514:
5905 MHz frequency band for transport safety ITS applications. In 2010 the ITS Directive 2010/40/EU was adopted. It aims to assure that ITS applications are interoperable and can operate across national borders, it defines priority areas for secondary legislation, which cover V2X and requires technologies to be mature. In 2014 the
European Commission's industry stakeholder “C-ITS Deployment Platform” started working on a regulatory framework for V2X in the EU. It identified key approaches to an EU-wide V2X security Public Key infrastructure (PKI) and data protection, as well as facilitating a mitigation standard to prevent radio interference between ITS-G5 based V2X and road charging systems. The European Commission recognised ITS-G5 as the initial communication technology in its 5G Action Plan and the accompanying explanatory document, to form a communication environment consisting of ITS-G5 and cellular communication as envisioned by EU Member States. Various pre-deployment projects exist at EU or EU Member State level, such as SCOOP@F, the Testfeld Telematik, the digital testbed Autobahn, the Rotterdam-Vienna ITS Corridor, Nordic Way, COMPASS4D or C-ROADS. There exist real scenarios of implementation V2X standard as well. The first commercial project where V2X standard is used for Intersection movement assist use-case. It has been realized in
490:
manufacturers. The US National
Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) saw this model deployment as proof that road safety could be improved and that WAVE standard technology was interoperable. In August 2014 NHTSA published a report arguing vehicle-to-vehicle technology was technically proven as ready for deployment. On 20 August 2014 the NHTSA published an Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (ANPRM) in the Federal Register, arguing that the safety benefits of V2X communication could only be achieved if a significant part of the vehicles fleet was equipped. Because of the lack of an immediate benefit for early adopters, the NHTSA proposed a mandatory introduction. On 25 June 2015 the US House of Representatives held a hearing on the matter, where again the NHTSA, as well as other stakeholders argued the case for V2X.
287:
defined to address the needs of mission-critical communication for public safety community (Public Safety-LTE, or PS-LTE) in release 13. The motivation of the mission-critical communication was to allow law enforcement agencies or emergency rescue to use the LTE communication even when the infrastructure is not available, such as natural disaster scenario. In release 14 onwards, the use of PC5 interface has been expanded to meet various market needs, such as communication involving wearable devices such as
200:(5GAA) – the industry organisation supporting and developing the C-V2X technology – indicate that cellular-based C-V2X technology in direct communication mode is superior to 802.11p in multiple aspects, such as performance, communication range, and reliability, many of these claims are disputed, e.g. in a whitepaper published by NXP, one of the companies active in the 802.11p based V2X technology, but also published by peer-reviewed journals.
230:, due to its low latency. It transmits messages known as Cooperative Awareness Messages (CAM) or Basic Safety Message (BSM), and Decentralised Environmental Notification Messages (DENM). Other roadside infrastructure related messages are Signal Phase and Timing Message (SPAT), In Vehicle Information Message (IVI), and Service Request Message (SRM). The data volume of these messages is very low. The radio technology is part of the WLAN
20:
461:
in injury. It also indicates LTE-V2X performs higher percentage of successful packet delivery and communication range. Another link-level and system-level simulation result indicates that, to achieve the same link performance for both line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) scenarios, lower signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) are achievable by LTE-V2X PC5 interface compared to IEEE 802.11p.
2189:
299:
V2N is a unique use case to C-V2X and does not exist in 802.11p based V2X given that the latter supports direct communication only. However, similar to WLAN based V2X also in case of C-V2X, two communication radios are required to be able to communicate simultaneously via a PC5 interface with nearby stations and via the UU interface with the network.
393:(ASTM). The ASTM E 2213 series of standards looks at wireless communication for high-speed information exchange between vehicles themselves as well as road infrastructure. The first standard of this series was published 2002. Here the acronym Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) was first used for V2X communication.
638:
first passenger car to be fitted with V2X technology powered by NXP technology. In the meantime, existing (legacy) vehicles will continue to exist on the road. This implies that the V2X capable vehicles will need to co-exist with non-V2X (legacy) vehicles or with V2X vehicles of incompatible technology.
