2007:
3000:
1967:
1805:
1137:
1269:. This time has been much reduced by moving the converter closer to the exhaust manifold and even more so placing a small yet quick-to-heat-up converter directly at the exhaust manifold. The small converter handles the start-up emissions, which allows enough time for the larger main converter to heat up. Further improvements can be realised in many ways, including electric heating, thermal battery, chemical reaction preheating, flame heating and superinsulation.
5348:
996:
1440:
5310:
1791:
reaches a stage in its life where it reaches this EGT limit, the engine will require specific maintenance in order to rectify the problem. The amount the EGT is below the EGT limit is called EGT margin. The EGT margin of an engine will be greatest when the engine is new, or has been overhauled. For most airlines, this information is also monitored remotely by the airline maintenance department by means of
5358:
1008:
5339:
5331:
5323:
53:
1233:
1675:
1880:
1986:. A 2005 U.S. EPA report gives road vehicles as the second largest source of VOCs in the U.S. at 26% and 19% are from non road equipment which is mostly gasoline and diesel stations. 27% of VOC emissions are from solvents which are used in the manufacturer of paints and paint thinners and other uses.
2667:
composition can vary markedly with fuel composition, engine type, operating conditions ... combustion of petroleum fuel produces primarily carbon dioxide, water, and nitrogen ... The health risks lie in the small, invisible or poorly visible particles ... carbon (EC) core of diesel soot ... serves as
1790:
In aircraft gas turbine engines, "exhaust gas temperature" (EGT) is a primary measure of engine health. Typically the EGT is compared with a primary engine power indication called "engine pressure ratio" (EPR). For example: at full power EPR there will be a maximum permitted EGT limit. Once an engine
3531:
IPCC, 2013: Summary for
Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V.
2881:
After a week-long meeting of international experts, the
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), which is part of the World Health Organization (WHO), today classified diesel exhaust as probably carcinogenic to humans (Group 1), based on enough evidence that exposure is associated with an
1352:
In 2000, the United States
Environmental Protection Agency began to implement more stringent emissions standards for light duty vehicles. The requirements were phased in beginning with 2004 vehicles and all new cars and light trucks were required to meet the updated standards by the end of 2007.
1621:
The 10% oxygen for "diesel" is likely if the engine was idling, e.g. in a test rig. It is much less if the engine is running under load, although diesel engines always operate with an excess of air over fuel. The CO content for petrol engines varies from ≈15 ppm for well tuned engine with fuel
2696:
The scientific evidence was reviewed thoroughly by the
Working Group and overall it was concluded that there was sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of diesel exhaust. The Working Group found that diesel exhaust is a cause of lung cancer (sufficient evidence) and also noted a
2275:
Researchers from the
University of California, Los Angeles School of Public Health say preliminary results of their statistical study of children listed in the California Cancer Registry born between 1998 and 2007 found that traffic pollution may be associated with a 5% to 15% increase in the
2032:, which blocks the transport of oxygen. At concentrations above 1000ppm it is considered immediately dangerous and is the most immediate health hazard from running engines in a poorly ventilated space. In 2011, 52% of carbon monoxide emissions were created by mobile vehicles in the U.S.
1735:. Its composition may vary with the fuel type or rate of consumption, or speed of engine operation (e.g., idling or at speed or under load), and whether the engine is in an on-road vehicle, farm vehicle, locomotive, marine vessel, or stationary generator or other application.
2126:
installed, while the United States has mandated it for diesel only. In 2022, British testing specialist
Emissions Analytics estimated that the 300 million or so gasoline vehicles in the US over the subsequent decade would emit around 1.6 septillion harmful particles.
1128:(MIT) indicates that 53,000 early deaths occur per year in the United States alone because of vehicle emissions. According to another study from the same university, traffic fumes alone cause the death of 5,000 people every year just in the United Kingdom.
2266:
engines is that they produce smaller quantities of toxic pollutants (e.g. oxides of nitrogen) than petrol and diesel engines of the same power. They produce larger quantities of carbon dioxide but less carbon monoxide due to more efficient combustion.
2717:
Exposure to diesel exhaust particulates is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen, based on limited evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in humans and supporting evidence from studies in experimental animals and mechanistic
2304:
is due to car emissions. Concentrations of pollutants emitted from combustion engines may be particularly high around signalized intersections because of idling and accelerations. Computer models often miss this kind of detail.
2453:
Caiazzo, Fabio; Ashok, Akshay; Waitz, Ian A.; Yim, Steve H.L.; Barrett, Steven R.H. (November 2013). "Air pollution and early deaths in the United States. Part I: Quantifying the impact of major sectors in 2005".
5059:
776:
2259:) of marine exhaust gases. The regulations on marine sulfur dioxide emissions are tightening, however only a small number of special areas worldwide have been designated for low sulfur diesel fuel use only.
5284:
955:
3576:
5279:
950:
2738:
Using U.S. EPA's revised draft 1999 Guidelines for
Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1999), diesel exhaust (DE) is likely to be carcinogenic to humans by inhalation from environmental exposures.
1919:
vapor and related particles. Small particles can penetrate deeply into sensitive lung tissue and damage it, causing premature death in extreme cases. Inhalation of NO species increases the risk of
2106:. Because of the size of the particles, they can penetrate the deepest part of the lungs. A 2011 UK study estimates 90 deaths per year due to passenger vehicle PM. In a 2006 publication, the
3786:
Scientific Study of
Harmful Effects of Diesel Exhaust: Acute Inflammatory Responses in the Airways and Peripheral Blood After Short-Term Exposure to Diesel Exhaust in Healthy Human Volunteers
2750:
Silverman, Debra T.; Samanic, Claudine M.; Lubin, Jay H.; Blair, Aaron E.; Stewart, Patricia A.; Vermeulen, Roel; Coble, Joseph B.; Rothman, Nathaniel; Schleiff, Patricia L. (6 June 2012).
1240:
During the first two minutes after starting the engine of a car that has not been operated for several hours, the amount of emissions can be very high. This occurs for two main reasons:
2668:
a nucleus for condensation of organic compounds from unburned or incompletely burned fuel ... it still appears that nitrated PAHs are the most predominant bacterial mutagens
1255:, which diminishes only as the engine reaches operating temperature. The duration of this start-up phase has been reduced by advances in materials and technology, including
3513:
1464:
the gases resulting from combustion of the fuel and air mix are called exhaust gases. The composition varies from petrol to diesel engines, but is around these levels:
3139:
2583:
2807:
Attfield, Michael D.; Schleiff, Patricia L.; Lubin, Jay H.; Blair, Aaron; Stewart, Patricia A.; Vermeulen, Roel; Coble, Joseph B.; Silverman, Debra T. (6 June 2012).
3628:
2992:
1622:
injection and a catalytic converter up to 100,000 ppm (10%) for a richly tuned carburetor engine, such as typically found on small generators and garden equipment.
5297:
3544:
1846:
960:
1638:
vapour, which is corrosive, and when inhaled causes a muscular reaction making it impossible to breathe. People who are likely to be exposed to it should wear a
1935:
4992:
1751:
1038:
726:
3072:
3051:
3224:
5231:
5401:
5274:
3780:
2385:
1125:
945:
3790:
3756:
4562:
4374:
3819:
219:
4527:
4420:
4090:
346:
266:
2006:
1888:
5292:
5269:
4448:
4108:
3558:
2350:
940:
854:
296:
3486:
2426:
Omidvarborna; et al. (2014). "Characterization of particulate matter emitted from transit buses fueled with B20 in idle modes".
