom Harré (2002).
965:Werner Forssmann,
938:
821:
761:
746:
640:Vegetable Staticks
603:Vegetable Staticks
567:Vegetable Staticks
563:
559:Vegetable Staticks
515:Vegetable Staticks
487:
449:Doctor of Divinity
435:. He received the
382:In 1718, the poet
326:
18:Vegetable Staticks
2384:
2383:
2225:Copley Medallists
2097:no. 22 (Nov 2009)
1944:978-0-252-00120-8
1682:Smith IB (1993).
1279:978-0-486-42263-3
1093:(Subscription or
1081:Missing or empty
1074:cite encyclopedia
1036:History of botany
918:distilled spirits
876:colony of Georgia
853:South Sea Company
634:Animal physiology
620:William Brownrigg
608:Antoine Lavoisier
539:animal physiology
501:after his death.
499:Westminster Abbey
453:Oxford University
254:before attending
154:
153:
119:Scientific career
76:17 September 1677
16:(Redirected from
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2377:
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2318:Abraham Trembley
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2294:Alexander Stuart
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2002:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1979:
1955:
1949:
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1932:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1870:
1864:
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1827:
1821:
1820:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1771:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1728:
1722:
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1711:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1665:
1659:
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1642:
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1612:
1606:
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1585:
1579:
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1550:
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1539:
1511:
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1453:
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1423:
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1219:
1210:
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1195:
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1186:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1150:
1129:
1126:
1099:
1098:
1090:
1084:
1079:
1077:
1069:
1054:Allen, D. G. C.
1051:
1010:
1000:
966:
946:Werner Forssmann
934:Halesia carolina
845:James Oglethorpe
708:, demonstrating
628:Joseph Priestley
616:pneumatic trough
606:acknowledged by
569:, Hales studied
519:plant physiology
476:Princess Dowager
447:. He was made a
334:Perpetual curate
296:William Stukeley
272:natural sciences
233:Sir Robert Hales
181:pneumatic trough
132:Plant physiology
94:
75:
73:
58:
39:
21:
2487:
2486:
2482:
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2478:
2477:
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2372:
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2342:Benjamin Robins
2340:
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2300:
2292:
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2252:
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2178:
2149:
2146:
2122:
2106:
2089:William Shipley
2029:
2010:
2008:Further reading
2005:
1997:
1993:
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1956:
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1681:
1680:
1676:
1669:"Stephen Hales"
1667:
1666:
1662:
1644:
1643:
1636:
1623:(10): 602–603.
1614:
1613:
1609:
1596:(12): 865–871.
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1053:
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1048:
1044:
1017:
1003:
993:
990:
967:
964:
926:
906:William Shipley
904:) conceived by
813:
805:mortality rates
773:Mårten Triewald
738:
714:spinal reflexes
648:bronchial trees
636:
624:Henry Cavendish
551:
511:Statical Essays
507:
322:St Marys Church
205:
183:and a surgical
146:
102:
96:
92:
83:
77:
71:
69:
61:
49:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2485:
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2469:
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2459:
2454:
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2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2389:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2374:George Edwards
2370:
2362:
2354:
2346:
2338:
2334:William Watson
2330:
2322:
2314:
2306:
2298:
2290:
2286:Stephen Hales
2282:
2274:
2266:
2258:
2250:
2242:
2233:
2230:
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2223:
2221:
2220:
2213:
2206:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2176:
2164:
2145:
2144:External links
2142:
2141:
2140:
2126:, ed. (1911).
2124:Chisholm, Hugh
2120:
2104:
2098:
2085:
2076:
2069:
2062:
2056:
2044:10.1086/350503
2038:(3): 351–361.
2027:
2024:Hales, Stephen
2021:
2014:Hales, Stephen
2009:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1991:
1970:(8): 487–489.
1950:
1943:
1914:
1892:
1881:(3): 282–293.
1865:
1838:(2): 131–147.
1822:
1803:(5): 373–377.
1787:
1756:
1723:
1694:(6): 349–352.
