458:) attacked a velvet ant it was exposed to. In both cases the velvet ants were exhibiting rapid lateral and vertical movements to ward off an attack. Once the attack occurred the velvet ants would immediately sting the lizards. This sting resulted in the dropping of the ants in both cases and avoidance for the remainder of the trial. The side-blotched lizard was found dead in its tank 24 hours later. The side-blotched lizard is a natural predator of velvet ants, while the whiptail is not. The aposematic coloration of velvet ants often corresponds to a specific
42:
315:
183:
65:
591:
1494:
463:
consumed, while all the control mealworms were consumed immediately. However, the painted mealworms were attacked by the birds, but the birds immediately ceased the attack. These experiments provide evidence that the aposematic coloration of velvet ants causes their predators to hesitate, acting as a visual defense mechanism.
499:
475:
The exoskeleton of the velvet ant is remarkably strong. It required 11 times more force to crush than that of the honeybee. As well as being durable, the exoskeleton is also round, making it more difficult for predators to pierce it with attempted stings or bites. During all the trials that led to
471:
got within 1 meter of a velvet ant, the velvet ant would begin stridulating. Stridulations became more frequent as the predator moved closer to the velvet ant, and the shrew never attempted to attack the velvet ant. However, different scenarios with shrews have shown that the velvet ant would also
408:
in their abdomen, an alarm secretion from their mandibular gland, and a durable exoskeleton. This array of defenses has contributed to the velvet ants being attributed the title of "the indestructible insect." This title was bestowed on them after experimental interactions between velvet ants and
399:
Predation is one of the strongest forces natural selection uses to drive the evolution of an organism's morphology, physiology, and behavior. During this coevolution, the prey either being consumed by the predator or escaping has resulted in a plethora of impressive defensive strategies in prey
462:
ring consisting of dozens of species. This offers protection because many local predators have learned to avoid prey with this same coloration. To test the aposematic coloration on birds, mealworms were painted to resemble a velvet ant. During these trials, none of the painted mealworms were
293:
of all velvet ants is unusually tough (to the point that some entomologists have reported difficulty piercing them with steel pins when attempting to mount them for display in cabinets). This characteristic allows them to successfully invade the nests of their prey and also helps them retain
277:, Tropical, and Western) making up one of the largest Müllerian mimicry complexes on the planet. These mimicry rings are the result of repeated convergent evolution of aposematic traits between co-occurring velvet ant species, rather than shared phylogenetic history. Through the evolution of
306:
that entomologists often find it very hard to determine whether a given male and female belong to the same species, unless they are captured while mating. In some species, the male carries the smaller female aloft while mating, which is also seen in the related family
466:
The stridulatory organ that velvet ants possess produces an audible squeaking when the abdomen is contracted. This mechanism is an auditory cue warning predators that are about to attack to stay away. In one experiment, every time a
506:
504:
501:
500:
505:
503:
476:
the fracture of a velvet ant's exoskeleton, a total of 4 times resulted in the death of that velvet ant within 24 hours. Aside from protection from predators, the exoskeleton also helps control moisture.
479:
Due to these strong defense mechanisms, local predators generally avoid the velvet ants, so it has been difficult to determine their predators. One study found tropical and subtropical iguanian lizards
1238:
Pilgrim, E.; von Dohlen, C.; Pitts, J. (2008). "Molecular phylogenetics of
Vespoidea indicate paraphyly of the superfamily and novel relationships of its component families and subfamilies".
522:
Male mutillids fly in search of females; after mating, the female enters a host insect nest, typically a ground-nesting bee or wasp burrow, and deposits one egg near each
3209:
262:
Mutillidae can be found worldwide with about 230 genera or subgenera and around 8,000 species worldwide. Over 400 species occur in the North
American Southwest.
3248:
1524:
246:
However, mutillids are not aggressive and sting only in defense. In addition, the actual toxicity of their venom is much lower than that of honey bees or
221:, and their dense pile of hair, which most often is bright scarlet or orange, but may also be black, white, silver, or gold. Their bright colors serve as
502:
3183:
1385:
Brodie, E.D. Jr.; Formanowicz, D.R. Jr.; Brodie, E.D. III (1991). "Predator avoidance and antipredator mechanisms: Distinct pathways to survival".
3222:
400:
species to improve the likelihood of escape. Velvet ants avoid predation using the following defense mechanisms: a venomous sting (if female),
1557:
1475:
1427:
962:
937:
872:
637:
1176:"Are diurnal iguanian lizards the evolutionary drivers of New World female velvet ant (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) Müllerian mimicry rings?"
1007:"The indestructible insect: Velvet ants from across the United States avoid predation by representatives from all major tetrapod clades"
590:
341:
is used to produce a squeaking or chirping sound when alarmed. Both sexes of mutillids also bear hair-lined grooves on the side of the
422:
outscored 58 other species of stinging insects tested; the only species this researcher rated as having a more painful sting were
684:
365:, formerly classified as a subfamily of mutillids, also have a distinct pronotum in females, but lack felt lines in both sexes.
