1071:
to four weeks. In case repeated blood samples are required at short intervals, a maximum of 0.6 ml/kg/day or 1.0% of an animal's total blood volume can be removed every 24 hours. The estimated blood volume in adult animals is 55 to 70 ml/kg body weight. Care should be taken for older and obese animals. If blood collection volume exceeds more than 10% of total blood volume, fluid replacement may be required. Lactated Ringer's solution (LRS) is recommended as the best fluid replacement by
National Institutes of Health (NIH). If the volume of blood collection exceeds more than 30% of the total circulatory blood volume, adequate care should be taken so that the animal does not develop hypovolemia.
286:
needle on each end. After first cleaning the venipuncture site and applying a tourniquet, the phlebotomist uncaps the needle attached to the tube holder, inserts the needle into the vein, then slides evacuated tubes into the tube holder, where the tube's stopper is pierced by the back end of the needle. The vacuum in the tube then automatically draws the needed blood directly from the vein. Multiple vacuum tubes can be attached to and removed in turn from a single needle, allowing multiple samples to be obtained from a single procedure. This is possible due to the multiple sample sleeve, which is a flexible rubber fitting over the posterior end of the needle
38:
912:
needle exposure to health care workers. Dermal anesthesia can also be achieved without needles by the topical application of local anesthetics or by lidocaine iontophoresis. By contrast, noninvasive dermal anesthesia can be established in 5–15 min without distorting underlying tissues by lidocaine iontophoresis, where a direct electric current facilitates dermal penetration of positively charged lidocaine molecules when placed under the positive electrode.
235:
46:
274:
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controlled. This is particularly helpful when veins are small which may collapse under the suction of an evacuated tube. In children or other circumstances where the quantity of blood gained may be limited it can be helpful to know how much blood can be obtained before distributing it amongst the various additives that the laboratory will require. Another alternative is drawing blood from indwelling cannulae.
340:
the needle used to fill the tubes, they must be drawn in a specific order to ensure that cross contamination will not negatively affect testing of the samples if multiple tubes are to be drawn at once. The "order of draw" varies by collection method. Below in the order of draw generally required for the
Evacuated Tube System (ETS) collection method are the most common tubes, listing additive and color:
991:(living with oxygen), blood is collected to test for both. The aerobic bottle is filled first, and then the anaerobic bottle is filled. However, if the collection is performed using a syringe, the anaerobic bottle is filled first. If a butterfly collection kit is used, the aerobic bottle is filled first, so that any air in the tubing is released into the oxygen-containing bottle.
51:
50:
47:
52:
49:
1070:
The volume of the blood sample collection is very important in experimental animals. All nonterminal blood collection without replacement of fluids is limited up to 10% of total circulating blood volume in healthy, normal, adult animals on a single occasion and collection may be repeated after three
1002:
The bottles are then incubated in specialized units for 24 hours before a lab technician studies and/or tests it. This step allows the very small numbers of bacteria (potentially 1 or 2 organisms) to multiply to a level which is sufficient for identification +/-antibiotic resistance testing. Modern
911:
delivery system has been shown to decrease the pain of venipuncture in children. Rapid dermal anesthesia can be achieved by local anesthetic infiltration, but it may evoke anxiety in children frightened by needles or distort the skin, making vascular access more difficult and increasing the risk of
998:
The amount of blood that is collected is critical for the optimal recovery of microorganisms. Up to 10mL of blood is typical, but can vary according to the recommends of the manufacturer of the collection bottle. Collection from infants and children are 1 to 5 mL. If too little blood is collected,
339:
Test tubes are labeled with the additive they contain, but the stopper on each tube is color coded according to additive as well. While colors vary between manufacturers, stopper colors generally are associated with each additive as listed below. Because the additives from each tube can be left on
318:
calcium to prevent clotting. EDTA is preferred for hematology tests because it does minimum damage to cell morphology. Sodium citrate is the anticoagulant used in specimens collected for coagulation tests. The majority of chemistry and immunology tests are performed on serum, which is produced by
281:
Greiner Bio-One manufactured the first ever plastic evacuated blood collection tube in 1985 under the VACUETTE brand name. Today, many companies sell vacuum tubes as the patent for this device is now in the public domain. These tubes are manufactured with a specific volume of gas removed from the
978:
in 70% ethanol or isopropyl alcohol solution is preferred and time must be allowed for it to dry. The tops of any containers used when drawing a blood culture should also be disinfected using a similar solution. Some labs will actively discourage iodine use where iodine is thought to degrade the
285:
The basic
Evacuated Tube System (ETS) consists of a needle, a tube holder, and the evacuated tubes. The needle is attached to the tube holder by the phlebotomist prior to collection, or may come from the manufacturer as one unit. The needle protrudes through the end of the tube holder, and has a
1895:
Garcia, RA; Spitzer, ED; Beaudry, J; Beck, C; Diblasi, R; Gilleeny-Blabac, M; Haugaard, C; Heuschneider, S; Kranz, BP; McLean, K; Morales, KL; Owens, S; Paciella, ME; Torregrosa, E (November 2015). "Multidisciplinary Team Review of Best
Practices for Collection and Handling of Blood Cultures to
994:
Specially designed blood culture collection bottles eliminate the need for either the syringe or butterfly collection method. These specially designed bottles have long necks that fit into the evacuated tubes holders that are use for regular venipuncture collection. These bottles also allow for
919:
was safe and effective in providing dermal anesthesia for venipuncture in children 6–17 years old. This technique may not be applicable to all children. Future studies may provide information on the minimum effective iontophoretic dose for dermal anesthesia in children and the comparison of the
982:
The blood is collected into special transport bottles, which are like vacuum tubes but shaped differently. The blood culture bottle contains transport media to preserve any microorganisms present while they are being transported to the laboratory for cultures. Because it is unknown whether the
300:
There are several needle gauges for a phlebotomist to choose from. The most commonly used are as follows: a 21g (green top) needle, a 22g (black top) needle, a 21g (green label) butterfly needle, a 23g (light blue label) butterfly needle, and a 25g (orange or dark blue label) butterfly needle
1087:
test. This has been related largely to the potential legal implications associated with the use of alcohol-based cleaners that could theoretically impact analysis. Numerous police alcohol collection kits have been marketed that incorporate a sodium fluoride/potassium oxalate preservative and
947:
manufactures a blood-drawing system (S-Monovette) that uses this principle. This method can be preferred on the elderly, those with cancer, severe burns, obesity, or where the veins are unreliable or fragile. Because syringes are manually operated, the amount of suction applied may be easily
1003:
blood culture bottles have an indicator in the base which changes color in the presence of bacterial growth and can be read automatically by machine. (For this reason the barcoded stickers found on these bottles should not be removed as they are used by the laboratory's automated systems.)
331:
and potassium oxalate is used for glucose tests, as these additives both prevent clotting and stop glycolosis, so that blood glucose levels are preserved after collection. Another specialty tube is an opaque amber colored tube used to collect blood for light sensitive analytes, such as
327:, and so a plain tube is recommended in these cases, but will delay testing. Tubes containing lithium heparin or sodium heparin are also commonly used for a variety of chemistry tests, as they do not require clotting and can be centrifuged immediately after collection. A combination of
999:
the ratio of blood-to-nutrient broth will inhibit the growth of microorganisms. If too much blood is collected, there is the risk of a hospital-induced anemia and the ratio of blood-to-nutrient broth will tilt in the opposite direction, which also is not conductive to optimal growth.
965:. This is done using sterile gloves, while not wiping away the surgical solution, touching the puncture site, or in any way compromising the sterile process. It is vital that the procedure is performed in as sterile a manner as possible as the persistent presence of skin
973:
but they are most often found as contaminants. It is encouraged to use an abrasive method of skin preparation. This removes the upper layers of dead skin cells along with their contaminating bacteria. Povidone-iodine has traditionally been used but in the UK a 2%
261:(Becton, Dickinson and company) and Vacuette (Greiner Bio-One). The equipment consists of a plastic adapter, also known as a tube or needle holder/hub, a hypodermic needle and a vacuum tube. Under certain circumstances, a syringe may be used, often with a
301:(however this needle is only used in pediatrics or extreme cases as it is so small that it can often result in hemolyzing the blood sample). There are also a variety of tube and bottle sizes and volumes for different test requirements.
931:(CBT) the reduction of pain was even greater. Other interventions have not been found to be effective and these are suggestion, blowing out air, and distraction with parent coaching did not differ from control for pain and distress.
121:
It is essential to follow a standard procedure for the collection of blood specimens to get accurate laboratory results. Any error in collecting the blood or filling the test tubes may lead to erroneous laboratory results.