5334:
5081:
4967:
4461:
4456:
2660:
1711:
1357:
United States Light-Duty
Vehicle, Light-Duty Truck, and Medium-Duty Passenger Vehicle—Tier 2 Exhaust Emission Standards (for Bin 5)
796:
701:
5261:
2400:
1739:
3167:
2730:
5007:
4744:
4134:
3943:
3740:
2325:
1031:
741:
504:
86:
3721:
2289:
2107:
2091:
1197:
5342:
5317:
4622:
3090:
2335:
1221:
976:
426:
2198:
There has been research into ways that troops in deserts can recover drinkable water from their vehicles' exhaust gases.
4793:
4542:
4522:
4274:
4014:
3948:
2608:
1772:
emissions of a diesel car tend to be lower due to higher efficiency. In use, on average, this equates to around 200 g CO
1693:
1455:
514:
366:
341:
136:
3671:
Int Panis L; et al. (2006). "Modelling instantaneous traffic emission and the influence of traffic speed limits".
4898:
4552:
2943:
Turner, MC; Krewski, D; Diver, WR; Pope CA, 3rd; Burnett, RT; Jerrett, M; Marshall, JD; Gapstur, SM (21 August 2017).
2380:
2355:
2163:
1685:
1346:
1279:
U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency estimates of average passenger car emissions in the United States for April 2000
625:
376:
1998:, causing coughing, choking, and reduced lung capacity. It also has many negative effects throughout the ecosystem.
5226:
5149:
4557:
4387:
4217:
3938:
3910:
3728:
2709:
2507:
Pulkrabek W.W. (2004) Engineering Fundamentals of the Internal Combustion Engine. Pearson Prentice Hall, new Jersey
1256:
1217:
1106:
1024:
381:
231:
3771:
U.S. Department of Labor Occupational Safety & Health Administration: Safety and Health Topics: Diesel Exhaust
1760:) and particulate matter (PM) in the exhaust. So, while diesel fuel contains slightly more carbon (2.68 kg CO
5029:
4987:
4949:
4514:
4308:
2405:
2277:
2263:
2123:
2017:
1975:
1374:
1164:) (except for fuels without carbon); these are not toxic or noxious (although water vapor and carbon dioxide are
756:
721:
681:
334:
301:
151:
3646:
5024:
4547:
4488:
4399:
3923:
3812:
751:
371:
306:
243:
3545:"Commission plans legislative framework to ensure the EU meets its target for cutting CO2 emissions from cars"
2539:"Light-Duty Vehicle, Light-Duty Truck, and Medium-Duty Passenger Vehicle -- Tier 2 Exhaust Emission Standards"
3256:
2154:
concentrations in the atmosphere which according to the vast majority of the scientific community is causing
5236:
5002:
4532:
4083:
4029:
3973:
3953:
781:
736:
356:
2999:
1966:
5381:
5195:
4585:
3880:
2320:
2232:
2211:
919:
406:
1923:
and colorectal cancer. and inhalation of such particles may cause or worsen respiratory diseases such as
5165:
4997:
4873:
4781:
4471:
4364:
4164:
3530:
3242:
2986:
1461:
1266:
889:
731:
597:
509:
206:
5326:
2122:). In Chinese, European, and Indian markets, both diesel and gasoline vehicles are required to have a
1861:
terminology the exhaust is steam that is now so low in pressure that it can no longer do useful work.
4972:
4627:
4323:
3680:
3450:
2463:
1247:: When a cold engine is started, the fuel does not vaporize completely, creating higher emissions of
431:
164:
3032:"The Regional Transport of Ozone: New EPA Rulemaking on Nitrogen Oxide Emissions (EPA-456/F-98-006)"
2070:. Benzene causes leukemia and is associated with other blood cancers and pre-cancers of the blood.
5039:
4977:
4944:
4883:
4815:
4680:
4675:
4653:
4227:
3805:
2752:"The Diesel Exhaust in Miners study: a nested case-control study of lung cancer and diesel exhaust"
2301:
2248:
1213:
1172:). A relatively small part of combustion gas is undesirable, noxious, or toxic substances, such as
766:
711:
676:
602:
529:
479:
474:
459:
116:
2223:
contained in the exhaust gases from vehicles as well as from industrial flue gas stacks and other
1804:
5406:
5352:
5313:
5246:
5221:
5216:
5034:
4911:
4705:
4577:
4341:
4212:
4139:
4076:
3933:
3375:
Babadjouni, RM; Hodis, DM; Radwanski, R; Durazo, R; Patel, A; Liu, Q; Mack, WJ (September 2017).
2896:"Lung Cancer and Exposure to Nitrogen Dioxide and Traffic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
2340:
2087:
2040:
1995:
1948:
1578:
1443:
1000:
761:
637:
399:
181:
121:
91:
36:
2865:
2680:
1750:. It contains several substances that are also listed individually as human carcinogens by the
5241:
5101:
4921:
4830:
4798:
4715:
4668:
4595:
4567:
4336:
4331:
4129:
3988:
3968:
3928:
3696:
3468:
3406:
3357:
3308:
3206:
3133:
2974:
2925:
2846:
2828:
2789:
2771:
2656:
2375:
2345:
2216:
2207:
2029:
1825:
1091:
649:
572:
565:
519:
386:
176:
171:
81:
2538:
5386:
5347:
5185:
5086:
5044:
5012:
4906:
4860:
4820:
4727:
4695:
4663:
4648:
4632:
4607:
4392:
4346:
4052:
3870:
3688:
3458:
3396:
3388:
3347:
3339:
3298:
3290:
3198:
2964:
2956:
2915:
2907:
2836:
2820:
2779:
2763:
2648:
2471:
2435:
995:
909:
806:
746:
632:
585:
534:
494:
469:
454:
436:
411:
351:
236:
186:
3785:
3153:
2894:
Hamra, GB; Laden, F; Cohen, AJ; Raaschou-Nielsen, O; Brauer, M; Loomis, D (November 2015).
2809:"The Diesel Exhaust in Miners study: a cohort mortality study with emphasis on lung cancer"
5049:
4959:
4925:
4810:
4764:
4690:
4617:
4537:
4440:
4382:
4237:
4057:
4039:
3963:
3490:
2395:
2158:. Motor vehicles are calculated to generate about 20% of the European Union's man-made CO
2021:
1565:
1252:
1173:
1136:
694:
654:
524:
489:
421:
361:
289:
226:
126:
2174:
emissions figure dropped by 5.4% in the year to the first quarter of 2010, down to 145.6
2170:
emissions of new passenger cars and light vehicles. The European Union average new car CO
3775:
3748:
3684:
3454:
2715:. National Toxicology Program, Department of Health and Human Services. 2 October 2014.