1508:
3227:
955:
Catalogue of the
Mutillidae, Myrmosidae and Bradynobaenidae of the Neotropical Region including Mexico (Insecta: Hymenoptera
41:
3235:
653:
239:
and lasts up to 30 minutes), and has resulted in the common name "cow killer" or "cow ant" being applied to the species
418:, revealing that they are composed primarily of peptides. According to one researcher, the painfulness of the sting of
3345:
3092:
3069:
583:
contained one subfamily that was unrelated to the remainder, and this subfamily was removed to form a separate family
383:
are sometimes active up to two hours before sunset. Guido
Nonveiller (1963) hypothesized the Mutillidae are generally
64:
3340:
3162:
1512:
1411:
3253:
3175:
1550:
814:
Wilson, Joseph S.; Williams, Kevin A.; Forister, Matthew L.; von Dohlen, Carol D.; Pitts, James P. (2012-12-11).
604:
281:
traits in velvet ant species in the same ring, local predators have learned to avoid these well-defended wasps.
896:
Lima, S.L.; Dill, L.M. (1990). "Behavioral decisions made under the risk of predation: A review and prospect".
530:. Only a few species are known to parasitize other types of hosts; exceptions include the European velvet ant,
409:
their potential predators that resulted in the survival of the ant and the ultimate avoidance by the predator.
319:
241:
236:
430:
391:; they may not avoid light, but rather are active during temperatures that usually occur only after sunset.
329:, only female mutillids are capable of inflicting a sting. The stinger is a modified female organ called an
379:
314:
3009:
1054:
Jensen T, Walker AA, Nguyen SH, Jin AH, Deuis JR, Vetter I, King GF, Schmidt JO, Robinson SD (June 2021).
1498:
161:
3284:
3097:
1521:
401:
2301:
182:
169:
165:
3302:
2346:
3263:
3131:
3056:
2256:
2076:
2019:
1543:
752:
459:
455:
303:
266:
2311:
377:. Although some species are strictly nocturnal, females are often active during the day. Females of
3335:
2206:
1316:"Phylogeny and higher classification of Mutillidae (Hymenoptera) based on morphological reanalyses"
2374:
2336:
2251:
2096:
412:
The venom that velvet ants inject through their stinger has been investigated for five species of
2596:
2356:
2321:
2211:
1373:
1255:
1156:
734:
556:, eventually killing their immobile larval/pupal hosts within a week or two. Velvet ants exhibit
424:
405:
231:
157:
59:
3289:
2834:
1517:
1217:"Phylogeny and classification of the aculeate Hymenoptera, with special reference to Mutillidae"
173:
153:
2379:
773:
Wilson, J.S.; Jahner, J.P.; Forister, M.L.; Sheehan, E.S.; Williams, K.A.; Pitts, J.P. (2015).
361:; in female mutillids, these two thoracic segments are completely fused. Members of the family
3271:
3118:
2439:
2271:
1954:
1529:
1471:
1423:
1296:
1197:
1085:
1036:
968:
958:
933:
878:
868:
845:
837:
796:
775:"North American velvet ants form one of the world's largest known Mullerian mimicry complexes"
726:
633:
302:, males have wings, but females are wingless. The males and females are so distinct in their
295:
3214:
703:
472:
stridulate after the shrew attacked it. Every time this occurred the shrew dropped the wasp.
333:, which is unusually long and maneuverable in mutillids. In both sexes, a structure called a
3312:
3276:
2692:
2624:
2424:
1981:
1732:
1450:
1415:
1394:
1365:
1352:
Brodie, E.D. Jr. (1968). "Investigations on the skin toxin of the adult rough-skinned newt,
1327:
1286:
1247:
1187:
1148:
1112:
1075:
1067:
1026:
1018:
1005:
Gall, B.G.; Spivey, K.L; Chapman, T.L.; Delph, R.J.; Brodie, E.D. Jr.; Wilson, J.S. (2018).
905:
827:
786:
718:
625:
532:
195:
3047:
2653:
2154:
2057:
1963:
1665:
1649:
1504:
346:
1080:
1056:"Venom chemistry underlying the painful stings of velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae)"
1055:
265:
North
American Mutillidae have eight phenotypically distinct and geographically limited
3170:
3157:
2849:
2601:
2474:
2389:
2351:
2241:
2231:
2226:
2162:
2101:
2032:
1991:
1971:
1931:
1902:
1697:
1152:
1103:
Starr, C.K. (1985). "A simple pain scale for field comparison of hymenopteran stings".