1674:
1660:
1634:
1607:
1580:
1561:(3): 635–639.
1545:
1528:10.1086/353114
1506:
1497:
1473:
1444:(8): 487–489.
1424:
1411:10.1086/670946
1405:(2): 226–249.
1382:
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1346:
1294:
1285:
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1249:
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1196:
1181:, ed. (1911).
1179:Chisholm, Hugh
1170:
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1038:
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1016:
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986:
962:
958:William Harvey
925:
922:
868:King George II
861:Newgate Prison
812:
809:
737:
734:
684:bladder stones
656:exsanguination
635:
632:
592:photosynthesis
550:
547:
543:blood pressure
506:
503:
495:St Mary-le-Bow
462:and his wife,
384:Alexander Pope
380:
379:
376:
373:
370:
367:
364:
361:
358:
351:Thomas Twining
280:Master of Arts
204:
201:
193:philanthropist
189:bladder stones
173:blood pressure
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95:(aged 83)
91:4 January 1761
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2366:John Harrison
2363:
2359:
2358:James Bradley
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1368:
1364:
1363:Stephen Hales
1359:
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1164:0-85967-482-7
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1018:
1014:
1008:
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1002:
998:
997:
992:
991:
987:
985:
983:
980:in 1759. The
979:
975:
974:
961:
959:
955:
949:
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943:
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923:
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869:
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854:
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838:
834:
831:, founded by
830:
826:
817:
810:
808:
806:
802:
796:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
777:Samuel Sutton
774:
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758:
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742:
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733:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
702:
700:
696:
693:
689:
685:
681:
680:Haemastaticks
676:
674:
670:
666:
662:
659:roles of the
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
633:
631:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
604:
599:
597:
593:
588:
584:
583:root pressure
580:
576:
572:
571:transpiration
568:
560:
555:
548:
546:
544:
540:
536:
535:Haemastaticks
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
504:
502:
500:
496:
492:
483:
479:
477:
473:
469:
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461:
456:
454:
450:
446:
445:Georgia Trust
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
421:
419:
415:
414:Gilbert White
411:
406:
404:
400:
396:
395:Royal Society
391:
389:
388:Joseph Spence
385:
377:
374:
371:
368:
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157:Stephen Hales
149:
143:
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138:
135:
133:
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129:
127:
123:
120:
116:
112:
109:
105:
100:
90:
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81:
68:
64:
57:
52:
48:Stephen Hales
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
2432:Hales family
2350:Gowin Knight
2285:
2278:James Valoue
2246:Stephen Gray
2238:Stephen Gray
2186:
2168:
2133:
2113:
2101:
2093:
2079:
2072:
2065:
2035:
2031:
2017:
1994:
1967:
1963:
1953:
1928:
1917:
1905:. Retrieved
1895:
1878:
1874:
1868:
1835:
1831:
1825:
1800:
1796:
1790:
1767:
1759:
1740:
1736:
1726:
1691:
1687:
1677:
1663:
1649:(114): 1–4.
1646:
1620:
1616:
1610:
1593:
1589:
1583:
1558:
1554:
1548:
1541:
1519:
1515:
1509:
1500:
1491:
1441:
1437:
1427:
1402:
1398:
1376:
1370:
1358:
1349:
1314:
1310:
1288:
1268:
1261:
1252:
1225:
1221:
1208:
1199:
1188:
1173:
1154:
1083:|title=
1055:
1049:
1005:
995:
988:Publications
971:
969:
953:
951:
939:
932:
910:Gin Act 1736
895:
880:
865:
822:
811:Philanthropy
797:
762:
756:
752:
703:
679:
677:
665:aortic valve
661:mitral valve
639:
637:
602:
600:
596:Isaac Newton
594:), based on
566:
564:
558:
534:
514:
510:
508:
488:
457:
437:Copley Medal
422:
407:
392:
381:
327:
324:, Teddington
250:and then at
245:
225:Beakesbourne
206:
156:
155:
118:
111:Copley Medal
93:(1761-01-04)
44:The Reverend
36:
2402:1761 deaths
2397:1677 births
2326:Henry Baker
2227:(1731–1750)
1907:25 February
1737:Circulation
1228:(2): 9–16.