309:
The test tubes in which blood is collected may contain one or more of several additives. In general, tests requiring whole blood call for blood samples collected in test tubes containing some form of the anticoagulant
956:
There are times when a blood culture collection is required. The culture will determine if there are pathogens in the blood. Normally blood is sterile. When drawing blood from cultures use a sterile solution such as
48:
1179:
290:
which seals the needle until it is pushed out of the way. This keeps blood from freely draining out of the back of the needle inserted in the vein, as each test tube is removed and the next impaled.
1896:
Determine
Effective Interventions for Increasing the Yield of True-positive Bacteremias, Reducing Contamination, and Eliminating False-positive Central Line-associated Bloodstream Infections".
1820:
1516:
175:
anterior to the elbow, is close to the surface of the skin without many large nerves positioned nearby. Other veins that can be used in the cubital fossa for venipuncture include the
1777:
Robertson, J (July 2007). "Review: Distraction, Hypnosis, and
Combined Cognitive-Behavioural Interventions Reduce Needle Related Pain and Distress in Children and Adolescents".
294:
safety regulations require that needles or tube holders come equipped with a safety device to cover the needle after the procedure to prevent accidental needle stick injury.
250:
There are many ways in which blood can be drawn from a vein, and the method used depends on the person's age, the equipment available, and the type of tests required.
1126:
1163:
2043:
291:
282:
sealed tube. When a needle from a hub or transfer device is inserted into the stopper, the tube's vacuum automatically pulls in the required volume of blood.
221:
A 1996 study of blood donors (a larger needle is used in blood donation than in routine venipuncture) found that 1 in 6,300 donors sustained a nerve injury.
265:, which is a plastic catheter attached to a short needle. In the developing world, the evacuated tube system is the preferred method of drawing blood.
1561:
319:
clotting and then separating the blood specimen via centrifuge. These specimens are collected in either a non-additive tube or one containing a
1599:
1500:
1473:
2241:
2236:
2395:
2036:
1345:
1442:
1691:
Lacroix, Helene (October 2008). "A needle-free powder lignocaine delivery system reduced the pain of venipuncture in children".
2299:
596:
920:
anesthetic efficacy and satisfaction of lidocaine iontophoresis with topical anesthetic creams and subcutaneous infiltration.
224:
Risk and side affects can include a variety of things. Dizziness, sweating, and a drop in your heart rate and blood pressure.
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859:
621:
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83:
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Usually drawn first for minimal risk of contamination. Two bottles are typically collected in one blood draw; one for
1932:
125:
Venipuncture is one of the most routinely performed invasive procedures and is carried out for any of five reasons:
1846:"Blood sampled from existing peripheral IV cannulae yields results equivalent to venepuncture: a systematic review"
1362:
2074:
826:
473:
2365:
2319:
2065:
1734:
Robertson, J (January 2006). "Liposomal lidocaine improved intravenous cannulation success rates in children".
297:
Fittings and adapters used to fill evacuated tubes from butterfly needle kits and syringes are also available.
184:
907:
is effective for reducing pain and alleviating distress during venipuncture in children. A needle-free powder
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2314:
552:
2349:
2226:
2134:
2102:
1447:
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collection of other blood specimens via evacuated tubes, to be collected without additional venipuncture.
199:
1615:
979:
rubber stopper through which blood enters the bottle, thus allowing contaminates to enter the container.
878:
1. Grey (nil) tube 2. Green (TB1 antigen) tube 3. Yellow (TB2 antigen) tube 4. Purple (mitogen) tube
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115:
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in the US, UK, Canada and Hong Kong is done with an evacuated tube system. Two common systems are
1802:
1759:
1716:
1673:
984:
502:(SST): Tube inversions promote clotting. Most chemistry, endocrine and serology tests, including
412:
1537:
234:
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2196:
2007:
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non-alcohol-based cleansing agents to ensure proper collection. Using soap and hot water or a
1080:
850:
764:
146:
1490:
1463:
1388:"Effects of standard anticoagulants and storage procedures on plasma glucose values in seals"
242:
used to temporarily restrict blood flow. The tourniquet distends the veins, making them more
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Non-pharmacological treatments for pain associated with venipuncture in children includes
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Blood samples from living laboratory animals may be collected using following methods:
671:
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to administer therapeutic treatments including medications, nutrition, or chemotherapy;
1642:
Rose, John B.; Galinkin, Jeffrey L.; Jantzen, Ellen C.; Chiavacci, Rosetta M. (2002).