1031:
1006:
722:
447:
3329:
2966:
2930:
2922:
2606:
2429:
2409:
2369:
2341:
2001:
1976:
1939:
1918:
1724:
1464:
1251:
738:
247:
1259:
1160:
3061:
2992:
2953:
2854:
2816:
2799:
2565:
2528:
2520:
2414:
2404:
2394:
2306:
2276:
2172:
2144:
2124:
2106:
1944:
1787:
1779:
1737:
1610:
557:
388:
384:
334:
3074:
1398:
816:"Repeated evolution in overlapping mimicry rings among North American velvet ants"
3123:
1438:
1216:
3240:
3196:
3041:
2839:
2821:
2726:
2705:
2679:
2591:
2578:
2510:
2502:
2492:
2484:
2326:
2316:
2296:
2246:
2236:
2196:
2139:
2116:
2091:
2081:
2047:
1996:
1758:
1681:
1567:
1116:
544:
481:
414:
350:
290:
278:
211:
126:
116:
50:
1535:
1275:"Phylogenomics Resolves Evolutionary Relationships among Ants, Bees, and Wasps"
1071:
924:
626:"Hymenopteran venoms: striving toward the ultimate defense against vertebrates"
2961:
2945:
2937:
2926:
2918:
2897:
2844:
2721:
2671:
2645:
2573:
2453:
2419:
2331:
2291:
2281:
2266:
2129:
2011:
1986:
1910:
1874:
1750:
1673:
1454:
1291:
1274:
791:
774:
661:
584:
553:
549:
442:
362:
330:
222:
3032:
1201:
972:
841:
3144:
2914:
2910:
2864:
2829:
2755:
2747:
2734:
2684:
2658:
2616:
2586:
2466:
2461:
2434:
2399:
2384:
2286:
2261:
2216:
2188:
2134:
2086:
2042:
2037:
2024:
1829:
1821:
1800:
1598:
1586:
882:
573:
561:
358:
308:
299:
96:
76:
1419:
1300:
1089:
1040:
849:
800:
730:
17:
1493:
1466:
National
Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Insects and Spiders
3105:
3084:
3026:
2859:
2632:
2542:
2361:
2201:
1850:
1808:
1766:
1716:
1710:
1689:
1621:
1604:
1332:
1315:
630:
Insect
Defenses: Adaptive Mechanisms and Strategies of Prey and Predators
354:
342:
338:
326:
2789:
1657:
1377:
832:
815:
486:
451:
226:
1192:
1175:
1022:
704:"Trait mapping and salience in the evolution of eusocial vespid wasps"
3201:
3110:
2905:
2221:
1592:
1580:
538:
436:
374:
353:) have felt lines, but the females of these families have a distinct
203:
106:
86:
3188:
3003:
1369:
909:
3149:
1174:
Pan, Aaron D.; Williams, Kevin A.; Wilson, Joseph S. (2017-02-01).
926:
Catalogue of the
Mutillidae (Hymenoptera) of the Palaearctic region
865:
Hymenoptera of the world : an identification guide to families
3297:
2064:
589:
523:
497:
468:
181:
2635:(paper wasps, potter wasps, pollen wasps, yellowjackets, hornets)
660:. University of Arkansas: Division of Agriculture. Archived from
1135:
Schmidt, J.O.; Blum, M.S. (1977). "Adaptations and responses of
527:
199:
3007:
1539:
1439:"Biological and taxonomic investigations on the mutillid wasps"
2881:
2776:
2768:
251:
218:
207:
3136:
484:) to be a local predator of velvet ants in the black-headed
450:). In an experimental setting, only two lizard species (one
560:
sex determination, as do other members of the superfamily
536:, one of the only species that attacks social bees (e.g.,
957:. Hymenopterorum catalogus. Vol. 18. SPB Academic.
254:, they are solitary, and lack complex social systems.
345:
called felt lines. Only two other vespoid families (
225:
signals. They are known for their extremely painful
3016:
2880:
2797:
2788:
2767:
2746:
2704:
2670:
2644:
2615:
2564:
2541:
2519:
2501:
2483:
2452:
2171:
2153:
2115:
2056:
2010:
1962:
1953:
1930:
1901:
1872:
1849:
1820:
1799:
1778:
1749:
1723:
1709:
1648:
1619:
1532:, Texas A&M Field Guide to Common Texas Insects
1470:. Audubon Society Field Guide (Turtleback). Knopf.
1410:. Monographs in Population Biology. Vol. 101.
269:rings (Desert, Eastern, Madrean, Texan, Red-headed
1463:
357:, with a transverse suture separating it from the
579:(beginning in 2008) concluded that the family
1551:
8:
624:Evans, David L.; Schmidt, Justin O. (1990).
594:Proposed higher classification of Mutillidae
1525:Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences
3004:
2877:
2794:
2561:
1959:
1898:
1869:
1645:
1641:
1558:
1544:
1536:
40:
31:
1331:
1290:
1191:
1180:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
1139:(Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) to predators".
1079:
1030:
831:
790:
313:
1141:Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
616:
1443:United States National Museum Bulletin
1130:
1128:
1126:
863:Goulet, Henri; Huber, John T. (1993).
552:. The mutillid larvae then develop as
1221:University of Kansas Science Bulletin
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
953:Nonveiller, G.; Suarez, F.J. (1990).
768:
766:
298:. As in some related families in the
7:
3303:2914BD70-CE32-0B70-5AFA-F240FB4AF960
3264:68bbd4ca-c4a7-4546-856f-7ed5fc5598e9
3176:82a2e148-28b6-4bd4-9460-75f4211c2e29
294:moisture. Mutillids exhibit extreme
1273:Johnson, B.R.; et al. (2013).