513:
To acquire EU-wide spectrum, radio applications require a harmonised standard, in case of ITS-G5 ETSI EN 302 571, first published in 2008. A harmonised standard in turn requires an ETSI System
Reference Document, here ETSI TR 101 788. Commission Decision 2008/671/EC harmonises the use of the 5875 to
449:
started standardization work of cellular V2X (C-V2X) in
Release 14 in 2014. It is based on LTE as the underlying technology. Specifications were published in 2017. Because this C-V2X functionalities are based on LTE, it is often referred to as LTE-V2X. The scope of functionalities supported by C-V2X
371:
C-V2X offers further use cases including slippery road, roadworks and road hazard information to cars and trucks over hills, around curves and over longer distances than is possible with direct communications. Volvo, for example, has sold new cars that warn other Volvos of slippery roads ahead using
298:
In addition to the direct communication over PC5, C-V2X also allows the C-V2X device to use the cellular network connection in the traditional manner over Uu interface. Uu refers to the logical interface between the UE and the base station. This is generally referred to as vehicle-to-network (V2N).
1697:
Here the 2014 version: Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum
Matters (ERM); System Reference document (SRdoc); Technical characteristics for pan European harmonized communications equipment operating in the 5,855 GHz to 5,925 GHz range intended for road safety and traffic management, and
464:
Cellular-based V2X solution also leads to the possibility of further protecting other types of road users (e.g. pedestrian, cyclist) by having PC5 interface to be integrated into smartphones, effectively integrating those road users into the overall C-ITS solution. Vehicle-to-person (V2P) includes
460:
Study and analysis were done to compare the effectiveness of direct communication technologies between LTE-V2X PC5 and 802.11p from the perspective of accident avoided and reduction in fatal and serious injuries. The study shows that LTE-V2X achieves higher level of accident avoidance and reduction
234:
family of standards and known in the US as
Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) and in Europe as ITS-G5. To complement the direct communication mode, vehicles can be equipped with traditional cellular communication technologies, supporting V2N based services. This extension with V2N was
468:
As both direct communication and wide area cellular network communication are defined in the same standard (3GPP), both modes of communication will likely be integrated into a single chipset. Commercialization of those chipsets further enhances economy of scale and leads to possibilities to wider
57:
The automotive and communications industries, along with the U.S. government, European Union and South Korea are actively promoting V2X and C-V2X as potentially live-saving, pollution-reducing technologies. The U.S. Department of
Transport has said V2X technologies offer significant transportation
637:
The deployment of V2X technology (either C-V2X or 802.11p based products) will occur gradually over time. New cars will be equipped with either of the two technologies starting around 2020 and its proportion on the road is expected to increase gradually. The
Volkswagen Golf 8th generation was the
375:
In the medium term, V2X is perceived as a key enabler for autonomous driving, assuming it would be allowed to intervene into the actual driving. In that case, vehicles would be able to join platoons the way HGVs do. With the advent of connected and autonomous mobility, V2X discussions are seen to
489:
Since then the US Department of
Transportation (USDOT) has been working with a range of stakeholders on V2X. In 2012 a pre-deployment project was implemented in Ann Arbor, Michigan. 2800 vehicles covering cars, motorcycles, buses and HGV of different brands took part using equipment by different
286:
is not required. In system architectural level, proximity service (ProSe) is the feature that specifies the architecture of the direct communication between UEs. In 3GPP RAN specifications, "sidelink" is the terminology to refer to the direct communication over PC5. PC5 interface was originally
203:
This technology can be misused to remotely control the vehicle. The Police of the Czech
Republic(2024) announced, in cooperation with universities, has developed a system for remote stopping of vehicles with reference to the fact that such a procedure is legal even under the current legislation.
