1265:
724:
666:, that is, the rights of the chief and the order of succession within the chief's household. Rulers of the extended Venad royal family lived at different locations in the kingdom. Migrations and setting up new palaces continued into the early modern period. Political authority of a complex nature was followed by the Kerala joint families. Trippappur, Desinganad, Chiravay and Elayadam branches of the family were called "swaroopams". The swaroopams were further divided into matrilineal descent groups (the thavazhis).
223:
4593:
1156:
273:
903:
944:
790:
6335:
2518:
266:
4333:
1401:
457:
6345:
808:
into the conflict and a prolonged Pandya-Ay/Chera struggle followed. By the middle of the 9th century CE, as a result of the encroachment of the
Pandyas and Cheras, the ancient Ay country was partitioned into two portions. Venad (Vel+natu = the country of the Vel people) with its base at Kollam came
875:) during early 11th century CE. There is a possibility that the Venad chieftains tried to recapture the old Ay region after the raids by Rajaraja I. Chola prince Rajadhiraja claims to have "confined the undaunted king of Venadu to the Chera kingdom ...and liberated the king of Kupaka" presently
689:
in later times). The autonomous chiefdom ("nadu") of Venad came to occupy pre-eminent importance in the structuring of the Chera/Perumal kingdom. The rulers of Venad owed their importance to exchange of spices and other products with the Middle
Eastern and Chinese merchants. Venetian adventurer
951:
After the dissolution of the Chera/Perumal kingdom (c. 12th century), Venad survived, and emerged as a powerful principality in southern India, as result of the wars of conquest and well as the Indian Ocean spice trade. Venad, now known as the kingdom of the Cheras or the
Kulasekharas, was
820:. The exact events that lead to the foundation of the era is still matter of scholarly debate. According to historians, it commemorated the foundation of Kollam harbour city after the liberation of Venad from the Pandya rule (and hence beginning of Chera influence). The
971:
In Venad royal family, like most of other royal houses in Kerala, law of succession followed was based on matrilineal inheritance. The eldest son of the sister of the ruling king, not his own son, had the legal right to ascend the throne after the death of the king.
1044:
in
Trivandrum was the major temple in the region. In the 17th century, the rulers of Venad paid an annual tribute to the Nayaks of Madurai. By this time, the old state of Venad was divided into several autonomous collateral branches such as Trippappoor, Elayadathu,
1068:
in 1695. Around 150 Company men from the
Anjengo Factory, proceeding for an audience with the queen-mother, were lynched by a mob in "the Attingal Outbreak" of 1721. Ravi Varma, ruling from 1721 to 1729, entered into formal agreements with the Company and the
960:, Venad Cheras gradually extended their control over the present Kanyakumari district. In the early 14th century, "Sangramadhira" Ravi Varma carried out military raids to northern edges of south India (1312–1316). His inscriptions can be found as north as
694:
claimed to have visited Venad capital Kollam, a major centre of commerce and trade with East and West Asia. European colonisers arrived at Kollam the late fifteenth century, primarily in pursuit of the Indian spices and textiles.
994:
Aditya Varma (1376–83) seems to have resisted some "Muslim invaders" on the borders of Venad. His successor Chera Udaya
Marthanda Varma (1383–1444) is credited for the extent of the rule of Venad into interior
832:
merchant Mar Sapir Iso at the port of Kollam. The rulers of Venad, known as "Venad Adikal", owed their importance to exchange of spices and other products with the Middle
Eastern and Chinese merchants.
2283:. Festschrift in Honour of Prof. K. S. Mathew (2001). Edited by: Pius Malekandathil and T. Jamal Mohammed. Fundacoa Oriente. Institute for Research in Social Sciences and Humanities of MESHAR (Kerala)
558:
from around 8th – 9th century CE. It came to occupy a position of pre-eminent importance in the structuring of the
Perumal kingdom. The country was intermittently and partially subject to the
2054:
1073:. The primary objective of the submission was to strengthen the position of the king against the regional nobles (such as "the Ettuvittil Pillamar") and other "hostile elements" in Venad.
707:
in early historic south India (c. 1st – 4th century CE). Veliyans belonging to the Ay family were the hill chiefs of the "Vel country". Towards the close of the early historic period the
5529:
5708:
5677:
5625:
5555:
572:(18th century CE). Ravi Varma Kulasekhara, most ambitious ruler of Venad, carried out a successful military expedition to Pandya and Chola lands in the early 14th century CE.
5687:
5579:
5007:
2534:
1986:
1121:
in 1755. Marthanda Varma – at the end of whose rule
Travancore was one of the first modern states of south India – is usually credited with the following "achievements".
4368:
856:
The chiefs of Venad were always determined to extend their sway into the Ay territory. There is a possibility that chieftains captured the whole region down to Kottar (
5425:
6386:
1264:
587:
rulers. Minor battles with
Vijayanagara forces in the subsequent period are also recorded. In the 17th century, the rulers of Venad paid an annual tribute to the
550:
of the early historic south India (c. 1st – 4th century CE). Venad – ruled by hereditary "Venad Adikal" – appears as an autonomous chiefdom in the kingdom of the
711:
supremacy might have extended to Kanyakumari in Ay territory (through it is likely that the Ays retained their lost lands from the Pandyas during the so-called
2456:
Perumaḷs of Kerala: Brahmin Oligarchy and Ritual Monarchy: Political and Social Conditions of Kerala Under the Cera Perumaḷs of Makotai (c. AD 800 – AD 1124).
5228:
5656:
6211:
1155:
6232:
5448:
5012:
4982:
4964:
4719:
3179:
6143:
6138:
487:
5584:
5473:
5138:
5620:
4959:
4361:
2521:
1424:
599:
in 1695. The medieval feudal relations and political authority were dismantled Marthanda Varma (1729–1758), often credited as "the Maker of
5692:
5216:
5050:
2321:
2044:
5524:
915:
in 1578, during the Portuguese Era. It holds the record of the first book printed in any Indian language. It was written in the language
5478:
5415:
5410:
5198:
5088:
4872:
1522:
Noburu Karashmia (ed.), A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 143-44.
659:
status of the ruling line. Panankavil Palace, whose location remains a mystery, was the royal residence of the Venad rulers at Kollam.
583:, claimed their ancestry from the Chera/Perumals. Venad ruler Vira Udaya Marthanda Varma (1516–1535) acknowledged the supremacy of the
5519:
5483:
5193:
5713:
5563:
5453:
2145:
1449:
879:(this event is dated c. 1018-19 CE). Eventually the Chera-Perumal kingdom also submitted to the Chola rule (early 11th century CE).
6206:
860:) by 10th century CE. In general, the influence of the Kerala rulers spread into the ancient Ay territory in the 10th century CE.
6381:
5732:
5594:
4749:
4624:
4354:
2507:
6237:
6170:
5615:
5371:
4949:
3192:
356:
6348:
198:
3207:
3187:
1690:"Travancore." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 11 Nov. 2011.
940:
at Kollam. There is a tradition that Vira Kerala, a ruler of Kollam in early 12th century, was a son of the last Chera king.
6081:
5420:
4504:
734:
The ancient political and cultural history of Venad was almost entirely independent from that of the rest of Kerala. The
565:
Venad outlasted the Chera/Perumal kingdom, gradually developed as an independent principality, known as the Chera kingdom
6185:
6076:
6071:
5646:
5488:
5037:
4954:
4934:
4929:
3648:
3212:
3202:
6216:
6376:
6306:
6107:
6066:
5630:
5435:
5173:
5133:
5103:
4997:
4724:
4674:
3197:
2556:
2548:
670:
480:
376:
6371:
6180:
6175:
5682:
5672:
5288:
5093:
5002:
4009:
433:
243:
6040:
5589:
5509:
5211:
4992:
4679:
551:
203:
6391:
6045:
5504:
5366:
4729:
3798:
3723:
3222:
3139:
3119:
2781:
991:, were commercially important secondary ports, where the traders from various parts of the world would gather.
540:
442:
4428:
4423:
723:
639:- datable to c. 1st – 4th century CE – attests presence of hill chiefs such as the "Vels" in southern Kerala.
6050:
5610:
5534:
5458:
5283:
5188:
4649:
2566:
2461:
1454:
1414:
1082:
1033:
in 1502, which became the centre of their trade in pepper. It was the beginning of Portuguese era in Venad.
937:
883:
655:. As early as the 10th century, the powerful chiefs of Venad used the surname suffix "Varma", denoting the
5514:
5463:
5098:
5073:
5017:
3285:
2839:
2649:
2374:
2184:
1675:
1565:
Ganesh, K.N. (June 2009). "Historical Geography of Natu in South India with Special Reference to Kerala".
1060:
During the "regency" of Umayamma (1677–1864), southern Venad was famously overrun by a Muslim adventurer.
