480:
515:. If he were one of the uninitiated it was necessary for him to bring forward witnesses to his innocence from among the initiated, whose number varied according to the number on the side of the accuser, but twenty-one in favour of innocence necessarily secured an acquittal. The only punishment which the secret court could inflict was death. If the accused appeared, the sentence was carried into execution at once; if he did not appear, it was quickly made known to the whole body, and the
511:
under the same penalty not to disclose what took place. Crimes of a serious nature, and especially those that were deemed unfit for ordinary judicial investigation, such as heresy and witchcraft, fell within its jurisdiction, as also did appeals by persons condemned in the open courts, and likewise the cases before those tribunals in which the accused had not appeared. The accused, if a member, could clear himself by his own oath, unless he had revealed the secrets of the
507:. This was not usually served on him personally, but was nailed to his door, or to some convenient place where he was certain to pass. Six weeks and three days' grace were allowed, according to the old Saxon law, and the summons was thrice repeated. If the accused appeared, the accuser stated the case, and the investigation proceeded by the examination of witnesses as in an ordinary court of law. The judgment was put into execution on the spot if that was possible.
126:
919:
610:
and of other German princes they were, in the 16th century, once more restricted to
Westphalia, and here, too, they were brought under the jurisdiction of the ordinary courts, and finally confined to mere police duties. With these functions, however, but with the old forms long since robbed of their
510:
The secret court, from whose procedure the whole institution has acquired its evil reputation, was closed to all but the initiated, although these were so numerous as to secure quasi-publicity; any one not a member on being discovered was instantly put to death, and the members present were bound
538:
Legend and romance have combined to exaggerate the sinister reputation of the Fehmic courts; but modern historical research has largely discounted this, proving that they never employed torture, that their sittings were only sometimes secret, and that their meeting-places were always well known.
471:
with all their powers, to guard its secrets, and to bring before its tribunal anything within its competence that they might discover. They were then initiated into the secret signs by which members recognized each other, and were presented with a rope and with a knife on which were engraved the
467:; for they were subject to no jurisdiction but those of the Westphalian courts: whether as accused or accuser they had access to the secret sessions, and they shared in the discussions of the general chapter as to the policy of the society. At their initiation these swore to support the
137:
The peak of activity of these courts was during the 14th to 15th centuries, with lesser activity attested for the 13th and 16th centuries, and scattered evidence establishing their continued existence during the 17th and 18th centuries. They were finally abolished by order of
499:(judges) occupied the bench, before which a table, with a sword and rope upon it, was placed. The court was held by day and, unless the session was declared secret, all freemen, whether initiated or not, were admitted. The accusation was in the old German form; but only a
591:), sworn associates of the Fehme, were scattered in thousands throughout the length and breadth of Germany, known to each other by secret signs and pass-words, and all of them pledged to serve the summons of the secret courts and to execute their judgment.
559:, (also duke of Westphalia from 1180) placed himself at the head of the Fehme as representative of the emperor. The organization then spread rapidly. Every free man born in lawful wedlock and not excommunicated nor an outlaw was eligible for membership.
199:.") The general meaning of "punishment" is unrelated to the special courts of Westphalia which were thus originally just named "courts of punishment". But as the word entered the Southern German dialects via Saxony and Westphalia, the word's meaning in
744:, was inspired by Scott's presentation of the Vehmic Courts. Though the work was never staged the overture survives as a concert piece. In the very first concert of Berlioz's work, on 26 May 1828, the overture was performed along with the Opus 1
519:
who was the first to meet the condemned was bound to put him to death. This was usually done by hanging, the nearest tree serving for gallows. A knife with the mystic letters was left beside the corpse to show that the deed was not a murder.
1226:"If a red cross was seen marked on a house, people knew that its owner was doomed by the Vehm. All the houses of Europe are now marked with the mysterious red cross. History is the judge — its executioner the proletarian." As quoted in
163:) which they exercised in his name. Everywhere else the power of life and death, originally reserved to the Emperor alone, had been usurped by the territorial nobles; only in Westphalia, called "the Red Earth" because here the imperial
394:) had to keep his knowledge secret, even from his closest family ("vor Weib und Kind, vor Sand und Wind"). Lay judges had to give formal warnings to known troublemakers, issue warrants, and take part in executions.
1006:
Wo finde ich mein Recht? Ulrich Erhart gegen
Kloster, Herzog und Reichsstadt: der „arme Mann" in den Mühlen der Justiz. Ein bayerischer Beitrag zur westfälischen Femegerichtsbarkeit im 15. Jahrhundert.