350:
In June 2024 the U.S. Department of Transportation announced that it is awarding $ 60 million in grants to advance connected and interoperable vehicle technologies under a program called "Saving Lives with Connectivity: Accelerating V2X Deployment program". It said the grants to recipients in
453:
In Release 15, 3GPP continued its C-V2X standardization to be based on 5G. Specifications are published in 2018 as Release 15 comes to completion. To indicate the underlying technology, the term 5G-V2X is often used in contrast to LTE-based V2X (LTE-V2X). Either case, C-V2X is the generic
281:
The direct communication between vehicle and other devices (V2V, V2I) uses so-called PC5 interface. PC5 refers to a reference point where the User Equipment (UE), i.e. mobile handset, directly communicates with another UE over the direct channel. In this case, the communication with the
278:. C-V2X includes support of both direct communication between vehicles (V2V) and traditional cellular-network based communication. Also, C-V2X provides a migration path to 5G based systems and services, which implies incompatibility and higher costs compared to 4G based solutions.
192:
as the underlying technology. It is generally referred to as "cellular V2X" (C-V2X) to differentiate itself from the 802.11p based V2X technology. In addition to the direct communication (V2V, V2I), C-V2X also supports wide area communication over a cellular network (V2N).
924:"IEEE 802.11p-2010 - IEEE Standard for Information technology-- Local and metropolitan area networks-- Specific requirements-- Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications Amendment 6: Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments"
1529:
Federal Communications Commission -Amendment of Parts 2 and 90 of the Commission's Rules to Allocate the 5.850-5.925 GHz Band to the Mobile Service for Dedicated Short Range Communications of Intelligent Transportation Services ET Docket No. 98-95
1683:
First version ETSI EN 302 571: Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Radiocommunications equipment operating in the 5855 MHz to 5925 MHz frequency band; Harmonized EN covering the essential requirements of article 3.2 of the R&TTE Directive
225:
as two V2X senders come within each other's range. Hence it does not require any communication infrastructure for vehicles to communicate, which is key to assure safety in remote or little-developed areas. WLAN is particularly well-suited for
1747:
Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Mitigation techniques to avoid interference between European CEN Dedicated Short Range Communication (CEN DSRC) equipment and Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) operating in the 5 GHz frequency range
1791:
1097:
Toghi, Behrad; Saifuddin, Md; Fallah, Yaser; Hossein, Nourkhiz Mahjoub; M O, Mughal; Jayanthi, Rao; Sushanta, Das (5–7 December 2018). "Multiple Access in Cellular V2X: Performance Analysis in Highly Congested Vehicular Networks".
400:(IEEE) started to work on wireless access for vehicles under the umbrella of their standards family IEEE 802.11 for Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN). Their initial standard for wireless communication for vehicles is known as
294:
The Cellular V2X mode 4 communication relies on a distributed resource allocation scheme, namely sensing-based semipersistent scheduling which schedules radio resources in a stand-alone fashion in each user equipment (UE).
1723:
Directive 2010/40/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 July 2010 on the framework for the deployment of Intelligent Transport Systems in the field of road transport and for interfaces with other modes of
502:
302:
While 3GPP defines the data transport features that enable V2X, it does not include V2X semantic content but proposes usage of ITS-G5 standards like CAM, DENM, BSM, etc. over 3GPP V2X data transport features.
367:
continuously introduce and test new cases. The 5GAA has published several roadmaps which highlight the technical potential and challenges of new use cases. Some use cases address high levels of automation.
437:
published as summary of all V2V and V2I standards that are worldwide in use, comprising the systems specified by ETSI, IEEE, ARIB, and TTA (Republic of Korea, Telecommunication Technology Association).
1350:
419:
started to specify standards for V2V communication applications. SAE uses the term DSRC for this technology (this is how the term was coined in the US). In parallel at ETSI the technical committee for
1712:
2008/671/EC: Commission Decision of 5 August 2008 on the harmonised use of radio spectrum in the 5875 - 5905 MHz frequency band for safety-related applications of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS)
372:
C-V2X communications since 2016 in Denmark, and has announced plans to complement that with general accident-ahead warnings and offer the same functionality in other European markets over time.
62:
estimates a minimum of 13% reduction in traffic accidents if a V2V system were implemented, resulting in 439,000 fewer crashes per year. V2X technology is already being used in Europe and China.