514:(Pallas, 1773) looks for a nest of
1153:10.1111/j.1570-7458.1977.tb02663.x
723:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1999.tb05348.x
217:refers to their resemblance to an
25:
1492:
1387:Ethology Ecology & Evolution
1314:Brothers, DJ; Lelej, AS (2017).
1252:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2008.00340.x
1105:Journal of Entomological Science
632:. SUNY Press. pp. 387–419.
548:, whose hosts are tree-dwelling
63:
2737:(sapygid, or club-horned wasps)
1320:Journal of Hymenoptera Research
1530:Red Velvet Ant or "Cow Killer"
1509:University of Nebraska-Lincoln
198:of more than 7,000 species of
1:
2956:(mason bees, leafcutter bees)
1408:Natural selection in the wild
1399:10.1080/08927014.1991.9525390
759:. University of Florida/IFAS.
654:"Red velvet ant; cow killer"
490:and tropical mimicry rings.
229:, (the sting of the species
1215:Brothers, Denis J. (1975).
1117:10.18474/0749-8004-20.2.225
898:Canadian Journal of Zoology
3362:
1513:Lancaster County, Nebraska
1412:Princeton University Press
1072:10.1007/s00018-021-03847-1
753:"Mutillidae — velvet ants"
572:Recent classifications of
2987:
1644:
1575:
1455:10.5479/si.03629236.143.1
1292:10.1016/j.cub.2013.08.050
932:. Vladivostok: Dalnauka.
792:10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.053
685:"Most Toxic Insect Venom"
605:List of Mutillidae genera
554:idiobiont ectoparasitoids
151:
146:
60:Scientific classification
58:
48:
39:
34:
1462:Milne, Lorus J. (1980).
1137:Dasymutilla occidentalis
691:. University of Florida.
373:Adult mutillids feed on
242:Dasymutilla occidentalis
1740:(web-spinning sawflies)
431:Synoeca septentrionalis
325:As is the case for all
2867:(thread-waisted wasps)
2695:(sierolomorphid wasps)
2627:(rhopalosomatid wasps)
1832:(parasitic wood wasps)
1420:10.12987/9780691209517
1406:Endler, J.A. (2020) .
867:. Agriculture Canada.
689:Book of Insect Records
595:
519:
322:
206:resemble large, hairy
187:
3285:Paleobiology Database
1522:University of Florida
1437:Mickel, C.E. (1928).
1011:Ecology and Evolution
820:Nature Communications
593:
512:Nemka viduata viduata
509:
402:aposematic coloration
380:Tricholabiodes thisbe
317:
185:
3171:Fauna Europaea (new)
1501:at Wikimedia Commons
1333:10.3897/jhr.60.20091
923:Lelej, A.S. (2002).
683:Meyer, W.L. (1996).
518:to deposit her eggs.
456:side-blotched lizard
434:(warrior wasp), and
1676:(cimbicid sawflies)
702:Hunt, J.H. (1999).
162:Pseudophotopsidinae
3346:Aposematic animals
1761:(cedar wood wasps)
1684:(conifer sawflies)
833:10.1038/ncomms2275
757:Featured Creatures
596:
520:
425:Paraponera clavata
420:Dasymutilla klugii
406:stridulatory organ
395:Defense mechanisms
323:
320:eastern velvet ant
237:Schmidt pain index
232:Dasymutilla klugii
188:
3341:Apocrita families
3323:
3322:
3272:Open Tree of Life
3010:Taxon identifiers
3001:
3000:
2983:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2957:
2949:
2941:
2934:
2901:
2891:
2876:
2875:
2868:
2825:
2824:(cockroach wasps)
2810:
2780:
2759:
2738:
2730:
2717:
2696:
2693:Sierolomorphidae
2688:
2662:
2636:
2628:
2625:Rhopalosomatidae
2582:
2537:
2536:
2470:
2448:
2447:
2440:Trichogrammatidae
2365:
2302:Eutrichosomatidae
2272:Epichrysomallidae
2192:
2182:
2070:
2028:
1955:Proctotrupomorpha
1922:
1921:(ichneumon wasps)
1914:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1833:
1812:
1791:
1770:
1762:
1741:
1701:
1700:(common sawflies)
1693:
1692:(pergid sawflies)
1685:
1677:
1669:
1661:
1497:Media related to
1477:978-0-394-50763-7
1429:978-0-691-20951-7
1354:Taricha granulosa
1240:Zoologica Scripta
1193:10.1111/bij.12894
1060:Cell Mol Life Sci
1023:10.1002/ece3.4123
964:978-90-5103-048-8
939:978-5-8044-0280-9
874:978-0-660-14933-2
639:978-0-88706-896-6
542:), and the genus
507:
460:Müllerian mimicry
296:sexual dimorphism
267:Müllerian mimicry
235:rated a 3 on the
180:
179:
170:Sphaeropthalminae
166:Rhopalomutillinae
142:
16:(Redirected from
3353:
3316:
3315:
3306:
3305:
3293:
3292:
3280:
3279:
3267:
3266:
3257:
3256:
3244:
3243:
3241:NBNSYS0000160472
3231:
3230:
3218:
3217:
3205:
3204:
3192:
3191:
3179:
3178:
3166:
3165:
3153:
3152:
3140:
3139:
3127:
3126:
3114:
3113:
3101:
3100:
3088:
3087:
3078:
3077:
3065:
3064:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3005:
2955:
2947:
2940:(plasterer bees)
2939:
2908:
2899:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2878:
2866:
2823:
2809:
2808:
2807:(sphecoid wasps)
2804:
2795:
2778:
2757:
2736:
2728:
2715:
2694:
2686:
2660:
2634:
2626:
2580:
2562:
2468:
2425:Tanaostigmatidae
2363:
2347:Melanosomellidae
2190:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2069:
2068:
2060:
2026:
1982:Neuroscelionidae
1960:
1920:
1912:
1899:
1870:
1831:
1810:
1789:
1768:
1760:
1739:
1733:Megalodontesidae
1699:
1691:
1683:
1675:
1667:
1666:Blasticotomidae
1660:(argid sawflies)
1659:
1646:
1642:
1560:
1553:
1546:
1537:
1496:
1481:
1469:
1458:
1433:
1402:
1381:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1294:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1195:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1132:
1121:
1120:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1083:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1034:
1002:
977:
976:
950:
944:
943:
931:
920:
914:
913:
893:
887:
886:
860:
854:
853:
835:
811:
805:
804:
794:
770:
761:
760:
749:
743:
742:
708:
699:
693:
692:
680:
674:
673:
671:
669:
658:Arthropod Museum
650:
644:
643:
621:
533:Mutilla europaea
508:
140:
68:
67:
44:
32:
21:
3361:
3360:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3319:
3311:
3309:
3301:
3296:
3288:
3283:
3275:
3270:
3262:
3260:
3252:
3247:
3239:
3234:
3226:
3221:
3213:
3208:
3200:
3195:
3187:
3182:
3174:
3169:
3161:
3156:
3148:
3143:
3135:
3130:
3122:
3117:
3109:
3104:
3096:
3091:
3083:
3081:
3073:
3068:
3060:
3055:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3031:
3030:
3025:
3012:
3002:
2997:
2971:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2872:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2784:
2763:
2758:(scoliid wasps)
2742:
2700:
2666:
2661:(tiphiid wasps)
2654:Bradynobaenidae
2640:
2611:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2533:
2515:
2497:
2479:
2444:
2257:Cynipencyrtidae
2179:(chalcid wasps)
2178:
2177:
2175:
2167:
2155:Mymarommatoidea
2149:
2111:
2077:Proctorenyxidae
2062:
2061:
2058:Proctotrupoidea
2052:
2020:Austrocynipidae
2006:
1964:Platygastroidea
1949:
1926:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1837:
1816:
1811:(stem sawflies)
1795:
1774:
1745:
1719:
1705:
1698:Tenthredinidae
1668:(fern sawflies)
1650:Tenthredinoidea
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1615:
1571:
1564:
1489:
1484:
1478:
1461:
1436:
1430:
1405:
1384:
1370:10.2307/1441757
1351:
1347:
1342:
1341:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1285:(20): 2058–62.
1279:Current Biology
1272:
1271:
1267:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1134:
1133:
1124:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1066:(12): 5163–77.
1053:
1052:
1048:
1017:(11): 5852–62.
1004:
1003:
980:
965:
952:
951:
947:
940:
929:
922:
921:
917:
910:10.1139/z90-092
895:
894:
890:
875:
862:
861:
857:
813:
812:
808:
779:Current Biology
772:
771:
764:
751:
750:
746:
706:
701:
700:
696:
682:
681:
677:
667:
665:
664:on May 26, 2012
652:
651:
647:
640:
623:
622:
618:
613:
601:
570:
498:
496:
448:tarantula hawks
397:
371:
347:Bradynobaenidae
287:
273:, Black-headed
260:
202:whose wingless
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
141:Latreille, 1802
139:
62:
28:
27:Family of wasps
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3359:
3357:
3349:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3328:
3327:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3307:
3294:
3281:
3268:
3258:
3245:
3232:
3219:
3206:
3193:
3180:
3167:
3158:Fauna Europaea
3154:
3141:
3128:
3115:
3102:
3089:
3079:
3066:
3053:
3038:
3022:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3008:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2951:
2943:
2935:
2931:stingless bees
2923:carpenter bees
2903:
2894:
2892:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2850:Pemphredonidae
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2819:
2813:
2811:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2773:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2752:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2732:
2729:(spider wasps)
2724:
2719:
2710:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2690:
2687:(flower wasps)
2682:
2676:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2656:
2650:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2630:
2621:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2602:Sclerogibbidae
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2581:(cuckoo wasps)
2576:
2570:
2568:
2559:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2525:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2507:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2489:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2475:Gasteruptiidae
2472:
2469:(ensign wasps)
2464:
2458:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2390:Pelecinellidae
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2359:
2354:
2352:Metapelmatidae
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2312:Hetreulophidae
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2242:Chrysolampidae
2239:
2234:
2232:Chalcedectidae
2229:
2227:Cerocephalidae
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2185:
2183:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2163:Mymarommatidae
2159:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2121:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2102:Proctotrupidae
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2073:
2071:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2033:Diplolepididae
2030:
2022:
2016:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1992:Platygastridae
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1972:Geoscelionidae
1968:
1966:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1936:
1934:
1932:Ceraphronoidea
1928:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1919:Ichneumonidae
1916:
1907:
1905:
1903:Ichneumonoidea
1896:
1867:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1826:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1805:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1784:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1764:
1755:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1735:
1729:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1695:
1687:
1679:
1671:
1663:
1654:
1652:
1639:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1613:
1607:
1601:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1555:
1548:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1527:
1515:
1502:
1488:
1487:External links
1485:
1483:
1482:
1476:
1459:
1449:(143): 1–351.