606:
With the growing power of the territorial sovereigns and the gradual improvement of the ordinary process of justice, the functions of the Fehmic courts were superseded. By the action of the
697:
was a form of lethal vengeance committed upon former or current members of an organization that they had become a traitor to. This definition is also found in the common pseudo-archaic,
523:
It has been claimed that, in some cases, the condemned would be set free, given several hours' head start and then hunted down and put to death. So fearsome was the reputation of the
527:
and its reach that many thus released committed suicide rather than prolonging the inevitable. This practice could have been a holdover from the ancient
Germanic legal concept of
386:
Any free man "of pure bred German stock" and of good character could become a judge. The new candidate was given secret information and identification symbols. The "knowing one" (
790:
appears at a fancy-dress party as a member of the
Vehmgericht, which allows him to wear a hooded costume to disguise his identity. People in Femgericht costumes also appear in
705:("Traitors shall be ostracized!", i. e. killed), as it was often quoted throughout the 1920s in mass media reports regarding violent acts of vengeance among the German Right.
1171:) zu 'Göttinnen der Fehm' gemacht, die falsche Deutung ist der schlechten Formen werth. Wie viel Schriftsteller des 18 jh. sind mit der heiligen Fehme aufs übelste verfahren.
503:
could act as accuser. If the offence came under the competence of the court, meaning it was punishable by death, a summons to the accused was issued under the seal of the
724:
in which
Archibald von Hagenbach, the Duke of Burgundy's governor at Brisach (Switzerland), is condemned and executed by the Vehmgericht. Scott drew his inspiration from
1142:
nutritio, disciplina, castigatio, poena, wie der landmann sein vieh in die mast führt, wird der missethäter in den kerker oder tod geführt und erleidet züchtigung.
939:
240:
During 18th to 19th century
Romanticism, there were various misguided attempts to explain the obscure term, or to elevate it to the status of a remnant of
1351:
934:
167:(jurisdiction over life and death) was still valid, were capital sentences passed and executed by the Vehmic courts in the Emperor's name alone.
1336:
1341:
355:), etc. Attendance of secret sessions was forbidden to the uninitiated, on pain of death, which led to the designation "forbidden courts" (
853:, a newspaper article mentions the Vehmgericht, stating that the features of a recent death are similar to the organization's killings.
479:
1346:
483:"A summons to appear before the court was nailed to his door": illustration from an article about Vehmic courts in a children’s annual
1241:
1186:
1080:
761:
643:
is in current use and means "to ostracise", i.e. by public opinion rather than formal legal proceeding. A noun derived from this is
730:
756:
607:
895:, depicts the Fehme, and 'Fehme justice' as part of the extreme right-wing conspiracy to bring down Germany's Weimar democracy.
1027:, London, Tandem, 1965. Has a chapter on the Holy Vehm; among other things, it describes the practice of "Free As a Bird".
654:
used the Vehmic courts as a metaphor to describe his predictions of the working-class revolution that would sweep Europe.
298:
disappeared, with the exception of
Westphalia, where they retained their authority and transformed into the Vehmic court.
122:). After the execution of a death sentence, the corpse could be hanged on a tree to advertise the fact and deter others.
1160:
1036:
768:
746:
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from political assassination in that assassination was by definition exerted upon open political opponents, whereas a
684:
599:
That an organization of this character should have outlived its usefulness and ushered in intolerable abuses, such as
187:
literature of the 13th century as a noun with the meaning of "punishment". A document dated to 1251 has the reference
1015:(Leipzig, 1906), p. 401; also the supplementary vol. (1907), p. 78. Lists of works on individual aspects.
725:
1318:
816:, the local criminals of an unnamed city (probably Berlin) capture a child murderer and hold a vigilante court.
221:
unetymological in spite of its early occurrence in some 13th century documents, and hypothesizes a "lost root" "
879:
821:
209:
thought that the word is identical in origin to a homophonous word for the raising of pigs on forest pastures (
1146:
246:
145:
The Vehmic courts were the regional courts of
Westphalia which, in turn, were based on the county courts of
888:
is based on a group of vigilantes using medieval torture methods to kill paedophiles and money launderers.
272:
1254:
612:
603:
was inevitable; from the mid-fifteenth century protests were raised against the enormities of the court.