196:
As of December 2017, a European automotive manufacturer has announced to deploy V2X technology based on 802.11p from 2019. While some studies and analysis in 2017 and 2018, all performed by the
1788:
147:
The history of working on vehicle-to-vehicle communication projects to increase safety, reduce accidents and driver assistance can be traced back to the 1970s with projects such as the US
162:) in 2010. It supports direct communication between vehicles (V2V) and between vehicles and infrastructure (V2I). This technology is referred to as Dedicated Short Range Communication (
1560:
650:
However, a 2017 study indicated that there are benefits in reducing traffic accidents even during the transitional period in which the technology is being adopted in the market.
457:
In Release 16, 3GPP further enhances the C-V2X functionality. The work is currently in progress. In this way, C-V2X is inherently future-proof by supporting migration path to 5G.
177:
technology and are only for sale in Japan. In 2017, GM became the second automaker to introduce V2X. GM sells a Cadillac model in the United States that also is equipped with
1000:
Zheng, Kan; Zheng, Qiang; Chatzimisios, Periklis; Xiang, Wei; Zhou, Yiqing (2015). "Heterogeneous Vehicular Networking: A Survey on Architecture, Challenges, and Solutions".
534:, spectrum allocation was originally intended for the 802.11p based system. However, the regulations are technology neutral so that the deployment of C-V2X is not excluded.
1253:"USDOT Awards Nearly $ 60 Million in Advanced Vehicle Technology Grants to Arizona, Texas and Utah to Serve as National Models and Help Save Lives on Our Nation's Roadways"
537:
In 2022, US Federal Courts told the FCC that it could reallocate 45 MHz of V2X spectrum to wireless and cellular carriers, citing years of no use by V2X constituents.
1516:
Recommendation ITU-R M.2084-0; Radio interface standards of vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communications for Intelligent Transport System applications (
423:(ITS) was founded and started to produce standards for protocols and applications (ETSI coined the term ITS-G5). All these standards are based on IEEE 802.11p technology.
1326:
397:
1035:
974:
1981:
530:
Spectrum allocation for C-ITS in various countries is shown in the following table. Due to the standardization of V2X in 802.11p preceding C-V2X standardization in
1252:
427:
227:
59:
1789:
https://english.eu2016.nl/binaries/eu2016-en/documents/publications/2016/04/14/declaration-of-amsterdam/2016-04-08-declaration-of-amsterdam-final-format-3.pdf
415:
got stable, IEEE started to develop the 1609.x standards family standardising applications and a security framework (IEEE uses the term WAVE), and soon after
2215:
1299:
Xie, Xiao-Feng; Wang, Zun-Jing (2018). "SIV-DSS: Smart in-vehicle decision support system for driving at signalized intersections with V2I communication".
720:
641:
The main obstacles to its adoption are legal issues and the fact that, unless almost all vehicles adopt it, its effectiveness is limited. British weekly
1597:
1580:
1621:
255:(5GAA) promoting C-V2X due to its advantages over WLAN based V2X (without considering disadvantages at the same time). C-V2X is initially defined as
1840:
1052:
EN 302 663 Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Access layer specification for Intelligent Transport Systems operating in the 5 GHz frequency band (
1647:
351:
Arizona, Texas and Utah would serve as national models to accelerate and spur new deployments of V2X technologies. European standardisation body
1666:
1557:
1885:
1215:
1133:
434:
1926:
505:
sued the FCC, arguing that the decision harms users of DSRC; on August 12, 2022, a federal court permitted the reassignment to go ahead.
1974:
522:
where 80 pcs of cross intersections are controlled by V2X communication standard from public transport vehicles of municipality Brno.
127:
1478:
1266:
1544:
738:
483:
420:
975:
http://5gaa.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/5GAA_WhitePaper_ITS-spectrum-utilization-in-the-Asia-Pacific-Region_FINAL_160718docx.pdf
465:
Vulnerable Road User (VRU) scenarios to detect pedestrians and cyclists to avoid accident and injuries involving those road users.
