256:
618:
476:
397:
27:
608:
The
Venezuelan Criollo was the subject of a study to determine the presence of the DMRT3 gene mutation responsible for extra gaits: the study of 21 subjects failed to detect the presence of this mutation in 16.7% of the horses tested, and the existence of horses with extra gaits was confirmed among
629:
work. There is a difference in use according to sex: the horses put to work are very generally the males, while the females are put to breeding. These horses are mainly used as mounts for transporting people and goods in rural
Venezuela. In particular, they are used for work riding with livestock.
550:
The
Venezuelan Criollo is reputed to be very sober, requiring little food intake. They are well adapted to the climatic conditions of their region. Reputedly calm in character, they are responsive when called upon. Thanks to its selection for stock with livestock, it has inherited great endurance.
455:
The head is rectilinear, sometimes slightly convex, and generally triangular in shape, with a broad base. Cheeks are prominent, eyes triangular and expressive. Medium-sized ears point upwards. The neck is of medium length, rather thick, with little definition at the throat. The chest is relatively
661:
According to the
Delachaux guide (2014), awareness is growing of the large number of crosses made in the breed (which contradicts information from Venezuelan studies). According to Cothran et al. the excellent genetic diversity and large numbers make the threat of extinction very low, and should
597:. Several particularly rare alleles, although not very frequent, were detected in the 214 Venezuelan Criollo horses analyzed for the purposes of the study by E. G. Cothran and his team in 2011. The Venezuelan Criollo is genetically very close to the Chilote and the Colombian
601:, and is also genetically close to the Puerto Rican Paso Fino. The greater closeness to these three breeds compared to other South American Criollo is consistent with the breed's history, with the main ancestors of the Venezuelan Criollo coming from the
368:(1945), then by R. De Armas in his veterinary thesis published in 1946, which is the most complete description published of the breed. The structuring of Venezuelan Criollo breeding is more recent, and stems from the observation by local
434:, but lighter in pattern, the result of the influence of the climate in its native region. The Venezuelan Criollo is also close to the Colombian Criollo. There are few phenotypic differences between horses from the states of
637:
These horses also make good touring horses. Cross-breeding with other breeds is rare, as the horses resulting from such cross-breeding are generally less adaptable to the climatic conditions of the Llanos.
235:, the Delachaux guide and researchers from the teams of E. G. Cothran and J. L Canelón refer to it as "Venezuelan Criollo". However, the Delachaux guide also specifies the existence of the name
380:, has conducted several studies on these horses. In 2011, when a genetic characterization study was published on 214 subjects of the breed in comparison with other South American
1365:
988:
García, F.; Rivera, M.; Ortega, M.; Suárez, C. (2000). "Trypanosomiasis equina causada por
Trypanosoma evansi en tres hatos ganaderos del estado Apure, Venezuela".
658:. The teams of E. G. Cothran and Raymi Castellanos also list it as a "local breed". However, there is no record of numbers, particularly on DAD-IS (2018).
352:
plains of north-western
Venezuela. The particularly harsh climate, with very dry winters, has led to a reduction in the size of the original Iberian herd.
1007:
Guillén, A.; León, E.; Aragot, W.; Silva, M. (2001). "Diagnóstico de hemoparásitos en el
Instituto de Investigaciones Veterinarias Periodo 1986–2000".
1285:(in Spanish). Barquisimeto: II Jornada Nacional para el Estudio y la Conservación del Caballo Criollo Venezolano "Dr. José A. Giacopini Zárraga".
1244:
1225:
1206:
430:, 2007) and the Delachaux guide (2014, which probably uses the latter's data) cite an average height of 1.42 m. The breed is close to the
551:
Hematological alterations are considered to be one of the main unfavorable factors for horse breeding on the
Venezuelan plains. A
1370:
274:
1045:"Genetic diversity and relationships of Portuguese and other horse breeds based on protein and microsatellite loci variation"
1324:
Estudio hematológico y detección de hemoparásitos en caballos criollos venezolanos de dos hatos del Estado Apure, Venezuela
361:
290:
321:, but a not inconsiderable number, acquired by the Welsers or by settlers, are thought to have come directly from Spain.
269:
Horses were extinct in South
America around 10,000 BC, and the species only reappeared with the arrival of the crews of
1305:
1360:
1321:
Castellanos, Raymi; Canelón, José; Calzolaio, Vita; Aguinaco, Federico; López, Ángel; Montesinos, Roselys (2010).