1591:
Accurate
Results in the Clinical Laboratory: A Guide to Error Detection and Correction
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and distraction. These treatments reduced self reported pain and when combined with
205:
Phlebotomy (incision into a vein) is also the treatment of certain diseases such as
2400:
2231:
970:
883:
773:
666:
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477:
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210:
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Blood is most commonly obtained from the superficial veins of the upper limb. The
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is an important diagnostic tool available to clinicians within healthcare.
1947:
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1245:
1164:"Procedures for the collection of blood for hemotological investigations"
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is the process of obtaining intravenous access for the purpose of venous
1790:
1747:
1489:"Chapter 3.4.1: Blood cultures; general detection and interpretation".
962:
940:
572:
556:
544:
287:
2159:
2021:
1193:
Lavery, I; Ingram, P (August 2005). "Venepuncture: Best
Practice".
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swab are advisable alternatives to isopropyl alcohol in this case.
360:
1026:
Blood collection requiring anesthesia (local/general anesthesia):
324:
272:
233:
44:
36:
1083:
to cleanse the venipuncture site when obtaining a specimen for a
2163:
1844:
Lesser, Finnian D; Lanham, David A; Davis, Daniel (6 May 2020).
733:
311:
91:
2025:
1644:"A Study of Lidocaine Iontophoresis for Pediatric Venipuncture"
801:
679:
507:
138:
to remove blood due to excess levels of iron or erythrocytes (
915:
One study concluded that the iontophoretic administration of
1542:
Pathology & Laboratory
Medicine, UCI School of Medicine
323:
activator. This clotting activator can interfere with some
1465:
Mosby's
Diagnostic and Laboratory Test Reference - E-Book
1616:"What types of samples will the Toxicology Lab analyze?"
1462:
Pagana, KD; Pagana, TJ; Pagana, TN (19 September 2014).
1058:
Cardiac puncture (rat, mice, guinea pig, rabbit, ferret)
361:
1976:"Blood sample collection in small laboratory animals"
1588:
Amitava Dasgupta; Jorge L. Sepulveda (20 July 2019).
1230:"Phlebotomy, a bridge between laboratory and patient"
1228:
Ialongo, Cristiano; Bernardini, Sergio (2016-02-15).
2383:
2358:
2335:
2290:
2281:
2219:
2191:
2158:
2125:
2073:
2059:
1287:"'A Little Sting' Can Become a Debilitating Injury"
1974:Parasuraman, S; Raveendran, R; Kesavan, R (2010).
1969:
1967:
30:"Drawing blood" redirects here. For the book, see
1980:Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics
707:Trace elements, heavy metals, most drug levels,
82:. In healthcare, this procedure is performed by
1448:University of North Carolina School of Medicine
1386:Castellini MA, Castellini JM, Kirby VL (1992).
2037:
1381:
1379:
1340:(7th ed.). Wolters Kluwer. p. 193.
1044:Blood vessel cannulation (guinea pig, ferret)
8:
1015:Blood collection not requiring anesthesia:
190:Minute quantities of blood may be taken by
2287:
2070:
2044:
2030:
2022:
1933:"Methods of Blood Collection in the Mouse"
1468:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. xiii.
484:Gold (sometimes red and grey "tiger top")
2001:
1991:
1871:
1861:
1659:
1492:Clinical Microbiology Procedures Handbook
1261:
1120:
1118:
1104:is taken from an artery instead of a vein
939:Some health care workers prefer to use a
194:and collected from infants by means of a
106:technicians, and other nursing staff. In
342:
145:to collect blood for later uses, mainly
129:to obtain blood for diagnostic purposes;
1821:"Blood collection with the S-Monovette"
1637:
1635:
1363:"Ask the Lab: Hemolyze blood specimens"
1114:
369:Tube cap color or type in order of draw
41:Still photo of a venipuncture procedure
27:Process of obtaining intravenous access
1620:Oklahoma State Bureau of Investigation
1018:Saphenous vein (rat, mice, guinea pig)
132:to monitor levels of blood components;
1079:It is generally not advisable to use
7:
1050:Marginal ear vein or artery (rabbit)
943:-needle technique for venipuncture.
2242:Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
1517:"Test Tube Guide and Order of Draw"
587:. Tube inversions prevent clotting
2237:Isolated organ perfusion technique
1538:"Specimen requirements/containers"
1182:from the original on Sep 18, 2020.
1125:Higgins, Dan (28 September 2004).
25:
1594:. Elsevier Science. p. 131.
1441:Christopher Parker (2019-01-31).