1041:
473:
437:
380:
28:
4582:
4319:
5443:
5381:
5298:
5278:
5158:
5148:
4857:
4524:
4489:
4474:
4235:
3773:
3360:
2929:
2430:
Ganesh, K.N. (2009-06). "Historical Geography of Natu in South India with Special Reference to Kerala".
727:
588:
384:
340:
291:
5348:
4509:
2517:
5356:
5108:
4792:
4617:
3069:
2834:
2694:
2500:
2225:
1379:
1240:
1215:
1114:
996:
917:
857:
686:
612:
6316:
6201:
6019:
5391:
5323:
5123:
5083:
4764:
4689:
4554:
4499:
3024:
2669:
2659:
2601:
2301:
1502:, eds R. Champakalakshmi, Kesavan Veluthat, and T. R. Venugopalan, pp.111–19. Thrissur, CosmoBooks.
1098:
1000:
821:
584:
428:
404:
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332:
324:
296:
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6112:
6102:
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5113:
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5027:
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4852:
4797:
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4377:
4304:
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4014:
3828:
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2699:
2684:
2654:
2644:
2596:
2591:
2576:
2141:
2017:
1938:
1907:
1837:
1619:
1582:
1445:
1429:
1070:
933:
The prosecution of the Pandya-Chola wars necessitated long residence of Chera/Perumal king of
872:
842:
834:
759:
682:
678:
636:
536:
348:
328:
251:
2473:
Lords of the Sea: The Ali Rajs of Cannanore and the Political Economy of Malabar (1663–1723).
2014:
Lords of the Sea: The Ali Rajs of Cannanore and the Political Economy of Malabar (1663–1723).
1788:
1105:(1729–1758), of the Trippappoor, is often hailed by historians as "the Maker of Travancore".
1040:, along with Kingdoms of Kannur (Kolathunadu), Kozhikode (Zamorin) and Kochi (Perumpadappu).
6280:
6255:
5468:
5376:
5068:
4867:
4772:
4754:
4744:
4684:
4529:
4444:
4287:
4250:
3944:
3728:
3703:
3019:
2704:
2664:
2611:
2466:
Some Problems in Kerala History (Chila Kerala Charithra Prasnangal (Part I, II, & III)).
2448:(New Delhi, Orient Longman, 1993; second revised edition, New Delhi, Orient Blackswan, 2012)
2441:
2402:
2396:
1829:
1574:
1459:
Some Problems in Kerala History (Chila Kerala Charithra Prasnangal (Part I, II, & III)).
1249:
1014:
824:(c. 849 CE and c. 883 CE) of Venad chieftain Ayyan Adikal, does mention the then Chera king
712:
400:
388:
364:
360:
1003:
rulers. Minor battles with Vijayanagara forces in the subsequent period are also recorded.
272:
6338:
6275:
6000:
5969:
5878:
5817:
5651:
5333:
5328:
5303:
5273:
5128:
5042:
4891:
4822:
4802:
4694:
4610:
4569:
4459:
3643:
3470:
2894:
2731:
2679:
2674:
2631:
2616:
2581:
2561:
2493:
1193:(latter half of the 8th century CE) – Seen in Madras Museum Inscription of Maran Chadaiyan
1102:
953:
708:
674:
372:
368:
352:
17:
1867:
1498:
Narayanan, M. G. S. 2002. ‘The State in the Era of the Ceraman Perumals of Kerala’, in
902:
6122:
5949:
5883:
5812:
5293:
5143:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4734:
4494:
4050:
3984:
3768:
3733:
3545:
3510:
3485:
3475:
3465:
3325:
3089:
3059:
2919:
2889:
2884:
2771:
2747:
2723:
2639:
1273:
1227:
943:
789:
632:
559:
662:
Venad had a kind of chiefly rule with principles of succession, indicated by the term
6365:
6086:
5954:
5944:
5918:
5822:
5386:
5361:
5153:
4911:
4862:
4842:
4812:
4807:
4714:
4654:
4479:
4297:
4292:
4205:
4170:
4140:
4135:
4040:
3929:
3663:
3440:
3425:
3265:
3084:
3074:
3034:
2924:
2874:
2854:
2814:
1849:
1594:
1165:
868:
805:
779:
774:
between c. 1st and the 4th centuries CE and it served as the eastern entrance to the
771:
739:
735:
504:
396:
392:
308:
300:
75:
2414:
Agrarian Relations and Political Authority in Medieval Travancore (A. D. 1300–1750).
2333:
Agrarian Relations and Political Authority in Medieval Travancore (A. D. 1300–1750).
2165:
Agrarian Relations and Political Authority in Medieval Travancore (A. D. 1300-1750).
2111:
Agrarian Relations and Political Authority in Medieval Travancore (A. D. 1300–1750).
2093:
Agrarian Relations and Political Authority in Medieval Travancore (A. D. 1300–1750).
6311:
5995:
5985:
5888:
5787:
5268:
5163:
5118:
5022:
4944:
4832:
4817:
4337:
4255:
4240:
4190:
4130:
4125:
4115:
4095:
3999:
3954:
3949:
3934:
3874:
3823:
3783:
3763:
3673:
3668:
3608:
3540:
3450:
3415:
3370:
3355:
3300:
3144:
3109:
3049:
3014:
2984:
2949:
2934:
2914:
2879:
2864:
2849:
2804:
1406:
957:
887:
829:
775:
751:
461:
413:
85:
2270:
2255:
2240:
2032:
1972:
1954:
1768:
1545:
999:
region. Vira Udaya Marthanda Varma (1516–1535) acknowledged the supremacy of the
6301:
5903:
5898:
5873:
5827:
5771:
5766:
5751:
5338:
5032:
4901:
4827:
4659:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4454:
4413:
4277:
4195:
4185:
4065:
3924:
3914:
3808:
3803:
3788:
3653:
3628:
3618:
3555:
3525:
3490:
3435:
3410:
3385:
3345:
3310:
3134:
2999:
2964:
2959:
2909:
1135:
Organised a standing army, and defeated most of the chiefdoms in central Kerala.
1086:
1065:
1046:
961:
934:
876:
816:
A new calendar was known as the "Kollam Era", was established in 825 CE at port
763:
743:
596:
555:
532:
524:
520:
508:
408:
312:
1833:
1578:
5990:
5964:
5923:
5863:
5843:
5797:
5761:
5746:
4906:
4896:
4709:
4534:
4449:
4393:
4314:
4225:
4215:
4145:
4080:
4060:
4055:
4004:
3979:
3939:
3909:
3904:
3853:
3843:
3778:
3738:
3678:
3560:
3535:
3530:
3520:
3420:
3390:
3340:
3335:
3275:
3124:
3114:
3104:
3099:
2994:
2979:
2869:
2824:
1820:
Ganesh, K.N. (February 1990). "The Process of State Formation in Travancore".
1396:
1285:
1277:
1236:
Govardhana Marthanda – Successor of Srivallavan Goda Varma (c. 976 – 1000 CE)
1172:
1126:
1106:
1094:
1054:
1026:
979:
held superior economic and political position in medieval Kerala coast, while
810:
783:
767:
755:
704:
691:
652:
604:
600:
569:
547:
344:
316:
216:
161:
1841:
1586:
5908:
5893:
5858:
5802:
5308:
4847:
4837:
4519:
4408:
4045:
4035:
4019:
3974:
3964:
3894:
3758:
3743:
3693:
3683:
3613:
3445:
3380:
3365:
3330:
3320:
3295:
3280:
3270:
3260:
3240:
3039:
3004:
2954:
2944:
2899:
2844:
2829:
2819:
2809:
2763:
2254:
Trivandrum (Kerala): Gazetteer Department, Government of Kerala, 1962. 146.
2049:
1444:, Vol. I – VII. Triandrum (Kerala): Government Press (Travancore). 1910–38.
1190:
1176:
1141:
Supported Kerala merchants (Syrian Christian) in the place of the Europeans.
1129:(from Tiruvitamkur/Tiruvitamcode). Dismantling of existing feudal relations.
1010:
976:
845:(9th century CE), records that there was extensive trade between Kerala and
801:
747:
656:
511:
on the south-western tip of India with its headquarters at the port city of
304:
265:
1953:
Journal of The Madras University (Section A Humanities) 33–36. (1961): 188.
1132:
Routed all of major Nair nobles and other "hostile elements" in Travancore.