569:
182:
326:
285:
from the 16th century onwards – the same origin as the neighboring Trote y galope. In 1526, the settlement of
180:, and is therefore not threatened with extinction. Its main threat lies in the presence of parasites, notably
317:
also played a special role in the founding of the breed. The majority of these founding horses came from the
1283:
Morfometría del caballo
Criollo en el Llano Apureño, zona alta del Edo. Lara y Parque Nacional Sierra Nevada
515:
427:
401:
373:
278:
264:
218:
158:
1355:
663:
298:
255:
381:
342:
270:
450:
1333:
860:
852:
557:
1240:
1221:
1202:
1156:
1064:
655:
582:
493:
480:
443:
322:
232:
177:
646:
The breed is unique to Venezuela, and is divided into three sub-populations in the states of
1148:
1136:
1056:
844:
310:
302:
173:
cattle in its native region. They are still widely used for transporting goods and people.
531:
286:
169:
breeds. Small, sober and responsive, the Venezuelan Criollo is mainly used as a mount for
372:
that their traditional horses are better adapted to the climate of their region than the
1306:"Evaluación de los Aplomos en caballos criollos venezolanos de un hato del Estado Apure"
617:
589:, noted "h", which is notably the case in this breed, this cluster also being common to
385:
161:, gradually introduced from the 16th century onwards, and is closely related to other
1349:
1322:
1060:
864:
590:
461:
431:
423:
162:
113:
634:
to stimulate, fetch and capture cattle destined for meat production in the country.
376:. A group of researchers from the Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado, in
835:
Lacas, M. M. (1953). "A sixteenth-century german colonizing venture in Venezuela".
586:
563:
552:
527:
511:
465:
457:
377:
365:
314:
282:
187:
1137:"Worldwide frequency distribution of the 'Gait keeper' mutation in the DMRT3 gene"
475:
1293:
Caracteristicas fenotipicas del caballo criollo. Observaciones en el Estado Apure
1196:
630:
This use is predominant on Venezuela's large cattle farms. These horses help the
573:(32.9%) are possible, and are responsible for significant losses in farm horses.
519:
503:
333:. Similarly, in 1545, Cristóbal Rodríguez, a settler in the Llanos, brought ten
170:
143:
1291:
464:
rather swollen and short. The limbs are slender, ending in small, sturdy paws.
523:
396:
294:
1216:
Porter, Valerie; Alderson, Lawrence; Hall, Stephen; Sponenberg, Dan (2016).
1044:
602:
598:
413:
330:
306:
244:
228:
191:
166:
154:
1160:
1068:
555:
study carried out on two Venezuelan ranches shows that infestations with
535:
499:
318:
514:
and markings, but a wide variety of other coats are possible, including
631:
594:
539:
369:
1152:
856:
1135:
Promerová, M.; Andersson, L. S.; Juras, R.; Penedo, M. C. T. (2014).
651:
507:
469:
439:
349:
214:
150:
26:
1256:
Caballo Criollo. Doctoral thesis, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias
1178:
1030:
848:
647:
626:
616:
474:
435:
405:
395:
254:
99:
293:
of Spain commissioned the Welser governors to import horses from
419:
338:
334:
422:, but it is actually a small horse, typical of South American
585:. All South American horse breeds seem to belong to the same
498:
The coat is generally characterized by the expression of the
907:
822:
709:
625:
The Venezuelan Criollo is an essential partner for farm and
1332:
Cothran, E.G.; Canelon, J.L.; Luis, C.; Conant, E. (2011).
1218:
Mason's World Encyclopedia of Livestock Breeds and Breeding
1304:
Canelón, J.; Ortiz, A.; Vasquez, R.; Mosquera, O. (2011).
360:
The Venezuelan Criollo was described and characterized by
479:
Venezuelan Criollo horses of various colors in Mucubají,
190:. As its selection is still being organized, there is no
1122:
1110:
1098:
1086:
1043:
Luís, C.; Juras, R.; Oom, M. M.; Cothran, E. G. (2007).
934:
919:
810:
761:
662:
ensure the future of the Venezuelan Criollo, unless a
277:
in 1493. The Venezuelan breed is descended from the
85:
71:
57:
52:
44:
36:
259:Venezuelan llanero and horse in the 19th century.