1007:Taking blood samples from animals
969:in blood cultures could indicate
56:Video of a venipuncture procedure
1661:10.1097/00000539-200204000-00017
1654:(4): 867–71, table of contents.
1207:10.7748/ns2005.08.19.49.55.c3936
456:(TT). Tube must be filled 100%.
110:, the procedure is performed by
2300:Digital subtraction angiography
1064:Posterior vena cava (rat, mice)
2325:Magnetic resonance angiography
269:With evacuated or vacuum tubes
1:
2396:Ankle–brachial pressure index
1041:Temporary cannula (rat, mice)
1021:Dorsal pedal vein (rat, mice)
929:cognitive-behavioural therapy
84:medical laboratory scientists
2206:Endovascular aneurysm repair
1285:Japenga, Ann (30 May 2006).
868:Grey, Green, Yellow, Purple
389:Sodium polyanethol sulfonate
1946:(10): 47–53. Archived from
1524:Guthrie Laboratory Services
987:(living without oxygen) or
899:Pain management in children
450:partial thromboplastin time
305:Additives and order of draw
198:or from scalp veins with a
2448:
1910:10.1016/j.ajic.2015.06.030
1648:Anesthesia & Analgesia
1162:Dg, Dayyal (22 May 2018).
896:
209:and primary and secondary
29:
1061:Orbital sinus (rat, mice)
1035:Orbital sinus (rat, mice)
474:Total complement activity
185:median antebrachial veins
2366:Intravascular ultrasound
2320:Radionuclide angiography
1863:10.1177/2054270419894817
1495:. Wiley. 6 August 2020.
1365:. Nursing.advanceweb.com
1047:Tarsal vein (guinea pig)
1038:Jugular vein (rat, mice)
171:, which lies within the
2371:Carotid ultrasonography
2315:Fluorescein angiography
1993:10.4103/0976-500X.72350
935:With needle and syringe
628:, platelet antibodies,
433:(weak calcium chelator/
2350:Impedance phlebography
2227:Cardiopulmonary bypass
2135:Ambulatory phlebectomy
2103:Carotid endarterectomy
1693:Evidence-Based Nursing
1562:"Proper Order of Draw"
809:Pearlescent ("white")
278:
277:Vacutainer blood vials
247:
200:winged infusion needle
116:veterinary technicians
57:
42:
1569:Memorial Lab Services
1443:"Phlebotomy Services"
1422:www.osfhealthcare.org
1361:Perry, Sally (2007).
1338:Phlebotomy Essentials
1336:McCall, Ruth (2020).
1313:"What Is Phlebotomy?"
1029:Tail vein (rat, mice)
897:Further information:
790:Acid-citrate-dextrose
578:Plasma separator gel
531:serum-separating tube
499:Serum-separating tube
276:
237:
88:medical practitioners
55:
40:
2305:Cerebral angiography
2066:Endovascular surgery
1705:10.1136/ebn.11.4.106
1246:10.11613/BM.2016.002
1055:Terminal procedure:
592:Lavender ("purple")
551:Chromosome testing,
192:fingerstick sampling
2264:Seldinger technique
2259:First rib resection
2211:Open aortic surgery
1898:Am J Infect Control
1791:10.1136/ebn.10.3.75
1168:BioScience Pakistan
1075:Blood alcohol tests
413:anaerobic organisms
375:Usage and comments
365:
169:median cubital vein
108:veterinary medicine
80:intravenous therapy
1748:10.1136/ebn.9.1.10
1392:J Am Vet Med Assoc
1291:The New York Times
632:, blood levels of
343:
279:
248:
58:
43:
2409:
2408:
2379:
2378:
2277:
2276:
2254:Revascularization
1931:Hoff, J. (2000).
1601:978-0-12-813777-2
1502:978-1-55581-881-4
1475:978-0-323-22592-2
1081:isopropyl alcohol
903:Use of lidocaine
890:
889:
765:Potassium oxalate
442:Coagulation tests
409:aerobic organisms
155:in another person
53:
16:(Redirected from
2439:
2384:Other diagnostic
2288:
2115:Carotid stenting
2075:Arterial disease
2071:
2053:Vascular surgery
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1311:Nelson, Angela.
