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properties. Although there is an absence of uniform standardization, these sections are known as the wax piece (uppers or tips), the blood piece (middles), and the bone piece (bottoms): the wax piece may be marketed as a growth tonic for children, the blood piece supposedly for joint and bone effects, and the bone piece supposedly for calcium deficiency and geriatric needs. Early commercial activity in
20:
159:
In Asia, velvet antler is dried and sold as slices, or as a powder which may be boiled in water, usually with other herbs and ingredients, and consumed as a soup. In the traditional commercial trade of Korea and China, whole stick antler velvet is divided into three sections based upon their supposed
100:
produce new antlers yearly (primarily males, except in caribou/reindeer). In New
Zealand, deer are subjected to local anesthesia and restrained during antler removal, and the procedure is supervised by licensed veterinarians. Typically, the antler is cut off near the base after it is about two-thirds
302:
citing "numerous serious and willful violations of
Alabama's deceptive trade practices act". Among the violations were "claims that the company made about a number of products that were unsupported by scientific research. Some of these products were marketed as 'dietary supplements'." The assistant
290:
In
September 2011, S.W.A.T.S lost a lawsuit for 5.4 million dollars concerning an NFL athlete who had tested positive for methyl testosterone. In early January 2013 an NFL athlete was accused, by the owner, of taking S.W.A.T.S. deer antler spray for an injury who further failed to provide proof and
225:
for the referenced conditions" and therefore must be treated as a "new drug" under
Section 21(p) of the Act. New drugs may not be legally marketed in the United States without prior approval of the FDA. As of 2018, it is legal to sell velvet antler powder, extract or spray in the U.S. as a dietary
220:
from the Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) concerning the sale of encapsulated powders connected to their marketing claims. The claims were in violation of the United States Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act because they "establish the product as a drug intended for use in the cure, mitigation,
286:
S.W.A.T.S. Fitness and
Performance was a dietary supplement company that sold deer antler spray and other products. The owners began distributing their products to NCAA and NFL athletes in 2008. The controversy initially started on March 30, 2009, when Alabama athletic officials sent a
287:
cease-and-desist letter to the company's owner that stated: "Refrain from using current student-athletes to endorse products. Refrain from contacting current student-athletes. Refrain from giving or selling products to current student-athletes." The letter was then sent again in 2012.
81:. New Zealand is the world's largest producer of velvet, producing 450–500 tons of red deer velvet antler annually. China produces 400 tons of predominantly Sika deer velvet antler annually. Russia produces 80 tons annually. United States and Canada each produce 20 tons annually.
277:
concerning any purported claims and benefits "is simply that there is far too little of the substance in even the purest forms of the spray to make any difference", and "there is no medically valid way to deliver IGF-1 orally or in a spray."
234:
Velvet antler in the form of deer antler spray has been at the center of multiple controversies with professional sports leagues and famous athletes allegedly using it for injury recovery and performance enhancement purposes. In mid-2011,
101:
of its potential full size, between 55 and 65 days of growth, before any significant calcification occurs. The procedure is generally done around June in the
Northern Hemisphere and December in the Southern Hemisphere.
226:
supplement as long as no disease treatment claims are made and the label bears the FDA disclaimer: "This product has not been evaluated by the FDA. It is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease."
744:
323:
200:, including three studies on sports performance: "Claims that velvet antler supplements have beneficial effects for any human condition are not supported by sound clinical data from human trials."
462:
Tierra, Michael L.Ac, OMD, AHG and Leslie L.Ac, AHG, Chinese
Traditional Herbal Medicine: Materia Medica and Herbal Resource Vol II, Lotus Press, Twin Lakes Wisconsin, 1998 p. 202
320:
405:"Development of multiplex PCR assay for authentication of Cornu Cervi Pantotrichum in traditional Chinese medicine based on cytochrome b and C oxidase subunit 1 genes"
645:
820:
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and WADA recommends therefore that athletes be extremely vigilant with this supplement because it could lead to a positive test." The consensus of leading
265:
golfer was caught unaware and openly admitted to the personal use of deer antler spray which contained a banned substance at the time. A week later the
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475:
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treatment, or prevention of disease" when velvet antler has no such scientific evaluation. Additionally stated by the FDA, velvet antler was "
839:
731:
534:
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between the 1930s and 1980s led to the production of an alcohol extract from deer antler velvet marketed under the
Russian drug trade name
756:
669:
495:
Academy of
Sciences of the USSR, Far East Branch, "The Soviet Far East: The USSR's medicinal treasury, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1990
254:(MLB) added deer antler spray to their list of prohibited items because it contains "potentially contaminated nutritional supplements."