2490:
2467:
5391:
5362:
5096:
4982:
4939:
4933:
4929:
4774:
4759:
4710:
4700:
4612:
4466:
4222:
4193:
3983:
3900:
3401:
3376:
3352:
3327:
3303:
3278:
2969:
2944:
2920:
2895:
2841:
2808:
2784:
2751:
2556:
2365:
2155:
2143:
2139:
1896:
1747:
1724:
1662:
1603:
1552:
1503:
1439:
1189:
1169:
1165:
1157:
1087:
1012:
816:
716:
671:
664:
659:
416:
111:
3202:
5396:
5375:
5116:
5017:
4803:
4732:
4504:
4252:
4116:
3828:
3594:
3175:
2584:"Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: Operating Fossil Fuel Engines Inside Buildings (AEN-206)"
2315:
2293:
2236:
2224:
2119:
2063:
1994:
Ozone is beneficial in the upper atmosphere, but at ground level ozone irritates the
1884:
1829:
1821:
1728:
1117:
1102:
831:
321:
316:
311:
69:
3692:
3489:. U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Commission. 2006. Archived from
3013:
5137:
5111:
5091:
4915:
4878:
4842:
4478:
4425:
4301:
4257:
4242:
4171:
3978:
3918:
3895:
3717:
3439:"Air Quality Impacts of Climate Mitigation: UK Policy and Passenger Vehicle Choice"
2518:"Average Annual Emissions and Fuel Consumption for Passenger Cars and Light Trucks"
2475:
2390:
2370:
2228:
2187:
1858:
1732:
1631:
1415:
1083:
1082:. According to the type of engine, it is discharged into the atmosphere through an
864:
826:
811:
642:
607:
552:
271:
131:
58:
2639:
3294:
1188:, but typically shown simply as "HC" on emissions-test slips) from unburnt fuel,
5074:
5069:
4754:
4749:
4720:
4685:
4658:
4019:
3860:
3850:
3098:
2697:
positive association (limited evidence) with an increased risk of bladder cancer
2099:
2059:
1920:
1916:
1743:
1635:
1590:
1516:
1248:
1177:
1071:
1063:
786:
484:
464:
3614:
3514:"Lacking filters, U.S. cars set to emit a septillion more particles - research"
3392:
3343:
2439:
17:
5251:
4868:
4183:
4176:
4159:
4144:
4009:
3534:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
2945:"Ambient Air Pollution and Cancer Mortality in the Cancer Prevention Study II"
2517:
2330:
2251:
in cars intend to break down the pollution of exhaust gases using a catalyst.
2025:
1928:
1817:
1059:
836:
592:
96:
2832:
2775:
2616:
1224:. EGT is also a measure of engine health in gas-turbine engines (see below).
5180:
5132:
5106:
5054:
4888:
4850:
4600:
4590:
4262:
4124:
4099:
4047:
4004:
3855:
3781:
Diesel Exhaust Particulates: Reasonably Anticipated to Be A Human Carcinogen
2220:
2067:
1947:
came from on road motor vehicles, with the second largest contributor being
1924:
1908:
1110:
904:
859:
821:
771:
706:
612:
76:
44:
3770:
3700:
3472:
3410:
3377:"Clinical effects of air pollution on the central nervous system; a review"
3361:
3312:
3210:
2978:
2929:
2850:
2793:
3729:"California Air Pollution Kills More People Than Car Crashes, Study Shows"
3121:
2824:
2767:
2652:
52:
4825:
4769:
4430:
4279:
4247:
4024:
3885:
3875:
3865:
3845:
2360:
2252:
2244:
2240:
2024:
is colorless, odorless and tasteless, but highly toxic. It combines with
1809:
1639:
1490:
1145:
1075:
1067:
1055:
276:
3326:
Bourdrel, T; Bind, MA; Béjot, Y; Morel, O; Argacha, JF (November 2017).
2911:
2150:
emissions are part of the anthropogenic contribution to the growth of CO
4786:
4289:
4267:
4154:
4149:
3958:
3890:
3629:"Smog Exposure During Pregnancy Might Raise Child's Cancer Risk: Study"
3097:. United States Geological Survey (USGS). 12 April 2013. Archived from
2118:
emissions came from the exhaust of on-road motor vehicles (mostly from
2048:
2044:
1955:
1912:
3463:
3438:
3189:
Omaye ST. (2002). "Metabolic modulation of carbon monoxide toxicity".
3031:
1259:, shorter intake lengths, and pre-heating of fuel and/or inducted air.
5190:
5170:
5064:
4739:
4232:
2227:
exhaust sources in various large-scale industrial facilities such as
2095:
2010:
1529:
1265:: Catalytic converters are very inefficient until warmed up to their
1212:
Exhaust gas temperature (EGT) is important to the functioning of the
914:
894:
801:
791:
499:
2960:
1954:
The resulting nitric acid may be washed into soil, where it becomes
3617:
AP 42, Fifth Edition, Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors
1630:
Exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine whose fuel includes
1232:
5200:
5142:
4483:
4415:
4313:
4205:
3020:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 14 February 2013.
2686:. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). 12 June 2012
2545:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 14 November 2012.
2103:
2020:
is the most common type of fatal air poisoning in many countries.
2005:
1979:
1965:
1879:
1878:
1803:
1792:
1438:
1231:
1135:
924:
869:
261:
3231:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 25 October 2013.
3079:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 25 October 2013.
3073:"State and County Emission Summaries: Volatile Organic Compounds"
3058:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 25 October 2013.
27:
Gases emitted as a result of fuel reactions in combustion engines
5175:
4296:
4284:
4200:
3831:
3245:. Automobile Association Developments Limited. 23 February 2012.
3037:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. September 1998.
2527:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 19 August 2015.
2297:
2280:
study found that diesel fumes cause an increase in lung cancer.
2175:
1983:
1653:
1201:
1121:
1079:
899:
146:
141:
106:
4072:
3801:
3797:
1904:
1668:
57:
This diesel-powered truck emits an exhaust gas full of black
4068:
2243:
production plants. However, these are often referred to as
2094:
have been widely studied in humans and animals and include
3423:
Region 4: Laboratory and Field Operations — PM 2.5 (2008).
3243:"Exhaust emissions: What comes out of your car's exhaust?"
2736:. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 28 February 2003.
1970:
Non-road equipment is mostly gasoline and diesel stations.
3559:"EU Average New Car CO2 Emissions Down 5.4 Percent in Q1"
2558:
Self-Study Programme 230: Motor Vehicle Exhaust Emissions
3776:
Partial List of Chemicals Associated with Diesel Exhaust
3487:"Transportation Air Quality: Selected Facts and Figures"
2491:"Traffic pollution kills 5,000 a year in UK, says study"
3741:"Automotive Exhaust Chemicals: disease causing effects"
2162:
emissions, with passenger cars contributing about 12%.
2062:. It can also cause excessive bleeding and depress the
1978:(VOCs) react in the presence of sunlight, ground level
3577:"recovering water from diesel exhaust - Google Search"
3225:"State and County Emission Summaries: Carbon Monoxide"
3052:"State and County Emission Summaries: Nitrogen Oxides"
2013:
satellite computer image of carbon monoxide March 2010
2588:
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
1808:
What looks like exhaust from jet engines is actually
1263:
Inefficient catalytic converter under cold conditions
1094:. It often disperses downwind in a pattern called an
2871:. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
2710:"Report on Carcinogens: Diesel Exhaust Particulates"
2110:(FHWA) state that in 2002 about 1 per-cent of all PM
5260:
5209:
5158:
5125:
4958:
4897:
4859:
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4513:
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4115:
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3909:
3838:
3763:. Union of Concerned Scientists. 3 September 2013.
3168:"Ecosystem Effects | Ground-level Ozone | US EPA"
3277:Kurt, OK; Zhang, J; Pinkerton, KE (March 2016).
3266:. United States Environmental Protection Agency.
2255:in ships intend to remove the sulfur dioxide (SO
1688:for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling
1245:Rich air-fuel ratio requirement in cold engines
1116:Motor vehicle emissions are a common source of
3595:"EPA Plain English Guide to the Clean Air Act"
1951:which is mostly gasoline and diesel stations.
1196:) from excessive combustion temperatures, and
1120:and are a major ingredient in the creation of
4084:
3813:
3512:Lewis, Barbara; Carey, Nick (27 April 2022).
2428:Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering
1907:) (whether produced this way or naturally by
1032:
8:
3138:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1113:blow-by and evaporation of unused gasoline.