1434:
1428:
1403:
1382:
1364:(2): 307–313.
1348:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1306:
1265:
1246:(5): 539–560.
1230:
1227:(11): 483–648.
1207:
1186:(2): 436–447.
1166:
1122:
1111:(2): 225–232.
1095:
1046:
978:
963:
945:
938:
915:
904:(4): 619–640.
888:
873:
855:
806:
785:(16): R704-6.
762:
744:
717:(1): 225–237.
694:
675:
645:
638:
615:
614:
612:
609:
608:
607:
600:
597:
569:
566:
516:Bembix oculata
495:
492:
428:(bullet ant),
396:
393:
370:
367:
286:
283:
259:
256:
250:. Unlike true
248:harvester ants
178:
177:
149:
148:
144:
143:
134:
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
74:
70:
69:
56:
55:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3358:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3314:
3308:
3304:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3259:
3255:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3080:
3076:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3058:
3054:
3049:
3043:
3039:
3034:
3028:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3006:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2968:
2967:Stenotritidae
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2954:Megachilidae
2952:
2950:
2944:
2942:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2883:
2879:
2869:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2739:
2733:
2731:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2716:(velvet ants)
2712:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2697:
2691:
2689:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2663:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2637:
2631:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2608:
2607:Scolebythidae
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2540:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2521:Trigonaloidea
2518:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2430:Tetracampidae
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2410:Signiphoridae
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2370:Neanastatidae
2368:
2366:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2342:Megastigmidae
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2207:Baeomorphidae
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2174:
2170:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2066:
2059:
2055:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2003:
2002:Sparasionidae
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1977:Janzenellidae
1975:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1940:Ceraphronidae
1938:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1848:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1792:
1788:Xiphydriidae
1786:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1780:Xiphydrioidea
1777:
1771:
1765:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1742:
1738:Pamphiliidae
1736:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1725:Pamphilioidea
1722:
1718:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1702:
1696:
1694:
1688:
1686:
1680:
1678:
1672:
1670:
1664:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1637:
1618:
1612:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1569:
1561:
1556:
1554:
1549:
1547:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:Extension in
1510:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1479:
1473:
1468:
1467:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1310:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1269:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1234:
1231:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1170:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1147:(2): 99–111.
1146:
1142:
1138:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1099:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1050:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
991:
989:
987:
985:
983:
979:
974:
970:
966:
960:
956:
949:
946:
941:
935:
928:
927:
919:
916:
911:
907:
903:
899:
892:
889:
884:
880:
876:
870:
866:
859:
856:
851:
847:
843:
839:
834:
829:
825:
821:
817:
810:
807:
802:
798:
793:
788:
784:
780:
776:
769:
767:
763:
758:
754:
748:
745:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
705:
698:
695:
690:
686:
679:
676:
668:September 12,
663:
659:
655:
649:
646:
641:
635:
631:
627:
620:
617:
610:
606:
603:
602:
598:
592:
588:
586:
582:
578:
575:
567:
565:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
546:
541:
540:
535:
534:
529:
525:
517:
513:
493:
491:
489:
488:
483:
477:
473:
470:
464:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
444:
439:
438:
433:
432:
427:
426:
421:
417:
416:
410:
407:
403:
394:
392:
390:
386:
382:
381:
376:
368:
366:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
321:
316:
312:
310:
305:
301:
297:
292:
284:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
263:
257:
255:
253:
249:
245:
243:
238:
234:
233:
228:
224:
220:
216:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
184:
176:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
150:
145:
138:
135:
132:
131:
128:
125:
123:Superfamily:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
91:
88:
85:
82:
81:
78:
75:
72:
71:
66:
61:
57:
53:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3017:
2993:Unicalcarida
2948:(sweat bees)
2900:(mason bees)
2855:Philanthidae
2822:Ampulicidae
2817:Ammoplanidae
2800:Spheciformes
2798:
2713:
2579:Chrysididae
2566:Chrysidoidea
2529:Trigonalidae
2503:Megalyroidea
2485:Stephanoidea
2415:Spalangiidae
2405:Pteromalidae
2395:Perilampidae
2375:Neodiparidae
2364:(fairyflies)
2337:Macromesidae
2307:Herbertiidae
2277:Eucharitidae
2252:Coelocybidae
2173:Chalcidoidea
2145:Monomachidae
2125:Austroniidae
2107:Vanhorniidae
2097:Peradeniidae
2027:(gall wasps)
1945:Megaspilidae
1873:
1790:(wood wasps)
1759:Anaxyelidae
1682:Diprionidae
1620:
1611:Holometabola
1609:Superorder:
1603:Infraclass:
1568:Hymenopteran
1465:
1446:
1442:
1407:
1393:(1): 73–77.