38:
family including the species of deer such as elk, moose, and caribou. Velvet antler is covered in a hairy, velvet-like "skin" known as
681:
246:
successfully sued a deer antler velvet spray manufacturer for a total amount of 5.4 million US dollars after testing positive for
616:
342:
Kamen, Betty PhD and Paul, The Remarkable Healing Power of Velvet Antler, Nutrition Encounter, Novato, California, 2003, p. 12-34
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Bensky, Clavey, Stoger, Chinese Herbal Medicine Materia Medica 3rd Edition, Eastland Press, Seattle, Washington, 2004 p. 766-770
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718:
603:
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Yance, Donald, CN, MH, RH(AHG), Adaptogens in Medical Herbalism, Healing Arts Press, Rochester, Vermont 2013, p. 529-534
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186:
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54:
46:
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Gao, Lijun; Xia, Wei; Ai, Jinxia; Li, Mingcheng; Yuan, Guanxin; Niu, Jiamu; Fu, Guilian; Zhang, Lihua (July 3, 2016).
535:"Health benefits of deer and elk velvet antler supplements: a systematic review of randomised controlled studies"
511:
732:"Company that Reportedly Supplied Baltimore Raven Ray Lewis with Deer-antler Extract says it can back up Claims"
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299:
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236:
190:
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Adelson, Watson (2015-9-18). ThePostGame Exclusive: NFL RB Heath Evans Says He Uses Controversial SWATS Spray
453:
Wu, Jing-Nuan, An Illustrated Chinese Materia Medica, Oxford University Press, New York, New York, 2005 p. 170
352:
705:
793:
251:
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Alabama attorney general "says that Deer Antler Spray is dangerous and its sellers are law-breakers."
757:"Ray Lewis PED Deer Antler Spray: Baltimore Ravens LB Denies Using Banned Substance, 'Agitated' with
564:
404:
514:. Inspections, Compliance, Enforcement, and Criminal Investigations, US Food and Drug Administration
213:
577:
807:
247:
217:
182:
122:
50:
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Nicholson (2015-9-18). Singh admits using deer antler spray, says he was unaware it was banned.
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in 2009, which originated from the velvet antler supplement he was taking. In August 2011, the
546:
424:
197:
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lifted the ban on deer antler spray, but with urgency, "Deer Antler Velvet Spray may contain
185:, for which it is monitored for potential manufacturing and advertising violations by the US
706:"Controversial S.W.A.T.S Supplement Maker Raided in Fultondale, All Assets Seized (Updated)"
416:
294:
In September 2013, the headquarters of S.W.A.T.S. was raided and ordered to be shut down by
591:
https://www.fda.gov/regulatoryinformation/legislation/federalfooddrugandcosmeticactfdcact/
327:
274:
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and its tines are rounded, because the antler has not calcified or finished developing.
775:"Sports Performance Company Ordered to Stop Selling 'Deer Antler Spray,' Other Products"
171:
In the West, velvet antler is dried, powdered, and consumed in encapsulated form or via
373:
833:
692:
Lallanilla (2015-9-18) Ray Lewis & Deer-Antler Spray: What Does The Science Say?
604:
https://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/LabelingNutrition/ucm111447.htm
109:
474:
DiSalvo (2015-9-18). How to Squeeze Snake Oil from Deer Antlers and Make Millions.
243:
209:
153:
420:
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Davidson, Alison, Velvet Antler, New Century Publishers, Connecticut, 2000, p. 76
121:(TCM) that classifies many similar substances from a variety of species under the
719:"Scarbinsky: S.W.A.T.S. raises serious questions for Alabama and the NCAA to ask"
633:
258:
127:
78:
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Adelson (2015-9-18). Yahoo Sports!: Deer antler spray gets a pass, so now what?
602:
US FDA (2015-9-18)Label Claims for Conventional Foods and Dietary Supplements
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53:. Marketing claims of health effects are not supported by research, and the
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19:
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US FDA (2015-9-18) Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act),
512:"Warning letter: Tobin's Royal Stag, Inc. dba Tobin Farms Velvet Antler"
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178:
175:
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790:"Ray Lewis' alleged deer antler supplier has office raided in Alabama"
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WADA (2015-9-18). WADA urges vigilance over Deer Antler Velvet Spray.