1335:Genetic analysis of the Venezuelan Criollo horse
1258:(in Spanish). Universidad Central de Venezuela.
348:The Venezuelan Criollo breed originated in the
1201:(2nd ed.). University of Oklahoma Press.
237:
222:
208:
136:
128:
8:
1310:Actas Iberoamericanas de Conservación Animal
1281:Canelón, J. L.; Páez, J.; Rojas, C. (2002).
621:Venezuelan Criollos mounted for cattle work.
468:, tuft and tail are thick and abundant, but
19:
1265:Exterior de los grandes animales domésticos
1198:International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds
289:introduced local horse breeding. In 1528,
221:Encyclopedia (2007) refer to the breed as
25:
18:
697:
213:translates as "horse of the plains". The
958:
746:
975:
892:
877:
773:
675:
1366:Animal breeds originating in Venezuela
1174:
1172:
1170:
460:is generally straight and strong, the
341:of the Andalusian breed directly from
1276:(in Spanish). Editorial Suramericana.
1082:
1080:
1078:
1026:
1024:
1022:
971:
969:
967:
930:
928:
903:
901:
888:
886:
806:
804:
802:
742:
740:
738:
581:The Venezuelan Criollo has excellent
7:
1299:(in Spanish). Archivos de Zootecnia.
946:
800:
798:
796:
794:
792:
790:
788:
786:
784:
782:
757:
755:
736:
734:
732:
730:
728:
726:
724:
722:
720:
718:
693:
691:
689:
687:
685:
683:
681:
679:
309:. It seems that horses abandoned by
1239:(in French). Delachaux et Niestlé.
1341:. Genetics and Molecular Research.
194:yet, and its numbers are unknown.
14:
1327:(in Spanish). Revista Científica.
1061:10.1111/j.1365-2052.2006.01545.x
1267:(in Spanish). Imprenta Moderna.
546:Temperament, care and selection
1195:Hendricks, Bonnie Lou (2007).
1:
281:, introduced by settlers and
325:brought over 80 horses from
990:Rev. Fac. De Cien.Vet. UCV.
157:. It is descended from the
31:Chestnut Venezuelan Criollo
1387:
491:
448:
411:
262:
111:
64:From 318 kg to 450 kg
16:Horse breed form Venezuela
1237:Tous les chevaux du monde
570:Anaplasma phagocytophilum
418:DAD-IS refers to it as a
404:dun coat in the state of
364:in his work published in
183:Anaplasma phagocytophilum
93:
24:
1235:Rousseau, Élise (2014).
1179:Castellanos et al. (2010
1031:Castellanos et al. (2010
400:Venezuelan Criollo with
176:The breed has excellent
1371:Horse breed registries
622:
484:
428:University of Oklahoma
409:
374:American Quarter Horse
356:Since the 20th century
279:Colonial Spanish horse
265:Colonial Spanish horse
260:
238:
223:
219:University of Oklahoma
209:
159:Colonial Spanish horse
137:
129:
1254:De Armas, R. (1946).
1220:. CAB International.
620:
518:, bay in all shades,
478:
399:
384:, there was still no
327:Sanlúcar de Barrameda
258:
78:From 1.34 m to 1.42 m
1290:Canelón, J. (2005).
1272:Cabrera, A. (1945).
1123:Cothran et al. (2011
1111:Cothran et al. (2011
1099:Cothran et al. (2011
1087:Cothran et al. (2011
935:Cothran et al. (2011
920:Cothran et al. (2011
811:Cothran et al. (2011
762:Cothran et al. (2011
502:(which includes the
343:Jerez de la Frontera
311:Don Pedro de Mendoza
271:Christopher Columbus
100:Equus ferus caballus
1274:Caballos de América
908:Porter et al. (2016
823:Porter et al. (2016
710:Porter et al. (2016
510:coats), with black
451:Equine conformation
426:. Hendricks' book (
21:
664:genetic bottleneck
623:
558:Trypanosoma evansi
485:
410:
261:
124:criollo venezolano
120:Venezuelan Criollo
20:Venezuelan Criollo
1361:Horses by country
1246:978-2-603-01865-1
1227:978-1-84593-466-8
1208:978-0-8061-3884-8
1153:10.1111/age.12120
949:, pp. 23–24)
583:genetic diversity
494:Equine coat color
432:Argentine Criollo
323:Ambrosius Ehinger
233:CAB International
207:The Spanish name
178:genetic diversity
110:
109:
37:Country of origin
1378:
1342:
1340:
1328:
1317:
1300:
1298:
1286:
1277:
1268:
1259:
1250:
1231:
1212:
1182:
1176:
1165:
1164:
1132:
1126:
1120:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1073:
1072:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1017:
1016:
1004:
998:
997:
985:
979:
973:
962:
956:
950:
944:
938:
932:
923:
917:
911:
905:
896:
890:
881:
875:
869:
868:
832:
826:
820:
814:
808:
777:
771:
765:
759:
750:
744:
713:
707:
701:
695:
388:(or herd book).