1390:
1386:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1323:
1319:
1309:
1282:
1278:
1268:
1243:
1239:
1233:
1224:
1220:
1210:
1183:
1179:
1169:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1108:
1104:
1098:
1063:
1059:
1049:
1014:
1010:
954:
948:
925:
918:
901:
897:
891:
864:
858:
823:
819:
809:
782:
778:
756:
747:
714:
710:
697:
688:
678:
666:. Retrieved
662:the original
657:
648:
629:
619:
580:
576:
571:
558:haplodiploid
543:
537:
531:
521:
515:
511:
510:A female of
485:
478:
474:
465:
441:
435:
429:
423:
419:
413:
411:
398:
389:thermophilic
385:stenothermic
378:
372:
335:stridulitrum
324:
288:
274:
270:
264:
261:
258:Distribution
240:
230:
214:
191:
189:
152:
147:Subfamilies
136:
49:
29:
3197:iNaturalist
3042:Wikispecies
2946:Halictidae
2938:Colletidae
2927:orchid bees
2919:cuckoo bees
2898:Andrenidae
2840:Crabronidae
2777:Formicidae
2769:Formicoidea
2727:Pompilidae
2714:Mutillidae
2706:Pompiloidea
2680:Chyphotidae
2597:Plumariidae
2592:Embolemidae
2511:Megalyridae
2493:Stephanidae
2357:Moranilidae
2327:Leucospidae
2322:Idioporidae
2317:Heydeniidae
2297:Eurytomidae
2247:Cleonymidae
2237:Chalcididae
2212:Boucekiidae
2197:Aphelinidae
2191:(fig wasps)
2140:Maamingidae
2117:Diaprioidea
2092:Pelecinidae
2082:Roproniidae
2048:Liopteridae
1997:Scelionidae
1913:(braconids)
1911:Braconidae
1769:(horntails)
1674:Cimbicidae
826:(1): 1272.
550:orchid bees
545:Pappognatha
482:Dactyloidae
415:Dasymutilla
351:Chyphotidae
291:exoskeleton
285:Description
212:common name
186:Mating pair
158:Myrmillinae
127:Pompiloidea
117:Hymenoptera
51:Dasymutilla
35:Mutillidae
18:Velvet ants
3336:Mutillidae
3330:Categories
3075:Mutillidae
3062:Mutillidae
3048:Mutillidae
3018:Mutillidae
2991:See also:
2962:Melittidae
2915:bumblebees
2911:honey bees
2882:Anthophila
2865:Sphecidae
2845:Mellinidae
2835:Bembicidae
2756:Scoliidae
2748:Scolioidea
2735:Sapygidae
2722:Myrmosidae
2685:Thynnidae
2672:Thynnoidea
2659:Tiphiidae
2646:Tiphioidea
2574:Bethylidae
2467:Evaniidae
2454:Evanioidea
2420:Systasidae
2362:Mymaridae
2332:Lyciscidae
2292:Eupelmidae
2282:Eulophidae
2267:Encyrtidae
2189:Agaonidae
2130:Diapriidae
2025:Cynipidae
2012:Cynipoidea
1987:Nixoniidae
1830:Orussidae
1822:Orussoidea
1767:Siricidae
1751:Siricoidea
1597:Subclass:
1587:Arthropoda
1518:Mutillidae
1505:Cow Killer
1499:Mutillidae
611:References
585:Myrmosidae
581:Mutillidae
577:sensu lato
494:Life cycle
443:Hemipepsis
363:Myrmosidae
331:ovipositor
304:morphology
279:aposematic
223:aposematic
215:velvet ant
192:Mutillidae
174:Ticoplinae
154:Mutillinae
137:Mutillidae
97:Arthropoda
2830:Astatidae
2633:Vespidae
2617:Vespoidea
2587:Dryinidae
2462:Aulacidae
2435:Torymidae
2400:Pirenidae
2385:Ormyridae
2380:Ooderidae
2287:Eunotidae
2262:Diparidae
2217:Calesidae
2135:Ismaridae
2087:Heloridae
2043:Ibaliidae
2038:Figitidae
1809:Cephidae
1801:Cephoidea
1711:Xyeloidea
1690:Pergidae
1599:Pterygota
1579:Kingdom:
1202:0024-4066
973:889162931
842:2041-1723
739:205781311
711:Evolution
574:Vespoidea
562:Vespoidea
359:mesonotum
327:aculeates
318:A female
309:Thynnidae
300:Vespoidea
83:Kingdom:
77:Eukaryota
3106:BugGuide
3082:BioLib:
3027:Wikidata
2860:Psenidae
2202:Azotidae
1717:Xyelidae
1658:Argidae
1605:Neoptera
1585:Phylum:
1581:Animalia
1570:families
1326:: 1–97.