1036:
Well into the modern period, Venad remained one of the chief monarchies of
4346:
546:
Rulers of Venad trace their ancestry to the Vel chieftains related to the
6117:
5959:
5913:
5868:
5807:
4664:
4439:
4418:
4245:
4175:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4120:
4110:
4070:
3969:
3959:
3884:
3869:
3753:
3748:
3713:
3698:
3688:
3658:
3638:
3603:
3565:
3505:
3480:
3455:
3430:
3405:
3375:
3350:
3315:
3255:
3250:
3159:
3129:
3064:
3054:
3044:
3029:
2974:
2939:
2755:
2292:
DC Books, Kottayam (2007), A. Sreedhara Menon, A Survey of Kerala History
1197:
1118:
838:
616:
320:
99:
80:
2419:
Ganesh, K.N. (1990-02). "The Process of State Formation in Travancore".
1248:
Kumara Udaya Varma – mentioned in the inscription by Chera Perumal king
5939:
5848:
5792:
5756:
4699:
4484:
4282:
4230:
4220:
4210:
4165:
4090:
4085:
4075:
3994:
3989:
3899:
3833:
3793:
3718:
3708:
3633:
3623:
3598:
3575:
3500:
3495:
3395:
3235:
3169:
3154:
3079:
2794:
2739:
1110:
965:
608:
27:
This article is about the former kingdom in India. For other uses, see
2239:
Trivandrum (Kerala): Gazetteer Department, Government of Kerala, 1962
890:(1070 -1120 CE), is seen organising the defence against the Cholas at
4633:
4433:
4269:
4105:
3919:
3889:
3879:
3848:
3838:
3570:
3460:
3400:
3305:
3149:
2859:
2525:
1233:
Sri Vallava Goda Varma – Donor of Mamapalli copper plates (c. 973 CE)
1090:
1050:
1037:
1030:
1018:
1007:
984:
980:
922:
891:
850:
817:
648:
516:
512:
62:
1109:
became the most dominant state in Kerala by defeating the powerful
1064:
established a factory at Vizhinjam in 1664 and a fort was built at
956:
during this period. Possibly with the decline of Chola power after
813:, or what was left of it, came under the influence of the Pandyas.
703:
It appears that the whole region of medieval Venad was part of the
607:
became the most dominant state in Kerala by defeating the powerful
595:
established a factory at Vizhinjam in 1664 and a fort was built at
4388:
4200:
3813:
3550:
3290:
3245:
3230:
2904:
2799:
2789:
1706:, The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300.
1269:
1263:
1022:
988:
912:
901:
846:
793:
336:
2269:
Vol I. Trivandrum: Dravidian Linguistics Association, 2002. 147.
1937:
Vol 1. Part 2. Trivandrum: The Travancore Government Press, 1906
1906:
Vol 1. Part 2. Trivandrum: The Travancore Government Press, 1906
1767:
Vol 1. Trivandrum: Dravidian Linguistics Association, 2002. 143.
1618:
Vol 1. Part 2. Trivandrum: The Travancore Government Press, 1906
1025:. They were the first Europeans to establish a trading center in
804:, and took possession the Ay Vel country. This foray brought the
3818:
6017:
5730:
5547:
4606:
4350:
2489:
2281:
The Portuguese, Indian Ocean and European Bridgeheads 1500–1800
651:
lineage and this claim was advanced by the rulers of Venad and
1226:
Kandiyur Vel Kula Sundara – a warrior in the Chola army under
2407:
A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations.
2124:
A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations.
1221:
Rama Tiru Adikal – Junior chief of Venad (mid-9th century CE)
1544:
Vol 1. Trivandrum: Dravidian Linguistics Association, 2002.
1175:
Eyinan – the leader of the Chera warriors against Nannan of
800:
In the middle of the 8th century CE, the Pandya sacked port
669:
Sources refer to the ruler of Venad as controlling parts of
635:
words Vēḷ+nāṭu meaning the territory of the Vel chieftains.
2183:
Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 191 - 193, 435 - 437.
1674:
Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 191 – 193, 435 – 437.
1255:
Vira Kerala – son of Rama Kulasekhara (c. 1126, Cholapuram)
828:. The chief was providing land and other provisions to the
2317:
2167:
Doctoral Thesis. Jawaharlal Nehru University, 1987. 22-25.
2113:
Doctoral Thesis. Jawaharlal Nehru University, 1987. 21–25.
2095:
Doctoral Thesis. Jawaharlal Nehru University, 1987. 22–25.
4602:
2031:
Annamalai Nagar (Tamil Nadu): Annamalai University, 1946
2482:
Trivandrum (Kerala): Kerala Gazetteers Department, 1999.
2335:
Doctoral Thesis. Jawaharlal Nehru University, 1987. 291.
2480:
Perspectives on Kerala History – The Second Millennium.
1388:
Vira Ravi Kerala Varma, Kulasekhara Perumal (1504–1528)
947:
Kollam, capital of the Venad rulers, in 17th century CE
2446:
The Political Structure of Early Medieval South India,
575:
The rulers of Venad, known in the medieval period as
2399:, and T. R. Venugopalan. Thrissur, CosmoBooks, 2012.
867:– former Ay country – came under the control of the
647:
Medieval Ay kings claimed that they belonged to the
134:• Dissolution of the Kodungullur Chera Kingdom
6294:
6268:
6246:
6225:
6194:
6163:
6156:
6131:
6095:
6059:
6033:
6026:
5978:
5932:
5836:
5780:
5739:
5701:
5688:
Mount Carmel Convent Anglo-Indian Girls High School
5665:
5639:
5603:
5580:
Indian Institute of Infrastructure and Construction
5572:
5554:
5497:
5434:
5403:
5347:
5316:
5255:
5181:
5172:
5059:
5008:
Kerala State Cashew Development Corporation Limited
4973:
4920:
4881:
4763:
4640:
4268:
4028:
3862:
3591:
3584:
3221:
3178:
2780:
2713:
2630:
2547:
2416:
Doctoral Thesis. Jawaharlal Nehru University, 1987.
1346:
Vira Rama Udaya Martanda Varma Tiruvadi (1335–1342)
1331:
Vira Padmanabha Martanda Varma Tiruvadi (1240–1252)
158:
145:
132:
119:
107:
93:
69:
58:
43:
1322:Vira Manikantha Rama Varma Tiruvadi (1195– ?)
1159:Venad insignia from Syrian copper plates - Plate 5
1373:Sankhara Sri Vira Rama Martanda Varma (1458–1468)
5426:Olympian Suresh Babu Multipurpose Indoor Stadium
4983:Cashew Export Promotion Council of India (CEPCI)
2468:Kerala Cultural and Historical Research Library.
1967:Menon, V. K. R, Rathi Ramachandran, et al. eds.
1898:
1896:
1894:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1461:Kerala Cultural and Historical Research Library.
1138:Entered into strategic alliances with Europeans.
1125:Successfully developed the centralised state of
841:merchant who visited Kerala during the reign of
2008:
2006:
2004:
1869:A History of Travancore from the Earliest Times
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1385:Martanda Varma, Kulasekhara Perumal (1503–1504)
1085:adopted some members from the royal family of
4618:
4362:
2501:
2126:New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 89.
481:
8:
5229:N. S. Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences
5051:United Electrical Industries Limited(UNILEC)
806:Chera-Perumal kings of Kodungallur (Makotai)
515:. It was one of the major principalities of
5657:Sree Narayana Guru College of Legal Studies
5074:Asramam Adventure Park & Picnic Village
1875:. Madras: Higgin Botham & Co. pp.
1861:
1859:
1328:Vira Ravi Kerala Varma Tiruvadi (1214–1240)
1325:Vira Rama Kerala Varma Tiruvadi (1209–1214)
1319:Devadaram Vira Kerala Varma III (1192–1195)
6160:
6030:
6014:
5727:
5544:
5233:ESIC Model & Super Speciality Hospital
5178:
4625:
4611:
4603:
4404:Nediyirippu Swaroopam (Zamorin of Calicut)
4369:
4355:
4347:
3588:
2508:
2494:
2486:
2389:State and Society in Premodern South India
2373:Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 383.
2312:Balasubramanian, V. "On an Epic Journey."
1500:State and Society in Premodern South India
488:
474:
238:
40:
2360:Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 106.
2211:Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 171.
2198:Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 154.
1949:
1947:
1945:
1747:Kottayam (Kerala): DC Books, 1987. 74–75.
1164:Veliyan Venmal Nallini – the wife of the
637:The earliest preserved Tamil compositions
503:was a medieval kingdom lying between the
5449:Anandavalleeshwaram Sri Mahadevar Temple
5013:List of cashew companies based in Kollam
4720:4th Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1502)
2409:New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014
1963:
1961:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1154:
942:
809:under influence of the Cheras while the
788:
778:, the principal trade route between the
722:
6144:Kerala Urban Road Transport Corporation
6139:Kerala State Road Transport Corporation
2175:
2173:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1466:
1376:Vira Kodai Sri Aditya Varma (1468–1484)
1017:, thus opening a direct sea route from
863:The region to the south of present-day
543:) in medieval and early modern period.