454:
terminology that refers to the V2X technology using the cellular technology irrespective of the specific generation of technology.
721:"USDOT Opens $ 40 Million Grant Opportunity for Connected Vehicle Technologies That Will Help Save Lives on Our Nation's Roadways"
148:
2141:
672:
43:
1934:
359:
published standards on what they see as use cases. Early use cases focus on road safety and efficiency. Organizations such as
2042:
1967:
1825:
1749:
1699:
1685:
1491:
1053:
51:
1735:
2193:
320:
151:
and Japan's CACS. Most milestones in the history of vehicle networks originate from the United States, Europe, and Japan.
133:
Vehicle-to-Pedestrian (V2P) - e.g. wheelchairs and bicycles, commonly also used to designate vulnerable road users (VRUs).
1327:"5GAA Publishes Updated 2030 Roadmap for Advanced Driving Use Cases, Connectivity Technologies, and Radio Spectrum Needs"
65:
There are two standards for dedicated V2X communications depending on the underlying wireless technology being used: (1)
2235:
786:
221:
technology and works directly between vehicles (V2V) as well as vehicles and traffic infrastructure (V2I), which form a
1265:
ETSI TR 102638: Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Vehicular Communications; Basic Set of Applications; Definitions (
2230:
2225:
2164:
251:(or C-V2X) to differentiate it from the WLAN-based V2X. There have been multiple industry organizations, such as the
430:(ARIB) specified, also based on IEEE 802.11, a V2V and V2I communication system in the 700 MHz frequency band.
173:
In 2016, Toyota became the first automaker globally to introduce automobiles equipped with V2X. These vehicles use
1808:
315:
956:
955:
An assessment of LTE-V2X (PC5) and 802.11p direct communications technologies for improved road safety in the EU.(
762:
1282:
814:
364:
252:
197:
1812:
1517:
2090:
687:
222:
1576:
Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards: Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) Communications, Docket No. NHTSA–2014–0022 (
1084:
376:
play an important role, especially in the context of teleoperations for autonomous vehicles and platooning
235:
achieved in Europe under the C-ITS platform umbrella with cellular systems and broadcast systems (TMC/DAB+).
2052:
2022:
1577:
497:, and the rest of the V2X band to C-V2X, citing the failure of DSRC to take off. The advocacy organizations
256:
189:
2121:
1558:
http://www.nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/rulemaking/pdf/V2V/Readiness-of-V2V-Technology-for-Application-812014.pdf
450:
includes both direct communication (V2V, V2I) as well as wide area cellular network communication (V2N).
1990:
1504:
1722:
1711:
838:
486:(FCC) allocated 75 MHz in the spectrum of 5.850-5.925 GHz for intelligent transport systems.
311:
Through its instant communication, V2X enables road safety applications such as (non-exhaustive list):
2136:
2126:
2067:
2005:
1113:
871:
344:
1441:"Stability Analysis of Vehicle Platooning with Limited Communication Range and Random Packet Losses"
1196:
Gu, X.; et al. (2022). "Markov Analysis of C-V2X Resource Reservation for Vehicle Platooning".
2102:
2027:
121:
1911:"Toward Reliable and Scalable Internet-of-Vehicles: Performance Analysis and Resource Management,"
1622:"Driving a Safer Tomorrow: Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communications and Connected Roadways of the Future"
1479:
https://odysseus.ieee.org/query.html?qt=1609.&charset=iso-8859-1&style=standard&col=sa
1267:
http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_tr%5C102600_102699%5C102638%5C01.01.01_60%5Ctr_102638v010101p.pdf
1531:
1460:
1421:
1351:"Volvo Cars' industry-first connected safety technology can now alert drivers of accidents ahead"
1221:
1178:
1139:
1103:
1017:
905:
390:
1545:
http://www.safercar.gov/staticfiles/safercar/connected/Technical_Fact_Sheet-Model_Deployment.pdf
1376:"Arctic Challenge Project's Final Report: Road Transport Automation in Snowy and Icy Conditions"
662:
Toward Reliable and Scalable Internet-of-Vehicles: Performance Analysis and Resource Management.