1301:24094856
1260:85905070
1161:83847876
1090:33970306
1081:11072429
1041:29938098
883:28024976
850:23232402
801:26294178
731:28565172
599:See also
568:Taxonomy
454:and one
452:whiptail
369:Behavior
355:pronotum
343:metasoma
339:metasoma
210:. Their
133:Family:
93:Phylum:
87:Animalia
73:Domain:
3033:Q252363
2790:Apoidea
1593:Insecta
1591:Class:
1566:Extant
1520:at the
1507:at the
1378:1441757
1345:Sources
1032:6010712
487:Timulla
337:on the
275:Timulla
271:Timulla
204:females
113:Order:
107:Insecta
103:Class:
3313:409611
3310:uBio:
3290:152045
3277:368352
3261:NZOR:
3228:154181
3215:102916
3150:1MUTLF
2906:Apidae
2888:(bees)
2779:(ants)
2222:Ceidae
2065:s.str.
1474:
1426:
1376:
1358:Copeia
1299:
1258:
1200:
1159:
1088:
1078:
1039:
1029:
971:
961:
936:
881:
871:
848:
840:
799:
737:
729:
636:
539:Bombus
446:spp. (
437:Pepsis
375:nectar
227:stings
196:family
194:are a
3298:Plazi
3254:50626
3210:IRMNG
3202:48511
3163:11357
3098:33177
3085:17559
1374:JSTOR
1256:S2CID
1157:S2CID
930:(PDF)
735:S2CID
707:(PDF)
524:larva
469:shrew
200:wasps
3249:NCBI
3223:ITIS
3189:7912
3184:GBIF
3145:EPPO
3093:BOLD
1472:ISBN
1424:ISBN
1362:1968
1297:PMID
1198:ISSN
1086:PMID
1037:PMID
969:OCLC
959:ISBN
934:ISBN
879:OCLC
869:ISBN
846:PMID
838:ISSN
797:PMID
727:PMID
670:2011
634:ISBN
528:pupa
440:and
404:, a
387:and
349:and
289:The
252:ants
208:ants
190:The
54:sp.
3236:NBN
3137:709
3132:EoL
3124:CZW
3119:CoL
3111:159
3070:AFD
3057:ADW
1451:doi
1447:143
1416:doi
1395:doi
1366:doi
1356:".
1328:doi
1287:doi
1248:doi
1188:doi
1184:120
1149:doi
1113:doi
1076:PMC
1068:doi
1027:PMC
1019:doi
906:doi
828:doi
787:doi
719:doi
526:or
219:ant
3332::
3300::
3287::
3274::
3251::
3238::
3225::
3212::
3199::
3186::
3173::
3160::
3147::
3134::
3121::
3108::
3095::
3072::
3059::
3044::
3029::
2929:,
2925:,
2921:,
2917:,
2913:,
1445:.
1441:.
1422:.
1414:.
1389:.
1372:.
1360:.
1324:60
1322:.
1318:.
1295:.
1283:23
1281:.
1277:.
1254:.
1244:37
1242:.
1225:50
1223:.
1219:.
1196:.
1182:.
1178:.
1155:.
1145:21
1143:.
1125:^
1109:20
1107:.
1084:.
1074:.
1064:78
1062:.
1058:.
1035:.
1025:.
1013:.
1009:.
981:^
967:.
902:68
900:.
877:.
844:.
836:.
822:.
818:.
795:.
783:25
781:.
777:.
765:^
755:.
733:.
725:.
715:53
713:.
709:.
687:.
656:.
628:.
587:.
564:.
311:.
2933:)
2909:(
2557:a
2555:t
2553:a
2551:e
2549:l
2547:u
2545:c
2543:A
2067:)
2063:(
1893:a
1891:c
1889:i
1887:t
1885:i
1883:s
1881:a
1879:r
1877:a
1875:P
1865:a
1863:t
1861:i
1859:r
1857:c
1855:o
1853:p
1851:A
1636:a
1634:t
1632:y
1630:h
1628:p
1626:m
1624:y
1622:S
1559:e
1552:t
1545:v
1480:.
1457:.
1453::
1432:.
1418::
1401:.
1397::
1391:3
1380:.
1368::
1336:.
1330::
1303:.
1289::
1262:.
1250::
1204:.
1190::
1163:.
1151::
1119:.
1115::
1092:.
1070::
1043:.
1021::
1015:8
975:.
942:.
912:.
908::
885:.
852:.
830::
824:3
803:.
789::
741:.
721::
672:.
642:.
480:(
244:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