139:
1232:
786:
418:
491:
was the place of session, and was usually a hillock, or some other well-known and accessible spot. The
455:, charged with the maintenance of order in the courts and the duty of carrying out the commands of the
1292:
861:
556:
773:
680:
291:
200:
1020:
850:
841:
715:
676:
184:
150:
777:"Was Rebecca guilty or not?" the Vehmgericht of the servants' hall had pronounced against her.
1237:
1182:
1076:
791:
781:
563:
287:
241:
176:
1312:
1001:(Paderborn, 1890) This source combats T. Linder's theory concerning the origin of the Fehme.
611:
impressiveness, they survived into the 19th century. They were finally abolished by order of
572:
of the Holy Roman Empire." There is a manuscript in the Town Hall of the
Westphalian town of
1275:
1227:
740:
721:
672:
576:, which consists of an original Vehmic Court Regulation document, along with illustrations.
98:. Proceedings were sometimes secret, leading to the alternative titles of "secret courts" (
846:
667:
to refer to right-wing political homicides, e.g. the murder of Jewish politicians such as
658:
548:
430:
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410:
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154:
125:
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99:
87:
79:
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552:
282:
1330:
1032:
930:
925:
812:
632:
319:
1269:
904:
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623:
Following the abandonment of the Vehmic courts, the term acquired a connotation of
401:
was elaborate. The centre of each jurisdiction was referred to as a "free seat" (
796:
668:
447:, who formed the great body of the initiated. Of these the lowest rank were the
314:
251:
206:
189:
illud occultum judicium, quod vulgariter vehma seu vridinch appellari consuevit.
159:
75:
547:
The system, though ancient, came into wider use only after the division of the
833:
805:
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270:
The
Westphalian Vehmic courts developed from the High Medieval "free courts" (
67:
943:. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 236–237.
153:, from whom they also received the capacity to pronounce capital punishment (
17:
651:
417:) was often a secular or spiritual prince, sometimes a civic community, the
339:
The sessions were often held in secret, whence the names of "secret court" (
259:
191:("It is hidden justice, that by common fashion is habitually referred to as
146:
1311:
175:
The term's origin is uncertain, but seems to enter Middle High German from
1294:"Verräter verfallen der Feme!" Fememorde in Bayern in den zwanziger Jahren
971:
Beiträge zur deutschen Geschichte, insbesondere des deutschen Strafrechts
750:
overture, a further indication of Berlioz's debt to Scott's fiction. The
663:
628:
528:
435:
328:
310:
258:(Lit. "Tree law"), supposedly the remnant of a pagan "forest law" of the
217:
can mean both breeding and discipline. Grimm considers the spelling with
210:
95:
78:, based on a fraternal organisation of lay judges called "free judges" (
1271:
E. J. Gumbel, Berthold Jacob, Ernst Falck, "Verräter verfallen der Feme"
860:, an 1899 novel set in the Holy Roman Empire by British-Canadian author
829:
324:
71:
639:
is most common. Other variant forms are: Fehme, Feime, Veme. The verb
924:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
478:
957:
Sammlung merkwurdiger Urkunden fĂĽr die Geschichte der Femgerichte
760:, the early series of British television interviews presented by
1256:"Verräter verfallen der Feme": Opfer, Mörder, Richter, 1919-1929
826:
203:
became attached to the activities of these courts specifically.
689:
commission officially differentiated the contemporarily common
615:, king of Westphalia, in 1811. The last Freigraf died in 1835.
1121:
1119:
1031:
This article (or an earlier version) contains text from the
999:
Der angebliche Ursprung der Femgerichte aus der Inquisition
871:, features the Fehme being revived by a German officer and
429:). The actual president of the court was the "free count" (
1196:
1194:
657:
Within the politically heated turmoil of the early German
286:). As a result of the 14th century imperial reform of the
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1092:
825:, the Vehmic courts are mentioned as being connected to
562:
Princes and nobles were initiated; and in 1429 even the
294:), the Landgraviates lost much of their power, and the
661:
after World War I, the media frequently used the term
27:
Courts in the later Middle Ages in Westphalia, Germany
276:), which had jurisdiction within a "free county" (
379:) passed judgment. The court also constituted a
1278:(contemporary review of Gumbel's above book by
327:during the 15th century, the seat was moved to
856:The Vehmgericht also appear as antagonists in
244:antiquity, scoffed at by Grimm's entry in his
754:overture later became the signature tune for
8:
1008:In: Westfälische Zeitschrift 170, 2020 37–68
978:Femgerichte und Hexenprozesse in Deutschland
964:Die frei- und heimlichen Gerichte Westfalens
580:
567:
149:. They received their jurisdiction from the
713:Vehmic courts play a key role in the novel
586:
371:) presided over the court, and lay judges (
1181:pg. 179 'Magical Alphabets' Nigel Pennick
472:mystic letters S.S.G.G., supposed to mean
94:). The original seat of the courts was in
66:, are names given to a tribunal system of
1163:9, 322. 10, 258. 316 hat sogar die altn.