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1234:Biochemia Medica
1225:
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1159:
1153:
1152:
1147:. Archived from
1122:
1032:Tail snip (mice)
746:Fluoride Oxalate
576:(anticoagulant)
523:serum separating
492:serum separating
446:prothrombin time
366:
364:
263:butterfly needle
255:blood collection
54:
21:
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2283:Medical imaging
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2249:Vascular access
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2193:Aortic aneurysm
2187:
2154:
2121:
2083:Vascular bypass
2064:
2055:
2050:
2020:
2019:
1973:
1972:
1965:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1935:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1904:(11): 1222–37.
1894:
1893:
1889:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1779:Evid-Based Nurs
1776:
1775:
1771:
1736:Evid-Based Nurs
1733:
1732:
1728:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1641:
1640:
1633:
1624:
1622:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1602:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1573:
1571:
1564:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1546:
1544:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1519:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1503:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1476:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1426:
1424:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1385:
1384:
1377:
1368:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1348:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1321:
1319:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1295:
1293:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1151:on Jan 2, 2020.
1124:
1123:
1116:
1111:
1098:
1090:povidone-iodine
1077:
1009:
954:
937:
901:
895:
818:
800:, DNA studies,
794:(anticoagulant)
767:(anticoagulant)
651:
548:(anticoagulant)
422:("light blue")
329:sodium fluoride
307:
271:
232:
219:
207:hemochromatosis
140:red blood cells
45:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2445:
2443:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2414:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2341:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2296:
2294:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2269:Vascular snare
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2234:
2229:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2202:
2200:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2173:Venous cutdown
2169:
2167:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2150:Vein stripping
2147:
2142:
2137:
2131:
2129:
2127:Venous disease
2123:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2098:Endarterectomy
2095:
2090:
2085:
2079:
2077:
2068:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2026:
2018:
2017:
1963:
1923:
1887:
1836:
1812:
1769:
1726:
1683:
1631:
1607:
1600:
1580:
1553:
1529:
1508:
1501:
1481:
1474:
1454:
1433:
1409:
1375:
1353:
1346:
1328:
1303:
1277:
1220:
1185:
1154:
1127:"Venepuncture"
1113:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1102:Arterial blood
1097:
1094:
1076:
1073:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1008:
1005:
983:pathogens are
953:
952:Blood cultures
950:
936:
933:
894:
891:
888:
887:
880:
870:
863:
862:
854:
851:Sodium Citrate
847:
843:
842:
823:
816:
813:Separating gel
810:
806:
805:
795:
786:
782:
781:
770:
769:
768:
762:
742:
738:
737:
730:
716:
712:
711:
705:
691:
684:
683:
672:cross-matching
663:
649:
645:
641:
640:
630:flow cytometry
609:
593:
589:
588:
580:
568:
564:
563:
549:
540:
536:
535:
526:
519:Clot activator
516:
512:
511:
495:
488:Clot activator
485:
481:
480:
467:
462:
458:
457:
439:
424:
417:
416:
405:
403:microorganisms
386:
377:
376:
373:
370:
306:
303:
270:
267:
231:
228:
218:
215:
162:Blood analysis
159:
158:
143:
136:
133:
130:
70:blood sampling
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2444:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2145:Sclerotherapy
2143:
2141:
2140:Laser surgery
2138:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2047:
2042:
2040:
2035:
2033:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2013:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1953:on 2012-09-15
1949:
1945:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1891:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1840:
1837:
1822:
1816:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1773:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1730:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1687:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1621:
1617:
1611:
1608:
1603:
1597:
1593:
1592:
1584:
1581:
1570:
1563:
1557:
1554:
1543:
1539:
1533:
1530:
1525:
1518:
1512:
1509:
1504:
1498:
1494:
1493:
1485:
1482:
1477:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1458:
1455:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1437:
1434:
1423:
1419:
1413:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1364:
1357:
1354:
1349:
1347:9781496387073
1343:
1339:
1332:
1329:
1318:
1314:
1307:
1304:
1292:
1288:
1281:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1224:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1201:(49): 55–65.