1211:
1129:
897:
416:
356:
332:
77:
1811:– Transport 2015 Call for Proposals – Proposal for the Selection of Projects, pages 119-127 (
1775:
1762:
1207:
2220:
2131:
2095:
1452:
1413:
1308:
1203:
1170:
1121:
1009:
887:
879:
244:
73:-based. V2X also incorporates various more specific types of communication including :
70:
493:
On November 18, 2020, the FCC reallocated 45 MHz in the 5.850–5.895 GHz range to
1938:
1795:
1750:
http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_ts/102700_102799/102792/01.02.01_60/ts_102792v010201p.pdf
1700:
http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_tr/103000_103099/103083/01.01.01_60/tr_103083v010101p.pdf
1686:
http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_en/302500_302599/302571/01.01.01_60/en_302571v010101p.pdf
1584:
1564:
1492:
http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_tr/101600_101699/101607/01.01.01_60/tr_101607v010101p.pdf
1490:
ETSI TR 101 607; Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Cooperative ITS (C-ITS); Release 1 (
1286:
1054:
http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_en/302600_302699/302663/01.02.00_20/en_302663v010200a.pdf
91:
1736:
http://ec.europa.eu/transport/themes/its/doc/c-its-platform-final-report-january-2016.pdf
987:
647:
argued in 2016 that autonomous driving is more driven by regulations than by technology.
1841:"Volkswagen Adds 'Vehicle-To-Everything' Communications To Revamped Golf With NXP Chips"
1117:
875:
2159:
2077:
2032:
1556:
NHTSA: Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communications: Readiness of V2V Technology for Application (
1159:"Distributed and Adaptive Reservation MAC Protocol for Beaconing in Vehicular Networks"
519:
1865:
2209:
1787:
Amsterdam Declaration – Cooperation in the field of connected and automated driving (
1464:
1425:
1375:
1225:
1182:
909:
643:
291:. In C-V2X, PC5 interface is re-applied to the direct communication in V2V and V2I.
38:
and any entity that may affect, or may be affected by, the vehicle. Sometimes called
1143:
1021:
2085:
1931:
682:
677:
412:
405:
401:
283:
248:
231:
218:
159:
114:
85:
66:
19:
739:"Open statement: Europe Converging towards 5G-V2X Including Direct Communications"
154:
Standardization of WLAN-based V2X supersedes that of cellular-based V2X systems.
923:
883:
498:
47:
1910:
1440:
1401:
1197:
1158:
1013:
957:
http://5gaa.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/5GAA-Road-safety-FINAL2017-12-05.pdf
859:
2062:
2037:
1456:
1312:
892:
288:
95:
1813:
https://ec.europa.eu/inea/sites/inea/files/20160712_cef_tran_brochure_web.pdf
1518:
https://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/m/R-REC-M.2084-0-201509-S!!PDF-E.pdf
1417:
1174:
1125:
901:
2107:
338:
389:
WLAN-based V2X communication is based on a set of standards drafted by the
1085:
http://5gaa.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/5GAA-whitepaper-23-Nov-2016.pdf
469:
range of business models and services using both types of communications.
16:
Communication between a vehicle and any entity that may affect the vehicle
2151:
2111:
2057:
2047:
2014:
1066:
1959:
1598:"Vehicle to Vehicle Communications and Connected Roadways of the Future"
1578:
http://www.nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/rulemaking/pdf/V2V/V2V-ANPRM_081514.pdf
136:
Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) - real-time data exchange with nearby vehicles.
