265:
possible with care, since biodiesel tends to liberate existing tarry deposits in fuel tank, which may tend to clog one or more filters. Conventional oil burners tend to clog and char if more than a smaller fraction of vegetable oil is mixed with conventional oil fuel. If the vegetable oil is cleaned at home by the consumer, WVO can result in considerable savings. Many restaurants will receive a minimal amount for their used cooking oil, and processing to a biofuel is fairly simple and inexpensive. Making the oil into biodiesel involves some toxic and hazardous chemical transformations. Burning filtered WVO directly is somewhat more problematic, since it is more viscous and has a higher ignition temperature; nonetheless, its burning can be accomplished with suitable preheating or burners designed to operate on it. WVO can thus be an economical heating option for those with the necessary mechanical and experimental aptitude.
1799:
1181:
102:
332:
293:, primarily in the United States and Canada) which has a freezing point of −10 °C (14 °F). However the use of sunflower oil, which gels at around −12 °C (10 °F), is currently being investigated as a means of improving cold-weather starting. However, oils with lower gelling points tend to be less saturated (leading to a higher
408:
Taxation on SVO/PPO as a road fuel varies from country to country. It is possible that the revenue departments in many countries are even unaware of its use or consider it too insignificant to legislate. Germany used to have 0% taxation, resulting in it being a leader in most developments of the fuel
309:
Polymerization also has been consequentially linked to catastrophic component failures such as injection pump shaft seizure and breakage, injector tip failure leading to various and/or combustion chamber components damaged. Most metallurgical problems such as corrosion and electrolysis are related to
322:
as fuel to reduce their expenses and their dependence on imported fuels while helping stabilize the coconut oil market. Coconut oil is only usable where temperatures do not drop below 17 degrees
Celsius (63 degrees Fahrenheit), unless two-tank SVO/PPO kits or other tank-heating accessories, etc. are
123:
Periodic petroleum shortages spurred research into vegetable oil as a diesel substitute during the 1930s and 1940s, and again in the 1970s and early 1980s when straight vegetable oil enjoyed its highest level of scientific interest. The 1970s also saw the formation of the first commercial enterprise
177:
and an additional fuel tank for the petrodiesel or biodiesel blend and to switch between this additional tank and the main tank of SVO/PPO. The engine is started on diesel, switched over to vegetable oil as soon as it is warmed up, and switched back to diesel shortly before being switched off to
115:
was the father of the engine which bears his name. His first attempts were to design an engine to run on coal dust, but he later designed his engine to run on vegetable oil. The idea, he hoped, would make his engines more attractive to farmers having a source of fuel readily available. In a 1912
394:
Virgin vegetable oil, also termed pure plant oil or straight vegetable oil, is extracted from plants solely for use as fuel. In contrast to used vegetable oil, is not a byproduct of other industries, and thus its prospects for use as fuel are not limited by the capacities of other industries.
264:
With often minimal modification, most residential furnaces and boilers that are designed to burn No. 2 heating oil can be made to burn either biodiesel or filtered, preheated waste vegetable oil (WVO). New standard oil burners are certified to operate on 20% biodiesel (B-20). Higher blends are
385:
and used to replace the energy equivalent amount of petroleum (an ideal case), almost 1% of US oil consumption could be offset. Utilizing recycled vegetable oil as a replacement for standard petroleum-derived fuels like gasoline would reduce the price of gasoline by preserving the supply of
120:, he cited a number of efforts in this area and remarked, "The fact that fat oils from vegetable sources can be used may seem insignificant today, but such oils may perhaps become in course of time of the same importance as some natural mineral oils and the tar products are now."
247:. This blending, or "cutting", has been done with diesel fuel, kerosene, and gasoline, among others; however, opinions vary as to the efficacy of this. Noted problems include higher rates of wear and failure in fuel pumps and piston rings when using blends.