1200:
1196:
1189:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1158:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1132:Nursing Times
1128:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1108:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1086:
1085:blood alcohol
1082:
1074:
1072:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1006:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
990:
986:
980:
977:
976:chlorhexidine
972:
968:
964:
960:
951:
949:
946:
942:
934:
932:
930:
926:
921:
918:
913:
910:
906:
905:iontophoresis
900:
892:
886:
885:
881:
879:
876:
875:
871:
869:
865:
864:
861:
858:
855:
853:
852:
848:
845:
844:
841:
837:
833:
829:
828:
824:
822:
814:
811:
808:
807:
803:
799:
798:Tissue typing
796:
793:
791:
787:
784:
783:
780:
776:
775:
771:
766:
763:
760:
756:
755:
750:
749:
748:
747:
743:
740:
739:
736:
735:
731:
728:
727:anticoagulant
724:
720:
717:
714:
713:
710:
706:
703:
702:anticoagulant
699:
695:
692:
690:
686:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
668:
664:
661:
660:anticoagulant
657:
653:
646:
643:
642:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
614:
610:
607:
606:anticoagulant
603:
599:
598:
594:
591:
590:
586:
585:
581:
579:
575:
574:
569:
566:
565:
562:
558:
554:
550:
547:
546:
541:
538:
537:
533:
532:
527:
524:
520:
517:
514:
513:
509:
505:
501:
500:
496:
493:
489:
486:
483:
482:
479:
478:cryoglobulins
475:
471:
468:
466:
463:
460:
459:
455:
454:thrombin time
451:
447:
443:
440:
438:
436:
435:anticoagulant
431:
430:
425:
423:
419:
418:
414:
410:
406:
404:
400:
399:
394:
393:anticoagulant
390:
387:
384:
383:
382:Blood culture
379:
378:
374:
371:
368:
367:
363:
358:
354:
350:
346:
341:
337:
335:
330:
326:
322:
317:
313:
304:
302:
298:
295:
293:
289:
283:
275:
268:
266:
264:
260:
256:
251:
245:
241:
236:
229:
227:
226:
222:
217:Complications
216:
214:
212:
208:
203:
201:
197:
193:
188:
186:
182:
178:
174:
173:cubital fossa
170:
165:
163:
156:
152:
148:
144:
141:
137:
134:
131:
128:
127:
126:
123:
119:
117:
113:
112:veterinarians
109:
105:
101:
100:phlebotomists
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
76:
72:(also called
71:
67:
63:
60:In medicine,
39:
33:
32:Drawing Blood
19:
2401:Toe pressure
2232:Cardioplegia
1986:(2): 87–93.
1983:
1979:
1955:. Retrieved
1948:the original
1943:
1939:
1926:
1901:
1897:
1890:
1853:
1849:
1839:
1827:. Retrieved
1815:
1782:
1778:
1772:
1739:
1735:
1729:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1651:
1647:
1623:. Retrieved
1619:
1610:
1590:
1583:
1572:. Retrieved
1568:
1556:
1545:. Retrieved
1541:
1532:
1526:. June 2019.
1523:
1511:
1491:
1484:
1464:
1457:
1446:
1436:
1425:. Retrieved
1421:
1418:"Collection"
1412:
1398:(1): 145–8.
1395:
1391:
1367:. Retrieved
1356:
1337:
1331:
1320:. Retrieved
1316:
1306:
1294:. Retrieved
1290:
1280:
1240:(1): 17–33.
1237:
1233:
1223:
1198:
1194:
1188:
1167:
1157:
1149:the original
1139:(39): 30–1.
1136:
1130:
1078:
1069:
1010:
1001:
997:
993:
981:
971:endocarditis
961:rather than
955:
944:
938:
922:
914:
902:
884:Tuberculosis
882:
877:
872:
867:
866:QuantiFERON
849:
825:
820:
812:
788:
772:
753:
745:
744:
732:
718:
693:
688:
667:Blood typing
665:
647:
611:
595:
582:
577:
571:
567:Light green
543:
529:
522:
518:
497:
491:
487:
469:
464:
441:
432:
428:
421:
411:and one for
398:growth media
396:
388:
380:
353:venipuncture
352:
338:
308:
299:
296:
284:
280:
252:
249:
246:and visible.
223:
220:
211:polycythemia
204:
189:
166:
160:
151:in the donor
124:
120:
73:
66:venepuncture
65:
62:venipuncture
61:
59:
18:Venepuncture
2422:Blood tests
2345:Portography
2310:Aortography
2292:Angiography
2178:Arteriotomy
2093:Atherectomy
2088:Angioplasty
893:In children
874:QuantiFERON
777:, lactate,
719:Sodium EDTA
687:Royal blue
682:viral load
676:Coombs test
638:cyclosporin
626:Coombs test
613:Whole blood
539:Dark green
465:No additive
349:sample tube
238:An elastic
147:transfusion
2432:Phlebotomy
2427:Hematology
2416:Categories
2391:Angioscopy
2359:Ultrasound
2337:Venography
2197:dissection
2183:Phlebotomy
1957:2013-12-29
1940:Lab Animal
1699:(4): 106.