250:
147:• Raids of Ravi Varma Kulasekhara
6387:Medieval empires and kingdoms of India
5585:Institute of Fashion Technology Kerala
5474:Sasthamcotta Sree Dharma Sastha Temple
5239:Shankar's Institute of Medical Science
5139:Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Police Museum
2352:
2350:
2159:
2157:
2057:from the original on 19 September 2013
1981:
1979:
1815:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1367:Chera Udaya Martanda Varma (1383–1444)
1349:Vira Kerala Varma Tiruvadi (1342–1363)
911:was printed at Kollam, the capital of
36:Medieval feudal kingdom in south India
5621:College of Engineering Karunagappally
5003:Kerala Minerals and Metals Ltd.(KMML)
2105:
2103:
2101:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2043:Subramanian, T. S (28 January 2007).
1916:
1914:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1340:Vira Udaya Martanda Varma (1313–1333)
1316:Vira Udaya Martanda Varma (1173–1192)
157:
144:
131:
118:
114:
54:8/9th century CE/12th century CE–1729
7:
6233:Kollam–Thiruvananthapuram trunk line
5693:St. Aloysius Higher Secondary School
5248:Holy Cross Super Speciality Hospital
5245:Kerala Institute of Medical Sciences
2458:Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013.
2302:Thangassery, Kollam - Kerala Tourism
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1355:Vira Rama Martanda Varma (1366–1382)
1214:Ayyan Adikal Tiru Adikal – Donor of
6344:
5199:Travancore Medicity Medical College
5089:Thangassery Breakwater Tourism Park
5047:List of Seafood Companies in Kollam
4873:Ashramam Biodiversity Heritage Site
4675:Quilon Syrian (Tharisapalli) plates
2224:Kottayam (Kerala): DC Books, 2007.
2140:. Kottayam: DC Books. p. 219.
1352:Vira Martanda Varma III (1363–1366)
1146:Rulers of Venad (till 16th century)
849:at that time, based at the port of
631:is believed to be derived from the
5520:List of schools in Kollam district
5194:Government Medical College, Kollam
4278:Kolathunadu (Kingdom of Cannanore)
1971:. Pragati Publications, 2006. 81.
1081:In the early 18th century CE, the
25:
5714:Sree Narayana Polytechnic College
5673:Chinmaya Vidyalaya, Chandanathope
5564:Sree Narayanaguru Open University
5515:Neendakara Indo-Norwegian Project
5454:Asramam Sree Krishna Swamy Temple
4988:Indian Rare Earths Limited (IREL)
2252:District Gazetteer of Trivandrum.
2237:District Gazetteer of Trivandrum.
1922:Keralam Ancum Arum Nurrantukalil.
1785:Fort Cochin in Kerala, 1750–1830.
1364:Vira Kerala Martanda Varma (1383)
1343:Aditya Varma Tiruvadi (1333–1335)
1310:Vira Kerala Varma II (1164–1167)
929:area) during the medieval period.
6343:
6334:
6333:
5683:Kendriya Vidyalaya, Mulangadakam
5640:Arts, science & law colleges
5595:Kerala State Institute of Design
5479:St Andrew's Church, Kovilthottam
5189:Azeezia Medical College Hospital
4965:Eravipuram Assembly constituency
4750:Roman Catholic Diocese of Quilon
4591:
4331:
2516:
2045:"Roman connection in Tamil Nadu"
1920:Pillai Elamkulam, P. N. Kunhan.
1442:Travancore Archaeological Series
1399:
1361:Vira Ravi Ravi Varma (1416–1417)
1298:Kotha Varma Martanda (1102–1125)
455:
271:
264:
221:
196:
128:8/9th century CE/12th century CE
5616:College of Engineering, Perumon
5484:St Antony's Church, Kanjiracode
4670:Kollam Era (Malayalam calendar)
2320:. Web. Accessed 07 April 2017.
1304:Kodai Kerala Varma (1145–1150)
1301:Vira Kerala Varma I (1125–1145)
921:, which was spoken in Southern
770:was ruled by the Cheras during
1745:Kerala History and its Makers.
1241:Jewish copper plates of Cochin
952:intermittently subject to the
1:
6212:Kollam-Chennai Egmore Express
5469:Paravur Puttingal Devi Temple
4960:Chavara Assembly constituency
4950:Kollam Lok Sabha constituency
4550:Kolathunadu (Muzhaka dynasty)
2250:Menon, A. Sreedhara, editor.
2235:Menon, A. Sreedhara, editor.
2136:Menon, A. Shreedhara (2016).
1991:Economic and Political Weekly
1313:Vira Aditya Varma (1167–1173)
1209:Under Chera Perumal influence
898:Venad in late medieval period
568:, and grew later into modern
151:
138:
125:
51:
6207:Kollam–Visakhapatnam Express
5647:Fatima Mata National College
5489:Valiya Koonambaikulam Temple
5416:International Hockey Stadium
5372:President's Trophy Boat Race
5217:Government Victoria Hospital
5212:Government District Hospital
5038:Fisheries Industry in Kollam
4955:Kollam Assembly constituency
4935:Kollam Development Authority
4930:Kollam Municipal Corporation
2016:Leiden: Brill: Leiden, 2012
1987:"Classical Indo-Roman Trade"
1935:The Travancore State Manual.
1904:The Travancore State Manual.
1866:Shungoony Menon, P. (1878).
1616:The Travancore State Manual.
1370:Vira Ravi Varma, (1444–1458)
750:in the north. This included
6238:Kollam–Sengottai Chord Line
5631:TKM Institute of Technology
5411:Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium
5104:Dutch Church, Munroe Island
4998:The Kerala Ceramics Limited
2475:Leiden: Brill: Leiden, 2012
2222:A Survey of Kerala History.
1358:Vira Ravi Varma (1383–1416)
1307:Vira Ravi Varma (1161–1164)
1216:Quilon Syrian copper plates
1202:Venattadikal Thiruvichaippa
6408:
5626:TKM College of Engineering
5421:KDRA Indoor Shooting Range
4863:Thekkumbhagam-Kappil Beach
2471:Mailaparambil, Binu John.
2012:Mailaparambil, Binu John.
1969:History of Medieval Kerala
1834:10.1177/025764309000600102
1579:10.1177/037698360903600102
1062:English East India Company
1006:The Portuguese arrived at
894:in early 12th century CE.
886:, a contemporary of Chola
593:English East India Company
121:• Formation of Venad
26:
6329:
6041:Andamukkam City bus stand
6013:
5726:
5590:Kerala Maritime Institute
5543:
5510:Cashew business in Kollam
5396:List of statues in Kollam
5182:Medical college hospitals
4993:Cashew business in Kollam
4589:
4384:
4328:
2532:
1708:Penguin Books, 2002. 368.
1334:Jayasimha Deva (1266–1267
1260:From 12th century onwards
519:, along with kingdoms of
337:Venad - Kingdom of Quilon
204:Vels (related to the Ays)
175:
171:
115:
50:
18:Venad (historical region)
6046:Kollam KSRTC bus station
5709:Govt. ITI, Chandanathope
5505:Kollam metropolitan area
5444:Ammachiveedu Devi Temple
5367:Kottankulangara Festival
4429:Karthikappally Swaroopam
4424:Karunagappally Swaroopam
2557:Thiruvananthapuram KL-01
2478:Cherian, P. J., editor.
2432:Indian Historical Review
2122:Noburu Karashmia (ed.),
1924:Kottayam (Kerala), 1961.
1567:Indian Historical Review
1053:), and Peraka Thavazhi (
1049:), Desinganad (Kallada,
677:and presumably parts of
562:in the medieval period.
6382:Feudal states of Kerala
6307:Kollam KSWTD Boat Jetty
6217:Kollam–Tirupati Express
6051:Tangasseri Bus Terminal
5611:Bishop Jerome Institute
5535:Kollam Orthodox Diocese
5459:Kolloorvila Juma Mosque
5284:Kovilthottam Lighthouse
5094:Asramam Children's Park
4378:Feudal states of Kerala
2462:Elamkulam Kunjan Pillai
2344:Travancore State Manual
2318:http://www.thehindu.com
1455:Elamkulam Kunjan Pillai
1415:Travancore Royal Family
1083:Travancore royal family
325:Confluence of religions
5464:Infant Jesus Cathedral
5099:Chinnakada Clock Tower
5018:Parvathy Mills Limited
4440:Purakkad (Ambalapuzha)
4399:Perumpadappu Swaroopam
3286:Chittur-Thathamangalam
3180:Municipal corporations
1337:Ravi Varma (1299–1313)
1289:
1276:was there in Southern
1204:(early 9th century AD)
1160:
1042:Padmanabhaswamy Temple
948:
930:
797:
731:
505:Western Ghat mountains
29:Venad (disambiguation)
6082:National Highway 183A
5525:Jatayu Earth's Center
5404:Sports & stadiums
5382:Kollam Public Library
5299:Tangasseri Lighthouse
5279:Crowther Masonic Hall
5159:Thirumullavaram Beach
5154:Paravur Thekkumbhagam
5149:Tangasseri Lighthouse
4858:Thirumullavaram Beach
4525:Kavalappara Swaroopam
4414:Desinganadu Swaroopam
3361:Kothamangalam, Kerala
2267:A Handbook of Kerala.