1125:
1110:
579:By the middle of the 14th century these
124:
1051:
675:(1922) and other politicians including
891:Jack Mayer's 2015 historical fiction,
875:in the dying days of the Third Reich.
734:which he had translated, incorrectly.
463:is explained by the privileges of the
595:Decline and dissolution of the Courts
7:
679:(1921) by right-wing groups such as
213:), just as the more familiar German
952:(Hamm, 1825, 2nd ed., Halle, 1893)
566:himself became "a true and proper
25:
1352:1811 disestablishments in Germany
1075:(12 ed.). 2012. p. 11.
555:, when the archbishop of Cologne
459:. The immense development of the
1233:Philosophy and Myth in Karl Marx
917:
323:. With the growing influence of
317:, one of which was known as the
1236:(2001, Transaction Publishers)
543:The spread of the Vehmic courts
142:, king of Westphalia, in 1811.
703:"Verräter verfallen der Feme!"
301:The seat of the Vehmic court (
254:in 1824 derives the word from
1:
1217:Sutton Publishing (2004) p111
1204:Sutton Publishing (2004) p110
1025:A History of Secret Societies
987:(Munster and Paderborn, 1888)
647:"outlaw, ostracised person".
476:(stone, rope, grass, green).
409:), and its head or chairman (
225:", connecting with Old Norse
1337:Law of the Holy Roman Empire
1253:Gumbel, Emil Julius (1919).
709:The Vehmic courts in fiction
262:and pagan secret societies.
250:. An etymology suggested by
1342:Secret societies in Germany
1291:Hofmann, Ulrike C. (2000).
867:Geoff Taylor's 1966 novel,
769:William Makepeace Thackeray
1368:
1319:Collier's New Encyclopedia
1037:Brewer's Reader's Handbook
992:Femgericht und Inquisition
893:Before the Court of Heaven
718:or, The Maiden of the Mist
439:), chosen for life by the
313:, in a square between two
114:), or "forbidden courts" (
1347:Abuse of the legal system
950:Das Femgericht Westfalens
945:This work in turn cites:
832:commandos as well as the
474:Stein, Strick, Gras, grĂĽn
129:A Vehm on a miniature in
1268:Tucholsky, Kurt (1930).
878:Season 3, episode 12 of
822:The Illuminatus! Trilogy
421:being supreme over all (
397:The organization of the
335:Membership and procedure
74:active during the later
1215:The Medieval Underworld
1202:The Medieval Underworld
1073:A History of Freesmiths
940:Encyclopædia Britannica
1259:, Berlin: Malik-Verlag
731:Goetz von Berlichingen
619:Modern use of the term
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1040:, published in 1898.
1011:Dahlmann and Waitz,
683:. In 1926, the 27th
650:In an 1856 lecture,
557:Engelbert II of Berg
247:Deutsches Wörterbuch
131:Herforder Rechtsbuch
106:), "silent courts" (
1313:"Femgerichte"
1138:aus ziehen flieszt
1128:, pp. 236–237.
969:K. G. von Wächter,
780:A character in the
701:right-wing phrase,
681:Organisation Consul
347:), "silent court" (
292:Golden Bull of 1356
229:and conjecturing a
201:Early Modern German
851:Arthur Conan Doyle
842:A Study in Scarlet
716:Anne of Geierstein
677:Matthias Erzberger
635:, the spelling of
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551:after the fall of
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361:verbotene Gerichte
345:heimliches Gericht
235:fiman, fam, fĂŞmun?