218:
injection pumps are capable of running on pure SVO/PPO in all but winter temperatures. The most popular of these are the OM616 and OM617 engines found in the
Mercedes-Benz W123 and W124 vehicles manufactured from 1980 through 1985. Indirect injection
231:. Engine reliability would depend on the condition of the engine. Attention to maintenance of the engine, particularly of the fuel injectors, cooling system and glow plugs will help to provide longevity. Ideally the engine would be converted.
178:
ensure that no vegetable oil remains in the engine or fuel lines when it is started from cold again. In colder climates it is often necessary to heat the vegetable oil fuel lines and tank as it can become very viscous and even solidify.
181:
Single-tank conversions were developed largely in
Germany and are now used throughout Europe. These conversions are designed to provide reliable operation with rapeseed oil that meets the German rapeseed oil fuel standard
202:) engine for which a number of German companies offer single-tank conversions. For long-term durability it has been found necessary to decrease the oil change interval and pay increased attention to engine maintenance.
323:
used. The same techniques developed to use, for example, canola and other oils in cold climates can be implemented to make coconut oil usable in temperatures lower than 17 degrees
Celsius (63 degrees Fahrenheit)
395:
Production of vegetable oils for use as fuels is theoretically limited only by the agricultural capacity of a given economy. However, doing so detracts from the supply of other uses of pure vegetable oil.
157:
Most diesel car engines are suitable for the use of straight vegetable oil (SVO), also commonly called pure plant oil (PPO), with certain modifications. Principally, the
1058:
239:
The relatively high kinematic viscosity of vegetable oils must be reduced to make them compatible with conventional compression-ignition engines and fuel systems.
689:
1679:
618:
1753:
1063:
569:
31:
1810:
664:
186:
51605. Modifications to the engine's cold start regime assist combustion on start up and during the engine warm up phase. Suitably modified
582:
1758:
1131:
482:
310:
water-based contamination or poor choices of plumbing (such as copper or zinc) which can cause gelling – even with petroleum-based fuels.
718:
1694:
1674:
1217:
243:
blending is a low-cost and easy-to-adapt technology that reduces viscosity by diluting the vegetable oil with a low-molecular-weight
1738:
117:
528:
365:
was producing in excess of 11 billion liters (2.9 billion U.S. gallons) of recycled vegetable oil annually, mainly from industrial
183:
1779:
1234:
1784:
261:
When liquid fuels made from biomass are used for energy purposes other than transport, they are called bioliquids or biofuels.
1721:
1684:
199:
53:
burners. When vegetable oil is used directly as a fuel, in either modified or unmodified equipment, it is referred to as
815:
1078:
1748:
1161:
1151:
462:
350:
Recycled vegetable oil, also termed used vegetable oil (UVO), waste vegetable oil (WVO), used cooking oil (UCO), or
1726:
1716:
1603:
1362:
477:
86:
625:
570:
Pacific
Islands Applied Geoscience Commission: "Coconut Oil Fuel Research in the Republic of the Marshall Islands"
1136:
1014:
492:
1689:
1110:
1083:
1849:
1774:
1380:
711:
472:
1506:
1333:
1210:
1068:
190:(IDI) engines have proven to be operable with 100% PPO down to temperatures of −10 °C (14 °F).
77:
of the fuel. This prevents incomplete combustion, which would damage the engine by causing a build-up of
513:
137:
227:
engine tend to perform reasonably, especially as the latter is normally equipped with a coolant heated
1839:
1731:
1618:
1450:
844:
378:
1844:
1583:
1501:
1480:
1310:
1166:
593:
419:
1578:
1523:
1518:
1352:
1345:
1326:
1184:
985:
810:
704:
429:
211:
187:
277:
generators optimized to run on plant oils where the waste engine heat is recovered for heating.