2220:Menon. A. Sreedhara.
2029:The Dutch in Malabar.
1997:(26–27). 5 June 2015.
1765:A Handbook of Kerala.
1542:A Handbook of Kerala.
1284:and parts of Central
1267:
1218:(mid-9th century CE)
1158:
1097:based in present-day
946:
905:
792:
738:governed the area of
728:Mampalli copper plate
726:
414:Unification of Kerala
385:Battle of Tirurangadi
70:Common languages
6077:National Highway 744
6072:National Highway 183
5678:Govt. Boys Model HSS
5604:Engineering colleges
5573:Premier institutions
5357:Kalidasa Kalakendram
5109:Estuaries of Paravur
4793:Estuaries of Paravur
4409:Elayadathu Swaroopam
2567:Pathanamthitta KL-03
2369:Narayanan, M. G. S.
2356:Narayanan, M. G. S.
2207:Narayanan, M. G. S.
2194:Narayanan, M. G. S.
2179:Narayanan, M. G. S.
1787:Leiden: Brill, 2010
1743:Menon, A Sreedhara,
1670:Narayanan, M. G. S.
1425:Kingdom of Cannanore
1380:Vira Ravi Ravi Varma
918:Lingua Malabar Tamul
822:Kollam Syrian plates
766:. The region around
719:Development of Venad
687:Kanyakumari district
357:Minor principalities
160:• Formation of
6317:National Waterway 3
6202:Ananthapuri Express
6067:National Highway 66
5324:Bishop Jerome Nagar
5134:Portuguese Cemetery
5124:Mahatma Gandhi Park
5084:Sambranikodi Island
4725:Portuguese Cemetery
4690:Rama Varma of Venad
4583:Kotassery Swaroopam
2371:Perumāḷs of Kerala.
2358:Perumāḷs of Kerala.
2265:Menon, T. Madhava.
2209:Perumāḷs of Kerala.
2196:Perumāḷs of Kerala.
2181:Perumāḷs of Kerala.
2075:KA Nilakanta Sastri
1763:Menon, T. Madhava.
1717:Menon 2007, p. 118.
1672:Perumāḷs of Kerala.
1540:Menon, T. Madhava.
1272:in 1822. Note that
1099:Malappuram district
1013:in 1498 during the
671:Trivandrum district
405:Communism in Kerala
6377:Kingdoms of Kerala
5530:Kollam CSI Diocese
5242:Dr. Nairs Hospital
5224:Meditrina Hospital
4940:Kollam City Police
4270:Historical regions
3188:Thiruvananthapuram
3120:Thiruvananthapuram
2540:Thiruvananthapuram
2452:Narayanan, M. G. S
2421:Studies in History
2393:R. Champakalakshmi
1822:Studies in History
1420:Kingdom of Calicut
1290:
1282:Thiruvananthapuram
1268:A language map of
1161:
1077:Rise of Travancore
949:
931:
927:Thiruvananthapuram
908:Thambiran Vanakkam
798:
732:
373:Rise of Travancore
292:Megalithic culture
6372:History of Kollam
6357:
6356:
6325:
6324:
6286:
6264:
6263:
6249:maintenance yards
6152:
6151:
6103:Asramam Link Road
6060:National highways
6009:
6008:
5722:
5721:
5436:Places of worship
5264:British Residency
5207:
5206:
5114:Islands of Kollam
5079:British Residency
5028:Kollam Technopark
4923:& authorities
4853:Sasthamcotta Lake
4798:Islands of Kollam
4740:Kollam Cantonment
4705:Cantonment Maidan
4600:
4599:
4510:Tharoor Swaroopam
4344:
4343:
4320:Travancore–Cochin
4264:
4263:
2442:Veluthat, Kesavan
2027:Alexander, P. C.
1430:Kingdom of Cochin
1196:Venattadikal the
1168:chieftain Utiyan.
1117:in the battle of
1071:Nayaks of Madurai
869:Cholas of Tanjore
843:Sthanu Ravi Varma
835:Sulaiman al-Tajir
730:(10th century AD)
699:Political history
615:in the battle of
589:Nayaks of Madurai
498:
497:
377:Mysorean invasion
365:Portuguese period
329:Mamankam festival
297:Maritime contacts
252:History of Kerala
237:
236:
233:
232:
229:
228:
209:
208:
16:(Redirected from
6399:
6347:
6346:
6337:
6336:
6282:
6256:Kollam MEMU Shed
6161:
6031:
6015:
5728:
5702:Other institutes
5545:
5377:Kollam Kite Club
5317:Shopping centres
5258:& structures
5236:Upasana Hospital
5179:
5069:8 Point Art Cafe
4868:Chittumala Chira
4773:Quilon formation
4745:Battle of Quilon
4730:Buckingham Canal
4685:Rama Rajasekhara
4627:
4620:
4613:
4604:
4595:
4480:Paliam Swaroopam
4371:
4364:
4357:
4348:
4338:India portal
4336:
4335:
4334:
4251:Thalayolaparambu
4010:Sreekrishnapuram
3945:Sreemoolanagaram
3589:
2602:Malappuram KL-10
2520:
2510:
2503:
2496:
2487:
2403:Noburu Karashima
2397:Kesavan Veluthat
2376:
2367:
2361:
2354:
2345:
2342:
2336:
2329:
2323:
2310:
2304:
2299:
2293:
2290:
2284:
2278:
2272:
2263:
2257:
2248:
2242:
2233:
2227:
2218:
2212:
2205:
2199:
2192:
2186:
2177:
2168:
2161:
2152:
2151:
2133:
2127:
2120:
2114:
2107:
2096:
2089:
2076:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2040:
2034:
2025:
2019:
2010:
1999:
1998:
1983:
1974:
1965:
1956:
1951:
1940:
1933:Aiya, V. Nagam.
1931:
1925:
1918:
1909:
1902:Aiya, V. Nagam.
1900:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1874:
1863:
1854:
1853:
1817:
1790:
1781:
1770:
1761:
1748:
1741:
1718:
1715:
1709:
1702:
1691:
1688:
1677:
1668:
1621:
1614:Aiya, V. Nagam.
1612:
1599:
1598:
1562:
1547:
1538:
1523:
1520:
1503:
1496:
1409:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1250:Rama Kulasekhara
1015:Age of Discovery
938:Rama Kulasekhara
884:Rama Kulasekhara
746:in the south to
490:
483:
476:
462:India portal
460:
459:
458:
401:Battle of Quilon
389:Malabar District
361:Age of Discovery
275:
268:
239:
225:
224:
213:
212:
200:
199:
193:
192:
177:
176:
153:
140:
127:
53:
41:
21:
6407:
6406:
6402:
6401:
6400:
6398:
6397:
6396:
6392:Hindu dynasties
6362:
6361:
6358:
6353:
6321:
6290:
6276:Kerala Seaplane
6260:
6248:
6242:
6221:
6190:
6171:Kollam Junction
6148:
6127:
6091:
6055:
6022:
6005:
6001:Thirumullavaram
5974:
5970:Punthalathazham
5928:
5832:
5818:Sakthikulangara
5776:
5735:
5718:
5697:
5661:
5652:NSS Law College
5635:
5599:
5568:
5550:
5539:
5493:
5430:
5399:
5343:
5329:Downtown Kollam
5312:
5304:Thevally Palace
5274:Cheena Kottaram
5257:
5251:
5203:
5168:
5129:Mundakkal Beach
5061:
5055:
5043:Neendakara Port
4969:
4922:
4916:
4892:Sakthikulangara
4877:
4823:Mundakkal Beach
4803:Ithikkara River
4759:
4636:
4631:
4601:
4596:
4587:
4380:
4375:
4345:
4340:
4332:
4330:
4324:
4310:Venad (kingdom)
4260:
4024:
3858:
3724:Kottappadi Part
3580:
3217:
3174:
2776:
2732:Indian elephant
2709:
2626:
2622:Kasaragod KL-14
2607:Kozhikode KL-11
2587:Ernakulam KL-07
2572:Alappuzha KL-04
2543:
2528:
2514:
2385:
2383:Further reading
2380:
2379:
2368:
2364:
2355:
2348:
2343:
2339:
2330:
2326:
2316:07 April 2017:
2311:
2307:
2300:
2296:
2291:
2287:
2279:
2275:
2264:
2260:
2249:
2245:
2234:
2230:
2219:
2215:
2206:
2202:
2193:
2189:
2178:
2171:
2162:
2155:
2148:
2138:India Charitram
2135:
2134:
2130:
2121:
2117:
2108:
2099:
2090:
2079:
2074:
2070:
2060:
2058:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2026:
2022:
2011:
2002:
1985:
1984:
1977:
1966:
1959:
1952:
1943:
1932:
1928:
1919:
1912:
1901:
1892:
1882:
1880:
1872:
1865:
1864:
1857:
1819:
1818:
1793:
1783:Singh, Anjana.