3279:"Pulmonary health effects of air pollution"
2991:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1756:Methods exist to reduce nitrogen oxides (NO
1349:EURO III as it was applied in October 2000
1144:The largest part of most combustion gas is
1124:in some large cities. A 2013 study by the
4091:
4077:
4069:
3820:
3806:
3798:
3437:Mazzi, Eric A.; Dowlatabadi, Hadi (2007).
3067:
3065:
3046:
3044:
2681:"IARC: DIESEL ENGINE EXHAUST CARCINOGENIC"
1039:
1025:
929:
51:
31:
3747:. Environmed Research Inc. Archived from
3647:"IARC Diesel engine exhaust carcinogenic"
3462:
3400:
3351:
3328:"Cardiovascular effects of air pollution"
3302:
2968:
2919:
2840:
2783:
2292:found in studies that 50% or more of the
1712:Learn how and when to remove this message
2813:Journal of the National Cancer Institute
2756:Journal of the National Cancer Institute
1941:
1915:, moisture, and other compounds to form
1466:
1355:
1277:
1156:O) (except with pure-carbon fuels), and
5232:Pollutant release and transfer register
3547:. European Commission. 7 February 2007.
2418:
968:
932:
43:
3443:Environmental Science & Technology
3131:
2984:
3791:Diesel exhaust: what you need to know
3427:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
3283:Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine
2386:Motor vehicle emissions and pregnancy
1958:, which is useful to growing plants.
1661:These paragraphs are an excerpt from
1126:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
7:
5322:
4563:Electromagnetic radiation and health
3154:"Air Quality Planning and Standards"
2866:"Diesel Engine Exhaust Carcinogenic"
1764:/litre) than petrol (2.31 kg CO
1746:and has a positive association with
1420:0.015 grams/mile (0.0092 g/km)
1380:0.075 grams/mile (0.046 g/km)
5338:
5330:
4421:Radium and radon in the environment
3332:Archives of Cardiovascular Diseases
3091:"Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)"
2731:"Diesel engine exhaust; CASRN N.A."
2108:U.S. Federal Highway Administration
2102:, cardiovascular issues, premature
1982:is formed, a primary ingredient in
1407:0.05 grams/mile (0.0305 g/km)
267:Radium and radon in the environment
3095:Toxic Substances Hydrology Program
2543:Emission Standards Reference Guide
2351:Environmental effects of transport
2316:Air pollution#Most polluted cities
2262:One of the advantages claimed for
1974:When oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and
1309:20.9 grams/mile (13.06 g/km)
1257:computer-controlled fuel injection
25:
3757:"Cars, Trucks, and Air Pollution"
3727:Cone, Tracie (13 November 2008).
3627:Reinberg, Steven (9 April 2013).
3122:"Ozone Layer Protection - US EPA"
2949:Environmental Health Perspectives
2900:Environmental Health Perspectives
2036:Hazardous air pollutants (toxics)
1828:which in some applications shows
1727:is the exhaust gas produced by a
1450:Spark-ignition and Diesel engines
1325:1.39 grams/mile (0.87 g/km)
1298:2.80 grams/mile (1.75 g/km)
1176:(CO) from incomplete combustion,
5356:
5346:
5337:
5329:
5321:
5309:
5308:
3673:Science of the Total Environment
3381:Journal of Clinical Neuroscience
3257:"Air Toxics from Motor Vehicles"
2998:
2401:United States emission standards
1673:
1333:Carbon dioxide - greenhouse gas
1006:
994:
4135:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
3944:2,4-Dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol
3693:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.08.017
2647:. pp. 553, 555, 556, 562.
2331:Automobile#Environmental impact
2326:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
2276:likelihood of some cancers. A
1938:study the largest emissions of
1468:Combustion-engine exhaust gases
1391:3.4 grams/mile (2.1 g/km)
1274:Passenger car emissions summary
1236:Steam from tailpipe of cold car
1105:emissions (and from stationary
87:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
3722:California Air Resources Board
3565:. SoftNews NET. 19 April 2010.
3425:PM 2.5 Objectives and History.
3264:Transportation and Air Quality
2882:increased risk of lung cancer.
2638:Lippmann, Morton, ed. (2009).
2525:Transportation and Air Quality
2476:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.05.081
2290:California Air Resources Board
2186:Vehicle exhaust contains much
1800:Jet engines and rocket engines
1339:11,450 pounds (5,190 kg)
1058:is emitted as a result of the
956:Least polluted cities by PM2.5
1:
5402:Transport and the environment
4623:Electrical resistance heating
3203:10.1016/S0300-483X(02)00387-6
1222:exhaust gas temperature gauge
427:Electrical resistance heating
4275:Persistent organic pollutant
4015:Automatic transmission fluid
3949:Dinonylnaphthylsulfonic acid
3901:Racing fuel (Tetraethyllead)
3295:10.1097/MCP.0000000000000248
1865:Main motor vehicle emissions
1456:Automobile emissions control
137:Persistent organic pollutant
61:when starting up the engine.
5285:Least polluted cities by PM
3532:Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)
2381:Mobile source air pollution
2356:European emission standards
2164:European emission standards
2092:airborne particulate matter
2066:, increasing the chance of
1776:/km for petrol and 120 g CO
1435:Internal-combustion engines
1423:0.41 pounds (0.19 kg)
1347:European emission standards
1328:38.2 pounds (17.3 kg)
1301:77.1 pounds (35.0 kg)
1220:. It may be measured by an
1107:internal combustion engines
1101:It is a major component of
5423:
5227:Pollution haven hypothesis
5150:Brain health and pollution
4388:Ecological light pollution
4218:Internal combustion engine
3939:Dimethyl methylphosphonate
3393:10.1016/j.jocn.2017.04.028
3344:10.1016/j.acvd.2017.05.003
2609:"Race Fuel - Nitromethane"
2440:10.1016/j.jece.2014.09.020
2205:
1976:volatile organic compounds
1962:Volatile organic compounds
1660:
1651:
1453:
1410:1.4 pounds (0.64 kg)
1383:2.1 pounds (0.95 kg)
1375:Volatile organic compounds
1336:415 grams/mile (258 g/km)
1218:internal combustion engine
1109:), which can also include
5306:
5030:Nonpoint source pollution
4950:War and environmental law
4309:Volatile organic compound
4106:
2406:Vehicle emissions control
2278:World Health Organization
2264:advanced steam technology
2018:Carbon monoxide poisoning
1476:
1473:
1368:Annual pollution emitted
1312:575 pounds (261 kg)
1290:Annual pollution emitted
1140:Emission of gas at sunset
682:War and environmental law
302:Health effects from noise
152:Volatile organic compound
4489:Marine mammals and sonar
4400:Radio spectrum pollution
3924:Butylated hydroxytoluene
3718:Health and Air Pollution
3120:EPA, OAR, OAP, SPD, US.