1834:
1803:
1455:
1293:
1273:
1203:
1105:
997:
554:
467:
215:
1257:
1037:
948:
788:
42:
30:
1470:
1395:
1280:
1243:
1146:
1008:
958:
870:
162:
169:
from the engine or electricity; otherwise, poor atomization, incomplete combustion, and
81:. Straight vegetable oil can also be blended with conventional diesel or processed into
1613:
1475:
1250:
440:
191:
174:
1828:
1743:
1669:
1634:
1568:
1533:
1528:
1460:
1422:
1412:
1407:
1317:
1156:
822:
487:
446:
362:
351:
345:
294:
274:
220:
170:
125:
112:
105:
46:
38:
17:
1593:
1588:
1432:
1427:
1303:
1098:
968:
805:
763:
743:
358:
exchange), is recovered from businesses and industry that use the oil for cooking.
195:
140:, islanders cut off from oil supplies due to a blockade fueled their vehicles with
133:
1538:
1390:
1385:
1141:
1093:
1088:
1073:
881:
859:
832:
793:
778:
753:
451:
435:
355:
319:
228:
141:
50:
583:"Low-Temperature Flow Properties of Vegetable Oil/Cosolvent Blend Diesel Fuels"
1608:
1513:
1465:
1417:
1032:
1002:
938:
783:
748:
456:
424:
374:
366:
298:
290:
256:
166:
90:
1639:
1598:
1496:
1126:
1042:
943:
768:
727:
382:
240:
158:
82:
70:
643:
101:
331:
1651:
1402:
1226:
1026:
991:
916:
906:
849:
286:
548:
1573:
933:
927:
876:
758:
735:
244:
224:
129:
74:
69:). Conventional diesel engines can be modified to help ensure that the
1266:
979:
911:
827:
773:
370:
78:
165:
of the SVO/PPO must be reduced by preheating it, typically by using
1646:
953:
896:
886:
839:
330:
921:
891:
665:"IncBio contracted to supply 2.4 MMgy biodiesel plant to Greece"
1199:
700:
901:
514:"Historical Perspectives on Vegetable Oil-Based Diesel Fuels"
223:
vehicles with in-line injection pumps and cars featuring the
696:
1195:
214:
engines supplied by in-line injection pumps, or mechanical
198:
or diesel fired heater. The exception is the VW TDI (
1767:
1707:
1660:
1627:
1561:
1554:
1489:
1443:
1373:
1292:
1233:
1119:
1051:
967:
858:
734:
301:more easily in the presence of atmospheric oxygen.
194:(DI) engines generally have to be preheated with a
73:of the vegetable oil is low enough to allow proper
1059:Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels
1211:
712:
690:Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States
565:
563:
8:
1680:Indonesia Commodity and Derivatives Exchange
619:"Renewable Energy Association Yearbook 2009"
173:may result. One common solution is to add a
1754:Social and environmental impact of palm oil
381:. If all those 11 billion liters could be
285:The main form of SVO/PPO used in the UK is
93:for use under a wider range of conditions.
1558:
1218:
1204:
1196:
719:
705:
697:
644:"Fuel Properties of Various Oils and Fats"
432:; collection point for waste vegetable oil
34:Waste vegetable oil that has been filtered
1064:Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage
100:
29:
504:
318:Some Pacific island nations are using
206:Unmodified indirect injection engines
7:
1759:Vegetable oils as alternative energy
1132:Cellulosic ethanol commercialization
483:Vegetable oils as alternative energy
124:to allow consumers to run straight
1695:Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil
1675:Federal Land Development Authority
663:Kotrba, Ron (September 23, 2014).
27:Alternative fuel in diesel engines
25:
1739:Environmental impact of biodiesel
443:: another diesel fuel alternative
118:Institute of Mechanical Engineers
1798:
1797:
1180:
1179:
108:, inventor of the diesel engine.