1782:
1773:
1762:
1751:
1742:
1721:
1716:
1712:
1703:
1694:
1689:
1680:
1669:
1624:
1613:
1602:
1564:
1563:
1550:
1539:
1526:
1521:
1506:
1497:
1468:
1438:
1405:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1262:
1211:
1186:
1171:Veliyan Venman
1153:
1148:
1103:Marthanda Varma
1079:
900:
721:
701:
685:districts (and
645:
625:
513:Kollam (Quilon)
494:
456:
454:
447:
446:
445:
440:
436:
431:
426:
418:
417:
416:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
353:Arakkal kingdom
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
294:
289:
281:
280:
279:
278:
277:
276:
269:
222:
197:
164:
148:
135:
122:
46:
37:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6405:
6403:
6395:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6364:
6363:
6355:
6354:
6352:
6351:
6341:
6330:
6327:
6326:
6323:
6322:
6320:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6298:
6296:
6292:
6291:
6289:
6288:
6281:Kollam Airport
6278:
6272:
6270:
6266:
6265:
6262:
6261:
6259:
6258:
6252:
6250:
6244:
6243:
6241:
6240:
6235:
6229:
6227:
6223:
6222:
6220:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6198:
6196:
6192:
6191:
6189:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6167:
6165:
6158:
6154:
6153:
6150:
6149:
6147:
6146:
6141:
6135:
6133:
6129:
6128:
6126:
6125:
6123:Residency Road
6120:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6099:
6097:
6093:
6092:
6090:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6063:
6061:
6057:
6056:
6054:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6037:
6035:
6028:
6024:
6023:
6018:
6011:
6010:
6007:
6006:
6004:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5982:
5980:
5976:
5975:
5973:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5950:Chathinamkulam
5947:
5942:
5936:
5934:
5930:
5929:
5927:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5884:Kochupilamoodu
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5840:
5838:
5837:Central Kollam
5834:
5833:
5831:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5813:Ramankulangara
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5784:
5782:
5778:
5777:
5775:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5743:
5741:
5737:
5736:
5733:Neighbourhoods
5731:
5724:
5723:
5720:
5719:
5717:
5716:
5711:
5705:
5703:
5699:
5698:
5696:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5669:
5667:
5663:
5662:
5660:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5643:
5641:
5637:
5636:
5634:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5607:
5605:
5601:
5600:
5598:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5576:
5574:
5570:
5569:
5567:
5566:
5560:
5558:
5552:
5551:
5548:
5541:
5540:
5538:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5501:
5499:
5495:
5494:
5492:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5440:
5438:
5432:
5431:
5429:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5407:
5405:
5401:
5400:
5398:
5397:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5353:
5351:
5345:
5344:
5342:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5320:
5318:
5314:
5313:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5294:St Thomas Fort
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5259:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5249:
5246:
5243:
5240:
5237:
5234:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5219:
5214:
5208:
5205:
5204:
5202:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5185:
5183:
5176:
5170:
5169:
5167:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5144:St Thomas Fort
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5065:
5063:
5057:
5056:
5054:
5053:
5048:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4979:
4977:
4971:
4970:
4968:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4926:
4924:
4921:Administration
4918:
4917:
4915:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4885:
4883:
4879:
4878:
4876:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4788:Asramam Maidan
4785:
4783:Kollam Parappu
4780:
4778:Ashtamudi Lake
4775:
4769:
4767:
4761:
4760:
4758:
4757:
4755:Kollam Airport
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4735:St Thomas Fort
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4646:
4644:
4638:
4637:
4632:
4630:
4629:
4622:
4615:
4607:
4598:
4597:
4590:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4580:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4376:
4374:
4373:
4366:
4359:
4351:
4342:
4341:
4329:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4301:
4300:
4295:
4285:
4280:
4274:
4272:
4266:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4051:Chirayinkeezhu
4048:
4043:
4038:
4032:
4030:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3985:Vadakkencherry
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3866:
3864:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3769:Muzhappilangad
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3734:Padinharethara
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3595:
3593:
3586:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3546:Thrippunithura
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3511:Sreekandapuram
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3486:Perinthalmanna
3483:
3478:
3476:Pathanamthitta
3473:
3468:
3466:Parappanangadi
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3326:Karunagappalli
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3227:
3225:
3223:Municipalities
3219:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3184:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3090:Sultan Bathery
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3070:Perinthalmanna
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2890:Karunagappalli
2887:
2885:Karthikappally
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2835:Chirayinkeezhu
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2786:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2772:Papilio buddha
2769:
2766:
2761:
2758:
2753:
2750:
2745:
2742:
2737:
2734:
2729:
2726:
2724:Great hornbill
2721:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2636:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2597:Palakkad KL-09
2594:
2592:Thrissur KL-08
2589:
2584:
2579:
2577:Kottayam KL-05
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2553:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2505:
2498:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2476:
2469:
2459:
2449:
2439:
2428:
2417:
2412:Ganesh, K. N.
2410:
2400:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2362:
2346:
2337:
2331:Ganesh, K. N.
2324:
2305:
2294:
2285:
2273:
2258:
2243:
2228:
2213:
2200:
2187:
2169:
2163:Ganesh, K. N.
2153:
2146:
2128:
2115:
2109:Ganesh, K. N.
2097:
2091:Ganesh, K. N.
2077:
2068:
2035:
2020:
2000:
1975:
1957:
1941:
1926:
1910:
1890:
1855:
1791:
1771:
1749:
1719:
1710:
1704:Thapar, Romila
1692:
1678:
1622:
1600:
1548:
1524:
1504:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1452:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1274:Tamil language
1261:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1234:
1231:
1228:Vellan Kumaran
1224:
1223:
1222:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1194:
1189:Vel Mannan of
1185:
1184:Early medieval
1182:
1181:
1180:
1169:
1152:
1151:Early historic
1149:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1078:
1075:
964:, a suburb of
899:
896:
720:
717:
700:
697:
644:
641:
624:
621:
560:Pandya kingdom
552:Chera/Perumals
496:
495:
493:
492:
485:
478:
470:
467:
466:
465:
464:
449:
448:
427:
424:
423:
420:
419:
381:British Period
290:
287:
286:
283:
282:
270:
263:
262:
261:
260:
259:
258:
255:
254:
248:
247:
235:
234:
231:
230:
227:
226:
219:
210:
207:
206:
201:
189:
188:
183:
173:
172:
169:
168:
165:
159:
156:
155:
149:
146:
143:
142:
136:
133:
130:
129:
123:
120:
117:
116:
113:
112:
109:
105:
104:
103:
102:
95:
91:
90:
89:
88:
83:
78:
71:
67:
66:
60:
56:
55:
48:
47:
44:
35:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6404:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6369:
6367:
6360:
6350:
6342:
6340:
6332:
6331:
6328:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6299:
6297:
6293:
6287:
6285:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6273:
6271:
6267:
6257:
6254:
6253:
6251:
6245:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6230:
6228:
6224:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6199:
6197:
6193:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6168:
6166:
6162:
6159:
6155:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6136:
6134:
6132:Organisations
6130:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6100:
6098:
6094:
6088:
6087:Kollam Bypass
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6064:
6062:
6058:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6038:
6036:
6032:
6029:
6025:
6021:
6016:
6012:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5983:
5981:
5977:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5955:Kallumthazham
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5945:Chandanathope
5943:
5941:
5938:
5937:
5935:
5931:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5919:Thoppilkadavu
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5841:
5839:
5835:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5823:Thrikkadavoor
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5785:
5783:
5779:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5744:
5742:
5738:
5734:
5729:
5725:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5706:
5704:
5700:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5670:
5668:
5664:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5644:
5642:
5638:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5608:
5606:
5602:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5577:
5575:
5571:
5565:
5562:
5561:
5559:
5557:
5553:
5546:
5542:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5502:
5500:
5496:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5441:
5439:
5437:
5433:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5408:
5406:
5402:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5387:Kollam Rentha
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5362:Kollam Pooram
5360:
5358:
5355:
5354:
5352:
5350:
5346:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5321:
5319:
5315:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5254:
5247:
5244:
5241:
5238:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5209:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5186:
5184:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5171:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5066:
5064:
5058:
5052:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4976:
4972:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4919:
4913:
4912:Thrikkadavoor
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4887:
4886:
4884:
4880:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4843:Kattaka Kayal
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4813:Kattaka Kayal
4811:
4809:
4808:Kallada River
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4766:
4762:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4715:Dutch Malabar
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4655:Chera dynasty
4653:
4651:
4650:Mar Sapir Iso
4648:
4647:
4645:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4628:
4623:
4621:
4616:
4614:
4609:
4608:
4605:
4594:
4584:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4500:Chengazhinadu
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4383:
4379:
4372:
4367:
4365:
4360:
4358:
4353:
4352:
4349:
4339:
4327:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4299:
4298:South Malabar
4296:
4294:
4293:North Malabar
4291:
4290:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4271:
4267:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4206:Kanjirappally
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4171:Vadasserikara
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4041:Balaramapuram
4039:
4037:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4027:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4015:Lakkidi-Perur
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3930:Chottanikkara
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3861:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3664:Kunnamangalam
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3590:
3587:
3583:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3441:North Paravur
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3426:Neyyattinkara
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3266:Changanassery
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3177:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3035:North Paravur
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3025:Neyyattinkara
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2930:Kothamangalam
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2875:Kanjirappally
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2815:Changanassery
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2773:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2612:Wayanad KL-12
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2511:
2506:
2504:
2499:
2497:
2492:
2491:
2488:
2481:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2467:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2415:
2411:
2408:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2375:
2372:
2366:
2363:
2359:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2341:
2338:
2334:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2315:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2298:
2295:
2289:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2217:
2214:
2210:
2204:
2201:
2197:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2147:9788126419395
2143:
2139:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2119:
2116:
2112:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2069:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1878:
1871:
1870:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1714:
1711:
1707:
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882:Cherar ruler
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831:
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785:
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780:Malabar Coast
777:
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772:Sangam period
769:
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753:
749:
745:
741:
740:Malabar Coast
737:
736:Chera dynasty
729:
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301:Sangam period
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76:Old Malayalam
74:
73:
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68:
64:
61:
57:
49:
42:
39:
34:
30:
19:
6359:
6312:Kollam Canal
6283:
6247:Sheds &
6186:Chandanattop
6108:Coastal Road
6034:Bus stations
5996:Thamarakulam
5986:Pallithottam
5889:Mulamkadakam
5788:Anchalumoodu
5781:North Kollam
5740:South Kollam
5556:Universities
5498:Other topics
5392:Anglo-Indian
5339:H&J Mall
5269:Cashew House
5164:Thanni Beach
5119:Kollam Beach
5023:Techno-lodge
4945:Kollam Taluk
4888:Central Zone
4833:Paravur Lake
4818:Kollam Beach
4540:Kurumbranadu
4530:Vettathunadu
4436:(Kayamkulam)
4309:
4256:Kaduthuruthy
4241:Kuravilangad
4191:Ambalappuzha
4131:Kozhencherry
4126:Kulathupuzha
4116:Pathanapuram
4096:Sasthamkotta
4000:Puthunagaram
3950:Nedumbassery
3935:Udayamperoor
3875:Vandiperiyar
3824:Vellarikundu
3784:Pappinisseri
3764:Anjarakkandy
3674:Thiruvambady
3669:Thamarassery
3609:Puthanathani
3541:Thrikkakkara
3416:Muvattupuzha
3371:Kottarakkara
3356:Kuthuparamba
3301:Irinjalakuda
3165:Vellarikundu
3145:Udumbanchola
3110:Thamarassery
3050:Pathanapuram
3015:Muvattupuzha
3010:Mukundapuram
2990:Manjeshwaram
2985:Mananthavady
2950:Kozhencherry
2935:Kottarakkara
2805:Ambalappuzha
2650:Demographics
2617:Kannur KL-13
2582:Idukki KL-06
2562:Kollam KL-02
2538:
2479:
2472:
2465:
2455:
2445:
2435:
2431:
2424:
2420:
2413:
2406:
2388:
2370:
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2332:
2327:
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2297:
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2251:
2246:
2236:
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2216:
2208:
2203:
2195:
2190:
2180:
2164:
2137:
2131:
2123:
2118:
2110:
2092:
2071:
2059:. Retrieved
2048:
2038:
2028:
2023:
2013:
1994:
1990:
1968:
1934:
1929:
1921:
1903:
1881:. Retrieved
1868:
1828:(1): 15–33.
1825:
1821:
1784:
1764:
1744:
1713:
1705:
1671:
1615:
1570:
1566:
1541:
1499:
1458:
1441:
1407:India portal
1292:
1291:
1252:(c. 1102 CE)
1243:(c. 1000 CE)
1201:
1200:– author of
1080:
1059:
1035:
1005:
1001:Vijayanagara
993:
975:The port at
974:
970:
950:
932:
916:
906:
881:
871:(under king
862:
855:
815:
799:
776:Palakkad Gap
752:Palakkad Gap
733:
702:
668:
663:
661:
646:
628:
626:
585:Vijayanagara
581:Kulasekharas
580:
577:Venad Cheras
576:
574:
566:
564:
545:
541:Perumpadappu
500:
499:
438:Architecture
432:
425:Other topics
369:Dutch period
295:
186:Succeeded by
185:
180:
154:1312–1316 CE
86:Manipravalam
38:
33:
6349:WikiProject
6302:Kollam Port
5979:West Kollam
5933:East Kollam
5904:Polayathode
5899:Pattathanam
5874:Kadappakada
5828:Vallikeezhu
5772:Valathungal
5767:Vadakkevila
5752:Koottikkada
5062:attractions
5033:Kollam Port
4902:Vadakkevila
4828:Vattakkayal
4660:Kollam Port
4545:Kadathanadu
4535:Parappanadu
4520:Nedunganadu
4505:Valluvanadu
4495:Thalappilly
4490:Kodungallur
4470:Anchikaimal
4455:Vadakkumkur
4236:Puthuppally
4196:Mararikulam
4186:Charummoodu
4066:Chathannoor
3925:Malayattoor
3915:Kunnathunad
3809:Cheruvathur
3804:Thrikaripur
3789:Kalliasseri
3654:Vallikkunnu
3629:Kuttippuram
3619:Angadipuram
3585:Other towns
3556:Tirurangadi
3526:Taliparamba
3491:Perumbavoor
3436:Nileshwaram
3411:Mavelikkara
3386:Kunnamkulam
3346:Kodungallur
3311:Kalamassery
3140:Tirurangadi
3095:Taliparamba
3000:Mavelikkara
2965:Kunnathunad
2960:Kunnamkulam
2910:Kodungallur
2748:Golden rain
1573:(1): 3–21.
1382:(1484–1503)
1230:(c. 949 CE)
1087:Kolathunadu
1047:Kottarakara
997:Tirunelveli
962:Poonamallee
935:Kodungallur
877:Keezhperoor
873:Raja Raja I
858:Kanyakumari
826:Sthanu Ravi
796:in 1320 CE.
764:Kolli Hills
744:Kanyakumari
556:Kodungallur
533:Nediyiruppu
525:Kolathunadu
509:Arabian Sea
409:Lakshadweep
345:Kolattunadu
321:Ezhil Malai
313:Spice trade
181:Preceded by
6366:Categories
6181:Kilikollur
6176:Eravipuram
6096:City roads
5991:Tangasseri
5965:Kilikollur
5924:Uliyakovil
5864:Chinnakada
5854:Cantonment
5844:Andamukkam
5798:Kureepuzha
5762:Thattamala
5747:Eravipuram
5289:SMP Palace
5174:Healthcare
4907:Eravipuram
4897:Kilikollur
4710:Tangasseri
4575:Nileswaram
4565:Randuthara
4560:Kurangothu
4515:Kollengode
4465:Karappuram
4450:Thekkumkur
4394:Travancore
4315:Travancore
4226:Karukachal
4216:Mundakayam
4146:Mallapally
4081:Neendakara
4061:Parippally
4056:Kilimanoor
4005:Malampuzha
3980:Chelakkara
3940:Varappuzha
3910:Puthencruz
3905:Kolenchery
3854:Manjeshwar
3844:Mangalpady
3779:Cherukunnu
3739:Meenangadi
3679:Kodencheri
3561:Valanchery
3536:Thodupuzha
3531:Thiruvalla
3521:Thalassery
3421:Nedumangad
3391:Malappuram
3341:Kayamkulam
3336:Kattappana
3276:Chengannur
3125:Thodupuzha
3115:Thiruvalla
3105:Thalassery
3100:Thalapilly
3020:Nedumangad
2995:Mannarkkad
2980:Mallapally
2870:Kanayannur
2825:Chengannur
2695:Government
2438:(1): 3–21.