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has warned companies selling the products about false advertising.
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https://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/.../CyberLetters/ucm056971.pdf
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Fordin (2015-9-18) MLB warns players against deer-antler spray.
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http://www.casewatch.net/fdawarning/prod/2001/velvet_antler.pdf
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Associated Press (2015-9-18). David Vobora awarded $ 5.4M
45:
Velvet antler preparations are sold in China as part of
65:
Most of the world's supply of velvet antler comes from
113:
Sliced velvet antler used in traditional Chinese soup
821:"Deer Antler Spray Shop, S.W.A.T.S., Raided by Feds"
144:. The two common species used in the TCM system are
196:A review published in 2012 summarized results from
223:not generally recognized as safe and effective
77:, including a large deer ranching industry in
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8:
152:which are thought to be useful for treating
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353:"Removal | Deer Industry New Zealand"
23:A fuzzy velvet antler during summer growth
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510:Joseph Matrisciano, Jr. (19 April 2017).
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338:
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378:Deer Industry Association of Australia
34:in a precalcified growth stage of the
7:
321:Velvet Pricing and Production Trends
806:.S. Anti-Doping Agency (2015-9-18)
533:Gilbey A, Perezgonzalez JD (2012).
14:
204:Marketing and FDA warning letters
168:(also pantocrine or pantokrin).
267:World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)
216:of velvet antler have received
117:Velvet antler has been used in
16:Fuzzy vascular coat on antlers
1:
421:10.3109/19401736.2015.1060475
49:, and in some countries as a
840:Traditional Chinese medicine
187:Food and Drug Administration
119:traditional Chinese medicine
55:Food and Drug Administration
47:traditional Chinese medicine
30:is the whole cartilaginous
856:
140:) and the commercial name
773:Galloway D (2013-09-05).
126:
792:. SI.com. Archived from
763:. sportsworldreport.com.
717:Scarbinsky (2015-9-18).
409:Mitochondrial DNA Part A
237:National Football League
191:Federal Trade Commission
374:"Deer Farming Handbook"
291:made a formal apology.
142:cornu cervi pantorichum
788:Otano J (2013-09-05).
704:Robinson (2015-9-18).
208:Companies attributing
156:deficiency syndromes.
123:Chinese character name
114:
24:
431:– via CrossRef.
257:On January 30, 2013,
252:Major League Baseball
112:
22:
755:Jussim (2015-9-18).
730:Samuel (2015-9-18).
85:Farming and ranching
819:Staff (2015-9-18).
808:Supplement Shutdown
743:Wilson (2015-9-18).
576:US FDA (2015-9-18)
563:US FDA (2015-9-18)
214:dietary supplements
823:. sportingnews.com
759:Sports Illustrated
746:. baltimoresun.com
695:huffingtonpost.com
326:2015-12-14 at the
248:methyltestosterone
183:dietary supplement
115:
51:dietary supplement
25:
734:. nydailynews.com
647:. thepostgame.com
230:Deer antler spray
198:clinical research
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75:elk or wapiti
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33:
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28:Velvet antler
21:
815:
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794:the original
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761:Allegations"
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516:. Retrieved
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330:. deernz.org
319:(2015-09-15)
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244:David Vobora
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26:
810:. usada.org
618:. yahoo.com
259:Vijay Singh
212:from using
79:New Zealand
671:. pga.com.
477:forbes.com
307:References
282:S.W.A.T.S.
241:linebacker
721:. al.com.
708:. al.com.
659:. mlb.com
166:Pantocrin
146:sika deer
67:Sika deer
834:Category
551:23321886
429:26287950
324:Archived
263:PGA Tour
189:and the
150:red deer
71:red deer
61:Industry
36:Cervidae
777:. WHNT.
606:fda.gov
593:fda.gov
580:fda.gov
567:fda.gov
518:6 April
296:Alabama
179:extract
176:alcohol
173:aqueous
549:
427:
239:(NFL)
162:Russia
138:lùróng
134:pinyin
40:velvet
32:antler
271:IGF-1
181:as a
90:Moose
547:PMID
520:2018
425:PMID
154:yang
148:and
105:Uses
98:deer
96:and
73:and
543:125
417:doi
298:'s
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