1722:Certified sustainable palm oil
529:American Oil Chemists' Society
459:(oil drainage or brown grease)
1:
1685:Malaysia Derivatives Exchange
200:Turbocharged Direct Injection
273:A number of companies offer
116:presentation to the British
1749:Issues relating to biofuels
1162:Issues relating to biofuels
1152:Energy return on investment
463:Issues relating to biofuels
275:compression ignition engine
1866:
1727:Deforestation by continent
1717:Biofuel policy of Malaysia
1604:Kuala Lumpur Kepong Berhad
1363:Bursaphelenchus cocophilus
343:
254:
1793:
1175:
1137:Energy content of biofuel
557:(2000) a documentary film
493:Grand Canyon Railway 4960
148:Application and usability
1690:Malaysian Palm Oil Board
1111:Thermal depolymerization
1084:Industrial biotechnology
512:Knothe, Gerhard (2001).
1079:Fischer–Tropsch process
1069:Biomass heating systems
473:Vegetable oil recycling
335:Biodiesel bus in Sweden
269:Combined heat and power
1334:Rhynchophorus palmarum
550:The Coconut Revolution
478:Vegetable oil refining
340:Recycled vegetable oil
336:
305:Material compatibility
235:Vegetable oil blending
128:in their automobiles,
109:
55:straight vegetable oil
35:
1322:Little leaf syndrome
1318:Cadang-cadang disease
379:fast food restaurants
334:
210:Many cars powered by
153:Modified fuel systems
138:Bougainville conflict
104:
33:
1732:Southeast Asian haze
1619:Wilmar International
1451:Biodiesel production
1341:Oil palm bunch moth
581:Dunn, R. O. (2008).
390:Virgin vegetable oil
18:Vegetable oil blends
1628:Buyers / processors
1584:Equatorial Palm Oil
1481:Transesterification
1311:Ganoderma orbiforme
1167:Sustainable biofuel
420:Biodiesel by region
373:processing plants,
314:Temperature effects
289:oil (also known as
1579:Carson Cumberbatch
1524:Girl Scout Cookies
1519:Cellulosic ethanol
1360:Red ring disease (
1353:Tirathaba rufivena
1346:Tirathaba mundella
1327:Oryctes rhinoceros
669:Biodiesel Magazine
430:Civic amenity site
399:Legal implications
337:
212:indirect injection
188:indirect injection
110:
41:can be used as an
36:
1822:
1821:
1708:Policies, impacts
1703:
1702:
1456:Fat hydrogenation
1193:
1192:
1106:Sabatier reaction
599:on 14 August 2011
468:The Big Green Bus
16:(Redirected from
1857:
1801:
1800:
1663:non-governmental
1559:
1308:Basal stem rot (
1220:
1213:
1206:
1197:
1183:
1182:
1027:Pongamia pinnata
721:
714:
707:
698:
692:
686:
680:
679:
677:
675:
660:
654:
653:
651:
650:
639:
633:
632:
630:
624:. Archived from
623:
615:
609:
608:
606:
604:
598:
592:. Archived from
590:ddr.nal.usda.gov
587:
578:
572:
567:
558:
546:
540:
539:
537:
536:
518:
509:
404:Taxation of fuel
361:As of 2000, the
192:Direct injection
43:alternative fuel
21:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1789:
1763:
1709:
1699:
1662:
1656:
1623:
1550:
1485:
1439:
1369:
1295:
1288:
1229:
1224:
1194:
1189:
1171:
1147:Energy forestry
1115:
1047:
1009:Jatropha curcas
970:
963:
871:Camelina sativa
861:
854:
730:
725:
695:
687:
683:
673:
671:
662:
661:
657:
648:
646:
642:Gregg, Forest.