303:Santiago de Cuba
245:diacritical mark
241:
229:diacritical mark
226:
212:
140:
132:
102:
29:
22:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1346:
1345:
1338:
1331:
1320:
1303:
1296:
1289:
1280:
1271:
1262:
1253:
1247:
1234:
1228:
1215:
1209:
1194:
1191:
1186:
1185:
1177:
1168:
1141:Animal Genetics
1134:
1133:
1129:
1125:, p. 2399)
1121:
1117:
1113:, p. 2398)
1109:
1105:
1101:, p. 2397)
1097:
1093:
1089:, p. 2400)
1085:
1076:
1049:Animal Genetics
1042:
1041:
1037:
1029:
1020:
1006:
1005:
1001:
987:
986:
982:
974:
965:
957:
953:
945:
941:
937:, p. 2401)
933:
926:
922:, p. 2396)
918:
914:
906:
899:
891:
884:
876:
872:
834:
833:
829:
821:
817:
813:, p. 2395)
809:
780:
772:
768:
764:, p. 2394)
760:
753:
745:
716:
708:
704:
698:Hendricks (2007
696:
677:
672:
644:
642:Breeding spread
615:
579:
553:parasitological
548:
532:strawberry roan
496:
490:
453:
416:
394:
358:
267:
253:
215:DAD-IS database
205:
200:
186:, which causes
149:breed from the
116:
106:
98:
81:
67:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1384:
1382:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1329:
1318:
1312:(in Spanish).
1301:
1287:
1278:
1269:
1260:
1251:
1245:
1232:
1226:
1213:
1207:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1181:, p. 153)
1166:
1147:(2): 274–282.
1127:
1115:
1103:
1091:
1074:
1035:
1033:, p. 154)
1018:
1011:(in Spanish).
999:
992:(in Spanish).
980:
978:, p. 219)
963:
961:, p. 499)
959:Rousseau (2014
951:
939:
924:
912:
910:, p. 456)
897:
895:, p. 218)
882:
880:, p. 274)
870:
849:10.2307/977995
843:(3): 275–290.
827:
825:, p. 455)
815:
778:
776:, p. 217)
766:
751:
749:, p. 498)
747:Rousseau (2014
714:
712:, p. 231)
702:
700:, p. 269)
674:
673:
671:
668:
643:
640:
614:
611:
591:Iberian horses
578:
575:
547:
544:
492:Main article:
489:
486:
393:
390:
357:
354:
291:King Charles V
283:conquistadores
252:
249:
204:
201:
199:
196:
112:Main article:
108:
107:
105:
104:
94:
91:
90:
87:
83:
82:
80:
79:
75:
73:
69:
68:
66:
65:
61:
59:
55:
54:
50:
49:
46:
42:
41:
38:
34:
33:
30:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1383:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1337:
1336:
1330:
1326:
1325:
1319:
1316:(1): 401–404.
1315:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1295:
1294:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1263:Aparicio, G.