1909:
Y. Ni, L. Cai, J. He, A. Vinel, Y. Li, H. Mosavat-Jahromi, and J. Pan,
1667:"Court rules FCC is allowed to reassign 5.9 GHz bandwidth, killing V2X"
860:"On 5G-V2X Use Cases and Enabling Technologies: A Comprehensive Survey"
81:
35:
1279:
2116:
1505:
http://www.arib.or.jp/english/html/overview/doc/5-STD-T109v1_2-E1.pdf
1648:"FCC takes spectrum from auto industry in plan to "supersize" Wi-Fi"
973:
White Paper on ITS spectrum utilization in the Asia Pacific Region (
274:
In 3GPP Release 15, the V2X functionalities are expanded to support
1108:
986:
C-ITS: Three observations on LTE-V2X and ETSI ITS-G5—A comparison (
1239:
503:
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
494:
39:
18:
1199:
2022 IEEE 95th Vehicular Technology Conference: (VTC2022-Spring)
1036:"Konec honiček a střelby do kol. No more chases and wheel-shots"
787:"Vehicle-To-Vehicle Communication Technology For Light Vehicles"
531:
515:
446:
360:
352:
260:
185:
178:
174:
167:
163:
155:
110:
1963:
1067:"C-ITS: Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems and Services"
763:"The Republic of Korea Picks C-V2X as its Technology of Choice"
1532:
https://apps.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/FCC-99-305A1.doc
1083:
The Case for Cellular V2X for Safety and Cooperative Driving (
697:
692:
101:
Vehicle-to-Building (V2B), also known as Vehicle-to-Home (V2H)
1943:
1761:
5G for Europe: An Action Plan – COM (2016) 588, footnote 29 (
1503:
ARIB STD-T109; 700 MHz BAND; Intelligent Transport Systems: (
170:
uses the underlying radio communication provided by 802.11p.
404:
and is based on the work done by the ASTM. Later on in 2012
109:
Vehicle-to-Network (V2N) - communication based on Cellular (
275:
1776:
http://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/dae/document.cfm?doc_id=17132
1763:
http://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/dae/document.cfm?doc_id=17131
1402:"Vehicle Platooning with Non-ideal Communication Networks"
858:
Alalewi, Ahmad; Dayoub, Iyad; Cherkaoui, Soumaya (2021).
1734:
C-ITS Deployment Platform – Final Report, January 2016 (
815:"China to lead the global deployment of short-range V2X"
263:
Release 14 and is designed to operate in several modes:
1948:
130:- e.g. traffic lights, lane markers and parking meters.
988:
https://www.nxp.com/docs/en/white-paper/CITSCOMPWP.pdf
658:
Many books and papers have been written in the topic:
840:
Vehicle-to-Pedestrian (V2P) Communications for Safety
158:
first published the specification of WLAN-based V2X (
1954:
1543:
Safety Pilot Model Deployment Technical Fact Sheet (
2150:
2076:
2013:
2004:
1997:
1913:
Proceedings of The IEEE, 108(2):324-340, Feb. 2020.
1774:5G Global Developments – SWD (2016) 306, page 9 (
1100:2018 IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference (VNC)
428:Association of Radio Industries and Businesses
398:Institute Electrical and Electronics Engineers
54:while reducing pollution and saving energy.
1975:
34:) describes wireless communication between a
8:
1826:"Public transportation preference using V2X"
969:
967:
965:
1002:IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials
951:
949:
947:
945:
943:
2188:
2010:
2001:
1982:
1968:
1960:
725:U.S. Department of Transportation Newsroom
391:American Society for Testing and Materials
1866:"Counter Argument: 3 Reasons We Need V2X"
1698:for non-safety related ITS applications (
1406:IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology
1107:
891:
1208:10.1109/VTC2022-Spring54318.2022.9860899
539:
80:- Bluetooth / WiFi-Direct, e.g. Apple's
1374:Kotilainen, Ilkka; et al. (2022).
709:
58:safety and mobility benefits. The U.S.
1665:Gitlin, Jonathan M. (16 August 2022).
633:Consideration in the transition period
326:Emergency electric brake light warning
188:published V2X specifications based on
149:Electronic Road Guidance System (ERGS)
1163:IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing
7:
1955:Automotive Edge Computing Consortium
853:
851:
849:
715:
713:
426:Between 2012 and 2013, the Japanese
217:The original V2X communication uses
124:, remote vehicle diagnostics (DoIP).
1280:http://standards.sae.org/wip/j2945/
243:More recent V2X communication uses
98:to balance loads more efficiently.