641:
640:
636:
628:
621:
617:
616:
612:
602:
600:
596:
585:
580:
579:
575:
568:
561:
547:
543:
534:
532:
516:
511:
510:
506:
502:
497:
415:
406:
401:
392:
377:factories, and
348:
342:
329:
316:
307:
283:
271:
259:
253:
237:
208:
163:surface tension
155:
150:
136:. In the 1990s
99:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1863:
1861:
1853:
1852:
1850:Vegetable oils
1847:
1842:
1837:
1827:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1724:
1719:
1713:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1666:
1664:
1661:Governmental /
1658:
1657:
1655:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1614:TH Plantations
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1565:
1563:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1483:
1478:
1476:Saponification
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1383:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1367:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1349:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1330:
1320:
1315:
1306:
1300:
1298:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1277:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1254:
1239:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1215:
1208:
1200:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1187:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1023:
1012:
1005:
1000:
998:Chinese tallow
995:
988:
983:
975:
973:
965:
964:
962:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
866:
864:
856:
855:
853:
852:
847:
845:Water hyacinth
842:
837:
836:
835:
825:
820:
819:
818:
813:
803:
802:
801:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
740:
738:
732:
731:
726:
724:
723:
716:
709:
701:
694:
693:
681:
655:
634:
631:on 2011-07-24.
610:
573:
559:
541:
503:
501:
498:
496:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
454:
449:
444:
441:Dimethyl ether
438:
433:
427:
422:
416:
414:
411:
405:
402:
400:
397:
391:
388:
344:Main article:
341:
338:
328:
325:
315:
312:
306:
303:
282:
279:
270:
267:
255:Main article:
252:
249:
236:
233:
207:
204:
175:heat exchanger
154:
151:
149:
146:
98:
95:
63:pure plant oil
47:diesel engines
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1862:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1744:Food vs. fuel
1742:
1740:
1737:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1706:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1670:FELCRA Berhad
1668:
1667:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1569:Bumitama Agri
1567:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1557:
1555:Organisations
1553:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1534:Vegetable oil
1532:
1530:
1529:Oleochemicals
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1461:Fractionation
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1423:palmitic acid
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1413:myristic acid
1411:
1409:
1408:linoleic acid
1406:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1291:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1253:
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1248:
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1232:
1228:
1221:
1216:
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1202:
1201:
1198:
1186:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1157:Food vs. fuel
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1124:
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1100:
1097:
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1092:
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1087:
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1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1011:
1010:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
993:
989:
987:
984:
982:
981:
977:
976:
974:
972:
966:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
929:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
872:
868:
867:
865:
863:
857:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
834:
831:
830:
829:
826:
824:
821:
817:
814:
812:
809:
808:
807:
804:
800:
799:vegetable oil
797:
796:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
741:
739:
737:
733:
729:
722:
717:
715:
710:
708:
703:
702:
699:
691:
685:
682:
670:
666:
659:
656:
645:
638:
635:
627:
620:
614:
611:
595:
591:
584:
577:
574:
571:
566:
564:
560:
556:
552:
551:
545:
542:
530:
526:
522:
515:
508:
505:
499:
494:
491:
489:
488:Yellow grease
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
447:Food vs. fuel
445:
442:
439:
437:
434:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
417:
412:
410:
403:
398:
396:
389:
387:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
363:United States
359:
357:
353:
352:yellow grease
347:
346:Yellow grease
339:
333:
326:
324:
321:
313:
311:
304:
302:
300:
296:
295:iodine number
292:
288:
280:
278:
276:
268:
266:
262:
258:
250:
248:
246:
242:
234:
232:
230:
226:
222:
221:Mercedes-Benz
217:
213:
205:
203:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
179:
176:
172:
171:carbonization
168:
164:
160:
152:
147:
145:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
126:vegetable oil
121:
119:
114:
113:Rudolf Diesel
107:
106:Rudolf Diesel
103:
96:
94:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
39:Vegetable oil
32:
19:
1809:
1802:
1594:FGV Holdings
1589:Feronia Inc.