2114:and 2 per-cent of all PM
2043:(long-term) exposure to
1180:(properly indicated as C
307:Marine mammals and sonar
5335:WikiProject Environment
5293:Most polluted countries
5237:Polluter pays principle
4968:Agricultural wastewater
4030:Windshield washer fluid
3974:Methyl tert-butyl ether
3954:2,6-Di-tert-butylphenol
3866:Lead Replacement Petrol
2641:Environmental Toxicants
2456:Atmospheric Environment
1394:94 pounds (43 kg)
1208:Exhaust gas temperature
1078:, biodiesel blends, or
782:Freshwater salinization
702:Agricultural wastewater
5353:Environment portal
4586:Agricultural pollution
3881:Compressed natural gas
3767:About diesel exhaust:
2321:Alternative propulsion
2233:natural gas processing
2212:Vehicle-specific power
2074:Particulate matter (PM
2014:
1971:
1892:
1813:
1462:spark-ignition engines
1446:
1237:
1141:
1001:Environment portal
5008:Industrial wastewater
4874:Clutter (advertising)
4782:Municipal solid waste
4628:Soil guideline values
4472:Sustainable transport
4365:Information pollution
4165:Open burning of waste
2653:10.1002/9780470442890
2009:
1969:
1882:
1807:
1731:, plus any contained
1626:Nitromethane additive
1442:
1267:operating temperature
1235:
1139:
742:Industrial wastewater
510:Municipal solid waste
432:Soil guideline values
5280:Most polluted cities
4973:Biological pollution
4884:Overhead power lines
3229:Air Emission Sources
3077:Air emission sources
3056:Air emission sources
2613:www.turbofast.com.au
2249:Catalytic converters
2229:petroleum refineries
2002:Carbon monoxide (CO)
1738:Diesel exhaust is a
1345:Comparable with the
951:Most polluted cities
603:Overhead power lines
5343:WikiProject Ecology
5040:Ocean acidification
4945:Unexploded ordnance
4816:Post-consumer waste
4676:Foam food container
4654:Biodegradable waste
4228:Global distillation
3720:Publication of the
3685:2006ScTEn.371..270I
3455:2007EnST...41..387M
3101:on 5 September 2015
2912:10.1289/ehp.1408882
2825:10.1093/jnci/djs035
2768:10.1093/jnci/djs034
2468:2013AtmEn..79..198C
2302:Southern California
2202:Pollution reduction
2146:. Motor vehicle CO
1931:and heart disease.
1887:as viewed from the
1785:Gas-turbine engines
1768:/litre), overall CO
1470:
1358:
1280:
1214:catalytic converter
1168:that contribute to
767:Ocean acidification
677:Unexploded ordnance
598:Advertising clutter
530:Post-consumer waste
475:Foam food container
460:Biodegradable waste
117:Global distillation
5363:Ecology portal
5247:Waste minimisation
5222:Industrial ecology
5217:Cleaner production
5035:Nutrient pollution
4912:Herbicidal warfare
4706:Construction waste
4342:Introduced species
4213:Indoor air quality
4140:Chlorofluorocarbon
3934:1,2-Dichloroethane
3615:US EPA Publication
2564:. AUDI. April 2000
2341:Congestion pricing
2219:focus on reducing
2217:Emission standards
2131:Carbon dioxide (CO
2015:
1996:respiratory system
1972:
1949:non-road equipment
1893:
1889:World Trade Center
1826:propelling nozzles
1814:
1740:Group 1 carcinogen
1692:You can assist by
1579:Particulate matter
1467:
1447:
1444:Automobile exhaust
1356:
1278:
1238:
1198:particulate matter
1142:
1013:Ecology portal
638:Herbicidal warfare
182:Introduced species
122:Indoor air quality
92:Chlorofluorocarbon
59:particulate matter
5369:
5368:
5242:Pollution control
4922:Nuclear holocaust
4831:Thermal treatment
4799:Plastic pollution
4716:Mercury poisoning
4669:Battery recycling
4568:Radioactive waste
4337:Genetic pollution
4332:Biological hazard
4130:Air quality index
4066:
4065:
3989:Tetranitromethane
3969:Metal deactivator
3929:1,2-Dibromoethane
3464:10.1021/es060517w
2376:Low-emission zone
2346:Emission standard
2284:Localised effects
2208:Air suction valve
2030:carboxyhemoglobin
1841:From burning coal
1722:
1721:
1714:
1619:
1618:
1612:
1427:
1426:
1343:
1342:
1152:), water vapor (H
1092:propelling nozzle
1068:gasoline (petrol)
1062:of fuels such as
1049:
1048:
984:
983:
650:Nuclear holocaust
573:Urban heat island
387:Radioactive waste
172:Biological hazard
82:Air quality index
16:(Redirected from
5414:
5361:
5360:
5359:
5351:
5350:
5341:
5340:
5333:
5332:
5325:
5324:
5312:
5311:
5186:Legacy pollution
5045:Oil exploitation
4907:Chemical warfare
4821:Waste management
4728:Industrial waste
4696:Biomedical waste
4664:Electronic waste
4649:Advertising mail
4633:Phytoremediation
4608:Land degradation
4393:Overillumination
4347:Invasive species
4093:
4086:
4079:
4070:
4053:MTBE controversy
3822:
3815:
3808:
3799:
3764:
3752:
3736:
3705:
3704:
3679:(1–3): 270–285.
3668:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3643:
3637:
3636:
3624:
3618:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3591:
3585:
3584:
3581:www.google.co.uk
3573:
3567:
3566:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3541:
3535:
3528:
3522:
3521:
3509:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3466:
3434:
3428:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3404:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3355:
3323:
3317:
3316:
3306:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3261:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3174:. Archived from
3164:
3158:
3157:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3137:
3129:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3069:
3060:
3059:
3048:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3018:Nitrogen Dioxide
3010:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2996:
2990:
2982:
2972:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2923:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2878:
2876:
2870:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2844:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2787:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2714:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2693:
2691:
2685:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2646:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2619:on 13 March 2018
2615:. Archived from
2605:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2563:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2522:
2514:
2508:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2434:(4): 2335–2342.
2423:
1946:
1717:
1710:
1706:
1703:
1697:
1677:
1676:
1669:
1608:
1471:
1388:Carbon Monoxide
1359:
1306:Carbon monoxide
1281:
1166:greenhouse gases
1041:
1034:
1027:
1011:
1010:
1009:
999:
998:
930:
633:Chemical warfare
535:Waste management
495:Industrial waste
470:Electronic waste
455:Advertising mail
437:Phytoremediation
412:Land degradation
352:Depleted uranium
237:Overillumination
187:Invasive species
55:
32:
21:
5422:
5421:
5417:
5416:
5415:
5413:
5412:
5411:
5372:
5371:
5370:
5365:
5357:
5355:
5345:
5302:
5288:
5256:
5205:
5154:
5121:
5060:Pharmaceuticals
5050:Oil exploration
4954:
4926:Nuclear fallout
4893:
4855:
4837:
4811:Packaging waste
4765:Deep sea mining
4691:Hazardous waste
4637:
4618:Open defecation
4572:
4538:Nuclear fallout
4533:Nuclear fission
4509:
4435:
4404:
4375:Electromagnetic
4369:
4353:
4318:
4238:Ozone depletion
4111:
4102:
4097:
4067:
4062:
4058:Pay at the pump
4034:
3993:
3964:Ethylenediamine
3905:
3846:Gasoline/petrol
3834:
3826:
3755:
3751:on 5 July 2014.
3739:
3733:Huffington Post
3726:
3714:
3709:
3708:
3670:
3669:
3665:
3655:
3653:
3645:
3644:
3640:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3613:
3609:
3599:
3597:
3593:
3592:
3588:
3575:
3574:
3570:
3557:
3556:
3552:
3543:
3542:
3538:
3529:
3525:
3511:
3510:
3506:
3496:
3494:
3493:on 16 June 2006
3485:
3484:
3480:
3436:
3435:
3431:
3422:
3418:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3338:(11): 634–642.
3325:
3324:
3320:
3276:
3275:
3271:
3259:
3255:
3254:
3250:
3241:
3240:
3236:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3178:on 18 May 2012.
3166:
3165:
3161:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3130:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3104:
3102:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3071:
3070:
3063:
3050:
3049:
3042:
3034:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3012:
3011:
3007:
2997:
2983:
2961:10.1289/EHP1249
2942:
2941:
2937:
2906:(11): 1107–12.