1261:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1180:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1003:
1000:
995:
991:
984:
981:
977:
976:Canelón (2005
972:
970:
968:
964:
960:
955:
952:
948:
943:
940:
936:
931:
929:
925:
921:
916:
913:
909:
904:
902:
898:
894:
893:Canelón (2005
889:
887:
883:
879:
878:Cabrera (1945
874:
871:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
831:
828:
824:
819:
816:
812:
807:
805:
803:
801:
799:
797:
795:
793:
791:
789:
787:
785:
783:
779:
775:
774:Canelón (2005
770:
767:
763:
758:
756:
752:
748:
743:
741:
739:
737:
735:
733:
731:
729:
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725:
723:
721:
719:
715:
711:
706:
703:
699:
694:
692:
690:
688:
686:
684:
682:
680:
676:
669:
667:
665:
659:
657:
653:
649:
641:
639:
635:
633:
628:
619:
612:
610:
606:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
576:
574:
572:
571:
567:i (1.4%) and
566:
565:
560:
559:
554:
545:
543:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
495:
487:
482:
477:
473:
471:
467:
463:
459:
452:
447:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
415:
407:
403:
398:
391:
389:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
362:Ángel Cabrera
355:
353:
351:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
313:in 1535 near
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
275:second voyage
272:
266:
257:
250:
248:
246:
242:
240:
234:
230:
225:
220:
216:
211:
202:
197:
195:
193:
189:
185:
184:
179:
174:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
147:
141:
139:
133:
131:
125:
121:
115:
114:Criollo horse
103:
101:
96:
95:
92:
88:
84:
77:
76:
74:
70:
63:
62:
60:
56:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
28:
23:
1356:Horse breeds
1334:
1323:
1313:
1309:
1292:
1282:
1273:
1264:
1255:
1236:
1217:
1197:
1189:Bibliography
1144:
1140:
1130:
1118:
1106:
1094:
1055:(1): 20–27.
1052:
1048:
1038:
1012:
1008:
1002:
996:(4): 91–100.
993:
989:
983:
954:
942:
915:
873:
840:
836:
830:
818:
769:
705:
660:
645:
636:
624:
607:
587:gene cluster
580:
568:
562:
556:
549:
497:
481:Mérida state
456:narrow. The
454:
417:
382:horse breeds
378:Barquisimeto
366:Buenos Aires
359:
347:
315:Buenos Aires
268:
236:
206:
188:anaplasmosis
181:
175:
145:
135:
127:
123:
119:
117:
97:
609:the breed.
564:Babesia equ
392:Description
48:Cattle work
1350:Categories
670:References
472:is rare.
449:See also:
412:See also:
295:Hispaniola
263:See also:
153:region of
122:(Spanish:
865:144183481
603:Caribbean
599:Paso Fino
414:Paso Fino
386:stud book
331:Venezuela
307:Venezuela
251:Formation
231:), while
227:(without
192:stud book
167:Paso Fino
155:Venezuela
40:Venezuela
1161:24444049
1069:17257184
1009:Vet Trop
947:Aparicio
837:Americas
666:occurs.
632:Llaneros
577:Genetics
561:(7.3%),
536:palomino
516:chestnut
506:dun and
500:Dun gene
424:Criollos
402:chestnut
370:llaneros
337:and two
319:Antilles
299:San Juan
217:and the
89:Dun gene
595:Sorraia
540:piebald
239:Llañero
224:Llanero
210:Llanero
198:History
163:Criollo
142:, is a
138:Llañero
130:Llanero
1243:
1224:
1205:
1159:
1067:
863:
857:977995
855:
656:Mérida
652:Aragua
508:grullo
470:dewlap
444:Mérida
440:Aragua
350:Llanos
243:(with
151:Llanos
144:stock
126:), or
72:Height
58:Weight
53:Traits
1339:(PDF)
1297:(PDF)
861:S2CID
853:JSTOR
648:Apure
627:ranch
613:Usage
520:black
512:manes
436:Apure
406:Apure
339:foals
335:mares
171:stock
146:horse
86:Color
1241:ISBN
1222:ISBN
1203:ISBN
1157:PMID
1065:PMID
1015:(1).
654:and
593:and
538:and
528:roan
524:gray
488:Coat
466:Mane
462:rump
458:back
442:and
420:pony
301:and
287:Coro
203:Name
165:and
118:The
1149:doi
1057:doi
845:doi
504:bay
446:.
329:to
305:to
273:'s
247:).
45:Use
1352::
1308:.
1169:^
1155:.
1145:45
1143:.
1139:.
1077:^
1063:.
1053:38
1051:.
1047:.
1021:^
1013:26
994:41
966:^
927:^
900:^
885:^
859:.
851:.
839:.
781:^
754:^
717:^
678:^
650:,
605:.
542:.
534:,
530:,
526:,
522:,
438:,
345:.
297:,
134:/
1314:1
1249:.
1230:.
1211:.
1163:.
1151::
1071:.
1059::
867:.
847::
841:9
483:.
408:.
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