1543:
1428:stearic acid
1361:
1351:
1344:
1332:
1325:
1309:
1304:Bagworm moth
1294:Diseases and
1279:
1274:E. guineesis
1272:
1265:
1256:
1249:
1242:
1025:
1019:
1015:
1007:
990:
986:Big bluestem
978:
971:energy crops
926:
869:
798:
684:
672:. Retrieved
668:
658:
647:. Retrieved
637:
626:the original
613:
601:. Retrieved
594:the original
589:
576:
549:
544:
533:. Retrieved
524:
520:
507:
407:
393:
360:
349:
327:Availability
317:
308:
284:
272:
263:
260:
251:Home heating
238:
209:
196:block heater
180:
156:
134:West Germany
122:
111:
66:
62:
58:
54:
37:
1840:DIY culture
1710:and debates
1514:Bioplastics
1391:lauric acid
1386:Palm kernel
1281:E. oleifera
1258:A. speciosa
1142:Energy crop
1089:Pellet fuel
1074:Biorefinery
1038:Switchgrass
882:Coconut oil
860:Energy from
794:Cooking oil
779:Biogasoline
754:Babassu oil
531:: 1103–1107
452:Greasestock
436:Cooking oil
386:petroleum.
367:deep fryers
356:commodities
320:coconut oil
229:fuel filter
142:coconut oil
75:atomization
51:heating oil
1845:Food waste
1829:Categories
1811:by country
1768:By country
1609:Sime Darby
1466:Hydrolysis
1418:oleic acid
1374:Components
1052:Technology
1033:Salicornia
1016:Miscanthus
939:Sugar beet
811:cellulosic
784:Bioliquids
764:Biobutanol
674:11 October
649:2009-12-04
535:2021-04-20
500:References
457:Gutter oil
425:Bioliquids
375:snack food
299:polymerize
291:canola oil
281:Properties
257:Bioliquids
167:waste heat
91:bioliquids
1780:Indonesia
1640:GreenPalm
1599:IOI Group
1562:Producers
1502:by region
1497:Biodiesel
1444:Processes
1251:A. maripa
1235:Oil palms
1127:Agflation
1020:giganteus
949:Sunflower
944:Sugarcane
862:foodstock
769:Biodiesel
728:Bioenergy
241:Cosolvent
159:viscosity
83:biodiesel
71:viscosity
1835:Biofuels
1804:Category
1785:Malaysia
1775:Colombia
1652:Unilever
1490:Products
1403:Palm oil
1381:Mesocarp
1227:Palm oil
1185:Category
1120:Concepts
1003:Duckweed
992:Camelina
969:Non-food
917:Rapeseed
907:Palm oil
850:Wood gas
823:Methanol
816:mixtures
736:Biofuels
603:23 April
413:See also
383:recycled
287:rapeseed
1574:Cargill
1539:cooking
1471:Milling
1433:stearin
1244:Attalea
934:Soybean
928:Sorghum
877:Cassava
806:Ethanol
789:Biomass
759:Bagasse
744:Alcohol
245:solvent
225:PSA XUD
130:Elsbett
97:History
49:and in
1267:Elaeis
980:Arundo
912:Potato
828:Stover
774:Biogas
527:(11).
521:Inform
371:potato
297:) and
79:carbon
1647:Neste
1507:Neste
1296:pests
1099:stove
954:Wheat
897:Maize
887:Grape
840:Straw
749:Algae
629:(PDF)
622:(PDF)
597:(PDF)
586:(PDF)
517:(PDF)
409:use.
216:Bosch
61:) or
1544:fuel
1094:mill
1043:Wood
922:Rice
892:Hemp
833:corn
688:See
676:2014
605:2011
555:IMDb
354:(in
161:and
1635:AAK
1396:oil
959:Yam
902:Oat
553:at
369:in
184:DIN
132:of
89:or
87:HVO
67:PPO
59:SVO
45:in
1831::
1018:×
667:.
588:.
562:^
525:12
523:.
519:.
144:.
85:,
1366:)
1314:)
1219:e
1212:t
1205:v
720:e
713:t
706:v
678:.
652:.
607:.
538:.
65:(
57:(
20:)
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