1625:2024-01-24
1574:2023-06-15
1547:2020-09-10
1427:2019-12-08
1369:2013-12-29
1322:2024-02-01
1195:Nurs Stand
1109:References
967:commensals
909:lignocaine
857:Paediatric
836:toxoplasma
832:adenovirus
779:toxicology
761:inhibitor)
759:glycolysis
709:toxicology
634:tacrolimus
461:Plain red
452:(PTT) and
357:phlebotomy
351:types for
345:Vacutainer
259:Vacutainer
240:tourniquet
96:paramedics
75:phlebotomy
1850:JRSM Open
1785:(3): 75.
1742:(1): 10.
1254:1330-0962
1176:2521-5760
985:anaerobic
917:lidocaine
804:cultures
689:("navy")
674:, direct
504:hepatitis
448:(PT) and
334:bilirubin
230:Equipment
196:heelprick
2160:Arterial
2110:Stenting
2061:Vascular
2012:21350616
1918:26298636
1882:32523703
1807:34364928
1799:17596380
1764:45422187
1756:16437788
1721:44888650
1713:18815318
1678:25591907
1670:11916787
1296:25 March
1272:26981016
1215:16134421
1180:Archived
1145:15500234
1096:See also
959:Betadine
945:Sarstedt
925:hypnosis
754:fluoride
723:chelator
698:chelator
656:chelator
602:chelator
570:Lithium
555:typing,
444:such as
372:Additive
321:clotting
316:chelates
244:palpable
177:cephalic
104:dialysis
2003:3043327
1873:7236571
1404:1644639
1263:4783087
989:aerobic
963:alcohol
941:syringe
785:Yellow
774:Glucose
752:Sodium
573:heparin
561:lactate
557:ammonia
545:heparin
542:Sodium
534:(RST).
515:Orange
429:citrate
427:Sodium
359:
314:. EDTA
288:cannula
181:basilic
149:either
90:, some
2166:access
2164:venous
2010:
2000:
1916:
1880:
1870:
1829:27 May
1805:
1797:
1762:
1754:
1719:
1711:
1676:
1668:
1598:
1499:
1472:
1402:
1344:
1270:
1260:
1252:
1213:
1174:
1143:
846:Black
815:and (K
584:Plasma
528:Rapid
395:) and
385:bottle
325:assays
183:, and
2220:Other
1951:(PDF)
1936:(PDF)
1856:(5).
1824:(PDF)
1803:S2CID
1760:S2CID
1717:S2CID
1674:S2CID
1565:(PDF)
1520:(PDF)
1317:WebMD
840:HHV-6
741:Gray
644:Pink
470:Serum
420:Blue
253:Most
142:); or
78:) or
2162:and
2063:and
2008:PMID
1914:PMID
1878:PMID
1831:2020
1795:PMID
1752:PMID
1709:PMID
1666:PMID
1596:ISBN
1497:ISBN
1470:ISBN
1400:PMID
1342:ISBN
1298:2020
1268:PMID
1250:ISSN
1211:PMID
1172:ISSN
1141:PMID
838:and
830:for
821:EDTA
734:Lead
715:Tan
694:EDTA
670:and
652:EDTA
636:and
597:EDTA
521:and
506:and
490:and
401:for
362:edit
312:EDTA
292:OSHA
114:and
92:EMTs
1998:PMC
1988:doi
1906:doi
1868:PMC
1858:doi
1787:doi
1744:doi
1701:doi
1656:doi
1396:201
1258:PMC
1242:doi
1203:doi
1137:100
860:ESR
827:PCR
802:HIV
680:HIV
622:ESR
618:CBC
553:HLA
525:gel
508:HIV
494:gel
437:)
153:or
64:or
2418::
2195:/
2006:.
1996:.
1982:.
1978:.
1966:^
1944:29
1942:.
1938:.
1912:.
1902:43
1900:.
1876:.
1866:.
1854:11
1852:.
1848:.
1801:.
1793:.
1783:10
1781:.
1758:.
1750:.
1738:.
1715:.
1707:.
1697:11
1695:.
1672:.
1664:.
1652:94
1650:.
1646:.
1634:^
1618:.
1567:.
1540:.
1522:.
1445:.
1420:.
1394:.
1390:.
1378:^
1315:.
1289:.
1266:.
1256:.
1248:.
1238:26
1236:.
1232:.
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