2061:28 October
1436:References
1286:Travancore
1280:including
1278:Travancore
1127:Travancore
1107:Travancore
1095:Parappanad
1055:Nedumangad
1027:Tangasseri
958:Kulothunga
888:Kulothunga
865:Trivandrum
811:Ay country
784:Tamil Nadu
768:Coimbatore
756:Coimbatore
705:Ay country
692:Marco Polo
653:Travancore
605:Travancore
601:Travancore
570:Travancore
548:Ay lineage
341:Valluvanad
217:Travancore
162:Travancore
6284:(defunct)
6113:Port Road
6020:Transport
5909:Pullikada
5894:Mundakkal
5859:Chamakada
5803:Maruthadi
5549:Education
5309:The Raviz
5256:Buildings
4848:Polachira
4838:Pozhikara
4765:Geography
4475:Edappally
4101:Kunnathur
4046:Kattakada
4036:Parassala
4020:Thrithala
3975:Pavaratty
3965:Puthukkad
3895:Devikulam
3759:Dharmadom
3744:Panamaram
3694:Nadapuram
3684:Balussery
3614:Kottakkal
3446:Ottapalam
3381:Koyilandy
3366:Kottakkal
3331:Kasaragod
3321:Kanhangad
3296:Guruvayur
3281:Cherthala
3271:Chavakkad
3261:Chalakudy
3241:Alappuzha
3193:Kozhikode
3040:Ottapalam
3005:Meenachil
2970:Kunnathur
2955:Kozhikode
2945:Koyilandy
2900:Kattakada
2895:Kasaragod
2845:Devikulam
2830:Cherthala
2820:Chavakkad
2810:Chalakudy
2764:Jackfruit
2670:Geography
2660:Education
2549:Districts
2314:The Hindu
2050:The Hindu
1850:162972188
1842:0257-6430
1595:145359607
1587:0376-9836
1191:Vizhinjam
1177:Ezhimalai
1115:Kozhikode
1089:based at
1011:Kozhikode
977:Kozhikode
830:Christian
802:Vizhinjam
748:Kasaragod
715:period).
657:Kshatriya
627:The name
623:Etymology
619:in 1755.
613:Kozhikode
529:Kozhikode
429:Geography
305:Tamilakam
94:Religion
6339:Category
6195:Services
6164:Stations
6118:QAC Road
5960:Karicode
5914:Thevally
5869:Cutchery
5808:Mathilil
4665:Nelcynda
4579:Kumbalam
4555:Kottayam
4445:Pandalam
4419:Attingal
4246:Uzhavoor
4176:Parumala
4161:Kulanada
4156:Aranmula
4151:Kumbanad
4121:Thenmala
4111:Kadakkal
4071:Kottiyam
3970:Manaloor
3960:Kodakara
3885:Rajakkad
3870:Peermade
3774:Azhikode
3754:Peravoor
3749:Pulpally
3714:Chundale
3699:Kuttiady
3689:Perambra
3659:Olavanna
3639:Areekode
3604:Thavanur
3566:Vatakara
3506:Shoranur
3481:Payyanur
3456:Palakkad
3431:Nilambur
3406:Mattanur
3376:Kottayam
3351:Kondotty
3316:Kalpetta
3256:Attingal
3251:Angamaly
3208:Thrissur
3160:Vatakara
3130:Thrissur
3065:Peermade
3060:Payyanur
3055:Pattambi
3045:Palakkad
3030:Nilambur
2975:Kuttanad
2940:Kottayam
2920:Kondotty
2756:Karimeen
2690:Wildlife
2055:Archived
1393:See also
1239:Seen in
1119:Purakkad
925:(Kollam-
742:between
713:Kalabhra
683:Kottayam
679:Alleppey
617:Purakkad
507:and the
244:a series
242:Part of
100:Hinduism
81:Sanskrit
65:(Quilon)
6157:Railway
5940:Ayathil
5879:Karbala
5849:Asramam
5793:Kavanad
5757:Mevaram
5666:Schools
5349:Culture
5334:RP Mall
5060:Visitor
4975:Economy
4700:Kundara
4695:Paravur
4642:History
4570:Arakkal
4485:Alangad
4460:Poonjar
4434:Odanadu
4288:Malabar
4283:Zamorin
4231:Pampady
4221:Vazhoor
4211:Erumely
4166:Omallur
4091:Oachira
4086:Chavara
4076:Kundara
3995:Nemmara
3990:Alathur
3900:Adimali
3863:Central
3834:Karadka
3829:Parappa
3799:Alakode
3794:Irikkur
3719:Meppadi
3709:Vythiri
3704:Lakkidi
3649:Vengara
3644:Wandoor
3634:Karipur
3624:Mankada
3599:Edappal
3576:Varkala
3501:Punalur
3496:Ponnani
3471:Paravur
3396:Manjeri
3236:Anthoor
3170:Vythiri
3155:Varkala
3080:Punalur
3075:Ponnani
2855:Hosdurg
2840:Chittur
2795:Alathur
2740:Coconut
2714:Symbols
2700:Tourism
2685:History
2655:Economy
2645:Culture
2535:Capital
2405:(ed.),
1198:Nayanar
1111:Zamorin
966:Chennai
954:Pandyas
839:Persian
609:Zamorin
579:or the
535:), and
434:Economy
333:Calicut
141:1124 CE
108:History
59:Capital
4634:Kollam
4389:Venadu
4305:Cochin
4181:Mannar
4106:Anchal
3920:Kalady
3890:Munnar
3880:Kumily
3849:Uppala
3839:Kumbla
3729:Muttil
3571:Vaikom
3461:Panoor
3401:Maradu
3306:Iritty
3213:Kannur
3203:Kollam
3150:Vaikom
2915:Kollam
2880:Kannur
2865:Iritty
2860:Idukki
2850:Eranad
2782:Taluks
2768:Insect
2744:Flower
2728:Animal
2705:Sports
2632:Topics
2526:Kerala
2391:, eds
2144:
1848:
1840:
1593:
1585:
1448:
1093:, and
1091:Kannur
1066:Ajengo
1051:Kollam
1038:Kerala
1031:Kollam
1019:Europe
1008:Kappad
987:, and
985:Kollam
981:Kannur
923:Kerala
892:Kollam
851:Kollam
818:Kollam
762:, and
709:Pandya
675:Kollam
649:Yadava
597:Ajengo
521:Kannur
517:Kerala
349:Cochin
309:Cheras
246:on the
111:
63:Kollam
45:Vēṇāṭu
6295:Water
6226:Lines
4882:Zones
4680:Venad
4201:Aroor
4141:Ranni
4136:Konni
4029:South
3814:Bekal
3592:North
3551:Tirur
3516:Tanur
3291:Eloor
3246:Aluva
3231:Adoor
3198:Kochi
3135:Tirur
3085:Ranni
2925:Konni
2905:Kochi
2800:Aluva
2790:Adoor
2760:Fruit
2680:Ports
2675:Roads
2522:State
1883:5 May
1873:(pdf)
1846:S2CID
1591:S2CID
1270:India
1166:Chera
1023:India
989:Kochi
913:Venad
847:China
794:India
760:Salem
633:Tamil
629:Venad
537:Kochi
501:Venad
443:Forts
6027:Road
3955:Mala
3819:Udma
3451:Pala
2752:Fish
2736:Tree
2720:Bird
2665:Film
2640:Arts
2427:(1).
2142:ISBN
2063:2011
1885:2016
1879:–164
1838:ISSN
1583:ISSN
1446:ISBN
837:, a
782:and
681:and
664:kuru
288:Main
167:1729
6269:Air
2524:of
1877:162
1830:doi
1575:doi
1113:of
1057:).
1021:to
611:of
603:".
554:of
527:),
317:Ays
6368::
2537::
2464:.
2454:.
2444:,
2436:36
2434:.
2423:.
2395:,
2349:^
2172:^
2156:^
2100:^
2080:^
2053:.
2047:.
2003:^
1995:48
1993:.
1989:.
1978:^
1960:^
1944:^
1913:^
1893:^
1858:^
1844:.
1836:.
1824:.
1794:^
1774:^
1752:^
1722:^
1695:^
1681:^
1625:^
1603:^
1589:.
1581:.
1571:36
1569:.
1551:^
1527:^
1507:^
1469:^
1457:.
1173:Ay
1101:.
1029:,
983:,
968:.
853:.
786:.
758:,
754:,
673:,
591:.
152:c.
139:c.
126:c.
52:c.
4626:e
4619:t
4612:v
4370:e
4363:t
4356:v
2509:e
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