900:(later the
833:Thomas Bray
801:earthquakes
781:ventilators
728:to control
722:electricity
468:Kew Gardens
268:mathematics
209:Bekesbourne
80:Bekesbourne
2391:Categories
2091:Group for
1743:(1): 1–6.
1522:(4): 523.
1097:required.)
1042:References
1026:Physiology
978:John Ellis
870:granted a
857:Gaol Fever
849:Protestant
710:epiphyseal
418:naturalist
312:physiology
282:, and was
276:philosophy
248:Kensington
177:ventilator
169:physiology
142:Physiology
99:Teddington
72:1677-09-17
2052:144799335
1782:610026758
1536:170669199
1419:0021-1753
948:in 1956:
940:From the
924:Testimony
841:parochial
789:windmills
455:in 1733.
441:gin trade
252:Orpington
241:succeeded
221:Baronetcy
137:Chemistry
101:, England
82:, England
1925:(1970).
1887:20087193
1852:11610330
1655:21542394
1540:quoting
1468:34576272
1374:Online:
1244:33944401
1015:See also
963:—
866:In 1732
695:catheter
673:diastole
652:arteries
587:cohesion
403:Somerset
284:ordained
264:Classics
260:ordinand
2016:(1727)
1986:3304746
1860:7591233
1817:4553667
1718:8315630
1709:1294486
1602:7884783
1575:6386767
1542:Opticks
1460:3304746
1332:1633314
1235:7945924
973:Halesia
872:Charter
837:trustee
827:of the
793:dry rot
785:bellows
764:Bad air
759:), 1744
716:in the
699:forceps
692:bladder
688:calculi
669:systole
667:during
644:trachea
474:to the
399:Porlock
336:of the
304:biology
229:Brymore
217:England
185:forceps
2376:(1750)
2368:(1749)
2360:(1748)
2352:(1747)
2344:(1746)
2336:(1745)
2328:(1744)
2320:(1743)
2312:(1742)
2304:(1741)
2296:(1740)
2288:(1739)
2280:(1738)
2272:(1737)
2264:(1736)
2256:(1734)
2248:(1732)
2240:(1731)
2050:
1984:
1941:
1885:
1858:
1850:
1815:
1780:
1716:
1706:
1653:
1629:335256
1627:
1600:
1573:
1534:
1466:
1458:
1417:
1341:338121
1339:
1329:
1276:
1242:
1232:
1161:
1091:
1031:Botany
887:distil
730:muscle
726:nerves
612:oxygen
575:leaves
531:Naples
416:, the
338:parish
330:Fulham
308:botany
288:Deacon
161:botany
125:Fields
113:(1739)
107:Awards
2048:S2CID
1883:JSTOR
1856:S2CID
1532:S2CID
1464:S2CID
1218:(PDF)
706:bones
579:roots
557:From
429:Paris
2032:Isis
1982:PMID
1939:ISBN
1909:2016
1848:PMID
1813:PMID
1778:OCLC
1714:PMID
1651:PMID
1625:PMID
1598:PMID
1571:PMID
1516:Isis
1456:PMID
1415:ISSN
1399:Isis
1337:PMID
1274:ISBN
1240:PMID
1159:ISBN
1087:help
916:and
891:salt
775:and
718:frog
671:and
663:and
646:and
626:and
505:Work
310:and
274:and
227:and
213:Kent
203:Life
179:, a
167:and
88:Died
66:Born
2040:doi
1972:doi
1937:–.
1935:732
1840:doi
1805:doi
1774:244
1745:doi
1704:PMC
1696:doi
1563:doi
1524:doi
1446:doi
1407:doi
1403:104
1327:PMC
1319:doi
1230:PMC
1062:doi
954:sic
914:gin
859:in
686:or
601:In
565:In
529:in
451:by
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