2893:
2892:
2888:
2874:
2872:
2869:(Press release)
2868:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2819:(11): 869–883.
2806:
2805:
2801:
2762:(11): 855–868.
2749:
2748:
2744:
2733:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2712:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2689:
2687:
2684:(Press release)
2683:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2663:
2644:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2622:
2620:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2592:
2590:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2520:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2506:
2502:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2396:Space jellyfish
2311:
2286:
2273:
2258:
2214:
2204:
2196:
2184:
2173:
2169:
2161:
2153:
2149:
2137:
2134:
2124:tailpipe filter
2117:
2113:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2056:
2052:
2038:
2022:Carbon monoxide
2004:
1992:
1964:
1945:
1939:
1902:
1897:nitrogen oxides
1877:
1875:
1867:
1855:
1843:
1838:
1824:, exhaust from
1802:
1787:
1782:
1781:
1780:/km for diesel.
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1742:, which causes
1718:
1707:
1701:
1698:
1691:
1678:
1674:
1666:
1656:
1648:
1628:
1610:
1566:Carbon monoxide
1553:Nitrogen oxides
1541:Trace elements
1469:
1458:
1452:
1437:
1432:
1404:
1322:
1276:
1253:carbon monoxide
1230:
1210:
1195:
1190:nitrogen oxides
1187:
1183:
1174:carbon monoxide
1163:
1155:
1151:
1134:
1045:
1007:
1005:
993:
986:
985:
885:
877:
876:
850:
842:
841:
777:Pharmaceuticals
757:Nonpoint source
697:
687:
686:
655:Nuclear fallout
628:
618:
617:
588:
578:
577:
568:
558:
557:
548:
540:
539:
525:Packaging waste
490:Hazardous waste
450:
442:
441:
402:
392:
391:
362:Nuclear fallout
357:Nuclear fission
337:
327:
326:
292:
282:
281:
257:
249:
248:
222:
220:Electromagnetic
212:
211:
202:
194:
193:
167:
157:
156:
127:Ozone depletion
72:
62:
28:
23:
22:
18:Vehicle exhaust
15:
12:
11:
5:
5420:
5418:
5410:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5374:
5373:
5367:
5366:
5307:
5304:
5303:
5301:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5277:
5275:Law by country
5272:
5266:
5264:
5258:
5257:
5255:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5213:
5211:
5207:
5206:
5204:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5162:
5160:
5156:
5155:
5153:
5152:
5147:
5146:
5145:
5140:
5129:
5127:
5123:
5122:
5120:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5097:Surface runoff
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5078:
5077:
5072:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5021:
5020:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4983:Eutrophication
4980:
4975:
4970:
4964:
4962:
4956:
4955:
4953:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4940:Scorched earth
4937:
4934:nuclear winter
4930:nuclear famine
4919:
4909:
4903:
4901:
4895:
4894:
4892:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4865:
4863:
4857:
4856:
4854:
4853:
4847:
4845:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4835:
4834:
4833:
4828:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4807:
4806:
4796:
4791:
4790:
4789:
4779:
4778:
4777:
4775:Uranium mining
4772:
4767:
4762:
4760:Surface mining
4757:
4752:
4742:
4737:
4736:
4735:
4725:
4724:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4711:Lead poisoning
4708:
4703:
4701:Chemical waste
4698:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4672:
4671:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4645:
4643:
4639:
4638:
4636:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4613:Bioremediation
4610:
4605:
4604:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4582:
4580:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4528:Bioremediation
4525:
4519:
4517:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4507:
4502:
4499:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4491:
4481:
4476:
4475:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:Transportation
4445:
4443:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4412:
4410:
4406:
4405:
4403:
4402:
4397:
4396:
4395:
4390:
4379:
4377:
4371:
4370:
4368:
4367:
4361:
4359:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4351:
4350:
4349:
4339:
4334:
4328:
4326:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4305:
4304:
4294:
4293:
4292:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4271:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4223:Global dimming
4220:
4215:
4210:
4209:
4208:
4198:
4197:
4196:
4194:Diesel exhaust
4186:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4169:
4168:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4121:
4119:
4113:
4112:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4098:
4096:
4095:
4088:
4081:
4073:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4044:
4042:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4001:
3999:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3991:
3986:
3984:Tetraethyllead
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3915:
3913:
3911:Fuel additives
3907:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3842:
3840:
3836:
3835:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3817:
3810:
3802:
3796:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3765:
3761:Clean Vehicles
3753:
3737:
3724:
3713:
3712:External links
3710:
3707:
3706:
3663:
3638:
3619:
3607:
3586:
3568:
3550:
3536:
3523:
3504:
3478:
3429:
3416:
3367:
3318:
3269:
3248:
3234:
3216:
3197:(2): 139–150.
3181:
3159:
3145:
3112:
3082:
3061:
3040:
3023:
3005:
2935:
2886:
2856:
2799:
2742:
2722:
2701:
2672:
2661:
2630:
2600:
2575:
2548:
2530:
2509:
2500:
2489:Roland Pease.
2481:
2445:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2366:Kyoto Protocol
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2285:
2282:
2272:
2271:Health studies
2269:
2256:
2203:
2200:
2195:
2194:Water recovery
2192:
2183:
2180:
2171:
2167:
2159:
2156:climate change
2151:
2147:
2144:greenhouse gas
2140:Carbon dioxide
2136:
2132:
2129:
2120:diesel engines
2115:
2111:
2088:health effects
2083:
2079:
2075:
2072:
2054:
2050:
2037:
2034:
2003:
2000:
1991:
1988:
1963:
1960:
1900:
1876:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1830:shock diamonds
1822:rocket engines
1801:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1786:
1783:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1748:bladder cancer
1725:Diesel exhaust
1720:
1719:
1681:
1679:
1672:
1667:
1663:Diesel exhaust
1659:
1658:
1657:
1647:
1646:Diesel engines
1644:
1627:
1624:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1606:
1604:Sulfur dioxide
1600:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1504:Carbon dioxide
1500:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1451:
1448:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1365:Emission Rate
1363:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1318:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1287:Emission Rate
1285:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1260:
1229:
1226:
1209:
1206:
1193:
1185:
1181:
1170:climate change
1161:
1158:carbon dioxide
1153:
1149:
1133:
1130:
1088:flue gas stack
1047:
1046:
1044:
1043:
1036:
1029:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1003:
988:
987:
982:
981:
980:
979:
971:
970:
966:
965:
964:
963:
958:
953:
948:
946:Law by country
943:
935:
934:
928:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
886:
883:
882:
879:
878:
875:
874:
873:
872:
867:
857:
851:
848:
847:
844:
843:
840:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
817:Surface runoff
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
717:Eutrophication
714:
709:
704:
698:
693:
692:
689:
688:
685:
684:
679:
674:
672:Scorched earth
669:
668:
667:
665:Nuclear winter
662:
660:Nuclear famine
657:
647:
646:
645:
635:
629:
624:
623:
620:
619:
616:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
589:
584:
583:
580:
579:
576:
575:
569:
564:
563:
560:
559:
556:
555:
549:
546:
545:
542:
541:
538:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
451:
448:
447:
444:
443:
440:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
417:Bioremediation
414:
409:
403:
398:
397:
394:
393:
390:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
347:Bioremediation
344:
338:
333:
332:
329:
328:
325:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
297:Transportation
293:
288:
287:
284:
283:
280:
279:
274:
269:
264:
258:
255:
254:
251:
250:
247:
246:
244:Radio spectrum
241:
240:
239:
234:
223:
218:
217:
214:
213:
210:
209:
203:
200:
199:
196:
195:
192:
191:
190:
189:
179:
174:
168:
163:
162:
159:
158:
155:
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
129:
124:
119:
114:
112:Global dimming
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
73:
68:
67:
64:
63:
56:
48:
47:
41:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5419:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5382:Air pollution
5380:
5379:
5377:
5364:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5336:
5328:
5319:
5315:
5305:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5267:
5265:
5263:
5259:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5214:
5212:
5208:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5163:
5161:
5157:
5151:
5148:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5135:
5134:
5131:
5130:
5128:
5124:
5118:
5117:Water quality
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5067:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5019:
5016:
5015:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4965:
4963:
4961:
4957:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4920:
4917:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4904:
4902:
4900:
4896:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4879:Traffic signs
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4862:
4858:
4852:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4844:
4840:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4823:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4805:
4804:Microplastics
4802:
4801:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4794:Nanomaterials
4792:
4788:
4785:
4784:
4783:
4780:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4747:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4734:
4733:Lead smelting
4731:
4730:
4729:
4726:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4693:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4640:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4579:
4575:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4553:Radioactivity
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4520:
4518:
4516:
4512:
4506:
4505:Noise control
4503:
4500:
4497:
4494:
4490:
4487:
4486:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4452:
4451:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4442:
4438:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4407:
4401:
4398:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4384:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4376:
4372:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4356:
4348:
4345:
4344:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4321:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4303:
4300:
4299:
4298:
4295:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4253:Metal working
4251:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4202:
4199:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4173:
4170:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4105:
4101:
4094:
4089:
4087:
4082:
4080:
4075:
4074:
4071:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4037:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3912:
3908:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3830:
3823:
3818:
3816:
3811:
3809:
3804:
3803:
3800:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3725:
3723:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3711:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3667:
3664:
3652:
3648:
3642:
3639:
3634:
3630:
3623:
3620:
3616:
3611:
3608:
3596:
3590:
3587:
3582:
3578:
3572:
3569:
3564:
3563:autoevolution
3560:
3554:
3551:
3546:
3540:
3537:
3533:
3527:
3524:
3519:
3515:
3508:
3505:
3492:
3488:
3482:
3479:
3474:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3449:(2): 387–92.