2216:Advanced driver assistance systems
1944:CAR 2 CAR Communication Consortium
1278:SAE J2945/x family of standards: (
267:Device-to-device (V2V or V2I), and
14:
1646:Brodkin, Jon (18 November 2020).
1157:Mosavat, H.; et al. (2021).
484:Federal Communications Commission
421:Intelligent transportation system
408:was incorporated in IEEE 802.11.
2187:
94:- information exchange with the
2142:Vehicular communication systems
1626:US Department of Transportation
1445:IEEE Internet of Things Journal
1240:https://www.3gpp.org/release-15
673:Vehicular communication systems
128:Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I)
1439:Zhao, C.; et al. (2021).
1400:Zhao, C.; et al. (2021).
1301:Transportation Research Part C
120:Vehicle-to-Cloud (V2C) - e.g.
44:vehicular communication system
1:
1602:Energy and Commerce Committee
1864:Junko Yoshida (2013-09-17).
1477:1609.x family of standards (
329:Intersection movement assist
46:that is intended to improve
2165:Automated vacuum collection
884:10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3100472
590:755.5-764.5 and 5770 – 5850
23:Vehicle to x (Illustration)
2252:
1809:Connecting Europe Facility
1014:10.1109/COMST.2015.2440103
549:Allocated bandwidth (MHz)
2183:
1949:5G Automotive Association
1457:10.1109/JIOT.2020.3004573
1380:Väyläviraston Tutkimuksia
1313:10.1016/j.trc.2018.03.008
316:Forward collision warning
253:5G Automotive Association
198:5G Automotive Association
2091:Alternative fuel vehicle
1418:10.1109/TVT.2020.3046165
1175:10.1109/TMC.2020.2992045
1126:10.1109/VNC.2018.8628416
270:Device-to-network (V2N).
223:vehicular ad-hoc network
2053:Pulse detonation engine
2023:Adaptive compliant wing
1355:www.media.volvocars.com
380:Standardisation history
78:Vehicle-to-Device (V2D)
2122:Personal rapid transit
2043:High-altitude platform
396:From 2004 onwards the
24:
1991:Emerging technologies
104:Vehicle-to-Load (V2L)
92:Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G)
28:Vehicle-to-everything
22:
2137:Transit Elevated Bus
2068:Supersonic transport
2236:Wireless networking
2160:Pneumatic transport
2103:Ground-effect train
2028:Backpack helicopter
1118:2018arXiv180902678T
1042:. 25 February 2024.
876:2021IEEEA...9j7710A
727:. October 26, 2023.
526:Spectrum allocation
323:/blind spot warning
321:Lane change warning
208:Technology overview
2231:Vehicle telematics
2226:Vehicle technology
1937:2018-07-16 at the
1892:. 3 September 2016
1794:2017-03-01 at the
1583:2017-04-28 at the
1563:2018-11-15 at the
1285:2014-03-10 at the
893:20.500.12210/55004
473:Regulatory history
52:traffic efficiency
25:
2203:
2202:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2174:
1839:Abuelsamid, Sam.
1807:For C-ROADS see:
1238:3GPP Release 15 (
1217:978-1-6654-8243-1
1169:(10): 2936–2948.
1135:978-1-5386-9428-2
1071:www.car-2-car.org
870:: 107710–107737.
630:
629:
411:Around 2007 when
333:Emergency vehicle
245:cellular networks
228:V2X communication
2243:
2191:
2190:
2132:Self-driving car
2096:Hydrogen vehicle
2011:
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1255:. June 20, 2024.
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1202:. pp. 1–5.
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1102:. pp. 1–8.
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1008:(4): 2377–2396.
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796:. p. e10
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2117:Maglev train
2086:Airless tire
1927:IEEE 802.11p
1905:
1894:. Retrieved
1889:
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1869:. Retrieved
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1848:. Retrieved
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1671:Ars Technica
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1652:Ars Technica
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1630:. Retrieved
1628:. 2017-03-08
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1605:. Retrieved
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1412:(1): 18–32.
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1383:. Retrieved
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