185:Middle High German
151:Holy Roman Emperor
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120:verbotene Gerichte
104:heimliches Gericht
1297:, Cologne: Böhlau
1167:(verunstaltet in
980:(Stuttgart, 1882)
966:(Frankfort, 1832)
792:Arthur Schnitzler
782:Dorothy L. Sayers
564:Emperor Sigismund
427:Oberststuhlherren
288:Holy Roman Empire
177:Middle Low German
16:(Redirected from
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508:
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59:
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53:
52:
48:, also spelt
47:
43:
39:
38:
33:
32:Vehmic courts
19:
18:Vehmic courts
1317:
1293:
1287:
1270:
1264:
1255:
1249:
1231:
1222:
1214:
1209:
1201:
1177:
1170:
1166:
1159:
1155:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1072:
1067:
1059:
1054:
1039:
1030:
1024:
1013:Quellenkunde
1012:
1005:
998:
997:T. Lindner,
991:
984:
983:T. Lindner,
977:
976:O. Wächter,
970:
963:
956:
949:
938:
905:Feme murders
892:
890:
885:
880:
877:
868:
866:
857:
855:
840:
838:
820:
818:
811:
804:
802:
795:
785:
779:
772:
766:
762:John Freeman
757:Face to Face
755:
751:
745:
739:
729:
714:
712:
702:
699:alliterating
694:
690:
685:
662:
656:
649:
644:
640:
636:
622:
605:
598:
582:Freischöffen
578:
561:
546:
537:
532:
524:
522:
516:
512:
509:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
486:
473:
468:
465:Freischöffen
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
445:Freischöffen
444:
440:
398:
396:
385:
377:Freischöffen
353:Stillgericht
338:
318:
315:linden trees
300:
296:Freigerichte
295:
273:Freigerichte
271:
269:
255:
245:
239:
234:
226:
222:
218:
214:
205:
196:
192:
188:
180:
174:
164:
144:
136:
130:
112:Stillgericht
92:francs-juges
84:Freischöffen
62:
61:
57:Vehmegericht
56:
55:
50:
49:
45:
44:, or simply
41:
36:
35:
31:
29:
1060:Vehmgericht
948:P. Wigand,
862:Robert Barr
797:Dream Story
774:Vanity Fair
669:Kurt Eisner
569:Freischöffe
517:Freischöffe
501:Freischöffe
256:Baumgericht
252:James Skene
207:Jacob Grimm
179:. The word
160:Blutgericht
76:Middle Ages
63:Fehmgericht
37:Vehmgericht
1331:Categories
1058:OED, s.v.
955:L. Tross,
911:References
834:Illuminati
806:Fritz Lang
671:(1919) or
601:corruption
453:Freifronen
381:Holy Order
68:Westphalia
42:holy vehme
1161:KLOPSTOCK
884:, titled
849:novel by
771:'s novel
691:Fememorde
686:Reichstag
652:Karl Marx
645:Verfemter
489:Freistuhl
449:Fronboten
441:Stuhlherr
415:Stuhlherr
407:Freistuhl
369:Stuhlherr
331:in 1437.
320:Femelinde
307:Freistuhl
260:Wild hunt
171:Etymology
147:Franconia
133:(ca 1375)
1244:, p. 15.
985:Die Feme
899:See also
886:The Vehm
747:Waverley
728:'s play
695:Fememord
664:Fememord
641:verfemen
629:lynching
625:mob rule
529:outlawry
505:Freigraf
497:Schöffen
495:and the
493:Freigraf
457:Freigraf
436:Freigraf
392:Wissende
329:Arnsberg
311:Dortmund
211:Hutewald
197:vridinch
165:Blutbann
96:Dortmund
1322:. 1921.
928::
830:Werwolf
588:scabini
585:(Latin
325:Cologne
72:Germany
1240:
1185:
1079:
922:
784:novel
726:Goethe
431:German
423:German
411:German
403:German
388:German
373:German
365:German
357:German
349:German
341:German
303:German
278:German
266:Origin
231:Gothic
155:German
116:German
108:German
100:German
88:French
80:German
1169:dĂĽsen
1165:dîsir
1140:zucht
1046:Notes
631:. In
574:Soest
525:Fehme
513:Fehme
469:Fehme
461:Fehme
399:Fehme
242:pagan
223:fëmen
215:Zucht
193:vehma
1238:ISBN
1183:ISBN
1077:ISBN
845:, a
827:Nazi
637:Feme
627:and
533:Acht
487:The
227:fimr
181:vëme
51:Feme
46:Vehm
30:The
937:".
839:In
819:In
803:In
767:In
720:by
535:).
451:or
237:".
195:or
86:or
70:in
1333::
1316:.
1274:,
1230:,
1193:^
1118:^
1091:^
1023:,
864:.
836:.
810:s
800:.
764:.
433::
425::
413::
405::
390::
383:.
375::
367::
359::
351::
343::
305::
280::
157::
118::
110::
102::
90::
82::
60:,
54:,
40:,
34:,
1282:)
1149:)
1144:(
1085:.
1062:.
813:M
808:'
531:(
290:(
233:"
219:h
20:)
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