3448:
3444:
3440:
3433:
3430:
3426:
3420:
3417:
3412:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3371:
3368:
3363:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3322:
3319:
3314:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3289:(2): 138–43.
3288:
3284:
3280:
3273:
3270:
3265:
3258:
3252:
3249:
3244:
3238:
3235:
3230:
3226:
3220:
3217:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3185:
3182:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3163:
3160:
3155:
3149:
3146:
3141:
3135:
3127:
3123:
3116:
3113:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3086:
3083:
3078:
3074:
3068:
3066:
3062:
3057:
3053:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3033:
3027:
3024:
3019:
3015:
3009:
3006:
3001:
2994:
2988:
2980:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2955:(8): 087013.
2954:
2950:
2946:
2939:
2936:
2931:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2890:
2887:
2883:
2867:
2860:
2857:
2852:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2803:
2800:
2795:
2791:
2786:
2781:
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2336:Clean Air Act
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2294:air pollution
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2237:petrochemical
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2225:air pollution
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2064:immune system
2061:
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2035:
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2019:
2012:
2008:
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1999:
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1989:
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1985:
1981:
1977:
1968:
1961:
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1952:
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1926:
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1911:) react with
1910:
1906:
1898:
1890:
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1885:New York City
1881:
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1869:
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1729:diesel engine
1726:
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1682:This article
1680:
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1297:
1295:Hydrocarbons
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1119:
1118:air pollution
1114:
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1103:motor vehicle
1099:
1097:
1096:exhaust plume
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832:Water quality
830:
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621:
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608:Traffic signs
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515:Nanomaterials
513:
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377:Radioactivity
375:
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360:
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350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
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322:Soundproofing
320:
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317:Noise control
315:
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312:Noise barrier
310:
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50:
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42:
38:
34:
33:
30:
19:
5196:Point source
5138:Heavy metals
5112:Urban runoff
5092:Sulfur water
5070:Septic tanks
4916:Agent Orange
4770:Mining waste
4596:Manure waste
4426:Volcanic ash
4302:Black carbon
4258:Oil refining
4243:Particulates
4188:
4172:Construction
3979:Nitromethane
3919:Butyl rubber
3896:Butanol fuel
3760:
3749:the original
3745:Alpha Online
3744:
3732:
3676:
3672:
3666:
3654:. Retrieved
3650:
3641:
3632:
3622:
3610:
3598:. Retrieved
3589:
3580:
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3507:
3495:. Retrieved
3491:the original
3481:
3446:
3442:
3432:
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3419:
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3380:
3370:
3335:
3331:
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3286:
3282:
3272:
3263:
3251:
3237:
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3219:
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3190:
3184:
3176:the original
3171:
3162:
3148:
3125:
3115:
3103:. Retrieved
3099:the original
3094:
3085:
3076:
3055:
3026:
3017:
3008:
2987:cite journal
2952:
2948:
2938:
2903:
2899:
2889:
2880:
2873:. Retrieved
2859:
2816:
2812:
2802:
2759:
2755:
2745:
2737:
2725:
2716:
2704:
2695:
2688:. Retrieved
2675:
2666:
2640:
2633:
2621:. Retrieved
2617:the original
2612:
2603:
2591:. Retrieved
2587:
2578:
2566:. Retrieved
2557:
2551:
2542:
2533:
2524:
2512:
2503:
2494:
2484:
2459:
2455:
2448:
2431:
2427:
2421:
2391:Rolling coal
2371:Landfill gas
2287:
2274:
2261:
2215:
2197:
2188:water vapour
2185:
2182:Water vapour
2166:limit the CO
2138:
2090:of inhaling
2085:
2039:
2016:
1993:
1973:
1953:
1942:
1933:
1894:
1872:
1859:steam engine
1856:
1815:
1737:
1733:particulates
1723:
1708:
1699:
1686:copy editing
1684:may require
1683:
1632:nitromethane
1629:
1620:
1591:Hydrocarbons
1459:
1416:Formaldehyde
1401:
1351:
1344:
1319:
1262:
1249:hydrocarbons
1244:
1239:
1228:Cold engines
1211:
1178:hydrocarbons
1143:
1115:
1100:
1095:
1084:exhaust pipe
1051:
1050:
920:Point source
865:Heavy metals
827:Urban runoff
812:Sulfur water
787:Septic tanks
643:Agent Orange
553:Space debris
407:Agricultural
272:Volcanic ash
132:Particulates
101:
29:
5166:Area source
5075:Pit latrine
4998:Groundwater
4755:Gold mining
4750:Coal mining
4721:Toxic waste
4686:Green waste
4659:Brown waste
4642:Solid waste
4189:Exhaust gas
4020:Brake fluid
3871:Electricity
3861:Biogasoline
3172:www.epa.gov
2462:: 198–208.
2239:plants and
2100:lung cancer
2060:bone marrow
2028:to produce
1921:lung cancer
1917:nitric acid
1836:Other types
1818:jet engines
1744:lung cancer
1636:nitric acid
1585:< 0.045
1573:< 0.045
1517:Water vapor
1477:% of total
1132:Composition
1072:diesel fuel
1064:natural gas
1052:Exhaust gas
890:Area source
732:Groundwater
485:Green waste
465:Brown waste
449:Solid waste
207:Information
102:Exhaust gas
5376:Categories
5318:by country
5314:Categories
5252:Zero waste
5133:Pollutants
5087:Stagnation
5025:Monitoring
4993:Freshwater
4869:Air travel
4681:Food waste
4601:Pesticides
4591:Herbicides
4495:Industrial
4324:Biological
4184:Demolition
4177:Renovation
4160:Joss paper
4145:Combustion
4010:Antifreeze
3839:Fuel types
3191:Toxicology
2623:23 January
2413:References
2245:flue gases
2221:pollutants
2206:See also:
2058:) damages
2026:hemoglobin
1934:In a 2005
1929:bronchitis
1702:April 2024
1694:editing it
1652:See also:
1615:< 0.03
1598:< 0.03
1595:< 0.25
1560:< 0.15
1557:< 0.25
1454:See also:
1362:Component
1284:Component
1060:combustion
977:By country
969:Categories
860:Pollutants
837:Wastewater
807:Stagnation
752:Monitoring
727:Freshwater
593:Air travel
480:Food waste
422:Defecation
232:Ecological
165:Biological
97:Combustion
35:Part of a
5407:Pollution
5210:Responses
5181:Garbology
5107:Turbidity
5055:Oil spill
4988:Firewater
4889:Vandalism
4851:Satellite
4548:Poisoning
4543:Plutonium
4523:Actinides
4515:Radiation
4263:Wood dust
4125:Acid rain
4100:Pollution
4048:Fuel card
4005:Motor oil
3856:Biodiesel
3387:: 16–24.
2833:1460-2105
2776:1460-2105
2690:14 August
2253:Scrubbers
2068:infection
1925:emphysema
1909:lightning
1899:NO and NO
1810:contrails
1544:< 0.6
1474:Compound
1111:crankcase
905:Garbology
822:Turbidity
772:Oil spill
722:Firewater
707:Biosolids
613:Vandalism
372:Poisoning
367:Plutonium
342:Actinides
335:Radiation
77:Acid rain
45:Pollution
5298:Treaties
5270:Diseases
5082:Shipping
4978:Diseases
4826:Landfill
4501:Abstract
4498:Military
4431:Wildfire
4280:Smelting
4248:Asbestos
4025:Gear oil
3886:Hydrogen
3876:Kerosene
3701:17049967
3497:14 April
3473:17310696
3411:28528896
3362:28735838
3313:26761628
3211:12324190
3134:cite web
3014:"Health"
2979:28886601
2930:25870974
2851:22393207
2794:22393209
2718:studies.
2568:23 March
2495:BBC News
2361:Flue gas
2309:See also
2241:chemical
2235:plants,
1936:U.S. EPA
1883:Smog in
1847:Flue gas
1640:gas mask
1609:Possible
1491:Nitrogen
1200:(mostly
1146:nitrogen
1076:fuel oil
1056:flue gas
961:Treaties
941:Diseases
797:Shipping
762:Nutrient
712:Diseases
277:Wildfire
5387:Engines
5327:Commons
5102:Thermal
5003:Hypoxia
4787:Garbage
4558:Uranium
4409:Natural
4358:Digital
4290:Aerosol
4268:Welding
4155:Biomass
4150:Biofuel
4109:History
3959:Ecalene
3891:Ethanol
3681:Bibcode
3656:18 June
3651:iarc.fr
3600:18 June
3518:Reuters
3451:Bibcode
3402:5544553
3353:5963518
3304:4776742
2970:5783657
2921:4629738
2875:12 June
2842:3373218
2785:3369553
2593:18 June
2464:Bibcode
2045:benzene
2041:Chronic
1956:nitrate
1913:ammonia
1891:in 1988
1485:Diesel
1482:Petrol
855:History
737:Hypoxia
566:Thermal
520:Plastic
382:Uranium
256:Natural
201:Digital
177:Genetic
5191:Midden
5171:Debris
5126:Topics
5065:Sewage
5018:debris
5013:Marine
4861:Visual
4745:Mining
4740:Litter
4233:Mining
4040:Retail
3998:Fluids
3851:Diesel
3699:
3633:USNews
3471:
3409:
3399:
3360:
3350:
3311:
3301:
3209:
3126:US EPA
3105:2 June
2977:
2967:
2928:
2918:
2864:IARC.
2849:
2839:
2831:
2792:
2782:
2774:
2659:
2096:asthma
2078:and PM
2011:MOPITT
1611:traces
1570:1 - 2
1547:~ 0.3
1530:Oxygen
1373:NMOG (
1216:of an
915:Midden
910:Legacy
895:Debris
849:Topics
802:Sludge
792:Sewage
747:Marine
586:Visual
505:Mining
500:Litter
37:series
5392:Gases
5262:Lists
5201:Waste
5143:Paint
4960:Water
4843:Space
4484:Sonar
4479:Urban
4457:Water
4441:Noise
4416:Ozone
4383:Light
4314:Waste
4206:Smoke
3832:fuels
3829:Motor
3260:(PDF)
3035:(PDF)
2734:(PDF)
2713:(PDF)
2645:(PDF)
2562:(PDF)
2521:(PDF)
2300:) in
2142:is a
2104:death
1990:Ozone
1980:ozone
1895:Mono-
1793:ACARS
1430:Types
1090:, or
933:Lists
925:Waste
870:Paint
695:Water
547:Space
290:Noise
262:Ozone
227:Light
5397:Smog
5176:Dust
5159:Misc
4578:Soil
4467:Rail
4453:Land
4297:Soot
4285:Smog
4201:Haze
3697:PMID
3658:2023
3602:2023
3499:2010
3469:PMID
3407:PMID
3358:PMID
3309:PMID
3207:PMID
3140:link
3107:2014
2993:link
2975:PMID
2926:PMID
2877:2012
2847:PMID
2829:ISSN
2790:PMID
2772:ISSN
2692:2016
2657:ISBN
2625:2008
2595:2023
2570:2012
2298:smog
2288:The
2210:and
2176:g/km
2086:The
1984:smog
1927:and
1820:and
1752:IARC
1654:Soot
1251:and
1202:soot
1122:smog
1080:coal
900:Dust
884:Misc
400:Soil
147:Soot
142:Smog
107:Haze
5287:2.5
4899:War
4462:Air
4117:Air
3689:doi
3677:371
3459:doi
3397:PMC
3389:doi
3348:PMC
3340:doi
3336:110
3299:PMC
3291:doi
3199:doi
3195:180
2965:PMC
2957:doi
2953:125
2916:PMC
2908:doi
2904:123
2837:PMC
2821:doi
2817:104
2780:PMC
2764:doi
2760:104
2649:doi
2472:doi
2436:doi
2116:2.5
2080:2.5
1905:NOx
1857:In
1816:In
1536:10
1524:11
1521:13
1511:12
1508:14
1498:67
1495:71
1460:In
1204:).
1192:(NO
1160:(CO
1054:or
626:War
70:Air
5378::
5320:)
4932:-
4928:-
3759:.
3743:.
3731:.
3695:.
3687:.
3675:.
3649:.
3631:.
3579:.
3561:.
3516:.
3467:.
3457:.
3447:41
3445:.
3441:.
3405:.
3395:.
3385:43
3383:.
3379:.
3356:.
3346:.
3334:.
3330:.
3307:.
3297:.
3287:22
3285:.
3281:.
3262:.
3227:.
3205:.
3193:.
3170:.
3136:}}
3132:{{
3124:.
3093:.
3075:.
3064:^
3054:.
3043:^
3016:.
2989:}}
2985:{{
2973:.
2963:.
2951:.
2947:.
2924:.
2914:.
2902:.
2898:.
2879:.
2845:.
2835:.
2827:.
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